VOCABS

Adept - Skilled or proficient at something.

Amicable - Friendly and without disagreement.
Anticipate - To expect or predict something.
Articulate - Able to express thoughts clearly and effectively.
Aspire - To have a strong desire to achieve something.
Benevolent - Well-meaning and kindly.
Candid - Honest and straightforward in speech or writing.
Coherent - Logical and consistent; clear and understandable.
Concur - To agree with someone or something.
Contemplate - To think deeply about something.
Crisis - A time of intense difficulty or danger.
Diligent - Showing care and effort in one’s work or duties.
Eloquent - Fluent or persuasive in speaking or writing.
Empathy - The ability to understand and share the feelings of another.
Endeavor - A serious effort or attempt to achieve something.
Engage - To participate or become involved in.
Enigmatic - Mysterious and difficult to understand.
Epitome - A perfect example of a particular quality or type.
Exemplary - Serving as a desirable model; representing the best of its kind.
Fluctuate - To rise and fall irregularly in number or amount.
Formidable - Inspiring fear or respect through being impressively powerful.
Gratify - To give pleasure or satisfaction.
Impartial - Treating all rivals or disputants equally; fair.
Impeccable - In accordance with the highest standards; flawless.
Integrate - To combine one thing with another to form a whole.
Intricate - Very detailed or complicated.
Lucid - Clear and easy to understand.
Manifest - To display or show a quality or feeling by one's acts.
Mitigate - To make it less severe or serious.
Obsolete - No longer produced or used; out of date.
Paradox - A statement that contradicts itself but may still be true.
Perceive - To become aware or conscious of something.
Persuade - To convince someone to do or believe something.
Pragmatic - Dealing with things sensibly and realistically.
Proficient - Competent or skilled in doing or using something.
Reiterate - To say something again or a number of times for clarity.
Resilient - Able to withstand or recover quickly from difficult conditions.
Skeptical - Not easily convinced; having doubts.
Substantiate - To provide evidence to support or prove the truth of something.
Tangible - Perceptible by touch; clear and definite; real.
Transcend - To go beyond the limits of something.
Viable - Capable of working successfully; feasible.
Whimsical - Playfully quaint or fanciful, especially in an appealing way.

Incumbent
Meaning : A person who is currently in an official position.
Example : He defeated the incumbent governor by a large plurality.

Obdurate
Meaning : Being stubborn and refusing to change one's opinion.
Example : He is known for his obdurate determination.

Pejorative
Meaning : Showing disapproval
Example : While the detective was supposed to be neutral, he described the suspect in
a pejorative manner.

Pernicious
Meaning: Having a harmful effect, especially in a gradual or subtle way.
Example: "The pernicious effects of gossip can undermine trust within a community."

Quintessential
Meaning: Representing the most perfect or typical example of a quality or class.
Example: "He is the quintessential gentleman, always polite and well-mannered."
Serendipity
Meaning: The occurrence of events by chance in a happy or beneficial way.
Example: "Their meeting at the cafe was pure serendipity, leading to a lifelong
friendship."

Recalcitrant
Meaning: Having an obstinately uncooperative attitude toward authority or discipline.
Example: "The recalcitrant student refused to follow the school rules."

Sagacity
Meaning: The quality of being sagacious; having keen mental discernment and good
judgment.
Example: "His sagacity in financial matters has saved the company from bankruptcy."

Ubiquitous
Meaning: Present, appearing, or found everywhere.
Example: "Smartphones have become ubiquitous in our daily lives."

Ephemeral
Meaning: Lasting for a very short time.
Example: "The beauty of the cherry blossoms is ephemeral, as they only bloom for a
few weeks each year."

Luminous
Meaning: Emitting or reflecting light; glowing.
Example: "The luminous stars lit up the night sky."

Tenacious
Meaning: Holding firmly to something; persistent and determined.
Example: "Her tenacious spirit helped her overcome many obstacles in her life."
Ambivalent
Meaning: Having mixed feelings or contradictory ideas about something or someone.
Example: "She was ambivalent about the move; excited for a new start, but sad to
leave her friends."

Ostentatious
Meaning: Characterized by vulgar or pretentious display; designed to impress or attract
notice.
Example: "Her ostentatious display of wealth at the party was off-putting to many."

Ubiquitous
Meaning: Present, appearing, or found everywhere.
Example: "Smartphones have become ubiquitous in modern society."

Ebullient
Meaning: Cheerful and full of energy. Example: "Her ebullient personality makes her
the life of the party." Lethargic Meaning: Sluggish and apathetic.
Example: "After the long journey, he felt too lethargic to do anything."

Meticulous
Meaning: Showing great attention to detail; very careful and precise.
Example: "The artist was meticulous in his work, ensuring every detail was perfect."

Reverence : deep respect or admiration for something or someone

Tempestuous : stormy or turbulent, with strong feelings of characterisation
Ordeal : difficult or tiring experience Glade : an open area in forests or woods

Perfunctory
Meaning: Carried out with minimum effort or reflection.
Example: "His perfunctory nod indicated he wasn’t really listening."

Superfluous
Meaning: Unnecessary, especially through being more than enough.
Example: "The report was filled with superfluous details that didn’t add to the overall
understanding."

Zealous
Meaning: Having or showing great energy or enthusiasm in pursuit of a cause or
objective.
Example: "She was a zealous advocate for animal rights."

Magnanimous
Meaning: Generous or forgiving, especially toward a rival or less powerful person.
Example: "She was magnanimous in victory, praising her opponent for a well-fought
match."

Perplex
Meaning: To cause someone to feel completely baffled.
Example: "The complex instructions perplexed everyone."

Alacrity : liveliness and eagerness.

Beguile : influenced by slyness.
Bashful : self-consciously timid.
Denigrate : attack the good name and reputation of someone.
Fractious : easily irritated or annoyed.
Munificent : very generous.
Multifarious : having many aspects.
Onerous : burdensome or difficult to endure.
Umbrage : a feeling of anger caused by being offended.
Zephyr : a slight wind.
Abstruse : difficult to understand.

Transition Words
Adding Information

● Additionally
● Furthermore
 ● Moreover
● In addition
● Also

Contrast

● However
● On the other hand
● Conversely
● Nevertheless
● Nonetheless

Comparison

● Similarly
● Likewise
● In the same way
● Correspondingly

Cause and Effect

● Therefore
● Consequently
● As a result
● Thus
● Hence

Emphasis

● Indeed
● In fact
● Certainly
● Undoubtedly

Example or Illustration

● For example
 ● For instance
● Such as
● Namely

Sequence or Order

● Firstly, Secondly, Lastly

● Next
● Then
● Finally

Summary or Conclusion

● In conclusion
● To summarize
● Overall
● In summary
● Ultimately

IDIOMS

A double-edged sword

Meaning: Something that has both positive and negative consequences.

Example: Social media can be a double-edged sword; it connects people but can also
lead to misunderstandings.

All that glitters is not gold

Meaning: Not everything that looks good on the surface is valuable or worthwhile.

Example: The glamorous lifestyle of celebrities is appealing, but all that glitters is not
gold; many face personal struggles.
Bite off more than you can chew

Meaning: To take on a task that is too big or difficult.

Example: She realized she had bitten off more than she could chew when she agreed
to lead three projects simultaneously.

Caught in a quandary

Meaning: Being in a state of perplexity or doubt.

Example: He was caught in a quandary about whether to accept the job offer or pursue
his studies further.

Throw caution to the wind

Meaning: To take a risk without worrying about the consequences.

Example: She decided to throw caution to the wind and travel abroad, despite her fears
of the unknown.

A blessing in disguise

Meaning: Something that seems bad at first but results in something good.

Example: Losing that job turned out to be a blessing in disguise; it motivated him to
start his own business.

Steal someone's thunder

Meaning: To take credit for someone else's achievements or ideas.

Example: By announcing the project before me, he effectively stole my thunder during
the meeting.

To burn the candle at both ends

Meaning: To overwork oneself by doing too many things at once.

Example: She’s been burning the candle at both ends with her studies and part-time
job, and it’s starting to show.

Caught between the devil and the deep blue sea

Meaning: In a difficult situation with no good options.

Example: He felt caught between the devil and the deep blue sea, having to choose
between a stable job and pursuing his passion.

Every cloud has a silver lining

Meaning: There is something good in every bad situation.

Example: Though the project failed, every cloud has a silver lining; we learned valuable
lessons for the future.

A tempest in a teapot

Meaning: A small issue that has been exaggerated.

Example: The argument over the seating arrangement was a tempest in a teapot; it
really wasn’t worth the fuss.
Curiosity killed the cat

Meaning: Being too inquisitive can lead to trouble.

Example: He was warned that curiosity killed the cat when he insisted on digging
deeper into his neighbor’s business.

To go out on a limb

Meaning: To take a risk or venture into the unknown.

Example: I’m going out on a limb by proposing this new strategy, but I believe it could
really pay off.

To take with a grain of salt

Meaning: To view something with skepticism or not take it literally.

Example: You should take her advice with a grain of salt; she’s not always reliable.

Barking up the wrong tree

Meaning: To make a wrong assumption or pursue the wrong course of action.

Example: If you think I’ll lend you money after what happened, you’re barking up the
wrong tree.

The ball is in your court

Meaning: It’s your turn to take action or make a decision.

Example: I’ve done all I can to help; now the ball is in your court.

Cost an arm and a leg

Meaning: To be very expensive.

Example: The new smartphone costs an arm and a leg, but it has all the latest features.

Hit the books

Meaning: To study hard.

Example: I need to hit the books this weekend to prepare for the upcoming exams.

Once in a blue moon

Meaning: Something that happens very rarely.

Example: I only go to the cinema once in a blue moon, so it’s a special treat when I do.

Throw in the towel

Meaning: To give up or admit defeat.

Example: After several failed attempts to fix the car, he finally threw in the towel and
called a mechanic.

Bite the bullet

Meaning: To face a difficult situation with courage.

Example: After weeks of procrastination, I decided to bite the bullet and start my
revision for the exams.
Break the ice

Meaning: To initiate conversation in a social setting.

Example: To break the ice at the party, I introduced myself and asked everyone about
their favorite movies.

Burn the midnight oil

Meaning: To stay up late working on something.

Example: She had to burn the midnight oil to finish her project before the deadline.

Caught between a rock and a hard place

Meaning: To be in a difficult situation with no easy solution.

Example: I felt caught between a rock and a hard place when my friends and family
had conflicting opinions.

Hit the nail on the head

Meaning: To describe exactly what is causing a situation or problem.

Example: When she pointed out the lack of communication in our team, she really hit
the nail on the head.

Let the cat out of the bag

Meaning: To reveal a secret unintentionally.

Example: I accidentally let the cat out of the bag about the surprise party when I
mentioned it to Sarah.
Piece of cake

Meaning: Something very easy to do.

Example: The math test was a piece of cake; I finished it in just 30 minutes.

Spill the beans

Meaning: To disclose confidential information.

Example: If you spill the beans about the project, I won’t be able to trust you with any
more secrets.

Under the weather

Meaning: Feeling ill or unwell.

Example: I won’t be coming to school today; I’m feeling a bit under the weather.