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TOPIC 2 WHOLE NUMBERS
Reading and Writing Numbers
1. Understanding Place Values
Place value is about knowing the value of all the digits in a number. You can use place values to read, write, compare and order numbers.
The value of a digit depends upon its place in a number. It is determined as
ones, tens, hundreds, thousands, ten-thousands and so on, based on their position in the number. For example, consider the number 5968 - the place value of 6 is expressed as 6 tens, or 60. However, the place value of 6 in 9625 is expressed as 6 hundreds, or 600. Hence, despite being the same digit, its value depends on its position in the given numbers.
2. Whole number place value chart
The place value chart is a useful tool that helps us in finding the place value of each digit in a number. The place value of a digit increases by ten times as we move left on the place value chart.
The first row in the place value chart are the periods: Millions, Thousands and Ones.
2.1 How to Read and Write whole numbers
1. Group the digits according to the period and place it in the place value chart. 2. Use commas, between the period while writing the number. 3. To spell out the number, start reading the digits from left to right in the place value chart. Example: Consider a seven-digit number 2389476. Placing the number in the place value chart:
Using the commas between the periods to write the number: 2,389,476.
Spelling out the number, the digit in the millions period has to be read first, followed by the digit in the thousands period and the ones period.
So the number would be Two million, three hundred eighty-nine thousand,
hundred and ten.
3. Decimal place value chart
It has both whole number and fractional part as shown below. From the decimal point in the chart, the place value of digit increases by ten times as we move right in the place value chart.
3.1 How to Read and Write decimals
In order to read a decimal:
Read from left to right, as if it were a whole number followed by the
place value of the rightmost digit. The decimal point is read as ‘and’.
Example: Consider the number 48.15.
The number can be read as Forty-eight and fifteen hundredths.
In order to write a decimal:
The number before the ‘and’ is the whole number part, written to the left of the decimal point. The number after the ‘and’ is the fractional part, written to the right of the decimal point.
Example: Consider the number “Two fifty and twelve hundredths”.
Whole number part = Twenty-four
Fractional part = Twelve hundredths
Placing the digits in the place value chart:
Hence the number “Two fifty and twelve hundredths” can be written as 250.12. 1. What are Roman Numerals?
There are many ways to represent the numbers in Maths. Roman numbers, one of them, use symbols based on the ancient Roman system. Moreover, this system helps us to write numbers using fewer words or numbers such as 500 can simply be written as D.
So, in this article, you will learn about roman numbers and various other topics related to roman numerals.
1.1 The Seven Base Roman Numerals
These seven letters create new numbers when combined in various ways. Attention should be paid while placing them as the same letters create an entirely new number in a different order. They are as follows, in order from smallest to largest:
Roman Numbe Numerals rs I 1 V 5 X 10 L 50 C 100 D 500 M 1000 1.2 Roman Numeral Table
Following are some roman numerals from 1 to 3000. Observe how they can be arranged and used to represent any kind of number: I=1 XX = 20 CL = 150 II = 2 XXI = 21 CC = 200 III = 3 XXII = 22 CCC = 300 IV = 4 XXIII = 23 CD = 400 V=5 XXIV = 24 D = 500 VI = 6 XXV = 25 DC = 600 VII = 7 XXVI = 26 DCC = 700 VIII = 8 XXVII = 27 DCCC = 800 IX = 9 XXVIII = 28 CM = 900 X = 10 XXIX = 29 M = 1000 XI = 11 XXX = 30 MI = 1001 XII = 12 XL = 40 MV = 1005 XIII = 13 L = 50 ML = 1050 XIV = 14 LX = 60 MD = 1500 XV = 15 LXX = 70 MCM = 1900 XVI = 16 LXXX = 80 MCMXCIX = 1999 XVII = 17 XC = 90 MM = 2000 XVIII = 18 C = 100 MMD = 2500 XIX = 19 CI = 101 MMM = 3000
1.3 Rules for Writing Roman Numerals
Following are the rules for writing roman numerals:
You can use either capital or lowercase letters to write Roman
numerals. For example, VI and vi both mean 6. If a letter of lower value follows a letter of larger value, add the values. For example, In the Roman numeral XII, you add 10, 1, and 1, which makes 12. If a letter of lower value precedes a letter of higher value, subtract the smaller value. For example, In the Roman numeral IV, you subtract 1 from 5, which makes 4. Roman numerals don't use four identical letters in a row. For example, You'd never exceed XXX, or 10+10+10, for the placement of the ten. Since we can't use four identical numerals in a row, 40 will be XL and not XXXX. A line above the roman numerals indicates that it is to be multiplied by 1000. For example, When V looks like V̅, that indicates 5 x 1000 = 5000. Treat each part of the number separately (ones, tens, hundreds, etc.). For example, Even though 1999 is one fewer than 2000, you write MCMXCIX instead of MIM because you can’t skip the place value.
1.4 How to translate Roman Numerals
In order to break down a number like MCMXCIV into parts, consider the following steps:
M is for the thousands (1000).
CM is for the hundreds (1000 - 100 = 900). XC is for tens (100 - 10 = 90). IV is for the ones (5 - 1 = 4).
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