Chapter 1 Quadratic Equations in One Unknown 1

Quadratic Equations
in One Unknown 1
Solving Quadratic Equations by Factor Method
Solving Quadratic Equations by the Quadratic Formula
Solving Quadratic Equations by the Graphical Method
Nature of Roots
NAME: ____________________
Chapter 1 Quadratic Equations in One Unknown 1
1.1 Solving Quadratic Equations by Factor Method
A. General Form of Quadratic Equation
Def: The general form of a quadratic equation is given by a𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0, where a≠0.
EG: 1._______________
2._______________
Remark: 1. RHS must be zero

2. Usually, a, b and c are integer
3. Usually, a is positive
EG1. Change the following quadratic equations into general form.

a. 7𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 = 20
b. 3𝑥 − 2 = 𝑥 2
c. 3x − 4𝑥 2 = 5
d. 5 = 2𝑥 2
1
B. Roots of Quadratic Equation
If there is a value x which satisfy the quadratic equation a𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0, then we said that x is a
root of the quadratic equation.
C. Factor Method
I. Factorization of quadratic expressions
EG1.
A. Factorize 𝑥 2 − 5𝑥
B. Factorize 2𝑥 2 − 3𝑥
C. Factorize 3𝑥 2 − 12𝑥
D. Factorize 𝑥 2 − 25
E. Factorize 9𝑥 2 − 49
F. Factorize 8𝑥 2 − 2
G. Factorize 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 3
H. Factorize 𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 9
I. Factorize 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 10
J. Factorize 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 − 12
K. Factorize 2𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 5
L. Factorize 2𝑥 2 + 7𝑥 + 6
2
II. Factor Method
Thm: If a x b =0, then a = 0 or b = 0.
EG1. Solve the following equations

a. x(x + 2) = 0
b. x(x − 7) = 0
c. (x + 8)(x − 4) = 0
d. (x + 1)(2x − 3) = 0

a. 𝑥 2 + 3x = 0
b. 3𝑥 2 − 2x = 0
c. 6𝑥 2 + 3x = 0

a. 𝑥 2 − 25 = 0
b. 25𝑥 2 − 4 = 0
c. 8𝑥 2 − 2 = 0
d. 𝑥 2 − 2 = 0
3
a. 𝑥 2 + 3x + 2 = 0
b. 𝑥 2 + 4x − 5 = 0
c. 𝑥 2 − 4x + 4 = 0
d. 3𝑥 2 − 7x − 6 = 0

a. (x − 1)(x + 2) = 4
b. x(x + 4) = x
c. (x + 3)(x − 1) = 2(x + 3)
d. (x + 5)2 = (2𝑥 + 3)2
EG6. [HKCEE 1998 P2 #10]

Solve (x − 1)(x − 3) = x − 3
4
1.2 Solving Quadratic Equations by the Quadratic Formula
A. Taking Square Root
Thm: If 𝒙𝟐 = 𝒂, then
1. 𝐱 = √𝒂 𝐨𝐫 − √𝒂 𝒊𝒇 𝒂 > 𝟎
2. 𝐱 = 𝟎 𝒊𝒇 𝒂 = 𝟎
3. 𝐧𝐨 𝐬𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬 𝒊𝒇 𝒂 < 𝟎

a. 𝑥 2 = 4
b. 𝑥 2 = 9
c. (𝑥 − 1)2 = 9

a. (𝑥 − 5)2 = 25
b. (𝑥 + 3)2 = 16
c. (𝑥 − 1)2 = 3
d. 2(𝑥 − 3)2 = 24
e. (2𝑥 − 1)2 = 0
f. (𝑥 + 2)2 = −9
5
B. Solving Quadratic Equations by Completing the Square
EG1: Solve the following equations by completing the square.

a. 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 3 = 0
b. 𝑥 2 + 12𝑥 + 11 = 0
c. 𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 1 = 0
d. 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 6 = 0
EG2: Solve the following equations by completing the square.

a. 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 4 = 0
b. 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 2 = 0
c. 2𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 3 = 0
EG3: Solve (x + 2)(x − 1) = 4 by completing the square.
6
Extra Exercise
Solving Quadratic Equations by Factor Method
1.
2.
3.
7
4.
5.
6.
8
7.
8.
9.
9
10.
11.
12.
10
C. Solving Quadratic Equations by Quadratic Formula
Thm: Given a quadratic equation 𝐚𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄 = 𝟎, then

−𝒃±√𝒃𝟐 −𝟒𝒂𝒄
𝒙=
𝟐𝒂
This is called quadratic formula.
EG1: Solve the following equation by quadratic formula

a. 𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 + 6 = 0
b. 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 4 = 0
c. 2𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 3 = 0
d. 4𝑥 2 − 25 = 0
EG2: Solve the following equation by quadratic formula

a. 𝑥2 + x − 3 = 0
b. 𝑥 2 + 4x + 1 = 0
c. 𝑥 2 + 2x − 1 = 0
d. 𝑥 2 + 6x + 4 = 0
e. 3𝑥 2 + 4x + 5 = 0
11
EG3: Solve the following equations by quadratic formula
a. x(2 − x) = 3
b. (x − 1)(x + 3) = 1
EG4: Solve the following equations by quadratic formula

a. 𝑥 2 + √5x + 1 = 0
b. 𝑥 2 − √6x − 3 = 0
c. 𝑥 2 − 2√5x + 3 = 0
Extra Exercise
Solving Quadratic Equations by the Quadratic Formula
1.
12
2.
3.
4.
5.
13
6.
7.
8.
14
9.
15
1.3 Solving Quadratic Equations by the Graphical Method
A. Graph of Quadratic Equations y = a𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐

For the graph of a quadratic equation 𝐲 = 𝐚𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄,
1. y-intercept = c
2. Open upwards when a > 0
3. Open downwards when a < 0
B. Solving Quadratic Equations from Graph
EG1: The figure shows the graph of y = 𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 5

Find the values of x when y = 0
From the graph, x = __________ or x = __________
16
EG2: Given the graph of y = 𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 7
a. Solve 𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 7 = 0
b. Solve 𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 6 = 0
c. Solve 𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 5 = 0
d. Solve 𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 4 = 0
17
EG3: The figure shows the graph of y = 𝑥 2 + 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏
a. Find the values of a and b
b. Find the value of k.
EG4: [Modified from HKCEE 2001 P1 #23]

In the figure, the graph y = 2𝑥 2 − 9𝑥 + 4 cuts the x-axis at A and B, and the y-axis at C.
a. Find the coordinates of A, B and C.
b. Find the area of triangle ABC.
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Extra Exercise
Solving Quadratic Equations by the Graphical Method
1.
2.
19
1.4 Nature of Roots (Number of Roots) of Quadratic Equations
A. Nature of Roots of a Quadratic Equation

Recall that the solutions of a quadratic equations 𝐚𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄 = 𝟎 is given by
−𝒃±√𝒃𝟐 −𝟒𝒂𝒄
𝒙=
𝟐𝒂
The nature of roots of the equation depends on the value of 𝒃𝟐 − 𝟒𝒂𝒄
(discriminant)
Nature of roots of a𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0
∆= 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 Nature (Numbers) of roots
2 unequal (distinct) real roots
2 equal (double, repeated) real roots
2 real roots
No real roots
EG1: Find the discriminant of the following quadratic equations.

a. 𝑥 2 − 7𝑥 + 10 = 0
b. 2𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 − 3 = 0
c. 𝑥 2 + 8 = 5𝑥
EG2: Determine the nature of roots of the following equations

a. 9𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 1 = 0
b. 3𝑥 2 + 9𝑥 − 1 = 0
c. 2𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 4 = 0
20
EG3: If the equations 𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 𝑘 = 0 has two equal real roots, find the value of k.
EG4: If the equations 2𝑥 2 + 8𝑥 + 𝑘 = 0 has two unequal real roots (2 個不相同的根), find
the range of k.
EG5: If the equations 𝑘𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 − 3 = 0 has no real roots, find the range of k.
EG6: If the equations 2𝑥 2 + 𝑘 = 4𝑥 − 1 has real roots, find the range of k.
EG7: If the equations 𝑥 2 + (𝑘 + 1)𝑥 + 4 = 0 has two equal real roots, find the value of k.
Hence, solve the equation.
21
EG8: Find the range of k if the quadratic equation 𝑘𝑥 2 + (2𝑘 − 1)𝑥 + (𝑘 − 2) = 0 has
distinct real roots.
EG9: Show that the equation 𝑥 2 + (𝑘 + 1)𝑥 + (𝑘 − 3) = 0 has distinct real roots for all
values of k
Extra Exercise
Nature of Roots
1.
2.
22
3.
4.
5.
6.
23
7.
8.
9.
24
10.
11.
25
B. Graph of a Quadratic Equation
Recall that the x-intercepts of the graph of y = a𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 represent the roots of the a𝑥 2 +
𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0. Since we can determine the nature of roots of the equation a𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0 by the
discriminant (∆= 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐) of the equation, we can also determine the numbers of x-intercepts of
the graph by the discriminant.
Discriminant Nature (Number) of G r a p h a n d n u m b e r o f x - i n t e r c e p t s o f

(∆= 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐) roots a𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0 y = a𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐
EG1: Show that the graph of y = 3𝑥 2 + 12𝑥 + 12 touches the x-axis at one point only.
26
EG2: Show that the graph of y = −𝑥 2 + 8𝑥 − 17 lies below the x-axis for all values of x.
EG3: The graph of y = 2𝑥 2 − 12𝑥 + 𝑘 touches the x-axis at one point P.

a. Find the value of k.
b. Find the coordinates of P.
EG4: The graph of y = 𝑥 2 + (2𝑘 − 1)𝑥 + 𝑘 2 cut the x-axis for all values of x.
a. Find the range of values of k.
b. Find the x-intercepts of the graph when k is the largest integer found in a.
EG5: If the graph of y = (2k − 1)𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 6 lies above the x-axis for all values of x, find the
range of k.
27

Chapter 1 Quadratic Equations in One Unknown 1

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Quadratic Equations

1.1 Solving Quadratic Equations by Factor Method

A. General Form of Quadratic Equation

Def: The general form of a quadratic equation is given by a𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0, where a≠0.

Remark: 1. RHS must be zero

EG1. Change the following quadratic equations into general form.

I. Factorization of quadratic expressions

Thm: If a x b =0, then a = 0 or b = 0.

EG1. Solve the following equations

EG2. Solve the following equations

EG3. Solve the following equations

EG5. Solve the following equations

EG6. [HKCEE 1998 P2 #10]

A. Taking Square Root

EG1. Solve the following equations

EG2. Solve the following equations

EG1: Solve the following equations by completing the square.

EG2: Solve the following equations by completing the square.

EG3: Solve (x + 2)(x − 1) = 4 by completing the square.

Thm: Given a quadratic equation 𝐚𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄 = 𝟎, then

EG1: Solve the following equation by quadratic formula

EG2: Solve the following equation by quadratic formula

EG4: Solve the following equations by quadratic formula

A. Graph of Quadratic Equations y = a𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐

B. Solving Quadratic Equations from Graph

EG1: The figure shows the graph of y = 𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 5

From the graph, x = __________ or x = __________

EG4: [Modified from HKCEE 2001 P1 #23]

A. Nature of Roots of a Quadratic Equation

EG1: Find the discriminant of the following quadratic equations.

EG2: Determine the nature of roots of the following equations

EG5: If the equations 𝑘𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 − 3 = 0 has no real roots, find the range of k.

EG6: If the equations 2𝑥 2 + 𝑘 = 4𝑥 − 1 has real roots, find the range of k.

Discriminant Nature (Number) of G r a p h a n d n u m b e r o f x - i n t e r c e p t s o f

EG3: The graph of y = 2𝑥 2 − 12𝑥 + 𝑘 touches the x-axis at one point P.

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From the graph, x = or x =