Worked solutions

Quanitifying uncertainty: proability,

7 binomial and normal distributions
Skills check
1 There are 12 numbers in total.
4 1
a 2,5,11,17 are prime, so the probability that the number is prime
= = .
12 3
7
b 1,5,9,11,17,25,27 are odd, so the probability that the number is odd = .
12
4 1
c 4,9,16,25 are square, so the probability that the number is square
= = .
12 3
2 Total number of people = 116.
57
a Total number of females is 57, so the probability is .
116
12 3
b = .
116 29
98 49
c Total number of non-smokers is 98, so the probability is = .
116 58
9 × 1 + 7 × 2 + 3 × 3 + 2 × 6 + 1 × 11 55
3 Mean = = 2.5.
9 +7 +3+2 +1 22

Exercise 7A
1 1
1 p= . (Each letter from RANDOM has probability of of being picked. 2 of these letters are
3 6
1
also in MATHS. Hence, p= × 2 ).
6
17
2 a p= . All numbers except for 1,2,3 can be hit.
20
14 7
b =
p = . There are 14 numbers above 6.
20 10
c p = 1. The range of numbers is 1−20.
14 7
d =
p = . All numbers 1 − 14 can be hit.
20 10
8 2
e =
p = . 2,3,5,7,11,13,17,19 are prime.
20 5
4 1
f =
p = . 1,4,9,16 are square.
20 5
g p = 0. There are no solutions to this equation in this set of positive integers.
6 3
3 a p= . b p= (1,4,9).
11 11
5 2
c p= (2,3,5,7,11). d p= (1,9 are square and odd).
11 11
4
e p = 0 (no square numbers are prime). f p= (2 is not odd).
11
1
g p= (2 is prime and even).
11

.
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 Worked solutions

4 There are 10000 possible PINs because each digit can take 10 values.
1
a p= .
10000
99
b p= .
10000
1
c p= (last digit has to be 0 and other digits can take any value, assuming 0000 is
10
considered to be divisible by 10).
9987
d p= (13 combinations do not fall in this range.).
10000

Exercise 7B
1 The total of 239 shoppers were surveyed.
73 37 100
a p= . b p= . c 1300 × ≈ 544 shoppers.
239 136 239
3
2 a p= (there are 4 × 4 = 16 possible pairs 3,3; 4,4; 5,5; 6,3; and 4,2 give a natural
8
number).
3
b 320 × = 60 (only three possibilities of positive difference: 4 − 3, 5 − 3 and 5 − 4.
16
6
3 a 154 × = 77 (1,2,3,4,6,12 are factors of 12).
12
5
b 154 × ≈ 64 (2,3,5,7,11 are prime).
12
2
c 154 × ≈ 26 (2,3 are prime factors of 12).
12
4 207 × (0.15 + 0.25 + 0.12) ≈ 108.
222
5 531 × ≈ 340.
347
5
6 79 × ≈ 36.
11
7 a 573 × (0.005 + 0.012) ≈ 10.
b Assume the distribution of the cars is the same every month of the year.
8 67 × 0.0137 + 313 × 0.0041 ≈ 2.
6
9 31 × ≈ 8.
24
16 18 20 18
10 Expected values of each dice: A ,B ,C ,D , so dice C is most likely to win.
6 6 6 6

Exercise 7C
1 Create a Venn diagram.

a −5 (find x from 117 = 52 + 29 + 41 + x)

41
b p= .
117
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 Worked solutions

52
c 10000 × ≈ 4444.
117
2 Create a Venn diagram.

9
a p= . Find x: 20 = (12 − x) + (15 − x) + x + 2, x = 9.
20
9 3
b =
p = . Divide the number of students studying both subjects by the total number of
12 4
students studying biology.
9
c 60 × = 18.
20
3 a

21 + 20 + 5 46
b p
= =
91 91
14 + 1 + 15 30
c p
= =
91 91
4 a

b 94 = (27 + x) + (7 − x) + (16 + x) + (6 − x) + x + (11 − x) + (12 + x) + 11,

94 = 90 + x, x = 4.
7 − x + 6 − x + 11 − x + x 16 8
c p = = .
94 94 47

Exercise 7D
1 Draw a sample space diagram.
1 4 9 16
2 1 2 7 14
3 2 1 6 13
5 4 1 4 11
7 6 3 2 9
11 10 7 2 5
13 12 9 4 3
10 5
a =
p = (orange outcomes).
24 12
8 1
b =
p = (green outcomes).
24 3

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 Worked solutions

16 4
2 a Draw a sample space diagram, then=
p = (green + orange areas).
36 9
1 2 3 4 5 6
1 1 2 3 4 5 6
2 2 2 3 4 5 6
3 3 3 3 4 5 6
4 4 4 4 4 5 6
5 5 5 5 5 5 6
6 6 6 6 6 6 6
27
b 945 × ≈ 709 (orange + brown areas).
36
3 Draw a sample space diagram.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
2 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
3 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24
4 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32
8 1
a =
p = .
32 4
6 3
b =
p = .
32 16
4 1
c =
p = .
32 8
Draw a sample space diagram for Bethany’s case.
1 2 3 4 5 6
1 1 2 3 4 5 6
2 2 4 6 8 10 12
3 3 6 9 12 15 18
4 4 8 12 16 20 24
5 5 10 15 20 25 30
6 6 12 18 24 30 36
9 1
d =
p = .
36 4
13
e p= .
36
20 5
f =
p = p = 20/36 = 5/9 (orange area).
36 9
g E.g. M and N are even.
4 a Chromosome inherited
from mother
X X
Chromosome X XX XX
inherited from Y XY YX
father
2
b There are 4 outcomes in total, 2 of which result in XY pair. Hence, p
= = 0.5.
4

Exercise 7E

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 Worked solutions

1 Draw a Venn diagram. There are 10 artists with no choice of formats of their albums. Hence,
10 5
p =
= .
14 7

2 Draw a sample space diagram. Then, add probability of each factor: 1, 343, 1679616 and
2 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 7
5764801. This gives p = × + × + × + × = .
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 9
0 3 8
6 1 216 1679616
7 1 343 5764801
3 Total number of outcomes is 24 = 16. Favourable outcomes can be written out as: MMFF,
MFMF, MFFM, FMMF, FMFM, FFMM, i.e. there are 6 favourable outcomes. Hence, the probability
6 3
p =
= .
16 8
4 Probability that the number chosen is a multiple of 6 (30 from set X or 30, 60, 90 from set Y) is
1 1 2 2
p = × × 4 = . Hence, the expected number of points is 54 × = 16.
2 7 7 7
4 1 4 1
5 Draw the sample space diagrams. P(R = 5) = = and P(T = 5) = = , R is a
36 9 40 10
more likely event.
1 2 3 4 5 6
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
2 3 4 5 6 7 8
3 4 5 6 7 8 9
4 5 6 7 8 9 10
5 6 7 8 9 10 11
6 7 8 9 10 11 12

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
12 1
6 A vs B: the winner table shows that the probability of dice B winning is P(B) = = and the
36 3
24 2
probability of dice A winning is P(A) = = .
36 3
12 1
C vs D: the winner table shows that that the probability of dice D winning is P(D) = =
36 3
24 2
and the probability of dice C winning is P(C) = = .
36 3
B vs A 0 0 4 4 4 4 D vs C 2 2 2 2 6 6

3 B B A A A A 1 C C C C C C

3 B B A A A A 1 C C C C C C

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 Worked solutions

3 B B A A A A 1 C C C C C C

3 B B A A A A 5 D D D D C C

3 B B A A A A 5 D D D D C C

3 B B A A A A 5 D D D D C C

Exercise 7F
3 4 2 1 6 3
1 a P(A) = , P(B) = = , P(A   
∩ B) = and P(A   
∪ B) = = .
10 10 5 10 10 5
3 4 1 6 3
b P(A) + P(B) − P(A ∩ B) = + − = = = P(A ∪ B).
10 10 10 10 5
c Events A and B are not mutually exclusive because P(A ∩ B) is not 0.
7 5 12
2 a P(C) = , P(D) = , P(C ∩ D) = 0 and P(C ∪ D) = = 1.
12 12 12
7 5 12
b P(C) + P(D) = + = = 1 = P(C ∪ D).
12 12 12
c Events C and D are mutually exclusive because P(C ∩ D) = 0.
3 a Draw a Venn diagram.

b The events are not mutually exclusive because the intersection of the sets S and F (see
Venn diagram) is not empty, i.e. both of the events can occur at the same time.
15 5
c =
p = .
24 8
4 a Draw the diagram

b A & D, B & D and C & D form mutually exclusive pairs of events.

Exercise 7G
1 a Independent. b Neither.
c Neither. d Independent.
e Mutually exclusive. f Neither.
7
g Independent because P(T|S)
= = P(T).
10
2 P(A ∪ V) = P(A) + P(V) − P(A ∩ V), P(A ∩ V) = P(A) P(V) because the events are independent.
Hence, P(A ∪ V) = 0.07 + 0.61 – 0.07 × 0.61 = 0.64. P(A ∪ V) represents the probability of
either the event A, or B, or both A and B happening.
28 + 14 14 + 3 14
3 a P(S) × P(M) = × = 0.27 , P(S ∩ M) = = 0.27. Since P(S∩M) = P(M) ×
51 51 51
P(S|M), P(S|M) must be equal to P(S), hence the events are independent.

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 Worked solutions

15 + 45 15
b P(S) = = 0.61 and P(S|M) = = 0.63. They are not equal hence the events are
99 24
not independent.
4 a Draw a Venn diagram. Since n(U) is given, n(A) = 7, n(R) = 16. The events are
1 2 1
independent, so P(A∩R) = × = .
8 7 28

35 + 5 + 14
b p
= = 0.96.
56
2 2
5 a i P(A) = ii P(M|A) = P(M) = (independent events)
11 11
4
iii P(A ∩ M) = P(A) × P(M) =
121
2 2 1
b i P(A) = ii P(M|A) = = (now a card is drawn from a set of 10
11 10 5
2
cards), iii P(A∩M) = P(A) × P(M|A) =
55
8+3
6 a P(B|A) = = 0.52.
4+8+3+6
6+3
b P(C|A) = = 0.43.
4+8+3+6
4+8+3+6
c P(A) = = 0.42, so both A and B, and A and C are pairs of dependent events.
50
x +3 9
d P(C|B) = , so x = 7. P(A|C) = , so y = 11. Hence, z = 6.
x +3+5+8 x +3+6+y

Exercise 7H
1 a

b p = 0.2 × 0.5 + 0.8 × 0.5 = 0.4

13 10 + 12 10 13 + 12 12 10 + 13
2 p= × + × + × = 0.66
35 35 35 35 35 35
3 Best way to think about this problem is to consider the probability of no 6 occurring in the four
throws. That is, (5/6)4. Then, the probability to obtain at least one 6 is 1 − (5/6)4. Hence, the
best presentation is the last choice. Even if drawing a tree diagram with 1296 branches might
take a while, the worst representation is the second one, as it is an incorrect probability
calculation.
4 a P(QCI) = 0.7 × 0.9 + 0.3 × 0.95 = 0.915.

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 Worked solutions

P ( D ∩ QCI ) P (D) 0.3

b P(D|QCI) = =P ( QCI | D ) × =0.95 × =0.31
P ( QCI ) P ( QCI ) 0.915
c 2000 × (1 − 0.915) = 170.
d Solve for x in (1 − x) × 0.9 + x × 0.95 = 0.93, x = 0.6 i.e. 60%.
1
5 Probability of throwing a double six in one throw is . Probability of not throwing a double six
36
24
35  35 
in one throw is . Probability of not throwing a single double six in 24 throws is   .
36  36 
24
 35 
Hence, Probability of throwing at least one double six in 24 throws is 1 −   ≈ 0.49.
 36 
6 Draw a Venn diagram labelling unknown quantities x, y, z. Then, construct the following
simultaneous equations: x + z = 0.5, z + y = 0.3, x + y + z = 0.6. Solve the equations to
obtain x = 0.3, y = 0.1, z = 0.2. Then, the probability that the car is not a blue car with five
doors is 1 – z – y – x = 0.4.

Draw a tree diagram.

Then, construct the following simultaneous equations: 0.5(x + z) = 0.3, 0.5(1 + z) = 0.6, z =
0.2, x = 0.4, y = 0.6, w = 0.8, so the probability that the car hasn’t got 5 doors and is not blue
is 0.5w = 0.4 as before.
15 14 13 12
7 Probability that no boy is selected is: × × × = 0.13 because four choices are made
24 23 22 21
from a decreasing in size set of girls while the total number of people also decreases. Hence,
probability that at least one boy is selected is 1 – 0.13 = 0.87.

Exercise 7I
1 Table a does not represent a discrete probability distribution because the probabilities of all
possibilities don’t add up to 1. Table b does not represent a discrete probability distribution
because P(B = 2) = −0.2 is negative. Table c, however, could represent a discrete probability
distribution because all values 0 ≤ P(C = c) ≤ 1, and the probabilities add up to 1.
1+2+3+ 4+5+6 t −4
2 Since = 1 , f (t ) = defines a discrete probability distribution on a given
21 21
domain.
t 5 6 7 8 9 10
f(t) 1 2 3 4 5 6
21 21 21 21 21 21
1+5+7+ k
3 Find k such that = 1 , i.e. k = 6.
19
4 a Sample space U = {MMM, MMF, MFM, FMM, MFF, FMF, FFM, FFF}.
b To obtain P(F = f), divide the number of sequences which correspond to the particular
outcome by the total number of sequences.
f 0 1 2 3
P(F = f) 1 3 3 1
8 8 8 8
5 a P(A = 12) = 1 − 0.5 − 0.05 − 0.04 − 0.1 − 0.2 = 0.11.

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 Worked solutions

b P(8 < A ≤ 10) = P(A = 9) + P(A = 10) = 0.14.

c P(A is no more than 9) = P(A = 5) + P(A = 8) + P(A = 9) = 0.59.
d P(A is at least 10) = P(A = 10) + P(A = 11) + P(A = 12) = 0.41.
∩ A ≤11)
P ( A > 8    0.04 + 0.1 + 0.2
e P(A > 8|A ≤ 11) = = = 0.38.
P ( A ≤11) 0.89
6 a Probabilities don’t add up to 1.
b Find p such that 0.28 + 0.2 + p + 3p = 1, i.e. p = 0.13.
7 Let P(T = 5) = p. Then, 0.2 + 0.15 + 0.1 + 4p + p = 1, so p = 0.11.
z 1 2 3 4 5
P(T = t) 0.2 0.15 0.1 0.44 0.11

Exercise 7J
1 To find k, note that P(B = b) sums to 1: k((4 − 0) + (4 − 1) + (4 − 2) + (4 − 3)) = 1, k =
0.1.Then, E(B) = 0 × 0.4 + 1 × 0.3 + 2 × 0.2 + 3 × 0.1 = 1.
2 The same probability distribution table applies for M = m. Then, E(M) =
1 3 3 1 12
0× +1× + 2× + 3× = = 1.5. Expected number of male and female births in a set of
8 8 8 8 8
triplets is expected to be equal, and E(M) + E(F) = 3.
3 Construct a probability distribution table of a discrete variable K defined as the number of keys
taken out of the handbag.
k 0 1 2
P(K = k) 7 6 7 3 7 7 3 7 3 2 1
= = × + × = × =
10 9 15 10 9 10 9 15 10 9 15
7 7 1 3
Hence, the expected number of keys is E(K) =0 × +1× +2× = .
15 15 15 5
4 Note, in this problem coins and keys can be treated as the same object making the calculations
easier. Construct a probability distribution table of a discrete variable M defined as the number
of mints taken out of the handbag.
m 0 1 2
P(M = m) 9 8 9 8 9 9 8 18 8 7 7
× = × + × = × =
17 16 34 17 16 17 16 34 17 16 34

9 18 7 32 16
Hence, the expected number of mints is E(M) =0 × +1× +2× = = .
34 34 34 34 17
1 1 1 1
5 Expected prize E = US$3 × + US$7 × + US$5 × + US$2 × = US$3. The expected
4 8 8 2
prize is not US$5, hence the game is not fair.
6 a P(US$5000) = 0.001, P(US$1000) = 0.005, P(US$200) = 0.01.
b Since the price of the ticket is US$10, E = − US$10 + (US$500 × 0 0.001 + US$1000 ×
0.005 + US$200 × 0.01) = − US$10 + US$7.5 = − US$2.5.
c Expected value should be 0, so the price of a ticket should be US$7.5.
7 a There are 16 outcomes in total, and the probability distribution table is:
d 1 2 3 4 6 8 9 12 16
P(D = d) 1 2 2 3 2 2 1 2 1
16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16

1 3
P ( is a square number ∩D < 8 ) 16 + 16 2
b P(D is a square number|D < 8) = = = .
P (8 < 8) 10 5
16

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 Worked solutions

c To make the game fair, the price of the ticket should be equal to the expected value of the
1+2 +1 2 +3+2 +2 +2 +1
prize. E(D) = US$12 × + US$6 × = US$7.5.
16 16
8 a P(B = 1) = 0.0001, P(B = 2) = 0.0001 × 0.9999, P(B = 3) = 0.0001 × 0.99992, P(B = n) =
0.0001 × 0.9999n − 1, for n integer, because n − 1 bags of crisps don’t contain the golden
ticket and nth bag does.
b By the reasoning above, f(b) = P(B = b) = 0.0001(0.9999)b−1.
c f(b) is defined for b positive integers, b ≥ 1 .
d p = P(B = 1) + P(B = 2) + … + P(B = 10) = 0.0001(1 + 0.9999 + … + 0.99999) =
0.0009996.

Exercise 7K
1
1 a X ~ B(7, )
2
b The ‘success’ probability is not constant because the die is not replaced.
1
c X ~ B(4, )
2
d X ~ B(4,0.3)
e No ‘success’ probability.
1
2 Model this as X ~ B(6, ) and use technology to find the following probabilities.
2
a P(X = 3) = 0.31
b P(X < 4) = P(X = 0) + P(X = 1) + P(X = 2) + P(X = 3) = 0.66
c P(3 ≤ X < 6) = P(X = 4) + P(X = 5) = 0/33
3 Model this as X ~ B(30,0.005)
a P(X = 1) = 0.13
b P(X = 0) = 0.86
c P(X > 3) = 1 − P(X ≤ 2) = 0.9995.
4 a Model this as X ~ B(5,0.17), P(X > 3) = 1 − P(X ≤ 2) = 0.037.
b Model this as X ~ B(10,0.17), P(X>3) = 1 − P(X ≤ 2) = 0.234.
5 a Model this as X ~ B(10,0.085) and find the probability of less than 6 panels failing P(X ≤ 4)
= 0.999224.
b 0.9992246 = 0.995355.
3
6 Model this as X ~ B(8, )
8
a P(X = 5) = 0.10.
b P(X ≤ 4) = 0.86.
c P(X ≤ 5) = 0.96.
7 Model this as X ~ B(5,0.964), P(X = 4) = 0.15545 while Y ~ B(5,0.5), P(Y = 4) = 0.15625.

Exercise 7L
1 a P(X = 4) = 0.05.
b P(X ≤ 4) = 0.99.
c P(1 ≤ X < 4) = P(X ≤ 3) − P(X ≤ 1) = 0.50.
d P(X ≥ 2) = 1 − P(X ≤ 1) = 0.56.
P ( X ≤ 4 ∩ X ≥ 2) P ( X ≤ 4 ) − P ( X ≤ 1)
e P(X ≤ 4|X ≥ 2) = = = 0.98.
P ( X ≥ 2) 1 − P ( X ≤ 1)

f Events are dependent because P(X ≤ 4) ≠ P(X ≤ 4|X ≥ 2).

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 Worked solutions

g E(X) = np = 1.74.
h Variance of X = np(1 – p) = 1.24.
1
2 Model this as Q ~ B(7, ) because 2,3,5,7 are prime.
2
a P(Q ≥ 3) = 1 − P(Q ≤ 2) = 0.77.
b E(Q) = np = 3.5.
c Variance of Q = np(1 – p) = 1.75.
3 a Model this as R ~ B(10,0.78)
i This is equivalent to 7 reds being thrown, P(R = 7) = 0.22
ii P(3 < R < 7) = P(R ≤ 6) − P(R ≤ 3) = 0.16.
b P(A) = P(R > 7) = 1 − P(R ≤ 7) = 0.6169, P(B) = P(R < 3) = P(R ≤ 2) = 0.0002, P(A|B) =
P ( A ∩ B)
= 0 because P ( A ∩ B ) = 0.
P (B)

c Events A and B are not independent because P(A|B) ≠ P(A).

d Events A and B are mutually exclusive because they cannot occur together.
4 Model this as R ~ B(10,0.1), assuming equal probability of the ball falling through the holes.
a P(R ≥ 5) = 1 – P(R ≤ 4) = 0.0016
b First, find the probability David scores no points in one game: P(R = 0) = 0.35. Next, model
this as G ~ B(6,0.35), and find P(G ≥ 2) = 1 – P(R ≤ 1) = 0.68.
5 a R ~ B(5,0.964) and B ~ B(5,0.5), so E(R) = 5 × 0.964 = 4.82, E(B) = 2.50. Compare these
results with the data collected from the trials. For the red coin, the mean value is
515 × 5 + 94 × 4 + 5 × 3
= 4.83 and for the black coin, the mean value is
614
11 × 5 + 94 × 4 + 193 × 3 + 196 × 2 + 104
= 2.45 both of which correspond well with the
614
theoretical result.
b Variance of R is np(1 – p) = 0.17, variance of B is np(1 – p) = 1.25. Estimate the variance
using the data collected on the trials. For the red coin, obtain 0.00026 and for the black
coin, obtain 0.0019.
6 a To model the random variable A, use binomial distribution: A ~ B(25,0.2).
b P(A ≤ 5) = 0.62.
c P(A ≥ 7) = 1 − P(A ≤ 6) = 0.22.
d P(A ≤ 3) = 0.23.
e E(A) = np = 25 × 0.2 = 5, on average, Alex can expect to get 5 answers right by randomly
guessing.
f P(A > 5) = 1 − P(A ≤ 5) = 1 − 0.62 = 0.38.
g Alex is expected to score 5 × 4 − 20 = 0 points.
h For one student, the probability of answering at least 7 questions correctly is 0.22, so model
this as X ~ B(4,0.22). Then, P(X ≥ 2) = 1 − P(X ≥ 1) = 0.21.
7 a Binomial distribution T ~ B(538,0.91). Assume that whether an individual passenger turns
up on time is independent of any other passenger.
b P(T = 538) = 9 ×10−23 – it is close to impossible for everyone to turn up on time.
c P(T ≥ 510) = 1 − P(T ≤ 509) = 0.0007
d Increase n and check P(T ≥ 510), for example n = 551 gives P(T ≥ 510) = 0.11 but n =
550 gives P(T ≥ 510) = 0.09, so n = 551.
538
e E(T) = np, so choose n = = 591.
0.91

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 Worked solutions

f Using n = 591, P(T = 538) = 0.06 and P(T > 538) = 0.47, so it is quite likely that more
people than there are seats would show up and not very likely that exactly as many people
as there are seats would show up.
8 ( )
f ( p ) = np (1 − p ) = n p − p2 .The function has its maximum when f ′ ( p ) = n (1 − 2 p ) = 0 , i.e. when

p = 0.5 (check it’s indeed a maximum and not a minimum by substituting e.g. f (1) = 0 <
f ( 0.5) = 0.25n ).

Exercise 7M
1 a

2 a

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 Worked solutions

3 a

b Since approximately 68% of normal distribution data points are within a standard deviation
from the mean and because µ − σ = 249ml − 3ml = 246ml, we expect 0.5 × (100 − 68)%
= 16% of the shampoo bottles to contain less than 246ml.
c P(S < 246) = 0.1587 ≈ 16%.
d In one bottle of shampoo, P(S ≥ 250) = 1 − P(S < 250) = 0.37. Model the sample of 200
shampoo bottles using binomial distribution. Let X be the number of bottles that will contain
at least 250ml, so X ~ B(200, 0.37). Expected number of X E(X) = 200 × 0.37 = 74.
4 a

b Since approximately 95.5% of normal distribution data points are within two standard
deviations from the mean and because µ + 2σ = 186s + 28s = 214s, we expect 0.5 × (100
− 95.5)% = 2.25% of the commuter trains to take at least 214s to board all the
passengers.
c P(T ≥ 214) = 1 − P(T < 214) = 0.02275 ≈ 2.28%.
d For one commuter train, P(T > 200) = 1 − P(T ≤ 200) = 0.16. Model the sample of 176
commuter trains using binomial distribution. Let X be the number of trains that will take
longer than 200 seconds to be fully boarded, so X ~ B(176,0.16). Expected number of X
E(X) = 176 × 0.16 = 28.
5 a P(T < 17.1) = 0.5 (half of the data below the mean).
b P(T < 14) = 0.16 (68% of the data within standard deviation from the mean).
c P(T > 20.2) = 0.0225 (95.5% of the data within two standard deviations from the mean).

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 Worked solutions

d First, P(T ≥ 23.3) = 0.3, then P(14 ≤ T < 23.3) = P(T < 23.3) − P(T ≤ 14) = 1 − 0.3 −
0.16 = 0.54
e P(T < 7.8) = 0.0015 (99.7% of the data within three standard deviations from the mean).
P(20.2 < T < 23.3) 0.34 + 0.4775
f P(T < 23.3|T > 20.2) = = = 0.973.
P(T < 20.2) 0.84
6 a P(Q < 4) = 0.48
b P(Q < 3.4) = 0.18
c P(Q > 5) = 1 − P(Q ≤ 5) = 0.08
d P(3.5 ≤ Q < 4.5) = P(Q < 4.5) − P(Q < 3.5) = 0.52
P(2.9 < Q < 4.9)
e P(Q < 4.9|Q > 2.9) = = 0.89
P(Q > 2.9)
7 a A2 (mean is in the middle and data is reasonably spread out), B4 (mean is in the middle and
data is of similar density on both sides), C5 (mean is in the middle and most of the data is
located at the centre), D1 (mean is in the middle but most data located at the edges), E3
(mean is more towards the left; data to the left of the mean is more dense than to the right)
b Histogram C follows the normal distribution (can approximate with a bell-shaped curve).
c p is true because symmetric histogram has the mean in the middle and quartiles and range
is located symmetrically to both sides of the mean; q is true because the normal distribution
has got a symmetric histogram; r is not true – histograms A and B provide a perfect
counterexample.

Exercise 7N
1 Use inverse normal function to find r = 990g.
2 Use inverse normal function noting that 83% of the packs weigh less than t g: t = 384 g.
3 a s: false, t: true, u: true.
b Use inverse normal function and statement u to find Q3 = 22331 g. Then, IQR = (Q3 – Q2) ×
2 = 404 g.
4 a Let S ~ N(115.7,102), then find P(110 < S < 120) = P(S < 120) − P(S < 110) = 0.38.
b Model this using the binomial distribution X ~ B(8,0.38), then the E(X) = 8 × 0.38 = 3.04.
c Find the probability P(X > 5) = 1 − P(X ≤ 5 ) = 0.04, assuming that the speeds of the cars
are mutually independent.
5 a Let T ~ N(182,102), then P(T > 190) = 1 − P(T ≤ 190) = 0.21.
b Model this using the binomial distribution X ~ B(7,0.21), then P(X ≤ 3) = 0.96.
c Find P(T < 165) = 0.04.
d Model this using the binomial distribution Y ~ B(10000,0.04), then E(Y) = 10000 × 0.04 =
400.
6 a Let D ~ N(16,52), then P(13 < D < 15.3) = P(D < 15.3) − P(D < 13) = 0.17.
b Use inverse normal function noting that 87% of employees travel at most x km to find that x
= 21.6 km.
c First, find how many employees travel further than 14km to work: P(D > 14) = 1 −
P(D ≤ 14) = 0.66, so there are 23109 × 0.66 = 15252 employees living further away than
14km. Hence, 0.91 × 15252 = 13879 employees will fail to get to work on a snow day.
7 a Route A takes a shorter time on average, although has a larger deviation while Route B
takes a longer time on average but has a very small standard deviation, so is more reliable.
b Let A ~ N(42,82) and B ~ N(50,32), find P(A ≤ 45) = 0.65 and P(B ≤ 45) = 0.05, so choose
route A.
c Model this using the binomial distribution X ~ B(5,0.65)
i P(X = 5) = 0.12
ii P(X ≥ 3) = 1 − P(X ≤ 2) = 0.76
iii P(X = 3) = 0.34, but we are only interested in 3 consecutive days. There are three ways
in total to choose three consecutive days out of five (starting day 1, starting day 2 and
© Oxford University Press 2019 14
 Worked solutions

5×4
starting day 3), but there are ways to choose three days out of five in total. Hence,
2
3
probability to arrive by 9am on exactly three consecutive days is × 0.34 = 0.10.
10
8 a Use inverse normal function noting that the standard deviation is 5 to find Q3 = 73.
b Half the length of the box is the difference between Q3 and the mean, 73 − 70 = 3, so the
length of the box is less than 10 years.

Chapter review
1 a There are 12 square numbers between 1 and 150 (122 = 144) so the probability is p =
12 2
=
150 25
51
b There are 51 numbers which are at least 100 and at most 150 so the probability is p =
150
c There are 30 numbers divisible by 5 (all the numbers with last digit 0 or 5) between 1 and
30 1
150 so the probability is
= p =
150 5
11
d There 11 numbers which are at least 1 and at most 11 so the probability is p =
150
2 To find β , note that the probabilities for all possible values of k have to add up to 1. Hence,
1
β (32 + 22 + 12 + 02 + 12 ) =
1 , 15β = 1 , β =
. Then, E(K) =
15
9 4 1 0 1 10 2
0× +1× +2× + 3× + 4× = =
15 15 15 15 5 15 3
3 a Construct simultaneous equations using the fact that probabilities add up to 1 and the
expression for E(D): 0.3 + p + q + 0.15 + p − q + p + 2q = 1, i.e. 3p + 2q = 0.55 and 0 ×
0.3 + 1 × (p + q) + 2 × 0.15 + 3 × (p − q) + 4 × (p + 2q) = 1.7, i.e. 4p + 3q = 0.7.
Solve the equations to obtain
= p 0.25,
= q − 0.1.
P ( D = 3 ∩ D ≥ 1) P ( D = 3) 0.35
b P(D = 3|D ≥ 1) = = = = 0.5.
P ( D ≥ 1) 1 − P (D = 0) 0.7

4 a Probability that the seed grows: p = 0.65 × 0.85 + 0.35 × 0.74 = 0.8115.
b Conditional probability: P(Green & Grows) = P(Green) × P(Grows|Green) = 0.65 × 0.85 =
0.5525.
c P(Red or Grows) = P(Red) + P(Green & Grows) = 0.35 + 0.5525 = 0.9025. Alternatively,
P(Red or Grows) = 1 − P(Green & Doesn’t grow) = 1 − 0.65 × 0.15 = 0.9025 leads to the
same answer.
5
5 a In one throw, there is a chance of throwing no sixes at all. Hence, when the die is thrown
6
n times, P(Throw at least one six in n throws) = 1 − P(Throw no sixes in n throws) = 1 −
n
5
  .
6
n n
5 5 log0.005
b 1 −   > 0.995 corresponds to   < 0.005 , n > = 29.06... so take n = 30.
6 6 5
log
6
6 Draw a Venn diagram to visualise the situation. P(B’∪C) = P(B’) + P(B ∩ C) = 1 − P(B) +
P(B∩C) = 1 − 0.4 − 0.1 + 0.1 = 0.6.

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 Worked solutions

7 a Construct the table noting there are 36 outcomes in total and counting ways to obtain each
of the value of t.
t 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
P(T = t) 1 4 8 10 8 4 1
36 36 36 36 36 36 36

b Prime numbers: 5,7, square numbers: 4,9. For game to be fair, E(T) = 0. This gives the
5 × 4 7 × 10  1 4 
following equation: + − x +  = 0, i.e. 90 − 5x = 0, x = 16.
36 36  36 36 
8 Let W ~ N(65,112). Then:
a P(W > 70) = 0.325.
b Use inverse normal function to find UQ = 72.42kg and LQ = 57.52kg, so IQR = 14.9kg.
c Use inverse normal function for 92.7% to find 80.99kg.
d Use binomial distribution to model this: X ~ B(8,0.325), then P(X ≤ 3) = 0.7582.
e P(W < 60) = 0.3247, so 1000 × 0.3247 ≈ 325.
9 a There are at most 5 turns before a green balls is definitely picked. P(Judith wins) = P(Judith
wins on her first go) + P(Judith wins on her second go) + P(Judith wins on her third go).
3 4 3 3 6
P(Judith wins on her first go) = , P(Judith wins on her second go) = × × = ,
7 7 6 5 35
4 3 2 1 4 109
P(Judith wins on her third go) = × × × = . Hence, P(Judith wins) = = 0.62.
7 6 5 4 175 175
b Now that the ball chosen is replaced after each turn, it might take infinitely many turns until
the green ball is picked. To find the new probability of Judith winning p, note that after
Judith and Gilles both had an unsuccessful turn each, the probability of Judith winning from
that point resets to the original value p and the following equation can be constructed:
3 4 4p 21
p= + × ,p = = 0.64. Hence, Judith is more likely to win in this set up of the game.
7 7 7 33
 3 13   13 3 
10 a  × + ×  M1A1
 16 15   16 15 
39 39 78  39 
= + = =   A1
240 240 240  120 
 13 12 
b 1− ×  M1A1
 16 15 
156 84  7 
1−= =   A1
240 240  20 
11 a 0.7 × 0.4 × 0.8 = 0.224 ~ M1A1
b (0.7 × 0.6 × 0.2) + (0.3 × 0.4 × 0.2) + (0.3 × 0.6 × 0.8) M1A1
= 0.252 A1
c 0.4 × 0.8 =
0.32 M1A1
d 1 − ( 0.3 × 0.6 × 0.2 ) M1A1
= 0.964 A1
12 a

M1A1A1

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 Worked solutions

b 1 − ( 0.65 × 0.55) =
0.6425 M1A1
P ( Jake and Elisa solve ) 0.35 × 0.6
c = M1A1A1
P (Elisa solve ) (0.35 × 0.6 ) + (0.65 × 0.45)
= 0.418 A1
13 a 0.4 M1A1
b 0.6 M1A1
c 0.75 M1A1
14 a 32 + 25 − 48 = 9 M1A1
32 − 9
b M1A1
48
23
= A1
48
9 32 2
c P (E U ) = and P (=
E) = A1A1
32 48 3
P ( E U ) ≠ P ( E ) , so not independent. R1
43
15 a M1A1
50
7
b M1A1
25
15
c M1A1
33
d 0 M1A1
5
e M1A1
34
16 a P ( A ∩ B) =
P ( A ) P ( B ) =0.3 × 0.15 =0.045 M1A1
b P ( A ∪ B=
) P ( A) + P ( B ) − P ( A ∩ B ) = 0.3 + 0.5 − 0.045 = 0.755 M1A1
c P ( B′ ∩ A=
) P ( A) − P ( A ∩ B ) =0.3 − 0.15 =0.15 M1A1

P ( B ∩ A′ )
d P ( B A′ ) = M1
P ( A′ )
P ( B ) − P ( A ∩ B ) 0.5 − 0.045
= = M1
P ( A′ ) 0.7
= 0.65 A1
17 a 1 − P (no scoring) =
1 − 0.72 4
M1A1
= 0.731 A1
b 4 × 0.28 × 0.76 3
M1
= 0.492 A1
c 1 − P (no goals ) − P ( exactly one goal) M1
= 1 − 0.724 − 0.492 A1
= 0.24 A1
18 a Let X be the discrete random variable ‘number of boys’.
So X ~ B (10, 0.512 )

10 
P (X )   0.5126 (1 − 0.512)
4
= 6= M1A1
6
= 0.215 A1
10 
P (X )   0.5120 (1 − 0.512) = 0.000766
10
b = 0= M1A1
0
 
c P ( X ≤ 4 ) = 0.348 M1A1

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 Worked solutions

k k
19 a + k + k 2 + 2k 2 + =1 M1
2 2
3k 2 + 2k − 1 =0 A1
(3k − 1) ( k + 1) =
0 M1

1
⇒k = A1
3
k k
b E (X ) = 0 × + 0.5 × k + 1 × k 2 + 1.5 × 2k 2 + 2 × M1
2 2
k 3k
E (X ) = k 4k 2 +
+ k 2 + 3k 2 += A1
2 2
2
1 3  1  4 1 17
= 4  +  =  + = M1A1
3 2  3  9 2 18

k
c P ( X ≥ 1.25) =2k 2 + M1
2
2
1 1 2 1 7
= 2  + = + = M1A1
3 6 9 6 18
20 a Let X be the discrete random variable ‘time taken for Blossom to walk to her cafe’.

(
So X ~ N 35,3.42 )
P ( X > 37 ) = 0.278 M1A1

b P ( X < 36.5) − P ( X < 34 ) A1

= 0.670 − 0.384 A1
= 0.286 A1
c P ( X < 30 ) =
0.071 M1
0.071 × 25 =
1.78 M1
So approximately two occasions. A1

21 a Let X be the discrete random variable ‘mass of a can of baked beans’.

Then X ~ N 415,122( )
Using GDC
P ( X > m) =
0.65 M1A1
⇒m=
410.4 A1
b You require P ( X > 422.5 | X > 420 ) M1

P ( X > 422.5)
P ( X > 422.5 | X > 420 ) = M1
P ( X > 420 )

0.266
= A1
0.338
= 0.787 A1
c Using GDC
P ( X < 413.5) =
0.450 M1A1

Now using Y ~ B (144, 0.450 ) M1

P (Y ≥ 75) =
0.0524 A1

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 Worked solutions

Testing for validity: Spearman’s, hypothesis

8 testing and  test for independence
2

Skills check
2 1 1
1 P(S)   while P(S|E) = . P(S) = P(S|E) so the events are independent.
6 3 3
2 D ~ N(35,32), P(D < 36) = 0.63
3 x 0 1 2 3 4
P(X = t) 0.0016 0.0256 0.1536 0.4096 0.4096
4 r = 0.79.

Exercise 8A
1 a 1 (data monotonically increasing) b 1 (data monotonically increasing)
c − 1(data monotonically decreasing)
d 0(data is not consistently increasing or decreasing)
2 Put the ranked data into a GDC and obtain PMCC rs = 0.2 so there is only weak positive
correlation between the taste and value for money.
3 a The ranks are (note that when more than one piece of data have the same value, the
average of the rank given is used):
x 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
y 1 2 3 4 6 6 6
Use GDC to find the PMCC for the ranked data: rs = − 0.964.
b The ranks are:
x 3 2 4 6 7 1 5
y 2 3 5 7 6 1 4
Use GDC to find the PMCC for the ranked data: rs = 0.893.
4 a PMCC is used for linear relationships and the scatter plot shows the relationships is not
linear.
b The ranks of A − L are:
v 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 1 12 2
F 1 2 4 5 6.5 6.5 8 11 9 10 3 12
Use GDC to find the PMCC for the ranked data: rs = − 0.942.
c There is a strong negative correlation between velocity and force, as can be expected from
the scatter plot. Since the force does not change significantly at high values of the velocity,
the value of rs could be affected significantly by small changes in data.
5 a Use GDC to find the PMCC for the data: rs = 0.6699.
b Scatter plot:

PMCC indicates that there is a positive correlation of medium strength between the English
and Maths scores. The scatter plot shows strong but non-linear positive correlation between
the scores..

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 Worked solutions

c The ranks are:

Maths 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 3.5 3.5 1.5 1.5
English 9.5 8 11 7 6 9.5 5 4 3 2 1
Use GDC to find the PMCC for the ranked data: rs = 0.8833. This indicates a strong positive
correlation between the scores which is a more realistic result given the scatter plot.
d Spearman’s rank correlation because the data points are not linear.
6 a Because instead of quantitative data the ranks of the taste are given.
b The ranks are:
Taste rank 1 2 3 4 5 6
Cost rank 1 3 2 5 4 6
Use GDC to find the PMCC for the ranked data: rs = 0.8857, so there is a strong positive
correlation between the price and taste of coffee.
7 a Data table:
x 0.82 1.28 1.78 1.46 2.46 2.48 2.02 3.02 2.98 7.46
y 0.86 1.56 1.22 0.62 0.84 1.76 1.82 1.42 0.62 4.98
Use GDC to find the PMCC
i with the outlier J: rs = 0.8743 ii without the outlier J: rs = 0.0776
b i The ranked data table with the outlier J:
x 10 9 7 8 5 4 6 2 3 1
y 7 4 6 9.5 8 3 2 5 9.5 1
Use GDC to find the PMCC for the ranked data with the outlier J: rs = 0.304.
ii The ranked data table without the outlier J:
x 9 8 6 7 4 3 5 1 2
y 6 3 5 8.5 7 2 1 4 8.5
Use GDC to find the PMCC for the ranked data without the outlier J: rs = 0.0418.
c Even though both of the measures are affected by the outlier, Spearman’s rank correlation
coefficient is affected less.

Exercise 8B
22
1 a Probability that a person chosen at random likes black cars best is . Probability that a
80
38
person chosen at random is male is . If the two events are independent, the expected
80
22 38
number of males who prefer black cars is 80   = 10.45.
80 80
18
b Probability that a person chosen at random likes white cars best is . Probability that a
80
42
person chosen at random is male is . If the two events are independent, the expected
80
18 42
number of males who prefer black cars is 80   = 9.45.
80 80
c Use GDC to find the value  2  4.69.
34
2 a Probability that a person chosen at random buys small coffee is . Probability that a
110
54
person chosen at random is male is . If the two events are independent, the expected
110
34 54
number of males who prefer black cars is 110   = 16.7.
110 110

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 Worked solutions

46
b Probability that a person chosen at random buys large coffee is . Probability that a
110
56
person chosen at random is female is . If the two events are independent, the expected
110
46 56
number of males who prefer black cars is 110   = 23.4.
110 110
c Use GDC to find the value  2  5.21.
3 Find totals:
Pet Rabbits Guinea Hamsters Totals
pigs
Lettuce 16 16 28 60
Carrots 34 18 18 70
Totals 50 34 46 130
70
a Probability that a pet chosen at random eats carrots is . Probability that a pet chosen at
130
50
random is a rabbit is . If the two events are independent, the expected number of
130
70 50
rabbits who eat carrots is 130   = 26.9.
130 130
60
b Probability that a pet chosen at random eats lettuce is . Probability that a pet chosen at
130
46
random is a hamster is . If the two events are independent, the expected number of
130
60 46
rabbits who eat carrots is 130   = 21.2.
130 130
c Use GDC to find the value χ 2  8.05.
4 Find totals:
Transport Car Bus Bicycle Walk Totals
Male 12 12 28 8 60
Female 21 13 15 11 60
Totals 33 25 43 19 120
43
a Probability that a person chosen at random comes by bicycle is . Probability that a
120
60
person chosen at random is a male is . If the two events are independent, the expected
120
43 60
number of males who come by bicycle is 120   = 21.5.
120 120
33
b Probability that a person chosen at random comes by car is . Probability that a person
120
60
chosen at random is a female is . If the two events are independent, the expected
120
33 60
number of females who come by car is 120   = 16.5.
120 120
c Use GDC to find the value χ 2  6.90.

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 Worked solutions

Exercise 8C
1 a Contingency table:
Sport Cycling Basketball Football Totals
Males 7 10 6 23
Females 9 8 10 27
Totals 16 18 16 50
b H0: favourite sport is independent of gender. H1: favourite sport is not independent of
gender.
c v = (rows − 1)(columns − 1) = (2 − 1)  (3 − 1) = 2.
d Use GDC to find the values χ 2  1.16 and p = 0.56.
e Expected values calculated by E(F/M liking C/B/F) = P(F/M) × P(likes C/B/F) × total:
Sport Cycling Basketball Football
Males 7.36 8.28 7.36
Females 8.64 9.72 8.64
All expected values are greater than 5.
f χ 2  1.16 < 4.605 so H0is accepted.

g Find p value for χ 2 c = 4.605: pc = 0.10, p = 0.56 > 0.10so H0is accepted and p value
supports the conclusion.
2 a H0: favourite bread is independent of gender. H1: favourite bread is not independent of
gender.
41 31
b E(Female liking white bread) = P(Female) × P(likes white bread) × total =   80
80 80
= 15.8875  15.9
c v = (rows − 1)(columns − 1) = (2 − 1)  (4 − 1) = 3.
d Use GDC to find the values χ 2  2.12 and p = 0.548.

e χ 2 < χ 2 c so H0 is accepted.
3 a H0: favourite genre of film is independent of age. H1: favourite genre of film is not
independent of age.
b E(20− 50 year-olds prefer horror films)
130 77
= P(20− 50 year-olds) × P(prefers horror films) × total =   300 = 33.367  33.4.
300 300
c v = (rows − 1)(columns − 1) = (3 − 1)  (3 − 1) = 4.
d Use GDC to find the values χ 2  45.2 and p = 3.6 109 .
e p < 0.10 (for 10% test) so H0 is rejected.
4 a H0: favourite flavour of dog food is independent of breed. H1: favourite flavour of dog food is
not independent of breed.
b Expected values calculated by E(F/M liking C/B/F) = P(F/M) × P(likes C/B/F) × total:
Flavour Beef Chicken Lamb
Boxer 11.7 7.00 9.33
Labrador 15.8 9.50 12.7
Poodle 14.6 8.75 11.7
Collie 7.92 4.75 6.30
Not all expected values are greater than 5.

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 Worked solutions

c New contingency table:

Flavour Beef Chicken Lamb Totals
Boxer 14 6 8 28
Labrador 17 11 10 38
Poodle/Collie 19 13 22 54
Totals 50 30 40 120
2
d Use GDC to find the values χ  3.14 and p = 0.535.
e p = 0.535 > 0.05 so H0 is accepted.
5 a H0: favourite flavour of chocolate is independent of gender. H1: favourite flavour of
chocolate is not independent of gender.
b v = (rows − 1)(columns − 1) = (2 − 1)  (3 − 1) = 2.
c Use GDC to find the values χ 2  9.52 and p = 0.00856.

d χ 2  9.52 > 9.210so H0 is rejected.

6 a H0: GPA is independent of number of hours spent on social media. H1: GPA is not
independent of number of hours spent on social media.
85 99
b E(0− 9 hours and high GPA) = P(0− 9 hours) × P(high GPA) × total =   270
270 270
= 31.167  31.2.
c v = (rows − 1)(columns − 1) = (3 − 1)  (3 − 1) = 4.
d Use GDC to find the values χ 2  78.5 and p = 3.6 1016 .

e χ 2  78.5 > 7.779 so H0 is rejected.

7 State the null hypothesis and the alternative hypothesis: H0: the number of people walking
their dog is independent of the time of the day. H1: the number of people walking their dog is
not independent of the time of the day.
Noting that the number of degrees of freedom is v = 4, use GDC to find the values χ 2 
5.30and p = 0.257.
Since 0.257 > 0.05 and 5.30< 9.488, H0 is accepted.
8 a H0: the number of bottles of water sold is independent of temperature. H1: the number of
bottles of water sold is not independent of temperature.
b v = (rows − 1)(columns − 1) = (3 − 1)  (3 − 1) = 4.
c Use GDC to find the values χ 2  3.30 and p = 0.509.
d Since 0.509 > 0.01 and 3.30 < 13.277, H0 is accepted.
9 a H0: annual salary is independent of the type of degree. H1: annual salary is not independent
of the type of degree.
b v = (rows − 1)(columns − 1) = (3 − 1)  (3 − 1) = 4.
c Use GDC to find the values χ 2  24.4 and p = 6.53 105 .
d Since 6.53 105 < 0.05 and 24.4 > 9.488, H0 is rejected.

Exercise 8D
1 a Expected frequencies:
Colour Frequency
Yellow 120
Orange 120
Red 120
Purple 120
Green 120
b v = (n – 1) = 5 − 1 = 4

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 Worked solutions

c H0: The data satisfies a uniform distribution.

H1: The data does not satisfy a uniform distribution.
Use GDC to find the values χ 2  10.45 and p = 0.0335.
d Since 0.0335 < 0.05 and 10.45 > 9.488, H0 is rejected.
2 a Expected frequencies:
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Freq 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
b v = (n – 1) = 12 − 1 = 11.
c H0: The data satisfies a uniform distribution.
H1: The data does not satisfy a uniform distribution.
Use GDC to find the values χ 2  6 and p = 0.873.
d Since 0.873 > 0.10and 6 < 17.275, H0 is accepted.
840
3 a E(number of calls) = = 120.
7
b v = (n – 1) = 7 − 1 = 6.
c H0: The data satisfies a uniform distribution.
H1: The data does not satisfy a uniform distribution.
Use GDC to find the values χ 2  86.1 and p = 1.97 1016
d Since 1.97 1016 < 0.05 and 86.1 > 12.592, H0 is rejected.
4 a Expected frequencies
Last digit 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Frequency 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50
b v = (n – 1) = 10− 1 = 9.
c H0: The last digit satisfies a uniform distribution.
H1: The last digit does not satisfy a uniform distribution.
Use GDC to find the values χ 2  9.08 and p = 0.430.
d Since 0.430 > 0.10 and 9.08 < 14.684, H0 is accepted.

Exercise 8E
1 a H0: The lengths are normally distributed with mean of 19 cm and standard deviation of 3
cm.
H1: The lengths are not normally distributed with mean of 19 cm and standard deviation of 3
cm.
b Let L ~ N(19,32), then use GDC to find P(9 < L < 12) = 0.00939
c Expect 250  0.00939 = 2.35 fish.
d Repeat the same procedure to obtain the expected frequency table:
Length of Probability Expected
fish, x cm frequency
9 ≤ x < 12 0.009386 2.35
12 ≤ x < 15 0.0814 20.3
15 ≤ x < 18 0.2782 69.56
18 ≤ x < 21 0.37807 94.52
21 ≤ x < 24 0.20470 51.18
24 ≤ x < 27 0.04396 10.99
27 ≤ x < 30 0.00371 0.927
e Combine the rows with expected frequencies less than five with the rows next to them, i.e.
the top row with the second row and the last row with the second to last row.

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 Worked solutions

f Updated table:
Length of Frequency Expected
fish, x cm Frequency
9 ≤ x < 15 27 22.65
15 ≤ x < 18 71 69.56
18 ≤ x < 21 88 94.52
21 ≤ x < 24 52 51.18
24 ≤ x < 30 12 11.92
g v = (n – 1) = 5 − 1 = 4.
h Use GDC to find the values χ 2  1.329 and p = 0.856.
i Since 0.856 > 0.05 and 1.329 < 9.488, H0 is accepted.
2 Let W ~ N(52,32), and calculate the probabilities using GDC. Multiply them by 200(total number
of girls).
a Table with the expected frequencies:
Weight, w kg w < 45 45 ≤ w < 50 50≤ w < 55 55 ≤ w < 60 w ≥ 60
Expected 1.96 48.54 117.77 30.96 0.77
frequency
b Merge the first and the last columns with their neighbouring columns to obtain an updates
table:
Weight, w kg w < 50 50≤ w < 55 55 ≤ w
Observed 56 82 62
frequency
Expected 50.48 117.77 31.73
frequency
c v = (n – 1) = 3 − 1 = 2.
d H0: The weights are normally distributed with mean of 52 kg and standard deviation of 3 kg.
H1: The weights are not normally distributed with mean of 52 kg and standard deviation of 3
kg.
Use GDC to find the values χ 2  40.34 and p = 1.74 109 .
e Since 1.74 109 < 0.05 and 40.34 > 5.991, H0is rejected.
3 Let X ~ N(65,7.52), and calculate the probabilities using GDC. Multiply them by 300(total
number of students).
a Table with expected frequencies:
Grade, x% x < 50 50 ≤ x < 60 60 ≤ x < 70 70 ≤ x < 80 80 ≤ x
Expected
6.8 68.92 148.5 68.92 6.8
frequency
b v = (n – 1) = 5 − 1 = 4.
c H0: The grades are normally distributed with mean of 65% and standard deviation of 7.5%.
H1: The grades are not normally distributed with mean of 65% and standard deviation of
7.5%.
Use GDC to find the values χ 2  0.71 and p = 0.950.
d Since 0.950 > 0.1 and 0.71 < 7.779, H0 is accepted.
4 Let H ~ N(250,112), and calculate the probabilities using GDC. Multiply them by 250(total
number of elephants).
a Table with expected frequencies.
Height, h
h < 235 235 ≤ h < 245 245 ≤ h < 255 255 ≤ h < 265 265 ≤ h
cm
Expected
frequency 21.6 59.59 87.64 59.59 21.6

b v = (n – 1) = 5 − 1 = 4.

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 Worked solutions

c H0: The heights are normally distributed with mean of 250cm and standard deviation of 11
cm.
H1: The heights are not normally distributed with mean of 250cm and standard deviation of
11 cm.
Use GDC to find the values χ 2  8.03 and p = 0.09.
d Since 0.09 > 0.05 and 8.03 < 9.488, so H0 is accepted.
5 Let H ~ N(1200,102), and calculate the probabilities using GDC. Multiply them by 400(total
number of light bubs).
a Table of expected frequencies.
Lifespan, h< 1000 ≤ h < 1100 ≤ h < 1200 ≤ h < 1300 ≤ h < 1400 ≤
h hours 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 h
Freq
9.1 54.36 136.54 136.54 54.36 9.1

b v = (n – 1) = 6 − 1 = 5.
c H0: The lifespan is normally distributed with mean of 1200 hours and standard deviation of
100 hours.
H1: The heights are not normally distributed with mean of 1200 hours and standard
deviation of 100 hours.
Use GDC to find the values χ 2  78.74 and p = 1.5 1015 .
d Since 1.5 1015 < 0.05 and 78.74 > 11.070, so H0 is rejected.

Exercise 8F
3
1 a Expected probabilities for S ~ B(3, 0.75): P(S = 0) =   0.7500.253  0.0156, P(S = 1) =
0
3 1 2 3 2 1 3 3 0
  0.75 0.25  0.1406, P(S = 2) =   0.75 0.25  0.4219, P(S = 3) =   0.75 0.25 
1
  2
  3
 
0.4219.
b Table of expected frequencies: multiply the probabilities by total number of seeds 50.
Number of seeds germinating 0 1 2 3
Expected frequency 0.78 7.03 21.09 21.09
c Expected value of no seeds germinating is less than 5. Hence, combine this with the data of
1 seed germinating:
Number of seeds germinating 0,1 2 3
Observed frequency 15 15 20
Expected frequency 7.81 21.09 21.09
d v = (n – 1) = 3 − 1 = 2.
e H0: The number of germinating seeds follows a binomial distribution.
H1: The number of germinating seeds does not follow a binomial distribution.
Use GDC to find the values χ 2  8.43 and p = 0.0147.
f Since 0.0147 < 0.05 and 8.43 > 5.991, H0 is rejected.
3
2 a Expected probabilities for S ~ B(3, 0.5): P(S = 0) =   0.500.53  0.125, P(S = 1) =
0
3 1 2 3 2 1 3 3 0
  0.5 0.5  0.375, P(S = 2) =   0.5 0.5  0.375, P(S = 3) =   0.5 0.5  0.125.
1
  2
  3
Table of expected frequencies: multiply the probabilities by total number of families: 100.
Number of boys 0 1 2 3
Expected frequency 12.5 37.5 37.5 12.5
b No expected frequency values below 5.
c v = (n – 1) = 4 − 1 = 3.

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 Worked solutions

d H0: The number of boys follows a binomial distribution.

H1: The number of boys does not follow a binomial distribution.
Use GDC to find the values χ 2  10.77 and p = 0.0130.
e Since 0.0130> 0.01 and 10.77 < 11.345, H0 is accepted.
0 2
1 2  1   5 
3 a Expected probabilities for S ~ B(2, ): P(S = 0) =        0.694, P(S = 1) =
6 0  6   6 
1 1 2 0
2  1   5  2  1   5 
       0.278, P(S = 2) =        0.0278.
1 6
     6 2  6   6 
Table of expected frequencies: multiply the probabilities by total number of tosses: 250.
Number of 6s 0 1 2
Expected frequency 173.6 69.44 6.94
b No expected frequency values below 5.
c v = (n – 1) = 3 − 1 = 2.
d H0: The number of 6s follows a binomial distribution.
H1: The number of 6s does not follow a binomial distribution.
Use GDC to find the values χ 2  28.14 and p = 7.7 107 .
e Since 7.7 < 0.05 and 28.14 > 5.991, H0 is rejected.
4 a Since there are four answers, P(getting a question right) = 0.25.
b,c Model this using the binomial distribution: X ~ B(5,0.25).
Number correct 0 1 2 3 4 5
Probability 0.2373 0.3955 0.2647 0.0879 0.0147 0.00098
Expected frequency 118.65 197.75 131.84 43.95 7.324 0.4883
d Expected frequency of 5 correct answers is less than 5, hence need to combine the data for
4 and 5 correct answers. The new table is:
Number correct 0 1 2 3 4,5
Observed frequency 38 66 177 132 87
Expected frequency 118.65 197.75 131.84 43.95 7.81
e v = (n – 1) = 5 − 1 = 4.
d H0: The number of correct answers follows a binomial distribution.
H1: The number of correct answers does not follow a binomial distribution.
Use GDC to find that χ 2   and p  0 .
e H0 is rejected as p value is extremely low.

Exercise 8G
1 a H0: x 1 = x 2 (there is no difference in the weights)
H1: x 1 < x 2 (there is a difference in the weights of the apples: apples from the shade
weigh less).
b This is a one-tailed test as Petra is trying to find out if the trees in the shade weigh less.
c Use GDC to find t = − 0.687 and p = 0.251.
d Since 0.251 > 0.10, H0 is accepted.
2 a H0: x 1 = x 2 (there is no difference between the weights of town and country babies),
H1: x 1 > x 2 (babies born in the country weigh more than babies born in the town).
b This is a one-tailed test as Fergus is trying to find out if babies born in the country weigh
more than babies born in the town.
c Use GDC to find t = − 0.191 and p = 0.425.
d Since 0.425 > 0.10, H0 is accepted.
3 a H0: x 1 = x 2 (there is no difference between the lengths of the beans),
H1: x 1  x 2 (there is a difference between the lengths of the beans).

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 Worked solutions

b This is a two-tailed test as Jocasta is interested in finding out if the lengths are different.
c Use GDC to find t = − 3.126 and p = 0.00584.
d Since 0.00584 < 0.05, H0 is rejected.
4 a H0: x 1 = x 2 (there is no difference between the lifetimes of the bulbs),
H1: x 1  x 2 (there is a difference between the lifetimes of the bulbs).
b This is a two-tailed test.
c Use GDC to find t = 0.3 and p = 0.769
d Since 0.769 > 0.05, H0 is accepted.
5 a H0: x 1 = x 2 (there is no difference between the weights of the girls and the boys),
H1: x 1  x 2 (the boys weigh less than the girls).
b This is a one-tailed test (testing if the boys weighed less than the girls).
c Use GDC to find t = − 2.55 and p = 0.0105.
d Since 0.0105 < 0.05, H0 is rejected.
6 a H0: x 1 = x 2 (there is no difference between the weight loss with and without the remedy),
H1: x 1  x 2 (people lose more weight with the remedy than without it).
b This is a one-tailed test (testing if the weight loss is higher with the remedy).
c Use GDC to find t = 2.84 and p = 0.00539.
d Since 0.00539 < 0.01, H0 is rejected.
7 a H0: x 1 = x 2 (there is no difference between the lengths of the cobs),
H1: x 1  x 2 (there is a difference between the lengths of the cobs).
b This is a two-tailed test.
c Use GDC to find t = 0.534 and p = 0.600.
d Since 0.600 > 0.10, H0 is accepted.

Chapter review
1 a The ranks are:
Height, 12 10.5 10.5 9 8 7 6 4.5 4.5 3 2 1
cm
Time, s 2 1 3 4 5 8.5 6 7 8.5 10 11.5 11.5
Use GDC to find the PMCC for the ranked data: rs = − 0.9525.
b It indicates strong and negative correlation between the height and the time it took to run,
i.e. the taller the person, the faster they are.
2 a Instead of the quantitative data, the ranks of tennis players are given.
b The ranks are:
Tennis ranks 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Aces 1 2 6 3 4.5 4.5 7 8

Use GDC to find the PMCC for the ranked data: rs = 0.8503.
c There is a strong and positive correlation between the tennis rank of the player and the
number of aces they hit, i.e. the higher the rank, the more aces they are likely to hit.
3 a H0: colours of the eggs laid are independent of the type of the hen. H1: colours of the eggs
laid are not independent of the type of hen.
30
b Probability that a hen chosen at random is Leghorn is . Probability that an egg chosen at
90
42
random is white is . If the two events are independent, the expected number of white
90
30 42
eggs laid by Leghorn hens is 90   = 14.
90 90
c v = (rows − 1)(columns − 1) = (2 − 1)  (3 − 1) = 2.

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 Worked solutions

d Use GDC to find the values χ 2  21.7 and p = 1.9 105 .

e Since 21.7 > 5.991, H0 is rejected.
4 a H0: favourite colour of car is independent of gender; H1: favourite colour of car is not
independent of gender.
20
b Probability that a person chosen at random likes white cars is . Probability that a person
100
48
chosen at random is a male is . If the two events are independent, the expected
100
20 48
number of males who like white cars is 100   = 9.6.
100 100
c v = (rows − 1)(columns − 1) = (2 − 1)  (4 − 1) = 3.
d Use GDC to find the values χ 2  9.43 and p = 0.024.
e Since 9.43 > 6.251, H0 is rejected.
5 a The table of expected values:
Day Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat

Expected frequencies 20 20 20 20 20 20 20
b v = (n – 1) = 7 − 1 = 6.
c H0: The data satisfies a uniform distribution.
H1: The data does not satisfy a uniform distribution.
Use GDC to find the values χ 2  10and p = 0.1247, since 10 < 12.592, H0 is accepted.
6 a The table of expected values:
Number on die 1 2 3 4 5 6

Expected frequencies 15 15 15 15 15 15
b v = (n – 1) = 6 − 1 = 5.
c H0: The data satisfies a uniform distribution.
H1: The data does not satisfy a uniform distribution.
Use GDC to find the values χ 2  0.67 and p = 0.98, since 0.67 < 15.086, H0 is accepted.
1
7 a Let S ~ B(2, ), then P(S = 0) = 0.25 and expected value is 0.25  60 = 15.
2
b Use binomial distribution defined above to find the expected frequencies:
Number of tails 0 1 2
Expected frequency 15 30 15
c All expected frequencies are higher than 5.
d v = (n – 1) = 3 − 1 = 2.
e H0: The number of tails follows a binomial distribution.
H1: The number of tails does not follow a binomial distribution.
Use GDC to find the values χ 2  1.2 and p = 0.549.
f Since 1.2 < 5.991, H0 is accepted.
8 Let X ~ N(158,42), and calculate the probabilities using GDC. Multiply them by 500(total number
of girls).
a Table with expected frequencies:
Height, x 152 ≤ x < 156 ≤ x < 160≤ x <
x < 152 164 ≤ x
cm 156 160 164
Expected
33.40 120.87 191.46 120.87 33.4
frequency
b There are no expected values less than 5.
c v = (n – 1) = 5 − 1 = 4.

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 Worked solutions

d H0: The heights are normally distributed with mean of 158 cm and standard deviation of 4
cm.
H1: The heights are not normally distributed with mean of 158 cm and standard deviation of
4 cm.
Use GDC to find the values χ 2  20.60and p = 0.00038.
e Since 0.00038 < 0.10and 20.6 > 7.770, H0 is rejected.
9 a H0: x 1 = x 2 (there is no difference in the weights)
H1: x 1 < x 2 (there is a difference in the weights of the apples: apples from the shade
weigh less).
b This is a one − tailed test as Petra is trying to find out if the trees in the shade weigh less.
c Use GDC to find t = − 0.687 and p = 0.2509.
d Since 0.0479 < 0.10, H0 is rejected.
10 a H0 : 1  2 A1
H1 : 1  2 A1
b One-tailed test A1
c t  value  0.706 M1A1
p  value  0.244 A1
d 0.244  0.05 so accept H0 M1R1
i.e. there is no significant difference in the results of the two schools.
11 a H0 : 1  2 A1
H1 : 1  2 A1
b t  value  1.735 M1A1
p  value  0.0499 A1
c 0.0499  0.05 so reject H0 . M1R1
i.e. there is significant evidence to suggest that older students read fewer books
12 a H0 : 1  2 A1
H1 : 1  2 A1

b t  value  1.942 M1A1

p  value  0.0725 A1
c 0.0725  0.1 so reject H0 . M1R1
i.e. there is significant evidence to suggest that there is a difference in average battery
length
13 a

M1A1A1
b rS  0.707 M1A1
c rS is positive and reasonably close to 1 , R1
indicating a fairly strong positive correlation between a person’s age
and their reaction time. R1
d Include a greater number of participants R1
Ensure the participants were spread equally throughout the age range R1
14 a

M1A1A1
b rS  0.596 M1A1
c Neeve is incorrect. A1

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 Worked solutions

A value of rS  0.596 indicates a small but significant negative correlation between a

person’s age and the hours per week they watch TV. R1
However, you cannot say this is causal. R1
i.e. You cannot conclude that your age affects the amount of TV you watch
15 A2 A1
B1 A1
C3 A1
D6 A1
E4 A1
F5 A1
16 a H0 : Type of burger favoured is independent of age A1
H1 : Type of burger favoured is not independent of age A1
b 3  1   4  1  6 A1
c  2
calc  12.314 M1A1
p  value  0.0553 A1
d  2
calc  12.314  12.59 , therefore we accept H0. A1R1
i.e. the type of burger favoured is independent of age.
17 a

M1A1A1
b H0 : Smoking is independent of age A1
H1 : Smoking is not independent of age A1
 2
calc  9.408 M1A1
p  value  0.002161 A1
 2
calc  9.408  6.64 , therefore we reject H0 and accept H1 A1R1
i.e. smoking is not independent of age
18 a H0 : Movie preference is independent of gender A1
H1 : Movie preference is not independent of gender A1
b 5  1  2  1  4 A1
c  2calc  11.111 M1A1
p  value  0.0253 A1
d  2
calc  11.111  9.49 , therefore we reject H0 and accept H1 A1R1
i.e. Movie preference is not independent of age.
19 a

M1A1

b H0 : The data satisfies a binomial distribution A1

H1 : The data does not satisfy a binomial distribution A1

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 Worked solutions

 2calc  7.583 M1A1

p  value  0.108 A1
 2
calc  7.583  9.49 , therefore we accept H0 A1R1
i.e. The observed data fits a binomial distribution
20 a

M1A1A1
b Re-writing:

M1A1
Degrees of freedom  3 A1
H0 : The data satisfies a normal distribution A1
H1 : The data does not satisfy a normal distribution A1
The critical value is  5% 3  7.82
2
A1
 2calc  10.47 M1A1
p  value  0.015 A1
 2
calc  10.47  7.82 , therefore we reject H0 and accept H1 A1R1
i.e. The observed data does not fit a normal distribution with mean 62 and standard
deviation 16.

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