1)What is ENERGY MANAGEMENT ?

The fundamental goal of energy management is to produce goods and provide services
with the least cost and least environmental effect. Energy production from fossil fuel releases
CO2 which is one of the most contributing GreenHouse Gasses leading to global warming. Use
of fossil fuel is to be limited and use of renewable energy shall be promoted for environment
Protection.

Another comprehensive definition is:

“The strategy of adjusting and optimizing energy, using systems and procedures so as to reduce
energy requirements per unit of output while reducing total costs of producing the output from
these systems

2)STEPS in energy management planning

Steps in Energy Management Planning (Based on the

Provided Text)
1. Energy Audit:

● Documentary Research: Gather information on energy consumption patterns, utility

bills, equipment specifications, and building plans.
● Surveys: Conduct interviews and observations to understand energy usage practices
and identify potential areas of waste.
● Analysis: Analyze the collected data to identify energy-intensive areas, inefficient
equipment, and opportunities for improvement.

2. Secure Management Commitment:

● Top Management Support: Gain the support and commitment of top management to
demonstrate their dedication to energy management.
● Employee Involvement: Foster a culture of energy awareness and encourage
employee participation.
● Union Collaboration: Seek the support of union officials to ensure employee buy-in.

3. Nominate an Energy Manager:

● Leadership: Appoint a senior manager as the energy manager to provide leadership

and credibility to the program.
● Enthusiasm: Select someone who is passionate about energy efficiency and can inspire
others.
● Organizational Structure: Establish an appropriate organizational structure for energy
management, as illustrated in Figure 1.
3) ENERGY AUDIT

The fundamental goal of energy management is to produce goods and provide services with the
least cost and least environmental effect.

Detailed Energy Audit Methodology

This type of audit offers the most accurate estimate of energy savings and cost. It considers the
interactive effects of all projects, accounts for the energy use of all major equipment, and
includes detailed energy cost saving calculations and project cost.

Detailed energy auditing is carried out in three phases: Phase I, II and III.
Phase I - Pre Audit
Phase II - Audit Phase
III - Post Audit Phase

Phase I - Pre-Audit Phase Activities

In the initial phase of an energy audit, a structured methodology is crucial for efficient execution.
An initial site visit is essential to familiarize the energy auditor with the site, assess procedures,
and plan for a detailed audit.

Key activities during the initial site visit include:

● Discussing audit aims: Clarifying the objectives and scope of the energy audit with site
management.
● Economic guidelines: Discussing the financial constraints and expected return on
investment for recommendations.
● Data analysis: Reviewing major energy consumption data with relevant personnel.
● Site familiarization: Obtaining site drawings and conducting a tour to identify key
energy-consuming areas.

The primary goals of this visit are to:

● Finalize the audit team: Assemble a suitable team of experts.

● Identify key areas: Determine the main energy-consuming equipment and systems.
● Assess instrumentation: Assess existing metering and identify any additional
requirements.
● Plan the audit: Determine the timeline and scope of the audit.
● Collect data: Gather macro-level data on energy resources and consumption centers.
● Create awareness: Initiate awareness programs among employees.

By effectively completing these pre-audit activities, organizations can lay a solid foundation for a
successful energy audit and subsequent energy management initiatives
Phase II - Detailed Energy Audit Activities

In the second phase of an energy audit, in-depth studies are conducted to establish energy and
material balances for specific plant areas or equipment. These studies typically involve:

● Data collection: Gathering detailed information on energy consumption, material flows,

and process parameters.
● Process analysis: Evaluating the efficiency of individual process steps and identifying
areas for improvement.
● Energy and material balance analysis: Quantifying energy inputs, outputs, and losses.
● Opportunity identification: Identifying potential energy-saving measures, such as fuel
substitution, process modifications, and co-generation.

Key considerations in this phase include:

● Comprehensive data collection: Gathering data from various sources, including

existing records, site visits, and metering systems.
● Timeframe: Conducting audits during normal working hours and at off-peak times to
capture a complete picture of energy usage.
● Economic analysis: Assessing the economic feasibility of potential energy-saving
measures using methods like payback period, internal rate of return, and net present
value.

By effectively conducting these detailed energy audit activities, organizations can identify
specific opportunities for energy savings and develop targeted improvement plans.

III. Post Audit Phase:

Energy Audit Reporting Format
After successfully carried out energy audit energy manager/energy auditor should report to the
top management for effective communication and implementation. A typical energy audit
reporting contents and format are given below. The following format is applicable for most of
the industries. However, the format can be suitably modified for specific requirement applicable
for a particular type of industry.

4)ECBC ENERGY CONSERVATION BUILDING CODE 2017

ECBC 2017: A Comprehensive Overview

Purpose and Scope:
● Energy Efficiency: ECBC 2017 aims to establish minimum standards for energy-efficient
design and construction of buildings in India.
● Environmental Impact: It seeks to reduce the country's carbon footprint and mitigate
climate change by minimizing energy consumption in buildings.
 ● Applicability: The code applies to new commercial buildings with a connected load of 100
kW or more or a contract demand of 120 kVA or more.
Key Provisions:
● Energy Performance Standards: The code sets three levels of energy efficiency: ECBC,
ECBC+, and Super ECBC.
● Building Components: Addresses building envelope, lighting systems, HVAC systems,
water heating, water pumping, and electrical power systems.
● Renewable Energy: Mandates the installation of renewable energy generation systems.
● Passive Design: Emphasizes passive design strategies like daylighting and shading to
reduce energy consumption.
● Compliance: Buildings must have an Energy Performance Index Ratio (EPI Ratio) less
than or equal to 1 to comply with ECBC.
Building Systems and Components:
● Building Envelope: Includes walls, roofs, windows, and doors.
● Mechanical Systems: Heating, ventilation, air conditioning, and service hot water
heating.
● Lighting: Interior and exterior lighting systems.
● Electrical Power: Electrical systems, motors, and renewable energy systems.
Compliance and Approach:
● EPI Ratio: The EPI Ratio compares the energy consumption of a proposed building to a
standard building.
● Mandatory Requirements: Buildings must meet all mandatory requirements specified in
the code.
● Energy Performance Levels: Buildings must achieve the specified EPI Ratio to comply
with ECBC, ECBC+, or Super ECBC standards.
Conclusion:
ECBC 2017 is a crucial regulatory tool for promoting energy efficiency in India's building sector.
By setting minimum standards and encouraging the adoption of advanced technologies, the
code plays a vital role in addressing climate change and reducing the country's energy
consumption.

ECBC (requires 25% less energy than typical building); ECBC+ (requires 35% less energy
than typical building); Super ECBC (requires 50% less energy than typical building
Power Quality
Power quality is the faithfulness of the load voltage to maintain a sinusoidal waveform at rated
voltage and frequency.

But in practice power quality means:

i. maintaining of declared supply voltage within ± permissible limits of the system voltage.
ii. keeping the declared power frequency within ± permissible limits of the power frequency and
iii. maintaining the Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) within ± permissible limits.
Example: Consider the case of 415V, 3 phase, 4 wire LT distribution system. Such a system
shall
maintain;
1(a). 3 line voltages within 415± 6% as per the Electricity Regulations.
(b). Line to Neutral or phase voltages within 240±6%
(2) The power frequency shall be within 50Hz±0.5%
(3) Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) within the limits given below:

BUILDING MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS (BMS)

Definition: Building Management Systems (BMS) monitors and controls building services such
as heating, lighting, ventilation and air conditioning, fresh water supply, waste water treatment,
firefighting, electrical system etc. ensuring that they operate at maximum levels of efficiency and
economy.
Networks allows devices (IoT) to communicate across a physical distance either locally (LAN),
across a wide area network (WAN) or remotely by using standard browser technology. This
means information can be accessed from anywhere in the world and operated or controlled from
anywhere in the world, ensuring total building services control, continuity and management.
Energy management opportunities in Lighting
Electric lighting is a major energy consumer. Enormous energy savings are possible using
energy efficient lamps, effective controls, and careful design.

Heat producing lamps when used in air-conditioned areas, the heat load of the air-conditioners
will increase. Only essential lighting is advised in air- conditioned space.

Electric lighting design strongly affects visual performance and visual comfort by aiming to
maintain adequate and appropriate illumination while controlling reflection and glare.

By adopting new lighting technologies, Commercial Centres/Hotels/ Convention Centres etc.

can reduce the amount of electricity consumed and energy costs associated with lighting.

There are several types of energy efficient lighting and affordable lighting technology. The
following are a few examples of energy-saving opportunities with efficient lighting.

1. Replace all incandescent lamps, Fluorescent tube lights, CFLs, Mercury Vapour
Lamps,Metal Halide Lamps, Halogen Lamps etc. with appropriately rated LED lamps with
requiredCRI,
Color temperature (3000Kelvin –warm light, 5500K –day light, 6500K- cool light) etc.
The present lumen/watt for LED is around 150 lm/W. LED lamps are available for a wide range
of wattages starting from 5W to 415W. Some of the LED flood lighting lamp ratings are
100W,120W,150W,200W,250W,350W,415W etc. Now LED lamps are available for a wide
variety of illumination applications.
For a one watt White LED the voltage is 3.2-3.4 V DC and the current is 350mA. High power
White LEDs of 10 Watts at 12V, 900mA is now manufactured. Since the voltage of LEDs range
from 3V to 12V special drivers are required for reducing the voltage and converting to DC. LED
lamp fittings are available from wattages 5 to 500 in different shapes and sizes. Retrofit LED
bulbs and tube lights are commonly used to replace incandescent lamps and fluorescent tube
lights.
LEDs are environment friendly and have long life of about 50,000 hours.

2. Installation of Occupancy/Motion sensors to turn lights on and off where appropriate:

Lighting can be controlled by occupancy sensors to allow operation whenever
someone is within the area being scanned. When motion can no longer be detected, the lights
shut off.
Passive infrared (PIR) sensors react to changes in heat, such as the pattern created by a
moving person. The control must have an unobstructed view of the building area being
scanned. Doors, partitions, stairways, etc. will block motion detection and reduce its
effectiveness. The best applications for passive infrared occupancy sensors are open spaces
with a clear view of the area being scanned.Ultrasonic sensors transmit sound above the range
of human hearing and monitor the time
it takes for the sound waves to return. A break in the pattern caused by any motion in the area
triggers the control. Ultrasonic sensors can see around obstructions and are best for areas with
cabinets and shelving, restrooms, and open areas requiring 360-degree coverage.
Some occupancy sensors utilize both passive infrared and ultrasonic technology, but are
usually more expensive. They can be used to control one lamp, one fixture or many fixtures.
The table below provides typical savings achievable for specific building areas, as determined
by EPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency) studies, with the average savings
being 60%.

3. Use an Automated Device, such as a ‘Key Tag system’, to regulate the Electric power
in a room:
The key tag system uses a master switch at the entrance of each guest room, requiring the
use of a room key-card to activate them. Using this technique, only occupied rooms consume
energy because most electrical appliances are switched off when the key-card is removed
(when the guest leaves the room). Along with lighting, the heating, air-conditioning, radio and
television may also be connected to the master switch. This innovation has a potential savings
up to 40-50% per room per year.

4. Offer night lamps to prevent the bathroom lamps from being left on all night:
Many guests opt to have a light on while they sleep. By turning the bathroom light on and
leaving the bathroom door cracked open, guests are able to find their way through an
unknown room in the middle of the night. Those who are accompanied by children may often
do the same to comfort their child. By offering a nightlight, the energy used to power a
Ultrasonic sensor Passive Infrared
(ceiling mount) Occupancy Sensor
(replaces wall
switch)bathroom light during the nighttime can be avoided and guests will still be able to feel
comfortable in unfamiliar territory.
One particular model uses six Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) in the panel of a light switch
to provide light for guests. LEDs are just tiny light bulbs that fit easily into an electrical circuit.
They are different from ordinary incandescent bulbs because they don’t burn out or get really
hot. They are often used in digital clocks or remote controls.
5. Replace all existing ‘Exit’ and ‘No Exit’ signs with LED signs:
The development of light emitting diodes (LEDs) has allowed the replacement of exit sign
lighting with a more energy efficient alternative. Multiple LEDs, properly configured, produce
equivalent lighting and consume 95% less electricity than incandescent bulbs and 75% less
than energy-efficient compact fluorescent lamps. A major benefit is the 20-year life cycle rating
of LEDs; they virtually eliminate maintenance.
6. Use high efficiency (HID) exterior lighting:
Even now Low Pressure Sodium Vapour Lamps gives high lumen per watt in the order of 175
lm/Watt. Low Pressure SV lamps may be used for street lighting.
7. Add lighting controls such as photo sensors or time clocks:
Photo sensor controls monitor daylight conditions and allow fixtures to operate only when
needed. Photo sensors detect the quantity of light and send a signal to a main controller to
adjust the lighting. Photo sensors such as LDRs, are commonly used with outdoor lighting to
automatically turn lights on at dusk and off at dawn, a very cost-effective control device. This
helps to lower energy costs by ensuring that unnecessary lighting is not left on during daytime
hours.Photo sensors can be used indoors, as well. Building areas with lots of windows may not
require lights to be on all of the time. Photocells/LDR can be used to ensure fixtures operate
only when the natural light is inadequate by either controlling one light fixture, or a group of
lights.
Time controls save energy by reducing lighting time of use through preprogrammed
scheduling. Time clock equipment ranges from simple devices designed to control a single
electrical load to sophisticated systems that control several lighting zones. They are one of the
simplest, least expensive, and most efficient energy management devices available.
Time controls could include:
Simple time switches: automatically turn lights, fans or other electronic devices off after a pre-
set time.
Multi-channel time controls: have the ability to control from 4 to 16 duties.
Special-purpose time controls: include cycle timers for repetitive short duration cycling of
equipment or outdoor lighting time controls that combine time clock and photo sensor
technologies.

Energy Management Opportunities in Electrolysis

Electrolysis is a technique that uses a direct electric current (DC) to drive an otherwise non-
spontaneous chemical reaction. Electrolysis is commercially important as a stage in the
separation of elements from naturally occurring sources such as ores using an electrolytic cell.
The voltage that is needed for electrolysis to occur is called the decomposition potential.
Factors to improve electrical efficiency in electrolytic process
1. Electrolyte quality
2. Temperature
3. Pressure
4. Electrical resistance of the electrolyte
a. Space between electrodes
b. Size and alignment of the electrodes
5. Electrode material
6. Separator material
7. Applied voltage waveform

Energy Management Opportunities in Electric heating can be divided into three

categories
1. Reduce heat losses
2. Use more efficient processes or equipment
3. Recover heat
Reduce heat losses
• Insulate furnace walls, ducts, piping
• Put covers over open tanks or vats
• Reduce time doors are open
• Avoid cooling time for heated products
• Shutdown heating systems on tanks and ovens when not in
use, or at least lower temperatures (reduce standby losses)
More efficient equipment or processes
• Use alternative processes (microwave, dielectric rather than fuel-fired)
• Employ recuperators (waste heat recovery system) , regenerators, or preheaters
• Use direct-fired rather than indirect-fired systems
• Use less energy-intensive materials and processes
• Use heat pumps for low temperature process heat
• Reduce moisture content mechanically in materials used in drying processes
• Use lower temperature processes (cold rinses, etc.)
Recover heat
• There are multiple sources: stacks, processes, building exhaust streams, cooling towers,
compressors, etc.
• Recovered heat can be used for space heating, water heating, process preheating,
cogeneration,
etc.
• Many types of heat recovery systems are commercially available (heat wheels, run-around
systems, heat pipes, heat exchangers, heat pumps, etc.)
Note: In order to ensure energy efficiency, heat loss shall be prevented. For making heating
devices
more efficient, any type of heat loss shall be prevented by thermal insulations.
Example: Storage type Water heaters, Thermal Cooker for cooking purposes.

Industrial load
Peak Demand Control

Peak demand control is a strategy employed to manage the maximum amount of electricity
consumed by a facility or system during peak load periods. It aims to reduce the overall peak
demand, thereby alleviating strain on the power grid and potentially lowering energy costs.

Key Strategies for Peak Demand Control:

1. Load Shedding:
○ Temporarily reducing or shutting down non-essential loads during peak hours to
reduce overall demand.
○ Can be implemented manually or through automated systems.
2. Load Shifting:
○ Shifting the timing of energy-intensive activities to off-peak hours when electricity
rates are lower.
○ Examples include scheduling non-critical processes during off-peak times or
using energy storage systems to store excess energy during off-peak hours for
later use.
3. Demand Response Programs:
○ Participating in utility-sponsored programs that offer incentives for reducing
demand during peak periods.
○ Can involve load shedding, load shifting, or other energy-saving measures.
4. Energy Efficiency Improvements:
○ Implementing energy-efficient technologies and practices to reduce overall
energy consumption.
○ Examples include upgrading equipment, improving insulation, and optimizing
lighting systems.
5. Peak Shaving:
○ Using energy storage systems (like batteries or pumped hydro) to store excess
energy during off-peak hours and release it during peak periods, reducing the
overall peak demand.

Benefits of Peak Demand Control:

● Reduced energy costs: Lowering peak demand can lead to reduced electricity bills.
● Improved system reliability: Reducing strain on the power grid can improve overall
system reliability and stability.
● Environmental benefits: Lowering energy consumption can reduce greenhouse gas
emissions and promote sustainability.
● Enhanced grid resilience: Peak demand control can help ensure grid stability during
periods of high demand or supply constraints.