Organization #

ftp.a.ma.am
NERVOUS SYSTEM

Central Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System * two divisions

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◦
Efferentcmotorlmf.IE/ErEwEmsl0nIn
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conducts Impulses from * two subdivisions
sensory receptors to the
CNS Somatic Autonomic

Uanaanua.mu#
Nervous Nervous
system system

f f
◦ conducts Impulses o conducts impulses
from the CNSTO from the CNSTO
Skeletal muscles smooth muscle
/
Flow of Information
CNS

PNS

Afferent DIVISION Efferent DIVISION

sympathetic DIVISION
Parasympathetic Division / Autonomic Nervous system
( ANS) / Somatic Nervous System
 Nervous TISSUE I> composed of two cell types 1. Neurons ( nerve cells )

2. Supporting ( glial) cells

Parts of a Neuron
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* neuron is a secretory
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nucleus
postsynaptic
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* each neuron can
have only one axon

] ( but multiple dendrites )

dendrites WH cell body

myelin sheath
'
synaptic
cleft
telodendrla

Terms to know
Nucleus : a cluster of neuron cell bodies in the CNS

Ganglion : a cluster of neuron cell bodies in the PNS

Tract : a bundle of axons in the CNS

Nerve : a bundle of axons in the PNS

Structural Classification Of Neurons

Multipolar Neuron has atleast 3. processes
extending from cell body
:

cone axon ,
atleast 2 dendrites )

Bipolar Neuron has 2 processes

extending from
:
cell body
loneaxon , one dendrite )

pseudo unipolar : has 1- Short process extending from cell body that
bifurcates into a central and peripheral process

letypesof Supporting ( glial) cells

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1. Astrocytes 5. Schwann cells located in

2. Oligodendrocytes located in 6. satellite cells PNS

CNS
3. microglia
4. ependymal cells
* myelination of axons In the CNS IS done by oligodendrocytes
* myelination of axons in the PNS IS done by Schwann cells

* severed axons in the CNS cannot regenerate ! Cltcan regenerate in PNS)

Electrical signals :/ On movement

2. types of electrical signals that

a neuron can generate

Graded Potentials Action Potentials

of
0 dissipates over distance ◦ maintains intensity over distance

otwotypes . . .
0 travel longer distances
1. Excitatory Postsynaptic
Potential ( EPSP ) I>
you need EPSP to cause action potential
2. Inhibitory postsynaptic can be done by spatial or temporal summation
Potential ( IPSP)

The Action Potential 1. resting membrane potential

2. depolarizing stimulus

3. membrane depolarizes to threshold

5
+30
4. rapid Nat entry depolarizes cell

.roÉ
_

" " " " " " " " " ""

6. Kt moves out Of cell

6 7 Kt channels remain open ( hyperpolarization )
4

:¥É
.

?.,. .z. . -,----s----a---

8. Kt Channel close ,
less Kt leaks out of cell

9. cell returns to
resting membrane potential

¥ 50 =
3 threshold -55mV
-

-
- -
- - - - - -
- - - - - -
-
Factors that Affect Action Potentials
Kt increased kt
Hyperkalemia increased Ktintneblood / Outside the cell
less negative resting membrane * %
potential

reaches threshold potential faster

Increased AP frequency

Hypocalcemia decreased Caztmthe blood . .

.no calcium to compete with Nat
increased Nat influx . . .
less negative resting membrane potential
increased Apfreauency . . - seen / nchrostek 's sign
can cause muscle cramps

Hypokalemia decreased K' -

In the blood k+
K' →
-

more negative resting mem .

potential
decreased Apfreauency

Hypercalcemia Increased Caztmtne blood .

. - competes with Nat

less Nat influx . . . more negative resting membrane potential

decreased Apfreauency

can cause muscle weakness