CHAPTER 3 PART 2

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What is Vibration?
• A vibrating object moves to and fro, back and forth. A vibrating object oscillates.
• Example of vibration; a pendulum set in motion vibrates; a plucked guitar string,
vehicles driven on rough terrain, and geological activity that cause massive
vibrations in the form of earthquakes.
• Ways to indicate/detect vibration;
(i) touch a vibrating object and feel the vibration
(ii) watch the back-and-forth movement of a vibrating object.
(iii) Hear the sound produced
(iv) Sense by heat

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Machine Vibration
• Machine vibration is simply the back and forth movement of machines or
machine components.
• Any component that moves back and forth or oscillates is vibrating.
• Machine vibration can take various forms. A machine component may vibrate
over large or small distances, quickly or slowly, and with or without perceptible
sound or heat.
• At other times machine vibration can be unintended and lead to machine
damage.

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FUNDAMENTAL OF VIBRATION

• The spring rest at No.1

• Spring then slowly extended to position No.2 and
released.
• The elastic force moves the block W upward (position
No.3), accelerating up same distance from position No.1
and as position No.2, but in opposite direction.
• The subsequent motion of the weight as function of time,
if there is only negligible resistance to the motion, is
repetitive and wavy if plotted on time scale as Line 1.
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 FUNDAMENTAL OF VIBRATION

 The maximum displacement from the rest or mean position is called the Amplitude of
the vibration.
 The interval of time within which the motion sequence repeats itself is called
a Cycle or Period.
 The number of cycles executed in a unit is known as the Frequency. (1 cycle/sec = 1
Hertz (Hz) ). "cycles per minute" (cpm) are also used, especially for isolation of objects
with rotating components (rotors) which often produce one excitation cycle per
revolution.
 The spring-weight system is not driven by an outside source, the vibration is a Free
Vibration and the frequency is called the Natural Frequency of the system, since it is
determined only by its parameters (stiffness of the spring and weight of the block).
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 FUNDAMENTAL OF VIBRATION
If there were no friction in the system, the oscillation would
continue at the same rate and same amplitude forever.

This idealized simple harmonic motion is almost never found in

real mechanical systems.

Any real system does have friction, and this causes the
amplitude of vibration to gradually decrease as the energy is
converted to heat.

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 FUNDAMENTAL OF VIBRATION

 The vibratory motion as a function of time as shown Line 1 does not change or fade.
The elastic (potential) energy of the spring transforms into motion (kinetic) energy of
the massive block and back into potential energy of the spring, and so on.
 In reality, there are always some losses of the energy(usually, into thermal energy) due
to friction, imperfections of the spring material.
 The total energy supporting the vibratory motion in the system is gradually decreasing
(dissipated), thus diminishing the intensity (amplitude) of the spring excursions, as
shown by line 2 ("decaying vibration").
 This phenomenon is called Damping.

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 FUNDAMENTAL OF VIBRATION
Simple vibratory system with damping

W= mass
k = stiffness
C =compliance
(inverse of the spring stiffness) C= 1/k

• The energy dissipating components are called Dampers.

• The rate of decay of amplitude in a system with damping is often characterized
by Logarithmic (Log) or Decrement δ defined as,

An and An-1 = two sequential amplitudes of the

vibratory process.

Although the cycles of the damped motion

(Line 2) are not fully repetitive, the number of
cycles in a unit of time is still called
Frequency. 8
Units of vibration
The units of vibration depend on the vibrational
parameter, as follows:
a) acceleration, measured in g or (m/s2)
b) velocity, measured in (m/s)
c) displacement, measured in (m)

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F= force; k=stiffness; d= displacement; c=static compliance; v= velocity, m= mass, a = acceleration 10
 Kinetic
Energy

Potential
Energy

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Kinetic Energy In Vibration
The kinetic energy of an object is the extra energy which it possesses
due to its motion.
It is defined as the work needed to accelerate a body of a given mass
from rest to its current velocity.
Having gained this energy during its acceleration, the body maintains
this kinetic energy unless its speed changes.

In classical mechanics, the kinetic energy of a "point object" (a body so

small that its size can be ignored), is given by the equation:

E=

where m = mass
V = speed of the body

In SI units (used for most modern scientific work), mass is measured in

kilograms, speed in meters per second, and the resulting kinetic energy is
in joules 12
Potential Energy In Vibration
Potential energy can be thought of as energy stored within a physical
system.
It is called potential energy because it has the potential to be converted
into other forms of energy, such as kinetic energy, and to do work in the
process.
The standard (SI) unit of measure for potential energy is the joule, the
same as for work or energy in general.

Potential Energy is given by the equation :

E=

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TYPES OF VIBRATION
Watch this video for further: https://youtu.be/1iEkUIKvT3w

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INTRODUCTION TO BUILDING VIBRATION
Types of vibration

Free vibration occurs when a mechanical system is set off with an

initial input and then allowed to vibrate freely. Examples of this type of
vibration are pulling a child back on a swing and then letting go or hitting
a tuning fork and letting it ring. The mechanical system will then vibrate
at one or more of its natural frequencies and damp down to zero.

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INTRODUCTION TO BUILDING VIBRATION
Types of vibration

Forced vibration is when an alternating force or motion is applied to a

mechanical system. Examples of this type of vibration include a shaking
washing machining due to an imbalance, transportation vibration (caused
by truck engine, springs, road, etc), or the vibration of a building during an
earthquake. In forced vibration the frequency of the vibration is the
frequency of the force or motion applied, but the magnitude of the vibration
is strongly dependent on the mechanical system itself.

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 INTRODUCTION TO BUILDING
VIBRATION
• Damped vibration are periodic vibrations of a body
with diminishing amplitude in the presence of a
resistance force. Damped vibrations include music
produced by a tuning fork across greater distances. In the
absence of an external force, all vibrations on the earth's
surface are damped free vibrations.
Examples of damped vibrations are
The vehicle suspension which is
dampened by the shock absorber,
oscillations of branch of a tree and
sound produced by tuning fork over
longer distances,

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INTRODUCTION TO BUILDING VIBRATION

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1 MEASUREMENT (ONSITE)

2 ANALYSIS OF RESULTS (LEVELS & FREQUENCY)

REMINDER!

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SOURCES OF BUILDING VIBRATION
Internal • Internal building-human
source activities & machineries
External
• Surrounding environment
Source

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 SOURCES OF BUILDING VIBRATION (INTERNAL)
Building services
ELEVATOR AND FLUID
CONVEYANCE PUMPING/PIPING
SYSTEM EQUIPMENTS

HVAC AEROBICS &

EQUIPMENTS EXERCISE ROOMS
INTERNAL
SOURCES

Activities in building
Machines in building 22
 SOURCES OF BUILDING VIBRATION (EXTERNAL)

INDUSTRIAL
METALWORKS
FACILITIES
SUBWAY, ROAD
CONSTRUCTION
AND RAIL
EQUIPMENTS
SYSTEMS

SESEMIC EXTERNAL WIND

ACTIVITY SOURCES

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Vibration in the building

 There are many sources of vibration capable of producing motion sufficient to be perceptible by the
occupants of a modern building.
 Transportation-related sources such as trains, subways, buses and trucks are common external
sources of irritation.
 Often, internal activities such as aerobic exercises, use of indoor tracks or corporate weight rooms can
introduce vibration into one part of a building, which is felt elsewhere, producing bewildering periodic
problems.
 Problems also arise from vibration introduced by rotating mechanical equipment in basements or
mechanical penthouses. These dynamic situations are difficult to predict with static design methods.
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 Impact of Building Vibration
Vibrations may be unacceptable to
occupants because of annoying
Human Annoyances/
physical sensations produced in the
Disturbances human body, interference with activities
such as sleep and conversation

Common Damages to
sensitive
Impact equipment Damage to sensitive equipment and
machinery such as Scanning Electron
Microscopes, MRIs, CMMs etc.
Structural
Fatigue/Building
Damages
Damage of building such as cracks in walls and
ceilings, separation of masonry blocks, and
cracks in the foundation.

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Impact: Human annoyance
• Building vibrations are not only health
and safety concern; they are more a
problem of annoyance.
• Vibrations may be unacceptable to
occupants because of annoying physical
sensations produced in the human body,
interference with activities such as sleep
and conversation, rattling of window
panes and loose objects, and fear of
damage to the building and its contents.
• People living in houses are likely to
complain if vibration levels are only
slightly above the perception threshold,
the major concern being fear of damage
to the building or its contents. The
tolerance level varies widely from
person to person and from area to area.

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 Impact: Building damage

 House owners may complain about damage induced

by vibrations, such as cracks in walls and ceilings,
separation of masonry blocks, and cracks in the
foundation. However, vibration levels are rarely high
enough to be the direct cause of this damage, though
they could contribute to the process of deterioration
from other causes.
 Building components usually have residual strains as a result of uneven soil movement,
moisture and temperature cycles, poor maintenance or past renovations and repairs.
Therefore small vibration levels induced by road traffic (for example) could trigger
damage by "topping up" residual strains. Consequently it is difficult to establish a vibration
level that may cause building damage and, therefore, controversy continues to surround
the issue.
 In some cases, when a building is subjected to vibration for many years, fatigue damage
(i.e., that caused by repeated loading) may occur if the induced stresses in the building
are high enough. In addition to damage caused directly by vibration, indirect damage may
result from differential movements caused by soil settlement due to densification. Loose
sandy soils are particularly susceptible to densification when subjected to vibration.
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Method to Overcome Vibration Related
Problems/Reducing the Impact

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Vibration emissions from transport

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 Why use vibration isolation?

• The vibration caused by the source may spread throughout the building structure: it is
perceived as noticeable vibration and can spread as secondary airborne sound.
• In the worst case scenario structural damage to the building or damage to sensitive
equipment and machinery can be caused.
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• Structure-borne sound refers to vibration which continue through a
solid medium, such as soil, rock and the building structure.
• Railway tracks are one of the most frequent causes of vibration
emission, therefore the majority of the interfering frequencies are
between 25 and 100 Hz. Vibrations in this frequency range are highly
problematic, as they can lead to building component resonances and
thus to secondary sound effects.
• Resilient bedding of buildings reduces the transmission of vibrations in
the structure by using isolation materials with specific technical
characteristics.
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 The protection of buildings against vibrations

SOURCE PATH RECIEVER

• (At source) Vibration-reducing measures at the place of the emission,

e.g. a mass-spring system in a railway track.
• (At path) Interruption of the transmission of the vibration in the
transmission area, e.g. through a below-ground slot wall or by shielding
the underground building structure.
• (At receiver) Shock and structure-borne sound decoupling at the place
of emission, underneath the building foundations and at the exterior
side of the basement walls. This is the measure most commonly used.
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The protection of buildings against
vibrations

SOURCE

RECIEVER
PATH

Resilience bedding Resilience bedding

mass-
spring
PATH PATH
system

Shock and structure-borne sound

decoupling at underneath the
building foundations and at the
below-ground slot
exterior side of the basement
wall or by shielding
walls
the underground
building structure. SOURCE

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 Protection of buildings against
vibrations
A. Rail traffic, light
railways, trams, etc.

3. Discrete bearing
of buildings or
B. Underground structures
rail traffic
1. Full-surface
bearings for buildings
using side mats 2 Strip
bearing of
buildings or
structures
4. Slot wall between
existing source and
recipient

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HOW TO OVERCOME BUILDING VIBRATION

Layout planning

Isolating the vibration source

Modification of the vibration source

Manufacturer

Builders: Architects / Engineers

Builders: Architects / Engineers

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 SPRING TYPE
ISOLATOR

STEEL TYPE RUBBER TYPE

ISOLATOR/ ISOLATOR ISOLATOR
TYPES (ELESTOMETE
DAMPER R/COCK PAD)

AIR TYPE
ISOLATOR
(AIR ISOLATOR)

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 ISOLATOR PROTECTION

VERTICAL
MOVEMENT

HORIZONTAL
MOVEMENT

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VIBRATION ISOLATIONS
SPRING ISOLATOR
 Putting between the surface transmitting
shock or vibration and the item to be
isolated.
 The spring opposes the impulse on it and
absorbs some energy as it deforms.
 A fluid or elastomeric element is added to
the spring element for damping.
 A simple example is the shock absorber in
a car. In this case, mechanical energy from
the shock or vibration does work on the
fluid and is converted to thermal energy in
the fluid, reducing the amount of energy
transmitted to the body of the car.
 Application: heavy loads, pumps,
compressors

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HOW TO OVERCOME BUILDING VIBRATION

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HOW TO OVERCOME BUILDING VIBRATION

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VIBRATION ISOLATIONS
ELASTOMERS / COCK PAD
 Rubber-like materials which absorb
mechanical energy by deforming.
 Examples of elastomeric isolators
are shock and vibration mounts for
automobile engines, aircraft
components, industrial machinery,
and building foundations.
 Because rubber does not have the
same characteristics in all
directions, isolation may be much
better in one axis than the others.
 Application: large high load, isolate
medium to high frequency noise &
vibration
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HOW TO OVERCOME BUILDING VIBRATION
Isolating the noise source by medium treatment

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VIBRATION ISOLATIONS
AIR ISOLATORS
 Use for large industrial equipment,
some optics instruments.

BASE ISOLATORS
• Use for building or large structural
• Can use for seismic

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HOW TO OVERCOME BUILDING VIBRATION

Air spring type

Steel spring type

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HOW TO OVERCOME BUILDING VIBRATION

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HOW TO OVERCOME BUILDING VIBRATION

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HOW TO OVERCOME BUILDING VIBRATION

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HOW TO OVERCOME BUILDING VIBRATION

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HOW TO OVERCOME BUILDING VIBRATION

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HOW TO OVERCOME BUILDING VIBRATION

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HOW TO OVERCOME BUILDING VIBRATION

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ISOLATOR

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END OF CHAPTER
THANK YOU

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