Res Ws

Class: 10 Medium: ENGLISH Subject: Biology
Chapter: 2. Respiration Work sheet No: 16.

Concepts: EVENTS/STEPS IN RESPIRATION
LEARNING OUTCOMES:
The learner…
1. Explains the term respiration.
2. Identifies the different steps involved in respiration.
3. Draws the flow chart showing the events in respiration.
CONCEPT PRESENTATION:
The respiration is a process of taking O2 and releasing CO2. It is an energy releasing process. The
energy released in this process helps in various metabolic activities of the body.
 What is respiration?
Respiration is defined as the biochemical process where in the living cells of an organism
produce energy by taking in O2 and liberating CO2 from the oxidation of complex organic
substances like carbohydrates, fats and proteins.
Observe the flow chart:
 What are the general events in respiration?

 What are the end products of cellular respiration?
Generally, respiration involves five main events.
1. Breathing: Air moves into and out of lungs.
2. Gaseous exchange at lungs level: Exchange of gases between alveoli and blood.
3. Gas transport by blood: Transport of oxygen from blood capillaries of alveoli to body cells
and return of carbon dioxide.
4. Gaseous exchange at tissue level: Oxygen from blood into the cells and carbon dioxide from
cells into the blood.
5. Cellular respiration: The cells or tissues utilize the O2for combustion of the glucose to
produce CO2 and H2O releasing energy which is to be used for life
processes.
SELF EVALUATION:
1. Draw the flow chart showing different events in respiration.
2. Match the following. [ ]

a. Respiration ( ) i. Energy is released.
b. Breathing ( ) ii. Between alveoli and blood.
c. Cellular respiration ( ) iii. Taking O2 and releasing CO2.
d. Gaseous exchange at lungs level ( ) iv. Air moves in and out of lungs.
A). a-i, b-ii, c-iii, d-iv B). a-iii, b-iv, c-i, d- ii
C).a-ii, b-iii, c-i, d-iv D). a-iv, b-i, c-ii, d-iii.
3. Energy releasing process is… [ ]
A. Nutrition B. Respiration C. Photosynthesis D. Transpiration.
4. Identify the correct order showing different events of respiration. [ ]
A. Breathing Gaseous exchange at tissue level Gaseous exchange at lungs level
Cellular respiration.
B. Breathing Gaseous exchange at lungs level Gas transport by blood
C. Breathing Gaseous exchange at tissue level Gas transport by blood
D. Gaseous exchange at tissue level Gaseous exchange at lungs level
Cellular respiration Gas transport by blood
Concepts: INHALATION - EXHALATION (BREATHING)
LEARNING OUTCOMES:
The learner…
1. Conducts experiment to know about the gas present in exhaled air.
2. Gives reasons for the turning of lime water into milky white.
Respiration is a complex process involving different events.
 What happens during breathing?

Breathing involves movement of air into lungs and out of lungs. The inhaling air
contains mixture of gases including nitrogen (N2), oxygen (O2), carbon dioxide (CO2) and
other gases.
 How would you identify the gas which is released in exhalation?

 Which gas is expelled during exhalation?
To test the gas which is expelled out from the lungs in exhalation, take two test tubes.
Prepare lime water and take it in one test tube and normal water in another test tube. Using a
straw, breathe out air into the test tube containing normal water and the test tube containing
lime water.
 What did you observe in both the test

tubes?
Lime water turned milky white as we
breathe out air into the test tube. In the other test
tube, there will be no change in the colour of the
water. Because of the presence of CO2 in exhaled
air, the lime water in test tube turns into milky
white. Based on this, we can prove that CO2 is
present in exhaled air.
SELF EVALUATION
1. Write about an experiment by which we prove that exhaled air has CO 2.
2. Which gas turns lime water into milky white?
3. Identify the gas present in breath out air from the following. [ ]
A. Hydrogen B. Oxygen C. Carbon dioxide D. Nitrogen oxide
4. Choose the INCORRECT statement. [ ]

A. Oxygen turns lime water milky.
B. Carbon dioxide is more in exhaled air.
C. Along with carbon dioxide water vapor is also present in exhaled air.
D. Breathing involves both inhalation and exhalation.
Concept: PATHWAY OF AIR
LEARNING OUTCOMES:
The learner…
1. Draws the flow chart showing pathway of air in human respiratory system.
2. Identifies the different parts of the respiratory system
3. Explains the functions of each part of human respiratory system.
Respiration has different steps. Air moves from nostrils to alveoli involving different
parts of the respiratory system. Observe the following figure;
 Identify the pathway of air in human respiratory system

 What changes occur in the gas that enters the nasal cavity?
Nostrils are the apertures through which air enters into the body. These nostrils open into
nasal cavity. Air is filtered in the nasal cavity. The moist surface of the lining of the nasal
cavity and the hair present on it, remove some of the tiny dirt and dust particles present in the
inhaled air. The temperature of the inhaled air is brought close to that of body temperature
and it takes up water vapour so that air that enters nasal cavity becomes moister than before.
 Name the structure which separates food pipe from wind pipe?
 Which structure is responsible for producing sound in humans?
A flap like muscular structure called ‘Epiglottis’ which controls the movement of food
and air towards their respective passages. Pharynx leads to Larynx, commonly called
voice box or sound box. This contains vocal cords. When air passes out of the lungs over
the vocal cords, it causes them to vibrate. We could speak because of these vibrations.
 What is a tube-like structure present in the throat?

 Which parts does it form?
The tube-like structure present in the throat is called trachea or wind pipe. This opens into
lungs. At the lower end in the thoracic region the trachea divides into two branches called
bronchi, one bronchus to each lung. Each bronchus is further divides into smaller and smaller
branches called bronchioles.
 Names the structures of lungs which help in gaseous exchange?

Bronchioles finally terminate in clusters of air sacs called ‘alveoli’ in the lungs. Alveoli are
very small structures and in very large numbers. Gaseous exchange takes place in alveoli as
blood capillaries take up O2 and expel CO2. Blood carries O2 to each and every cell of the
body.
SELF EVALUATION
1. Draw a flow chart showing the pathway of air in humans.
2. Draw the figure of human respiratory system and explain.
3. What changes occur in the gas that enters the nasal cavity?
4. Where is epiglottis located? What is its function?
5. Where does gaseous exchange takes place in humans?
6. What happens, if trachea is not moist?
7. Sound producing structures in the larynx. [ ]

A. Vocal cords B. ‘C’ shaped cartilaginous rings C. Epiglottis D. Alveoli.
2. Identify the CORRECT pathway of air in humans. [ ]
A. Nostrils Nasal cavity Trachea Blood
B. Blood Nostrils Nasal cavity Pharynx Trachea
C. Larynx Trachea Bronchus Nostrils
D. Nostrils Pharynx Larynx Bronchus Alveoli
Concept: EPIGLOTTIS
LEARNING OUTCOMES:
The learners……...
1. Explains the function of epiglottis.
2. Gives reasons why food particles do not enter inter into the wind pipe.
The inhaled air goes into lungs through different parts and ultimately reaches the
blood. When air passes from the nasal cavity and goes into the pharynx.
 Name the part where the food and air are together and get separated?
The inhaled air goes into the pharynx from the nasal cavity. The food we eat reaches pharynx
from the mouth. At the pharynx there are two passages, beginning with nearly same opening
and ending into separate ones, one to the lungs and another one to the stomach.
 Which structure regulates the openings of food and wind passages?

It is important that air goes into one passage and the food into another passage. It is also
important that food does not enter the tube through which air goes into the lungs. The traffic
is kept properly channeled by a flap like valve called ‘epiglottis’ that protects the tube to the
lungs arresting entry of food. Observe the following figure.
 What is difference between breathing and swallowing?
 How epiglottis works while breathing or swallowing?
The epiglottis is a flap like muscular valve that partly closed when we sallow food; it deflects
food down to the stomach and keeps it out of the trachea or windpipe. The epiglottis opens
more widely when we take a breath, and air enters the lungs. In this way epiglottis executes
the movement of food and air properly into the respective passages.
SELF EVALUATION:
1. What will happen if epiglottis is absent?
2. What is the role of epiglottis in breathing and swallowing?
3. Which part prevents/arrests the entry of food into respiratory system? Where is it
located?
Concepts: 1.Inhalation 2.Exhalation 3. Diaphragm
LEARNING OUTCOMES:
The learner…
1. Explains the process of respiration.
2. Differentiates between inhalation and exhalation.
3. Identifies the parts which help in inhalation and exhalation.
Various organs assist during inhalation of air into lungs and exhalation of air out of the body.
The major organs that help in respiration are lungs
 Place your hand on your chest and breathe in very deeply, and observe any changes in
your chest as you breathe.
When you inhale/breathe in deeply you will notice that your chest becomes slightly bigger,
and your chest returns to normal/regular size when you exhale/breathe out.
Observe the following figure.
 What are the parts that help in exhalation and inhalation?

The lungs themselves can neither draw in air nor push it out. Instead, the chest wall muscles
and another flexible flattened muscle which separates chest cavity with stomach is called
diaphragm help the lungs in moving air into and out of them.
When the diaphragm is relaxed, we breathe out; it is in the

shape of dome with the convex side of the dome extending into
the chest cavity. When the diaphragm contracts during inhalation
it flattens out a bit or the dome moves downward. As a result, the
volume of the chest cavity is increased. When the diaphragm
flattens and the volume of the chest cavity is increased, it’s
normal pressure decreases and the air from outside rushes into the
lungs. This is called as ‘inspiration’ or ‘inhalation’. Exhalation is
opposite to inhalation. The chest wall is lowered and moves
inward and the diaphragm relaxes and assumes its dome shape.
As a result pressure increases in chest cavity. Hence the air
squeezes out through the nose to the external atmosphere. This is
called as ‘expiration’ or ‘exhalation’.
 What happens to our breathing rate, when we sleep or when we are at rest?
 Why breathing is faster when we do exercise?
Our breathing rate is slow and shallow, when we are at rest. It is deeper and faster when you
exercise hard. Since oxygen is carried in blood, the heart beats faster to get the O 2 to cells
quicker. More amount of CO2 is formed. This needs to be transported back to the lungs
quickly and exhaled. So, breathing rate must be increased. Indeed, patterns of breathing show
a great range. They are coordinated with moment-by-moment needs of the body for supply
O2 and removal CO2. Diaphragm in men and ribs in women play a major role in breathing.
SELF EVALUATION:
1. What are the parts that help in exhalation and inhalation in our body?
2. What are the changes that take place during inhalation and exhalation?
3. Name the parts that play a major role in breathing in men and women respectively.
4. Which of the following statements are correct? [ ]

i).The diaphragm contracts-volume of chest cavity increases.
ii).The diaphragm contracts-volume of chest cavity decreases.
iii).The diaphragm expands-volume of chest cavity increases.
iv).The diaphragm expands-volume of chest cavity decreases.
A. (i) only B. i and ii only C. ii and iii only D. iv only
Concept: GASEOUS EXCHANGE
LEARNING OUTCOMES:
The learner…
1. Explains the gaseous exchange in lungs with the help of a diagram.
2. Identifies the parts of lungs, where gaseous exchange takes place.
3. Identifies the difference between inhaled and exhaled air composition.
During respiration we breathe in O2 and release CO2. Lungs play an important role in
respiration. The exchange of gases takes place in alveoli. Observe the following figure.
 How does the exchange of gases takes place in alveoli?
Gaseous exchange takes place within the lungs by diffusion from the alveoli to blood
capillaries and vice versa.
The alveoli in the lungs are numerous and only one cell thick. They are surrounded by
capillaries that are also only one celled thickness. The CO 2 in the blood is exchanged for O2
in the alveoli by diffusion process.
The composition of inhaled and exhaled air is different. Observe the table given below:
 Why the composition of inhaled and exhaled air is different?
Oxygen present in the inhaled air is diffused into the blood; hence the percentage of O 2 is
decreased from 21% to 16%. And CO2 passes out of the capillaries i.e. from blood stream
into the alveoli; hence the percentage of CO2 is increased from 0.04% to 4%. The percentage
of N2 (78%) does not change because it is not absorbed.
 How does gas transport occurs through blood?
When O2 is diffused into the blood, it rapidly combines with the haemoglobin to form
oxyhaemoglobin. When this blood reaches the tissues, the O 2 dissociates from haemoglobin
and enters into the tissues. CO2 usually transported as bicarbonate, while some amount of it
combines with haemoglobin and rest is dissolved in blood plasma.
Hb + 4O2 Hb(O2)4 (In lungs)
Hb(O2)4 Hb + 4O2 (in tissues)
In tissues the cells continuously use O2; hence the concentration of O2 is quite low in them.
Due to this oxyhaemoglobin releases the O 2 into the cells. It is used for the releasing of
energy by producing CO2 and water.
 Compare haemoglobin with chlorophyll.
Both haemoglobin and chlorophyll are pigments. Chlorophyll present in plants (leaves)
contains Magnesium ion (Mg+), which is used in the synthesis of starch by photosynthesis.
Haemoglobin is present in RBC of blood and imparts red colour to it. It contains Iron (Fe+)
and helps in the transportation of gases
SELF EVALUATION:
1. Explain the exchange of gases in lungs with the help of a figure.
2. What are the consequences of haemoglobin deficiencies in blood?
3. Compare haemoglobin with chlorophyll.
4. Why CO2 is more and O2 is less in exhaled air?
5. Write about the process of transporting gases through blood.
6. The pigment that binds oxygen in blood is ( )

A. Chlorophyll B. Haemoglobin C. Porphyrin D. Haemoglobin.
7. Hb(O2)4 ---------- Hb +4O2, it occurs at…. ( )

A. Lungs B. Pharynx C. Larynx D. Tissues
Concept: CELLULAR RESPIRATION.
LEARNING OUTCOMES:
The learner…
1. Explains about cellular respiration.
2. Gives reason for considering mitochondrion as power house of the cell.
3. Draws the structure of mitochondrion.
The oxygen that is diffused from alveoli into the blood is transported to each and every cell
of the body.
 What is cellular respiration?
Cellular respiration is the pathway by which cells release energy from the chemical bonds of
food molecules that enter them. It provides that energy for the essential processes of life.
Cellular respiration in prokaryotic cells like bacteria occurs within the cytoplasm. In
eukaryotic cells part of respiration occurs in cytoplasm and the remaining part in
mitochondria.
 Name the cell organelle shown in the figure.

 Why it is called as power house of the cell?
The cell organelle shown in the figure is mitochondria.
Mitochondria are rod like double membranous organelles found only in eukaryotic cells. The
outer membrane is smooth and inner membrane shows inward folding, which are called as
cristae. The produced energy is stored in mitochondria in the form of ATP. That is why
mitochondria are called as ‘power houses of the cell’.
 How does glucose releases energy?
From the breakdown of glucose the energy is released and stored up in a special compound,
known as ATP (adenosine tri phosphate). It is a small parcel of chemical energy. Each ATP
molecule gives 7200 calories of energy. The energy is stored in the form of phosphate bonds.
Energy is released when these bonds break.
SELF EVALUATION
1. Draw a neat labeled diagram of Mitochondria.
2. Explain cellular respiration briefly.
3. What is energy currency?
4. Why mitochondria called as power houses of cell?
5. What is cellular respiration?
6. In cells the energy is stored in the form of [ ]

A. ATP B. ADP C. NADP D. NADPH
7. Choose the INCORRECT statement [ ]
A. Each ATP molecule gives 7200 calories of energy.

B. Mitochondria are called as power houses of the cell.
C. In prokaryotes respiration occurs in mitochondria.
D. In eukaryotic cells the cytoplasm and mitochondria are the sites of cellular respiration
Concepts: 1. AEROBIC RESPIRATION, 2. ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION
LARNING OUTCOMES:
The learner…
1. Explains the differences between aerobic and anaerobic respiration.
2. Identifies the substances formed in fermentation.
3. Gives reasons for muscular pain.
There are two types of cellular respiration takes place in living organisms. They are
aerobic and anaerobic. Aerobic respiration occurs in the presence of O2, and anaerobic occurs
when O2 is less or in the absence of O2.
Observe the following chart and equations;
 Name the end products of aerobic respiration.

 Name the end products of anaerobic respiration.
 What are the examples of organisms that use anaerobic respiration?
In all the organisms glucose is oxidized in two stages. In first stage glucose is broken
down to two pyruvic acid molecules. In second stage, in aerobic respiration glucose is
completely oxidized. In this process CO2, H2O are formed as end products and large amount
of energy is released. It is common in most of the plants and animals. In anaerobic
respiration glucose is incompletely oxidized. In this process CO2 and ethanol (in yeast) or
lactic acid (in Bacteria) are formed as end products and a very little amount of energy is
released.
 Why do we feel pain in muscles, when working more than usual?
Oxygen deficiency occurs in body, when we work more than usual. With this
anaerobic respiration occurs in muscles and lactic acid is formed. Accumulation of lactic acid
results muscular pain. Getting enough oxygen by resting and will get back to normalcy.
 What is fermentation?
 Write the food products which are prepared by fermentation process.
Fermentation is the process of converting carbohydrates to alcohol or organic acids

using microorganisms like yeasts or bacteria under anaerobic conditions. If yeast and sugar
solution are left to stand without O2 for some day’s ethanol is produced. Ex., Idli, Dosa, Curd
etc. are prepared by fermentation process.
SELF EVALUATION:
1. Write the differences between aerobic and anaerobic respiration.
2. What is fermentation? What are the end products of fermentation?
3. Why do muscles pain when we work more than usual?
4. The total amount of energy released from one glucose molecule in an anaerobic
respiration [ ]
A. 686 K. Cal B. 412 K. Cal C. 343 K. Cal D. 56 K. Cal
5. Identify the correct statement about aerobic respiration from the following. [ ]
A. In the presence of O2, ethanol and CO2 are produced from glucose.
B. In the presence of oxygen CO2 , H2O and energy are produced from glucose.
C. In the absence of oxygen CO2 , and H2O are produced from glucose.
D. It is found in lower organisms like bacteria and yeast.
Concepts: ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION
LARNING OUTCOMES:
The student…
1. Identifies the gas released in an anaerobic respiration.
2. Conducts experiment to prove the anaerobic respiration.
3. Gives reason for removing O2 from the glucose solution while conducting the
experiment to prove an anaerobic respiration.
Some living organisms (like Yeast, Bacteria) release heat and CO 2, when they are kept
away from free supply of oxygen.
 How do you prove an anaerobic respiration?
Observe the activity given in the figure and answer the questions:
Arrange the apparatus as

shown in the above figure.
Take glucose solution in a
glass bottle, heat for a minute
then cooling it without shaking to
remove dissolved O2 from it.
Now put some yeast. The supply
of O2 from the air can be cut off
by pouring one centimeter layer
of liquid paraffin on to the
mixture.
 How can we check that
the oxygen has been removed
from the mixture?
Few drops of Diazine green or Janus Green B indicator solution is used to check that the
oxygen has been removed from the mixture; It turns pink when oxygen availability is low.
 Which gas is released in an anaerobic respiration? How can you test that gas?
During anaerobic respiration some amount of CO 2 is released. This released CO2 passes
through the tube and turns lime water (Bicarbonate solution) into milky white.
 Why the thermometer is used in this activity?
We use thermometer to know the changes in temperature during this activity.
 What would happen, if yeast and sugar solution are left to stand without O 2 for some
days?
If yeast and sugar solution are left to stand without O 2 for some days, they develop a
characteristic smell, it is due to the production of ethanol.
In this activity we observe that there is a rising temperature along with the production of
CO2 when living organisms like yeast is kept away from the supply of O 2. But in this process
very little amount of energy is released.
SELF EVALUATION:
1. Write the experiment to that heat and CO2 is released during anaerobic respiration.
2. Why do use paraffin solution in the experiment to prove anaerobic respiration?
3. Which chemical is used to know the presence of O2 in the solution?
4. What products are produced with fermentation process?
5. Identify the chemical solution used in the yeast experiment. [ ]

A. Diazene green B. Potassium hydroxide
C. Betadine solution D. Methylated spirit.
Concepts: 1. RESPIRATION, 2. COMBUSTION.
LEARNING OUTCOMES:
The learner…
1. Compares the Respiration with Combustion.
2. Conduct activity to observe the changes during Combustion of sugar.
Respiration is a process in which carbohydrates get oxidized to release CO 2 and heat
energy. It is a very slow process and here O2 combines with carbon and hydrogen. Robinson
stated that respiration is a type of combustion, and it is the source of heat in animals.
Observe the following figure;
 How can the combustion

process be proved?
 What are the
materials used in above
activity?
 Which gas is
released after burning
glucose?
 What are the end
products of burning
glucose?
In combustion glucose is burnt at high temperature with the releasing of heat energy, CO 2
and H2O.
 What are the differences between combustion and respiration?
Combustion Respiration
When glucose burnt at high If it happened in our cells, all cells would
temperature energy will be released. be burnt even at optimum temperature.
Once glucose starts burning, it can’t In living cells are able to exercise control
be stopped easily. over the sort of burning of glucose in the
presence of O2.
Water normally stops combustion. While cells contain lot of water and
respiration still goes on.
SELF EVALUATION
1. Write the differences between respiration and combustion.
2. Why is respiration considered as a combustion process?
3. What will be released when glucose is burnt?
4. Identify the correct statement about combustion. [ ]
i. In combustion energy is released in the form of heat and light.
ii. In combustion energy is released in one go.
iii. In combustion heat energy is released slowly and step wise.
iv. In combustion intermediary products are formed.
A). i, ii, iii are correct B). i and ii is correct
C). iii and iv is correct D). i and iii is correct.

Concept: EVOLUTION IN GAS EXCHANGING SYSTEM.
LEARNING OUTCOMES:
The learner…
1. Identifies the respiratory organs in different organisms
2. Explains about the respiratory organs of different organisms.
The Exchange of gases is a common life process in all the organisms. It is not same in all.
Animals are adapted to different types of respiration and possess different types of
respiratory organs, mostly depend on their habitat. Body size, availability of water and type
of their circulatory system are some of the reasons for the animals to develop different types
of respiratory organs.
 Which organisms can respire only by diffusion process? Give some examples.
Single celled organisms like amoeba or multicellular organisms like Hydra and
Planarians, Round worms and Earthworms obtain O2 and expel CO2 directly from the body
by the process called diffusion.
 How does gas exchange takes place in insects?

There is tracheal respiratory system in insects like cockroach, grasshopper etc., Tracheal
respiration system consists of series of tubes called trachea. They are divided into fine
branches called tracheales which carry air directly to the cells.
 How do fishes respire and what are their respiratory organs?

Fishes have special organs called gills or branchiae for branchial respiration. Fish take in
oxygen-rich water through their mouths and pump it over their gills. As water passes over the
gill lamellae, blood inside the capillary network picks up the dissolved oxygen.
 Which organisms use skin for exchange of gases? Give examples.

Respiration through skin is called cutaneous respiration. Amphibians like frogs can
respire through skin, lungs and Buccopharyngeal cavity
 Which organisms have lungs as respiratory organs?

Terrestrial animals like reptiles, birds and mammals respire through lungs. This type
respiration is called ‘pulmonary respiration’.
SELF EVALUTAION:
1. Explain the process of respiration in fish.
2. Write the differences between bronchial and pulmonary respiration.
3. Which organisms can respire only by diffusion process?
4. Which organisms have lungs as respiratory organs?
5. Respiration in insects is ( )
A. Cutaneous B. Pulmonary C. Tracheal D. Buccopharyngeal
6. Identify the correct pair of organisms which respire though skin. ( )

A. Amoeba, fish B. Fish, frog C. Frog, earthworm D. Earthworm, cockroach
Concepts: 1. Lenticels, 2. Respiratory roots (Aerial roots).
LEARNING OUTCOMES:
The learner…
1. Identifies different structures in plants that help in gaseous exchange.
2. Explains the process of respiration in plants.
3. Gives reasons for developing aerial roots for gaseous exchange in mangroves.
CONCEPT PRSENTATION:
In plants gaseous exchange takes place by stomata and lenticels (Aerating pores on stem).
Observe the following diagrams:
 What are the structures shown in the above figures? What are their functions?
Stomata are found on the surfaces of plant leaves and on young stems. There are other
structures called lenticels present on mature stems and on aerial roots of mangroves. They
help in gaseous exchange. They also help in transpiration.
 How does exchange of gases takes place in leaves?
The stomatal openings lead to a series of spaces between the cells inside the plant, which
forms a network all over the plant. The spaces are very large in the leaves. The air spaces are
lined with water there the O2 is dissolved in this and passes through the porous cell wall into
the cytoplasm. Hence the sugar in the cell is broken down into CO 2 and H2O with the
liberation of the energy. The CO2 passes out into the air spaces by a similar path.
The process of exchange of gases takes place in plants by diffusion, as the O 2 is used up
by the cells a gradient develops between the cells and the air in the spaces. Similarly between
the air in the spaces and the air outside the stomata and lenticels, so O 2 passes in. In the same
way, as CO2 is released by the cells a gradient occurs in the reverse direction and released
into the environment.
Observe the figure:
 In which plants are these

structures found?
 What is special about them?
Most plants can aerate their
roots by taking in O2 through the
surface of their root hairs. They get O2
soil air spaces. But, the marshy plants
cannot obtain O2, as they grow in O2
poor soils where water-logged
conditions prevail. The problem of air
transport is more difficult for such plants. They have aerial roots above the soil surface and
take in O2 through these roots efficiently. These roots are called respiratory roots. Ex:
Mangrove trees
SELF EVALUATION:
1. How do stomata help in exchange of gases?
2. In plants through which parts exchange of gases take place?
3. Why respiratory roots are especially present in mangroves? Write the reason.
4. Draw the transverse section of leaf showing stomata and label it.
5. The parts that help in plant respiration. [ ]

i. stomata ii. Lenticels iii. Pneumatophores iv. Bark
A. i and ii B. ii and iii C. i, ii and iii D. iii and iv.
6. Match the following. [ ]

a) Large air spaces ( ) i. Stem
b) Aerial roots ( ) ii. Leaves
c) Lenticels ( ) iii. Aquatic plants
d) Stomata ( ) iv. Mangroves
A). a-i, b-ii, c-iii, d-iv B) a-iii, b-iv, c-i, d-ii

C). a-iii, b-i, c-iv, d-ii D).a-ii, b-iv, c-iii, d-i
Concept: EVOLUTION OF CO2 IN RESPIRATION.
LEARNING OUTCOMES:
The learner…
1. Conducts an activity to prove that CO2 is evolved during respiration.
2. Identifies the gas evolved during respiration in plants.
3. Explains the confirmation test of CO2.
In plants CO2 is released during respiration.
 How can it be proved that plants release CO 2 during respiration?
Observe activity given in the following figure:
 What are the materials

required to do this activity?
Take handful of moong or
Bengal gram seeds. Soak the seeds
in water a day before to perform
this experiment. Keep these
soaked seeds in a cloth pouch and
tie with a string tightly. Keep the
cloth pouch in a corner of your
class room. Next day seeds will
germinate. Take the sprouts from
pouch; keep them in a glass bottle
with wide mouth. Take a small
beaker, with lime water; keep it in
the bottle carefully and close the
bottle tightly. Keep this set undisturbed for two days.
 What did you observe?

 What change has seen in lime water?
 What is the reason for this change?
It is observed that the lime water in the bottle containing sprouted seeds turns milky due to
the release of CO2. Sprouted seeds during respiration absorbs O 2 and release CO2. This
indicates that plants can respire and release CO2.
SELF EVALUATION:
1. Write the procedure of the experiment to prove that CO 2 is released during
respiration in plants?
2. Write about the confirmation test to detect carbon dioxide.
3. The gas responsible for changing lime water to milky white. ( )

A. CO2 B. Oxygen C. Hydrogen D. Nitrogen
Concept: HEAT IS EVOLVED DURING RESPIRATION.
LEARNING OUTCOMES:
The student…
1. Conducts an activity to show that heat is evolved during respiration.
2. Identifies the materials needed for the experiment which is conducted to show that heat
is evolved during respiration.
Heat is evolved during respiration in plants.
 How can it be proved that heat is evolved during respiration in plants?
Observe the following figure;
Take sprouts in a Thermos Flask.

Remove the lid and prepare a cork
with thermocol or rubber through
which bore a hole to insert a
thermometer. Take care that the bulb
of the thermometer should be dipped
in the sprouts. Close the flask tightly
with cork. Record the temperature for
every two hours. You are advised to do
this at least 24 hours.
 What kind of change in

temperature was observed?
 Where does the heat come
from?
It is observed that the sprouted
seeds take O2 present in the flask then
absorbed by the cells of the seeds where in cellular respiration takes place and heat is
released. Increasing temperature in the thermometer indicates that the release of heat during
respiration.
SELF EVALUATION:
1. Write the procedure of the experiment, which can prove that heat is evolved during
respiration?
2. Write two precautions of the experiment, which can prove that heat is evolved during
respiration?
3. Draw and label the figure of an experimental set-up, which can prove that heat is
evolved during respiration?
Concepts: 1. PHOTOSYNTHESIS, 2. RESPIRATION.
LEARNING OUTCOMES:
The learner…
1. Compares photosynthesis with respiration.

2. Explains about anabolic and catabolic processes.
In photosynthesis glucose is formed and oxygen is released, where as in respiration
carbohydrates get oxidized to release CO 2 and energy.
 What is anabolic process?
The synthesis of larger molecules from simpler molecules is called anabolism.

Photosynthesis is an example for anabolic process. In this the syntheses of complex
molecules (glucose) occur from simpler ones like CO 2 and H2O. Hence it is called an
anabolic process.
Light energy
6CO2 + 12H2O C6H12O6 + 6H2O + 6O2
Chlorophyll
 What is catabolic process?
The breakdown of complex molecules into simpler ones is called catabolism. Respiration and
excretion are the examples for catabolism. Anabolism and catabolism together called as
metabolism.
C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy.

In the respiration process larger molecule like glucose breaks down into simpler molecules
like CO2 and H2O. Hence respiration is considered as catabolic process.
 What are the differences between photosynthesis and respiration?
Photosynthesis and respiration appear to be opposing reactions, but both have very
different biochemical pathways and are essential for a plant’s metabolism. Photosynthesis
takes place in the chloroplast to produce sugars, starch and other carbohydrates for the
plant’s metabolic needs.
Cellular respiration occurs in mitochondria where these carbohydrates are “burned”

to produce chemical energy to function at the cellular level. During day time, the rate of
photosynthesis is usually higher than that of respiration while at night it is just reverse in
most plants.
SELF EVALUATION:
1. Write the differences between respiration and photosynthesis.
2. Explain the differences between anabolism and catabolism with suitable

examples.
3. Write the chemical equations of photosynthesis and respiration.
4. Anabolic process from the following is…. [ ]

A. Photosynthesis B. Respiration C. Excretion D. Digestion
5. Identify the CORRECT statement. [ ]
i. In photosynthesis CO2 is released.
ii. In photosynthesis O2 is released.
iii. In respiration CO2 is released.
iv. In respiration O2 is released.
A. ii and iv are correct B. i and iii are correct

C. ii and iii are correct D. i and iv are correct

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Class: 10 Medium: ENGLISH Subject: Biology

Chapter: 2. Respiration Work sheet No: 16.

 What are the general events in respiration?

2. Match the following. [ ]

Respiration is a complex process involving different events.

 What happens during breathing?

 How would you identify the gas which is released in exhalation?

 What did you observe in both the test

2. Which gas turns lime water into milky white?

A. Hydrogen B. Oxygen C. Carbon dioxide D. Nitrogen oxide

4. Choose the INCORRECT statement. [ ]

 Identify the pathway of air in human respiratory system

 What is a tube-like structure present in the throat?

 Names the structures of lungs which help in gaseous exchange?

2. Draw the figure of human respiratory system and explain.

4. Where is epiglottis located? What is its function?

5. Where does gaseous exchange takes place in humans?

6. What happens, if trachea is not moist?

7. Sound producing structures in the larynx. [ ]

 Which structure regulates the openings of food and wind passages?

2. What is the role of epiglottis in breathing and swallowing?

 What are the parts that help in exhalation and inhalation?

When the diaphragm is relaxed, we breathe out; it is in the

4. Which of the following statements are correct? [ ]

6. The pigment that binds oxygen in blood is ( )

7. Hb(O2)4 ---------- Hb +4O2, it occurs at…. ( )

 Name the cell organelle shown in the figure.

 How does glucose releases energy?

1. Draw a neat labeled diagram of Mitochondria.

2. Explain cellular respiration briefly.

3. What is energy currency?

4. Why mitochondria called as power houses of cell?

5. What is cellular respiration?

6. In cells the energy is stored in the form of [ ]

A. Each ATP molecule gives 7200 calories of energy.

 Name the end products of aerobic respiration.

 Why do we feel pain in muscles, when working more than usual?

Fermentation is the process of converting carbohydrates to alcohol or organic acids

2. What is fermentation? What are the end products of fermentation?

3. Why do muscles pain when we work more than usual?

Arrange the apparatus as

 Why the thermometer is used in this activity?

We use thermometer to know the changes in temperature during this activity.

2. Why do use paraffin solution in the experiment to prove anaerobic respiration?

3. Which chemical is used to know the presence of O2 in the solution?

4. What products are produced with fermentation process?

5. Identify the chemical solution used in the yeast experiment. [ ]

 How can the combustion

1. Write the differences between respiration and combustion.

2. Why is respiration considered as a combustion process?

3. What will be released when glucose is burnt?

4. Identify the correct statement about combustion. [ ]

i. In combustion energy is released in the form of heat and light.

ii. In combustion energy is released in one go.

iii. In combustion heat energy is released slowly and step wise.

iv. In combustion intermediary products are formed.

A). i, ii, iii are correct B). i and ii is correct

C). iii and iv is correct D). i and iii is correct.

 How does gas exchange takes place in insects?