INTRO TO POST BLAST INVESTIGATION

INTRO TO POST BLAST INVESTIGATION

 POST BLAST INVESTIGATION

AGENDA:
a. Purpose and Scope
b. Local Protocol /AFP/PNP Reference
c. A virtual Look at PNPCL today
d. Introduction
e. Bomb Scene Considerations
A virtual look at
PNP CRIME LAB
Today
 POST BLAST INVESTIGATION

PURPOSE & SCOPE:

- To provide an investigative outline of the
tasks that should be considered at
every Bomb Scene.
“EVERY CRIME GUN HAS A STORY TO
TELL”
Course-Certified Post Blast Asst Inv Course(EORA)
(Level –II- PERFORMANCE LEVEL)
Length- 40 hours
Maximum Students- 40
Enabling Learning Objectives-(ELOs)- “At the end of the Course,
You will be able to learn::
1. Recognize IED components on”SIMP-CE” Template;

2. Understand IED firing (S) switches ; Blast (I) Initiator, (M) Main Charge &
(P)Power source (C) Container and (E)enhancer/fragmentation used.
3. Know the Post Blast Investigation (PBI) bomb scene procedures:
a.Use of fragment sifters
b.Bomb Search Procedure Patterns
c. Evidence Collection ,Labelling &Preservation.
d. Be aware of the Concepts & Principles in Bomb Scene Processing

4. Be adept in Report Writing & the Reconstruction of IED to finally

develop a Conclusion as to what specific type & configuration of IED used
in the Bombing.
5. Be knowledgeable in the presentation of IED Evidence Board.
POST BLAST INVESTIGATION
.
LOCAL PROTOCOL
AFP/PNP/ NBI/ PCG
REFERENCE GUIDE
1997 -BOMB SCENE PROTOCOL
 INTER AGENCY TWENTY (20)
BOMB SCENE PROTOCOL FOR
EXPLOSIVE RELATED
INCIDENTS INVESTIGATION
• TWENTY ( 20 ) STEP-BOMB SCENE PROTOCOL

1. Conduct a Preliminary Evaluation of the Crime Scene

• 2. . Exercise Scene Safety

• 3. Administer Lifesaving Efforts
• 4. Establish Security and Control
• 5. Define the Investigator Role
• 6. Ensure Scene Integrity
• 7 Secure Necessary Resources
•
• 8 Locate and Interview Victims and Witnesses
9.Organize the Evidence Processing by the SOCO Team.

• 10. Security, Protection and Control of Contamination

• 11. Conduct Scene Walkthrough
• 12. Develop Written Documentation

•13. Photograph/Videotape the Scene

14.Collect, Preserve, Inventory, Package and Transport of Evi
dence by the SOCO Team.
15. Ensure that Scene Processing is Completed

16. Release of Scene by SOCO to Investigator-on-case

\
17. Ensure that All Investigative Steps are Documented.

18. Turn-over of Crime Scene by Investigator-on-

case to Authorized Person
19. Reconstruction of Bomb Components
20. Prosecution of Cases
INTRODUCTION
 Introduction
• Explosions often present complex
and difficult circumstances to
investigate because :
– the perpetrator has, typically,
thoroughly planned the act
– the perpetrator is not present during the
act
– the destruction is so extensive
 FOREWORD
Post Blast Investigation is indeed a mixture of all the
sciences: Physics, Chemistry, Mathematics, ballistics …&
common sense which is acquired with experience

There is no standard school for this super specialization, no

nationally accepted and no monopoly of standard best
practices

This is for educational purposes as a guide and not all

inclusive
You should always use your local training , guidelines,
immediate action drills and procedures.
Reminder this information is constantly being updated
August Vernon Public Safety Sensitive
 Foreword
The guidelines and procedures discussed in the
presentation should not replace common sense and
experience. It is impossible to plan for every situation.

New “best practices”, lessons learned, and training

becomes available on an on-going basis. These planning
and training efforts should be updated on a regular basis.

Post Blast Investigation’s Techniques, Tactics& Procedures

f I ■ 0

( TTPs) are in a constant process, and if you don't continue to

work and train, things change constantly

Public Safety Sensitive

FOREWORD
 Definition
Post Blast Investigation-
A Comprehensive forensic inquiry specifically on a
bombing incident through the conduct of various
investigative techniques which involves recovery of
physical evidence mainly for reconstruction of
explosive fragments recovered to determine the
device components , the modus operandi (M.O)and
subsequently to identify the perpetrator(s)

August Vernon Public Safety Sensitive

 PBI Course Goal
To prepare first responders, emergency
management, law enforcement, military
assets and other officials on some basic
tools and information needed to develop,
implement and assess a post blast
response & investigative plan.
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August Vernon Public Safety Sensitive

Three (3) General Purposes of PBI-

1.To establish a legal basis that an explosion

of malicious intent has occurred.
2. To investigate the scene to recover IED
components.
3.To link a subject with the bomb scene
and/or the fabrication of the bomb .

All three tasks must be accomplished in a

manner that is of sufficient integrity &
credibility that the evidence developed must
be acceptable in a court of law.
 Four (4) Specific Purposes of PBI-

1. To recover physical evidence

2. To reconstruct IED
3. To determine modus operandi (M.O.)
4. To identify perpetrator(s)

August Vernon Public Safety Sensitive

Three (3) General Areas that
contain evidence of explosion -

1. The target of the Bomb

2. Victims of the Bombing
3. The areas outside of the
immediate target
 Organization of
Post Blast Investigation Team

1.Team Leader
2.Asst Tm Leader
3.Photographer
4.Sketcher
6.Evidence Custodian
7.SOCO/Forensics
8. Bomb Squad/K9 (optional in CSI)
27
 Command Center
Post Blast Investigation Site

Chief of Police- Incident Comdr

Chief Investigator – Inv-On-Case(IOC)
First Responder - Community Volunteer
Concept 1– “Rapidly implement the Incident
Command System (ICS) “.There must be only One
(1) Command Post which direct the entire
investigation.
Establish point of contact and communication (runners)
Establish hazard Control Zones around the incident (Hot, Warm,
and Cold)blast site is the “hot zone”.
• Always have an escape route open to leave the scene quickly if
needed.• All responders should wear all available Personal
Protective Equipment(PPE).
• Trained bomb technicians and explosive canines should search
for secondary explosive devices before ,during and after the
response as soon as possible.
• Appropriate agencies – Fire, EMS, Law Enforcement,
specialized bomb personnel, Emergency Management, and
hospitals should be notified of an explosives incident or possible
explosives incident.
Concept 2– “Establish security and control and
Secure required resources “

After walk –thru, Investigator should meet with

Incident Cmdr, emergency & first responders
investigator to determine what occurred &
assess current situation and further determine
what resources, equipment and and additional
personnel needed.
Concept 3– “Only Bomb Squad should handle a
suspected device. Be very cautious of any items
that arouse your curiousity. Take no further action
until the device is identified and rendered safe”.
Concept 4 -“There are no perfect bomb scenes or
perfect bomb scene processors “.

“ Every bomb scene is unique. No two bomb

incidents are the same.”

Each blast scene is different with its men, motive, material

and mechanism , requires much more dedication and
analysis than investigating a murder scene , where some
clues are readily discernable

There is no such thing as “unlimited time” a bomb

scene.
Concept 5-“No two bomb incidents are the same”.

Factors ranging from the bomber’s motive, the

target, delivery mode, their explosive materials,
knowledge of the location and population in the
area can all influence the outcome of an incident.

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August Vernon Public Safety Sensitive

Concept 6 –
““ The gap between the crime scene and the Laboratory
is filled by the work of the Post Blast Investigation (PBI)
Team “. No room for error for PBI , they should do it right
the first time as there will no second time.”

We have no sideline agendas , no master to serve

but the truth.
.
◄PBI►
 Direct connection between
Blast site . . and Crime lab

Large number of victims, fatalities and

property destruction lead to vast
amounts of evidences that must be
brought immediately to forensic lab.
August Vernon Public Safety Sensitive
◄PBI TEAM ► DO ALL OF THE ABOVE
 PostBlastResponse
Basic Considerations
 Post Blast Response
Considerations
• Post-blast (or post-detonation) response
takes place immediately after an explosion
has occurred.
• An explosives event has the potential to
overwhelm first responders . . . .
. . due to the large number of victims,
fatalities, fires and property destruction.

v1 40
 Dispatch and Initial
Response
• When responding get all the dispatch information
available. Nature of the call and location are very
important.

• Standard guidelines against the use of radios and

cell phones may NOT be applicable. “There will be
an overriding need for a rapid, coordinated
response”. If possible do not use radios within 150
feet of the blast site and use other resources such
as runners in the “hot zone”.
v1 41
 ARRIVAL ON SCENE
• Use Staging Area to limit number of responders -
don't stack up responders and resources in one
location. Consider multiple secured staging areas.

• Law enforcement should immediately disperse any

crowds and establish an outer security perimeter
retaining witnesses.

v1 42
 ARRIVAL ON SCENE (3)
• Rapidly implement the Incident Command
System (ICS) and necessary components
(Unified Command, Safety Officer, etc.)

• Avoid entering blast impact area (Hot Zone)

unless it is necessary to save lives when
possible.

v1 43
 Post-Blast Response Operations
• Some seriously injured victims may have no visible wounds and
some victims may be beyond help.
• Quickly remove victims from the area and render aid in a
secure location. Triage must be conducted outside the
blast/hazard area when possible. The use of SKEDS, litters or
backboards is recommended.

v1 44
 Post-Blast Response Operations
• Expect numerous types of injuries
from traumatic injuries, blast
pressure, internal injuries, crush
injuries, burns and shrapnel.
• Responders must immediately
monitor for other hazards
such as chemical agents,
gases or radioactive materials.
• Identifying and prevention of
secondary injuries due to falling
pieces of broken windows and
other debris from upper stories.
• Utilize PPE.
v1 45
 EXPLOSION THEORY

1. Explosion
2.Explosion Principles:
a. Principle of Confinement
b. Principle of Symphatetic
Detonation
c. Principle of Disruption
3. Two Causes of Bombings
August Vernon Public Safety Sensitive
1. Explosion
“All detonations are
explosions; yet not
all explosions are
detonations”
 DEFINITIONS
• An explosive is a reactive substance
that can produce an explosion.

• An explosion is a rapid increase in

volume and release of energy in an
extreme manner, usually with the
generation of high temperatures and
the release of gases.
“In simple terms, Explosives that deflagrate
react with a slower velocity than those that
detonate-”
Example- Black Powder reacts at a
relatively slow velocity as compared to TNT,
a detonating explosive .

In general, we can think of Deflagrating and

Detonating explosives roughly in terms of
low and high explosives
Deflagration is a slower process of rapid
burning through the substance-

The reaction front and the shockwave occur

at the same velocity, and the reaction is
driven by heating from layer to layer through
the substance.

Detonation is a shockwave-driven process

The explosion of the material is preceded

/driven by a high velocity shockwave that
propagates the reaction front.
LOW EXPLOSIVES- DEFLAGRATE- WHITE SMOKE
(BURNS)
I. Characteristics of Explosives and
Explosions
• An explosion is a very rapid chemical reaction that
produces heat and gaseous products
• Explosions produce a large amount of heat (an
exothermic reaction) in a very short time period
• Molecular fragmentation converts the solid explosive
material into an enormous number of gas molecules
which will occupy a much greater volume, further
enhanced by the very high temperature of the
explosion
I. Characteristics of Explosives and
Explosions
• The rapidly expanding gases compress the air
creating a physical force known as a shock wave
• It is the shock wave that is responsible for much
of the damage
associated with an
explosion
2. Explosion Principles

(Video 1)
 a. Principle of Confinement
(Accelerate Detonation Velocity)

This explains :”The more explosives are confined in a container,

the greater is the detonation velocity”
b.Principle of Symphatetic Detonation

Detonating one charge will explode sympathetically

adjacent charge even without a connecting initiator charge

This explains :”Detonate –in-Place “ (DIP) Bomb

Disposal Procedure
c.Explosive Train:Principle of Disruption
Primer Igniter Main Charge

plos ives
Ex

Separation will prevent the

charge from detonating
3. There are only Two (2) Causes of
Bombing Incidents
1) UNDETECTED INTRUSION

2) VIOLATION OF 100M INHABITED BUILDING

DISTANCE (IBD)
 PRIORITY
POST BLAST INVESTIGATION (PBI)
“CRITICAL TO THE
PROSECUTION OF THE
CASE”

“Any evidence that is not

collected or photographed is
forever lost”
Concept 7–“ Scene degradation is a fact of life”.

We use every mechanism available to limit this

degradation , but we must accept that it will occur.
Concept 8 - Evidences lying in Both Crime
Scene and Bomb Scene are subject to :

a. Decay with Time

b. Cross- Contamination -Contacts between
people & objects during a crime can involve
transfer of material ,that is the evidence of the
crime.
Concept 9–“ Scene degradation is a fact of life”.

We use every mechanism available to limit this

degradation , but we must accept that it will occur.
Concept 10 – “Anything can be Evidence. Never
sacrifice safety for evidence collection “
Concept 11– “Bomb Scene Don’ts”
* No Eating
* No Drinking
* No Smoking
* No Cell Phone Calls
* No Remote Radio Calls

“ Do not touch, alter, or move anything from the

crime scene unless it is properly sketched, marked,
measured, photographed or otherwise preserved ”
BOMB SCENE PROCESSING
 INTER AGENCY TWENTY (20)
BOMB SCENE PROTOCOL FOR
EXPLOSIVE RELATED
INCIDENTS INVESTIGATION
• TWENTY ( 20 ) STEP-BOMB SCENE PROTOCOL

1. Conduct a Preliminary
Evaluation of the Crime Scene
TAKE THE VICTIMS TO THE HOSPITAL
BEFORE YOU SEARCH .THERE SHOULD BE
1: NO HANGING DEBRIS AND
2. NO SECONDARY EXPLOSIVE DEVICE(S)
 Set up -Command Post
• Operational headquarters to support the
PBI team at the crime scene location
• Located in an area that is readily
accessible to PBI team members
• May be a mobile unit or fixed structure
Location
• Accessibility-Utilities-Toilet Facilities
• Space Requirements- Communications
• Parking- Electrical Service-Wash Areas
• Security-Heating and Cooling-Telephones
• Evidence Storage-Water-Meeting Space
• Equipment Storage-Food and Drink
 Video 2B & 2C
LICA GEO SCAN
BLAST SCENE ENTRY LOG BOOK
Concept 12 – “Be Aware of the Secondary Device or
subsequent attacks. This type of event has targeted

Do not enter until told “SAFE”. Safety at the scene

is the Primary Focus. Do not go in without a Bomb
Tech”

Do not attempt to approach, move, handle or disarm

a confirmed or suspected IED; This is a job for
specially Trained Bomb Squad.
 Secondary Devices
• If an explosive device has detonated,
there is a high likelihood that there could
be a secondary device.

• Secondary devices are bombs placed at

the scene of an ongoing emergency
response that are intended to cause death
and injury among responders.

v1 84
OF THE SECONDARY
DEVICE
85
 May 6, 2017
QUIAPO TWIN EXPLOSION

Fatalities: Mark Anthony

Torres y Verdida (grab
driver) and Muhammad
Munsing Baniga @ Bani
Hamza (Staff of Imamate)
 PRIORITY
BOMB SCENE INVESTIGATION (PBI)
Concept 13–“ The safety and physical well-being of
officers and other individuals, in and around the crime
scene, are the initial responding officer(s’) first priority

“First Responder’s Primary responsibility is to

rescue living victims & provide treatment for life-
threatening injuries “
.
 Responder Safety
• Reminder that responders can be
targeted!
• Maintain Situational Awareness.
• Check immediate area for secondary
devices and threats.
• Check command post (CP), staging and
triage areas for secondary devices.
• All responders should wear appropriate
level of PPE (personal protective
v1 equipment). 90
 Crime Scene Safety

• Infectious materials
– Wear gloves, have
biohazard bags, shoe
covers, Kleengard
suits and masks,
disposable writing
instruments
 Crime Scene Safety
• Sharps
– Be alert and once
encountered they
are packaged
 Arrival on Scene
• “Proceed with extreme caution for your own safety”.
• Approach from upwind and uphill if possible.
• Slow down when approaching the area and conduct a
360-degree scan during your scene-size up or
“windshield survey”.

v1 93
 Safety issues
• The moment there is a rush,second bomb
explodes leads to massive damage.
• Secondary devices-nearby gas lines,water
pipe lines, electric lines,broken
glasses,biohazard materials.
 SAFETY
•Fire – Ensure fires are out, stay upwind to avoid toxic
vapors

•Gas – If the location has gas lines or tanks ensure that

they are turned off to prevent the creation of an explosive
or flammable condition

•Electricity – Turn off electricity to prevent a hazardous

condition(Sparks, Electrocution, Fire)

•Water – Turn off water sources (Chemical reactivity,

Evidence protection)
“CRITICAL TO THE
PROSECUTION OF THE
CASE”

“Any evidence that is not

collected or photographed is
forever lost”
DISPATCH AND RESPONSE PHASE

When responding get all the dispatch information

available. Nature of the call and location are
important.

Team approach is important

Organized team enhances success

Standard guidelines against the use of cell phones

and radios may NOT be applicable.There will be an
overriding need for a rapid, coordinated response. If
possible do not use radios within 150 feet of the blast
site and use other resources such as runners in the
“hot zone”.
Concept 14-"Every contact leaves a trace."
Edmund Locard –the Principle of Exchange-or”
“LOCARD’S PRINCIPLE”

-Trace evidence can be exchange between a crime scene ,

victim and suspect, leaving trace evidence on all three.

-Cross- Contamination -Contacts between people &

objects during a crime can involve transfer of material
,that is evidence of the crime.
SECURE THE GENERAL AREA
Vacate the place if it multistoried building
Cordoning of the area. Generally 300 meters radius
from the site of explosion

Classify the explosion - Major / Minor

Accidental / Terrorists Activities

Take Photographs / Video - Seat of Explosion

Location of fragments
Crater size
Injuries of victims
Dead bodies
• Twenty (20) Step-Bomb Scene Protocol:

2. Exercise Scene Safety

•
•
 Concept 15-“ The safety and physical well-being of
officers and other individuals, in and around the crime
scene, are the initial responding officer(s’) first priority

“First Responder’s Primary responsibility is to

rescue living victims & provide treatment for life-
threatening injuries “
.
Concept 16 – “Anything can be Evidence. Never
sacrifice safety for evidence collection “
 What do I collect?
• Bomb related items
– Fuze
– Filler
– Container
• Adjacent objects which may have trapped
explosive residue
What do I collect? (continued)
• Anything foreign to the scene
• Consider obtaining a similar vehicle for
comparison purposes
• Standard crime scene concerns
(fingerprints, footprints, trace evidence,
indented writing, etc.)
• Twenty (20) Step-Bomb Scene Protocol:

3. Administer Lifesaving Efforts

 Triage
• Unique patterns, multiple and occult
injuries
• Death often result of combined blast,
ballistic, and thermal effect injuries
(multidimensional injury)
• Walking wounded
• Hidden/internal injuries
• Many non-critical patients who require
time intensive workups
 Triage
• Nature of injuries may lead to overtriage
• Up to 75% of victims self-refer to hospital;
arrive by private transportation
• Field triage
– Dynamic process
 Triage
• Factors that determine when needs
exceed resources
– Large number of patients make rapid triage
impossible
– Large number of patients cause delay in
transport to hospitals
– Large number of patients exceed responder
treatment capabilities
– Surge at local hospitals
• Twenty (20) Step-Bomb Scene Protocol:

4. Establish Security and Control

 Zones of Control
The response to a Post Blast Scene is similar
to a hazardous materials response. Use your
“zones of control”

• Hot Zone – Where the blast took place and

damage/injury will occur.
• Warm Zone – Where the large perimeter area will
be established and area cleared.
• Cold Zone – Location of a unified command post,
staff, resources, triage and staging.
v1 123
 RECAP: Response Model - Protect

Incident
• symptoms
• explosion
• observation
• intelligence
Deploy
• air
• road
• water

FROM

│ 124
 Bomb Scene Perimeter
Perimeter Should Be 50% Farther Than the Most Distant Evidence
Located

+50%

127
 1.Establish the Outer Perimeter (Yellow)

• Establish outer perimeter 50% greater than the

distance between the seat of the explosion and
the farthest piece of evidence
• Restrict a defined air space above the
perimeter
• Use appropriate barriers
3.Establish an Inner Perimeter (Red)
Around the Seat of the Explosion
• Assign security personnel as required
• Initiate scene entry restrictions
• Initiate a written log of all persons entering or
leaving the scene
• Issue identification tags to necessary
personnel
• Establish additional designated perimeter
areas for crime scene support
 2. Establish a Secondary Perimeter
• For persons with a legitimate reason for being on
the scene but are not members of the investigative
team
• About three meters outside or inside the outer
perimeter
• Defined and barricaded separately from the outer
perimeter
• Allowed in area: special security personnel, political
figures, other VIPs, news mediaPolitical figures and
other VIPs may need special access
• Encourage cooperation
• When appropriate, escort to approved areas to
view the scene
• Twenty (20) Step-Bomb Scene Protocol:

5. Define the Investigator Role

• Twenty (20) Step-Bomb Scene Protocol:

6. Ensure Scene Integrity

Concept 17– “Ensure Scene Integrity “

Conduct walk-thru , a 360-degree scan

during your scene-size up or “windshield survey”
and establish security perimeters and staging areas
, contamination and control procedures and
,evidence collection and control procedures
• Twenty (20) Step-Bomb Scene Protocol:

7 Secure Necessary Resources

•
• Twenty (20) Step-Bomb Scene Protocol:

•8 Locate and Interview Victims and Witnesses

• Twenty (20) Step-Bomb Scene Protocol:

9.Organize the Evidence Processing

by the SOCO Team.
Concept 18-“There is no one- and- only right way to
process a scene “

There is a clear and specific purpose for why we

process the scene ;that is to collect evidence as
possible in a functional and pristine a condition as
possible, By achieving that , we hopefully define
more effectively did or did not happen in a situation
being investigated.
Concept 19–
“ Bomb Scene processing must understand
Forensics “
 URL
http://www.forensicsciencesimplified.org/index.htm
August Vernon Public Safety Sensitive
“EVERY CRIME GUN HAS A STORY TO TELL”
 Crime Scene Processing
• Phase 2
– Collect and store evidence appropriately
– Also collect control samples

Body
Bag
Paper Pill bottles Tweezers+Tool
bags s

Empty Paint Cans

Swabs Manila
envelopes Vacuum
 Packaging Evidence
• Prevents any change after collection
• Proper identification
• Prevents cross contamination (separate
packaging)
• Preserved intact (e.g., blood on clothes)
• Crime scene safety
 Packaging Evidence
• Use vapor proof containers if residue is a
concern
– Nylon bags
• These can be sealed with tape at the scene and then
heat sealed as soon as possible
– Paint cans
• Pad sharp edges with additional nylon bag
material to avoid puncturing the package
 Packaging Evidence
• Preferred containers for evidence
collection:
– New paint cans
– Glass jars with teflon lid seal
– Antistatic seal-able bags
• Recommend not using:
– Plastic containers
– Paper bags
 Packaging Evidence
• Only package evidence after the location
has been fully documented
• Annotate what the item is and the reference
number for the diagram / photo log
 What determines the type and manner of
collecting and preserving physical evidence?

• The nature of the

evidence
Concept 20–“Physical evidence can not be
intimidated, nor perjured, it does not forget. It sits
there and waits to be detected, evaluated and
explained “
Concept 21 – “Investigator must prepare written
scene & photographic documentation ; as part of the
permanent record of the incident ,& for further
scene reconstruction efforts and any future
proceedings“
Concept 22– “Ensure proper collection,
preservation and chain of custody of evidence“

Any break in the chain will likely destroy the value of

items and may not be admitted as evidence
preserved ”
 Twenty (20) Step-Bomb Scene Protocol:

10. Security, Protection and

Control of Contamination
The Evidences lying in Both Crime Scene
and Bomb Scene are subject to :

a. Decay with Time

b. Cross- Contamination -Contacts between
people & objects during a crime can involve
transfer of material ,that is the evidence of the
crime.
Scene Safety
 Scene Safety: Common
Principles
• Contain the incident
– Deny entry to all but responders
– Set up zones
• Hot
• Warm
• Cold
• Contain the people
– Do not let anyone leave
scene until checked
– Decontaminate if necessary
169
“Bomb Scene Don’ts”
* No Eating
* No Drinking
* No Smoking
* No Cell Phone Calls
* No Remote Radio Calls

“ Do not touch, alter, or move anything from the

crime scene unless it is properly sketched, marked,
measured, photographed or otherwise preserved ”
• Twenty (20) Step-Bomb Scene Protocol:

11. Conduct Scene Walkthrough

• Twenty (20) Step-Bomb Scene Protocol:

12. Develop Written Documentation

• Twenty (20) Step-Bomb Scene Protocol:

13.Photograph/Videotape the Scene

Concept 23– “Photography is the single most
powerful tool in preserving physical evidence “
FORENSIC PHOTOGRAPHY PNP CL
ROUGE GALLERY PNP CL
 Sept 19, 2018
PNP releases facial composite of Gen San blast suspect

PHOTO from Police Regional Office 12 .The computerized facial

composite (CFC) of the suspect in the recent blast in General Santos
City was released by the local police and authorities on Wednesday.
The Regional Crime Laboratory Office of Police Regional Office 12
said the still unidentified suspect is brown-skinned, of medium-
built, male with curly hair, around 35 to 40 years old, and about
5’5” to 5’6” tall.
SKETCHING THE SCENE
(Video 3A)
SKETCHING THE SCENE
(Video 3A)
• Twenty (20) Step-Bomb Scene Protocol:

14.Collect, Preserve, Inventory, Package

and Transport of Evidence by the
SOCO Team.
Concept Nr 24 -“Establish the Legality of Search –
Warrants !! ”

Assess the legal considerations for Crime Scene

Access “ exigent circumstances , consent to search,
administrative / or criminal search warrant.
CONSENT FORM
Concept 25–“Physical evidence can not be
intimidated nor perjured, it does not forget. It sits
there and waits to be detected, evaluated and
explained “
Physical search for Evidence can
involve Four (4) types of organized
methods-

1. Explosive residue swabbing

2. Organized Search

3. Sifting

4. Vacuuming
1. Explosive Residue Swabbing- is a
systematic collection used to collect
organic & inorganic residues of
explosives resulting from main
charge explosive.
2. Organized Search-

Typically four (4) types :

a)grid –Most reliable for locating
evidence
b) line or strip-for large areas
c) spiral-can move inward/outward-best
used,
when no physical barriers
d) zone- effective in houses
&bldg
3. Sifting or evidence screening-
the separation of evidence from background
materials by the use of a set of screens. Most
useful when searching for evidence among
soil , sand or finally divided materials
4. Vacuuming- should be conducted
after the bomb scene has been
cleared of the larger debris and items
of evidence; therefore it should be
final search conducted.
 Evidence Collection & Packaging
To afford protection for it to be shipped to the
laboratory or used in any subsequent legal
proceedings.
Usual Means-By bagging and tagging

•1.Bagging- placement of evidence in an appropriate type of

container that protect it from being contaminated, altered or
lost.
•Paper bags for items
•containing body fluids

•Nylon bags for items

•to be checked for explosive residue
Containers for Evidence Collection

• Ziploc bags for

items not to be
examined for
explosive residue
• Paint cans for soil
samples and items
containing high or
low explosive
residues
Containers for Evidence Collection

• Paper bags for

items containing
body fluids
• Nylon bags for
items to be checked
for explosive
residue
 Evidence Collection & Packaging

2. Tagging- is the process of marking each

evidence container with the required container
information that identifies where the evidence
was found, by whom, the date it was found, and an
inventory of the container by a numerical
description , that in turn corresponds to the
evidence log
EVIDENCE TAG
227
229
 SEARCH PATTERN
Determine the search pattern that best suits
the scene, time and personnel available
•1)Spiral – start at blast seat, spiral out
clockwise to the outer perimeter,continue
around and spiral back in
•2)Strip or line – “Hands across the scene”
•3)Grid – Break the scene into smaller square
•or rectangular sections and search each
one individually
•4)Quadrant – Much like grid, only done
in four sections
LINE SEARCH
234
SPIRAL SEARCH
236
237
238
239
240
241
 SEARCH OF EVIDENCE
➢ BDS

➢ Area should be divided into four parts

➢ Used gloves

➢ In the room i. Up to waist level

ii. Up to eye level
iii. Up to ceiling
243
244
245
246
BIO HAZARD TAPE
 COLLECTION OF PHYSICAL
EVIDENCE IN EXPLOSIVE CASES
 COLLECTION
❖ Most important step in the detection and analysis of explosive
residues is the proper collection of appropriate samples from the
explosion scene. Invariably undetonated residues or portion of the
explosive remains at the site of explosion. Forensic Laboratory
analysis of these samples depends upon the I.O.’s ability and skill
to recognise those samples and collection.

❖ The entire area must be systematically searched with great care,

safety will be a major area of concern.

❖ The scene of explosion is very unsafe, unexploded devices may

still be in the area, the structure of a building where a bomb has
exploded may be seriously weakened and can collapse.

❖ There may be additional hazardous such as broken gas, mains and

downed electrical lines etc. If an unexploded bomb is found , it is
necessary to call a bomb technician to render the device safe.
❖Most obvious characteristics of a high
explosive is the presence of a crater at the
origin of the blast. Once the crater has been
located, all loose soil and other debris must
immediately be removed from the crater and
preserved for lab analysis.

❖Other good sources of explosive residues and

objects located near the origin of detonation.

❖In pipe bomb explosion , particles of the

explosive are frequently found adhering to the
pipe or to the pipe threads.
Concept 26 – “Be Aware of the Secondary Device or
subsequent attacks. This type of event has targeted

Do not enter until told “SAFE”. Safety at the scene

is the Primary Focus. Do not go in without a Bomb
Tech”

Do not attempt to approach, move, handle or disarm

a confirmed or suspected IED; This is a job for
specially Trained Bomb Squad.
Concept 27 – “ Locate Crater – indicates the origin of
the blast.”

Soil samples must be gathered from all areas

surrounding the crater. Locate remnants of the
detonating mechanism.
“Remnants can include blasting caps, batteries, match
heads, cell phones, walkie-talkies, timers.

Think – Fingerprints!
Think – DNA
Think Hazardous Materials!
Transportation of Haz-Mat materials, including
explosives require special conditions
 COLOR FLAGLETS:

RED- Suspected Item

GREEN- Clear Path
BLUE- Crater Locator
YELLOW- Item Locator
Number

Bomb Crater Site- (Diameter measurement)

EVIDENCE COLLECTION AND PACKAGING
( USE GAME CARD, AS AN ALTERNATE DIMENSION
COMPARISON , IF A RULER IS NOT AVAILABLE
 Blast Effects and
Fragmentation Patterns

BLAST CRATER
 Samples from the Crater

• Take a sample from the top of the

crater near the edge
• Take a control sample from a few
feet away
– Dig down an inch or two to get the
same layer of soil as your original
sample
• Package separately in vapor proof
containers
 Witness Material
• Explosive residue is often deposited on
street signs and other objects in the path of
the blast wave
• These objects can be swabbed or packaged
and submitted separately in a sealed
container
Consider Secondary Effects
of the Explosion
• Windows may be pulled out
• Blast wave may have focused in areas
• Some areas may have been shielded from
the blast
261
262
263
 SEAT OF EXPLOSION
Determination of seat of explosion is very important for explosion investigation

A. Easy:- Small explosion, letter bomb explosion

B. Not easy:- Vehicle bomb, under basement of multistoried building.
C. Observation:- Tiny pieces of the seat of explosion recovered with vacuum
cleaner or strong magnet.
Parts of watch, wire, detonator, battery.

CRATER

Quantity of explosives used:- D3 = 16W

(D - Diameter of crater
W- Weight of explosive used in kilogram)

GAS EXPLOSION

A mixture of 2-7% fuel to air is an explosive mixture.

Victim of gas explosion get burnt all over the bodies.
 Collection and Analysis
➢ The entire bomb site must be systematically
searched with great care given to recovering any
trace of a detonating mechanism or any other item
foreign to the explosion site.
➢ Objects located at or near the origin of the
explosion must be collected for laboratory
examination.
GATHERING TRACE EVIDENCE
FOR LAB EXAMINATION
 Swabbing for Residue
• Submit 4 swabs
– Dry swab of suspect area
– Control swab (untouched)
– Swab using solvent
• Water or Methanol or Isopropanol (Rubbing
Alcohol)
– Control swab with only the solvent on it
 Swabbing for Residue
(cont’d)
• Package each swab separately in a sealed
container
• Use gloves
• If you use cotton balls as swabs, use
disposable forceps
Contamination Issues
in Bombing Cases
 Explosive Residue
Contamination
• Personnel entering the crime scene should
avoid bringing residue in
– Disposable coveralls
– Disposable shoe coverings
• Personnel involved in searches of the
bomber’s home or work should avoid
bringing residue from the crime scene
 Contamination (cont’d)
• Tools should be cleaned in advance
• Screens should be new if possible
• Change latex gloves often during the search
• Avoid packaging questioned and known
items together for shipment to the lab
• Do not store evidence seized in a raid with
evidence collected at the crime scene to
prevent cross contamination
 Contamination (cont’d)
• Be aware that small bomb fragments from
one post blast incident can adhere to your
clothing, tools, screens, etc. and be
transmitted to the next scene
 Collection and Analysis

➢ Often a crater is located at the origin and loose

soil and other debris must be preserved from its
interior for laboratory analysis.
➢ One approach for screening objects for the
presence of explosive residues in the field or
laboratory is the ion mobility spectrometer
(IMS).
275
276
277
278
Explosives, Bombs and Fireworks
Do not attempt to neutralize or destroy explosives.
Do not turn on any electrical switches.
Do not walk or step in any liquid or suspected explosive material.
Do not smoke or use matches in area.
Do not move any objects.
If a suspected bomb or package foreign to the scene is encountered:
Do not move, turn over, or disturb package or suspected bomb.
Do not immerse in any liquid.
Do evacuate building and immediate area.
Do not pick up or handle any detonators or explosives.
Do not breathe any vapors which may be present. Nitroglycerine may
cause a very severe headache
.
DO NOT transport suspected explosive devices or bombs to the
Laboratory
CAUTION: Electric blasting caps may be detonated by police radio
transmission or cellular phones.
262 Physical Evidence Handbook
Concept 28 – “Locating and Collecting Evidence .”

Indoor Scene – Each room should be treated as a

separate crime scene.

Outdoor Scene – Locate the debris furthest from the

crater, and double the distance for your perimeter.
Extend the perimeter 50% from where the farthest
piece of evidence is located.

If a suspect is arrested – collect all clothing and personal

items. (Seal everything in paper bags.)
“ A person’s fingerprints are formed five months
before they are born, and they do not change during
life”
“No two humans have the same pattern of ten
fingerprints, not even identical twins”
“TO EACH HIS OWN”

“Experts can analyze these fingerprints to match

them with suspects in a crime”
 Finger Prints
• There are two main types of finger prints:
Inked and Latent
• Inked are done by rolling the fingers in ink
and rolling them on paper
• Latent prints come in several types
– Plastic – In clay, wax or putty
– Visible – Made in foreign matter such as blood
– Invisible – The most common type made when
a finger is in contact with a surface and
transfers oils and moisture to it
 Finger Prints (cont)

• Latent prints on porous surfaces can

usually be brought out with a chemical
solution or finger print dust
• On porous surfaces the prints are more
fixed and less fragile to the environment
or handling
• Latent prints on non-porous surfaces can
be easily wiped off or damaged by
handling or movement
 Finger Prints (cont)

• Latent prints on non-porous surfaces can

usually be brought out with finger print
powder as well as by fuming
– Fuming consists of heating superglue
(cyanoacrylate) with a non-flame heat source
and enclosing the piece of evidence with the
fumes
– Superglue vapor bonds with the moisture in
the print and provides a raised ridge
impression that can be lifted for examination
 Finger Prints
• There are two main types of finger prints:
Inked and Latent
• Inked are done by rolling the fingers in ink
and rolling them on paper
• Latent prints come in several types
– Plastic – In clay, wax or putty
– Visible – Made in foreign matter such as blood
– Invisible – The most common type made when
a finger is in contact with a surface and
transfers oils and moisture to it
 Finger Prints (cont)

• Latent prints on porous surfaces can

usually be brought out with a chemical
solution or finger print dust
• On porous surfaces the prints are more
fixed and less fragile to the environment
or handling
• Latent prints on non-porous surfaces can
be easily wiped off or damaged by
handling or movement
 Finger Prints (cont)

• Latent prints on non-porous surfaces can

usually be brought out with finger print
powder as well as by fuming
– Fuming consists of heating superglue
(cyanoacrylate) with a non-flame heat source
and enclosing the piece of evidence with the
fumes
– Superglue vapor bonds with the moisture in
the print and provides a raised ridge
impression that can be lifted for examination
 Tool Marks

• Just as with a gun each tool creates a

distinctive signature on the material
• In some cases the tool will retain some of
the material that it was used to modify
• The construction of the device could
require special tools that may limit the
number of suspects due to whether they
have access to those tools or not
• Twenty (20) Step-Bomb Scene Protocol:

• .

15. Ensure that Scene Processing

is Completed
 PRESERVATION
• All materials collected for examination by the forensic lab. Must be
places in sealed containers and labelled with all pertinent information.

• Soil and other stiff loose materials are best stored in metal containers
or plastic bag. Debris and articles collected from different areas are to
be packed in separate containers.

• If the evidence is packaged in plastic bags, do not place these bags in

close proximity to each other avoided contaminations.

• Sharp edged objects should not be allowed to pierce the sides of a

plastic bag. It is best to place these types of items in metal containers.

• Pack the initiating device or the detonators separately from other

explosives. One or two detonators are sufficient, if possible the
explosive or the device should be enclosed in liquid nitrogen for the
safest storage and transport.
 Sealing
• All parcels should be carefully sealed by the
dispatching officers and packed in such a
manner that they cannot be opened without
destroying the seals.

• In one case, the same seal should be used

throughout.

• The specimen seal should be the same with

the seals of the packets.
 DESPATCH
 Only by special messenger all sealed materials should be sent to
forensic laboratory with proper specimen seal, authority letter etc.

 Don’t send materials by post or by goods train.

 In case of unexploded explosive materials explosive and detonator

should be packed separately.

 Send only representative sample of the explosive and not the whole
amount.

 Inform the station master that the explosives are being carried in
the train.

 Don’t send any live bomb.

• Twenty (20) Step-Bomb Scene Protocol:

16. Release of Scene by SOCO to Investigator

-on-case (IOC))
\
 Final Survey
• Review all aspects of the search
• Double check your documentation
• Inventory the evidence
• Take one last look at the scene to see what
you may have missed
• Photograph the condition of the scene as it
exists upon your departure
 Laboratory Examinations
• Identification of particular items of evidence
• Comparison of known and questioned items
of evidence to link the suspect to the crime
f
f
Principles of DNA Evidence
DNA ANALYSIS
 Release of the Crime Scene
• Document the following:
– Date and time of release
– To whom released
– By whom released
• If a warrant was used, provide a copy of the
warrant and a copy of the inventory
• Reentry may require a warrant
• Twenty (20) Step-Bomb Scene Protocol:

• \

17. Ensure that All Investigative Steps are

Documented.
EXPLOSIVE INCIDENT REPORT
FORM
 GENERIC FORMAT
POST BLAST INVESTIGATION (PBI)
REPORT
• Twenty (20) Step-Bomb Scene Protocol:

18. Turn-over of Crime Scene by Investigator-

on-case to Authorized Person
 Twenty (20) Step-Bomb Scene Protocol:

19.Reconstruction of Bomb Components

•
20
•
 19.Reconstruction of Bomb Components
a.)Upon completion of processing on all recovered items by theCrime
Laboratory, EOD unit may start the reconstruction process within the
Crime Laboratory facility.
b) The reconstruction process of IED using the actual collected
pieces of IED components (for purposes of determining the original
appearance of the explosivedevice before explosion) by the EOD Tea
m should be documented (preferably by videotape or
photographs) by the Crime Laboratory for court presentation.
c) Pieces of evidence shall remain with the PNP Crime Laboratory
and NBI Forensic Laboratory custody.
 Video 9
PBI EVIDENCE COLLECTION
 Video 9
PBI EVIDENCE COLLECTION
PBI EVIDENCE COLLECTION
POST BLAST EVIDENCE “WHITE BOARD” BRIEFING & DISCUSSION
 IED Components: SIMP-CE
• S-Switch C-Container

• I-Initiator E-Enhancer

• M-Main Charge

• P-Power
EVIDENCE FOUND AT BOMB SCENE
EVIDENCE FOUND AT BOMB SCENE
EVIDENCE FOUND AT BOMB SCENE
 Pre/Post Blast Investigation (PBI)
Evidence Found in Bombing Incident
CPBAIC Class 10E-2021
 Pre/Post Blast Investigation (PBI)
Evidence Found in Bombing Incident
CPBAIC Class 10E-2021
 Pre/Post Blast Investigation (PBI)
Evidence Found in Bombing Incident
CPBAIC Class 10E-2021
PBI
.
COMPARATIVE TABLE CSI vs PBI
 (GPE1)PBI –USE OF FRAGMENT
SIFTER IN EVIDENCE COLLECTION