Relations and Functions

.
What is a Relation?
A relation is a set of ordered pairs.

When you group two or more points in a set, it is

referred to as a relation. When you want to show that a
set of point is a relation you list the points in braces.

For example, if I want to show that the points (-3,1) ;

(0, 2) ; (3, 3) ; & (6, 4) are a relation, it would be written
like this:
{(-3,1) ; (0, 2) ; (3, 3) ; (6, 4)}
……….
Domain and Range
◼ Each ordered pair has two parts, an x-value
and a y-value.
◼ The x-values of a given relation are called the
Domain.
◼ The y-values of the relation are called the
Range.
◼ When you list the domain and range of
relation, you place each the domain and the
range in a separate set of braces.
……….
For Example,
1. List the domain and the range of the relation
{(-3,1) ; (0, 2) ; (3, 3) ; (6, 4)}

Domain: { -3, 0, 3, 6} Range: {1, 2, 3, 4}

2. List the domain and the range of the relation

{(-3,3) ; (0, 2) ; (3, 3) ; (6, 4) ; ( 7, 7)}

Domain: {-3, 0, 3, 6, 7} Range: {3, 2, 4, 7}

Notice! Even though the number 3 is listed twice in the

relation, you only note the number once when you list the
domain or range!
……….
 Relations can be shown three different ways:
Ex 1: Display the relation {(2,1), (-1,3), (0,4), (0,1)}
as a table, mapping and graph
1) a table. x y 2) a mapping.
2 1
-1 3
2 1
0 4
y
-1 3
0 1
3) a graph. 4
0
x
Inverse Relation:
For every ordered pair (x,y) there must be a (y,x).

Write the relation and the inverse

-1 -6
3 -4
4 2
Relation = {(-1,-6), (3,-4), (3,2), (4,2)}
Inverse = {(-6,-1), (-4,3), (2,3), (2,4)}
What is a Function?
A function is a relation that assigns each
y-value only one x-value.
Mappings
If the relation is not graphed, it is easier to use what
is called a mapping.

◼ When you are creating a mapping of a relation, you

draw two ovals.
◼ In one oval, list all the domain values.
◼ In the other oval, list all the range values.
◼ Draw a line connecting the pairs of domain and range
values.
◼ If any domain value ‘maps’ to two different range
values, the relation is not a function.

It’s easier than it sounds ☺

……….
 Example of a Mapping
Create a mapping of the following relation and
state whether or not it is a function.
{(-3,1) ; (0, 2) ; (3, 3) ; (6, 4)}

-3 1
0 2
3 3
6 4

This relation is a function because each x-value maps to only one y-value.
……….
 Another Mapping
Create a mapping of the following relation and
state whether or not it is a function.
{(-1,2) ; (1, 2) ; (5, 3) ; (6, 8)}

-1
2
1
3
5
8
6

This relation is a function because each x-value maps to only one y-value.
It is still a function if two x-values go to the same y-value.
……….
 Last Mapping
Create a mapping of the following relation and
state whether or not it is a function.
{(-4,-1) ; (-4, 0) ; (5, 1) ; (3, 9)}

-1
-4
0
5
1
3
9

This relation is NOT a function because the (-4) maps to the (-1) & the (0).
It is NOT a function if one x-value go to two different y-values.
……….
Evaluating Functions
◼ HINT: It’s just like SUBSTITUTION

Ex: f (x) = x2 – 12 find f (-5)

f (-5) = (-5)2 – 12
f (-5) = 25 – 12
f(-5) = 13
Evaluating Functions
◼ HINT: It’s just like SUBSTITUTION
Ex: f(x) = x2 – 5x + 7
g(x) = -2x + 10
− 6x + 2
h( x ) =
5
Find: 3
a.f(-2) b. h(-3) c. g( 2 )
− 6(−3) + 2
F(-2) = (-2)2 – 5(- h(−3) = g(3/2) =-2(3/2) + 1
2) + 7 5
F(-2) = 4 + 10+ 7
18 + 2 20
h(−3) = =
F(-2) = 21 5 5 g(3/2) = - 3 + 10
h(−3) = 4
g(3/2) = 7
Vocabulary Review
◼ Relation: a set of order pairs.
◼ Domain: the x-values in the relation.
◼ Range: the y-values in the relation.
◼ Function: a relation where each x-value is
assigned (maps to) on one y-value. Mapping:
a diagram used to see if the relation is a
function.
……….
 Practice
Complete the following questions and check your answers on the next slide.

1. Identify the domain and range of the following relations:

a. {(-4,-1) ; (-2, 2) ; (3, 1) ; (4, 2)}

b. {(0,-6) ; (1, 2) ; (7, -4) ; (1, 4)}

2. Graph the following relations and use the vertical line test to see if the
relation is a function. Connect the pairs in the order given.
a. {(-3,-3) ; (0, 6) ; (3, -3)}

b. {(0,6) ; (3, 3) ; (0, 0)}

3. Use a mapping to see if the following relations are functions:

a. {(-4,-1) ; (-2, 2) ; (3, 1) ; (4, 2)}

b. {(0,-6) ; (1, 2) ; (7, -4) ; (1, 4)}

 ……….

How to Evaluate a Function Rule

To evaluate a function rule, substitute the
value in for x and solve for y.

Examples

Evaluate the given function rules for x = 2

y= x + 5 y= 2x -1 y= -x + 2
y=(2)+ 5 y=2(2)-1 y=-(2)+2
y= 7 y= 4 – 1 y= -2 + 2
y= 3 y= 0
Example
Find the range values of the function
for the given domain.
y = -3x + 2 ; {-1, 0, 1, 2}

y = -3x + 2 y = -3x + 2 y = -3x + 2 y = -3x + 2

y = -3(-1) + 2 y = -3(0) + 2 y = -3(1) + 2 y = -3(2) + 2
y=3+2 y=0+2 y = -3 + 2 y = -6 +2
y=5 y=2 y = -1 y = -4

The range values for the given domain are { 5, 2, -1, -4}.
……….
One more example
Find the range values of the function
for the given domain.
y = 5x - 7 ; {-3, -2, 4}

y = 5x -7 y = 5x -7 y = 5x - 7
y = 5(-3) - 7 y= 5(-2) -7 y = 5(4) - 7
y = -15 - 7 y= -10 - 7 y= 20 - 7
y= -22 y= -17 y= 13

The range values for the given domain are

{ -22, -17, 13}.
Practice
1. Find the range values of the function
for the given domain.
y = 3x + 1 ; {-4, 0, 2}

2. Find the range values of the function

for the given domain.
y = -2x + 3 ; {-5, -2, 6}
Answers
1. y = 3x + 1 y = 3x + 1 y = 3x + 1
y = 3(-4) + 1 y = 3(0) + 1 y = 3(2) + 1
y = -12 + 1 y=0+1 y=6+1
y = -11 y=1 y=7
Ans. { -11, 1, 7}
2. y = -2x + 3 y = -2x + 3 y = -2x + 3
y = -2(-5) + 3 y = -2(-2) + 3 y = -2(6) + 3
y = 10 + 3 y = 4 +3 y = -12 +3
y = 13 y=7 y = -9
Ans. { 13, 7, -9}
Types of Functions
◼ One-to-One Functions
◼ Onto Functions
◼ Inverse Functions
 One-to-One Function

◼ A function f is said to be one-to-one,

or an injunction,
◼ if and only if f(a) = f(b) implies that a =
b for all a and b in the domain of f.
◼ A function is said to be injective if it is
one-to-one.
◼ If different elements in the domain
A have distinct images.
◼ A function for which every element
of the range of the function
corresponds to exactly one
element of the domain.
 Onto Function

◼ A function f: A → B is said to
be an onto function if each
element of B is the image of
some element of A.
◼ In other words, f: A → B is
onto if the image of f is the
entire codomain, i.e., if f (A)
= B. In such a case we say
that f is a function from A
onto B or that f maps A onto
B.
 Invertible Functions

◼ A function f: A → B is
invertible if its inverse
relation f−1 is a function
from B to A. In general,
the inverse relation f−1
may not be a function.
The following theorem
gives simple criteria
which tells us when it is.
 A B A B A B
a a a
V V
b b X
W b
c W
X c Y
d X c
Y d Z
Y d
Z
Injection & a surjection,
Injection but not a surjection Surjection but not an injec
hence a bijection
MATHEMATICAL FUNCTIONS, EXPONENTIAL AND
LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS

◼ Floor and Ceiling Functions

◼ Let x be any real number. Then x lies between two
integers called the floor and the ceiling of x.
Specifically,
◼ ⌊x⌋ , called the floor of x, denotes the greatest
integer that does not exceed x.
◼ ⌈x⌉ , called the ceiling of x, denotes the least
integer that is not less than x.
◼ If x is itself an integer, then ⌊x⌋ = ⌈x ; otherwise
⌊x⌋ + 1 = ⌈x⌉ .
MATHEMATICAL FUNCTIONS, EXPONENTIAL AND
LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS

◼ For example,
◼ ⌊3.14⌋ = 3
◼ ⌊√5⌋ = 2
◼ ⌊−8.5⌋ = −9
◼ ⌊7⌋ = 7
◼ ⌊−4⌋ = −4
◼ ⌈3.14⌉ = 4
◼ ⌈√5⌉ = 3
◼ ⌈−8.5⌉ = −8
◼ ⌈7⌉ = 7
◼ ⌈−4⌉ = −4
Integer and Absolute Value
Functions
◼ Let x be any real number. The integer value
of x, written INT(x), converts x into an integer
by deleting (truncating) the fractional part of
the number.
◼ INT(3.14) = 3
◼ INT(√5) = 2
◼ INT(−8.5) = −8
◼ INT(7) = 7
◼ Observe that INT(x) = ⌊x⌋ or INT(x) = ⌈x⌉
according to whether x is positive or negative
Integer and Absolute Value
Functions
◼ The absolute value of the real number x, written
ABS(x) or |x|, is defined as the greater of x or −x.
◼ Hence ABS(0) = 0, and, for x = 0, ABS(x) = x or
ABS(x) = −x, depending on whether x is positive or
negative.
◼ Thus
◼ | − 15| = 15
◼ |7| = 7
◼ | − 3.33| = 3.33
◼ |4.44| = 4.44
◼ | − 0.075| = 0.075
◼ We note that |x| = | − x| and, for x≠0, |x| is positive.
Composition of
Functions
 What is ‘Composition of Functions’ ?
◼ Composition of Functions is the process
of combining two functions where one
function is performed first and the result of
which is substituted in place of each x in the
other function.

◼ Given the two functions, f and g, the

composition of f with g, denoted by f o g
(read as “f circle g”), is defined by the
equation:
(f o g) (x) = f [g(x)]
wherein f is considered to be the
dependent function and g is considered to
be the independent function.
 More about Composition of
Functions…
◼ Composition of functions is not
commutative.
f[g(x)] is generally not equal to g[f(x)]

◼ For example, consider f(x) = 2x and g(x) = x

- 3.
f[g(x)] = 2(x - 3) = 2x - 6
g[f(x)] = (2x) - 3 = 2x - 3
f[g(x)] is not equal to g[f(x)].
 How do we get the Composition
of Functions?
Example: Find the composition of f with g,
when f(x) = 5x-3 and g(x) = 3-2x.
SOLUTION:
1. Establish the equation based on the given
functions and based on the definition.
-given functions: f(x) = 5x-3 and g(x) =
3-2x
-the definition: (f o g) (x) = f [g(x)]
2. Determine the dependent and independent
functions.
*dependent function: f
*independent function: g
3. Substitute the right of the equation by the given
expression of the dependent function.
(f o g) (x) = 5x-3

4. Substitute all x’s of the dependent function by

the expression of the independent function.
(f o g) (x) = 5(3-2x)-3

5. Simplify the resulting expresion.

(f o g) (x) = 5(3-2x)-3
= 15-10x-3
= -10x+12

Therefore, the composition of f with g is

-10x+12 .
Now, what if we are
ask to do the reverse
of the given
example?
Don’t worry ‘coz
here’s how to do
it…
1. Again, we are going to establish the first
equation based on the given functions and
based on the definition. So, we have
-given function: f(x) = 5x-3 and g(x) = 3-
2x
-the definition: (g o f) (x) = g [f(x)]

2. This time:
*dependent function: g
*independent function: f

3. Substitute the right of the equation by the

given expression of the dependent
function.
4. Substitute all x’s of the dependent function
by the expression of the independent
function.
(g o f) (x) = 3-2(5x-3)

5. Simplify the resulting expresion.

(g o f) (x) = 3-2(5x-3)
= 3-10x+6
= -10x+9

Therefore, the composition of g with f

is
-10x+9 .
From the given example wherein we took
the composition of f with g (f o g) and the
composition of g with f (g o f), we can say
that changing the order of functions does
not mean that we are going to arrive at the
same answer. Thus, changing the order
of the functions can result to equal or
unequal values of composition.

But, there are instances wherein even if we

interchange the order of the functions, their
compositions are the same.
 Consider this example:

Given the functions, f(x)=5x-7 and g(x)= x+7 ,

Find f o g and g o f. 5

(f o g)(x)= f[g(x)] (g o f)(x)= g[f(x)]

= 5x-7 = x+7
= 5(x+7)-7 5
5 = 5x-7+7
= 5x+35-7 5
5 = 5x
= x+7-7 5
=x =x
The pair of functions which arrives at the
same value of composition after
interchanging the order is called

Inverse Functions.
The composition of inverse functions is
always equal to x.
Now let’s see
if you can do
it…
Evaluate the composite function f[g(x)]
for f(x) = 3x2 + 6 and g(x) = x - 8.

Choices:
A. x - 8
B. 3x2 - 48x + 198
C. 3x2 - 2
D. 3x2 + 6

Correct Answer: B
Solution:
Step 1: f[g(x)] = f[x - 8]

Step 2: = 3(x - 8)2 + 6

Step 3: = 3(x2 - 16x + 64) + 6

Step 4: = 3x2 - 48x + 198

We hope you got it ;)))

Another examples:
Let g(x) = 4x2 – 5x and h(x) = x+1
find:
a. (g o h)(x)
b. (h o g)(x)

Answers:
a. 4x2 + 3x – 1
b. 4x2 - 5x +1
Inverse Functions
 Definitions of Inverse
Functions:
◼ A function and its inverse function can be
described as the "DO" and the "UNDO"
functions. A function takes a starting value,
performs some operation on this value, and
creates an output answer. The inverse function
takes the output answer, performs some operation
on it, and arrives back at the original function's
starting value.
◼ This "DO" and "UNDO" process can be stated as
a composition of functions. If functions f and g are
inverse functions, then f(g(x))=g(f(x))=x.
◼ Two functions are inverse if, and only if, every
domain of one function can be found on the range
of the other and vice-versa, and their
composition is always equal to x.
So how do we find the Inverse
of a Function?
Basically speaking, the process of finding an inverse is simply the
swapping of the x and y coordinates. This newly formed inverse
will be a relation, but may not necessarily be a function.

◼ Consider this subtle difference in terminology:

Definition: INVERSE OF A FUNCTION: The relation

formed when the independent variable is exchanged with the
dependent variable in a given relation. (This inverse may
NOT be a function.)

Definition: INVERSE FUNCTION: If the above mentioned

inverse of a function is itself a function, it is then called an
inverse function.
Remember:

The inverse of a function may

not always be a function!

The original function must be a one-to-

one function to guarantee that its inverse will
also be a function.
Consider the following examples:
 In finding the Inverse of a Function
given an equation, the following
steps can be followed:
1. Replace f(x) by y.
2. Substitute x with y and y with x.
3. Express y as a function of x and simplify.
4. Denote the inverse as g(x). Check the
inverse by applying composition of function.
That is:

f(g(x)) = g(f(x)) = x
◼ Find the inverse of the function described by
the equation f(x) = 2/3x – 4

SOLUTION:
1. Replace f(x) by y.
y = 2/3x -4
2. Substitute x with y and y with x.
x = 2/3y -4
3. Express y as a function of x and simplify.
2y = x +4 That is the
3 inverse of the
3 ( 2y = x+4) given
2 3 equation.
y = 3x+6
2
4. Denote the inverse as g(x). Check the inverse
by applying composition of function.

◼ f(g(x)) = 3 x – 4 ◼ g(f(x)) = 3x + 6
2 2
= 2 (3x + 6) – = 3 (2x – 4) +
4 6
3 2 2 3
=x+4–4 =x–6+6
=x =x
Since f(g(x)) = g(f(x)) = x , we can say the given
equation and the computed inverse are really inverse
functions.
Try these!
◼ Find the inverse of the function f(x) = x – 4.

◼ Find the inverse of the function

(given that x is not equal to 0).
◼ Find the inverse of the function f(x) = -5x +
4

Answer: y = -x +4
5

◼ Find the inverse of the function g(x) = x +5

Answer: x – 5

◼ Find the inverse of the function h(x) = 5x +

10

Answer: x – 2
Thank You for
Listening! ☺
(by: Group 1)
Charliez Jane Soriano
Denny Rae Sual
Roland Cabarles
Joshua Cericos
Maria Monica Carbon
Jessa Mae Margallo
Aniemhar Cuadrasal
Hanah Nasifah Ali
functions

Submitted
Submitted to:
by:
Prof. Shubha Agarwal
Ankit
Bhandari
II year, IV
What are Functions?
a function is a relation between a set of inputs and
a set of permissible outputs with the property that
each input is related to exactly one output. Set of
input is known as domain, while the set of
permissible outputs is called the codomain and
the set of all output values of a function.
x Y=F( y
x)
2 3 DOMAIN={2,8,7,5
6 }
8 RANGE={2,6,12}
7 9 C O-
1 DOMAIN={3,6,9,12,1
5 2
1 5}
5
 x Y=f(x y
)
2 3
6 The function
5
4 3 here y=f(x) is
8 45 not a function
9 because domain
of this function
has a member
that has two
Function notation is done image of it in the
as f:x->y co domain i.e. 8
has two images,
Or y=F(x)
34 and 5
 Graphical representation of set
Let F(x)=x+8 be a function, from x->y, then its
graph

F(x)=
x+8
The graph of y=sin-1 (x) is not a
function as the graph of it is
intersected by line drawn parallel to
y axis more than 1 time
Types Of function Mapping
1) one-one or injective or monomorphism
2) Onto or Surjective
3) one-one and onto or bijection
4) Many one
One x y
One/injective f
function 2 3
Different 6
5
elements of 4 3
x have 8 45
different 9
images in y
Onto Many one
function/surjecti
x f y function
x f y
ve
2 3 2 3
5 6 5 6
4 3 4 3
8 45 8 45
9 9 9

If every element of y If two or more

is the f image of elements of x have
some element of x is same image in y
called as onto
function
one-one and
onto/bijective
x f y

2 3
5 6
4 3
8 45

If the mapping is
both one one and
onto than it is called
as bijective
 Inverse function
An inverse function for f, denoted by f−1, is a
function in the opposite direction, from Y to X
And F:y->x

For eg: f(c)=9/5c+32

f-1 (F)=5/9(F-32)
As a simple example, if f converts a
temperature in degrees Celsius C to
degrees Fahrenheit F, the function
converting degrees Fahrenheit to degrees
Celsius would be a suitable f−1.
Such an inverse function exists if and only if
Identity function
Function of the type f(x)=c where c is a constant

They have a
line parallel to x
axis
Polynomial function
Functions of the type
F(x)=a0+ a1x+ a2x2…………+ anxn-1
Trignometric functions
Functions like f(x)=sin(x) or f(x)=cos(x)
Exponential function
Functions of the type f(x)=ex

The
graph of
these
type of
function
either
remain
constan
t or
increas
e, they
Logarithmic functions
These functions are inverse of exponential
functions and are of form f(x)=loge(x)
Composite functions
function composition is the application of one
function to the results of another. For instance, the
functions f: X → Y and g: Y → Z can be composed
by computing the output of g when it has an
argument of f(x) instead of x. Intuitively, if z is a
function g of y and y is a function f of x, then z is a
function of x.

Thus one obtains a composite function g ∘ f: X → Z

defined by (g ∘ f )(x) = g(f(x)) for all x in X. The
notation g ∘ f is read as "g circle f ", or "g round f ",
or "g composed with f ", "g after f ", "g following f ",
or just "g of f ".
G(f(x))
For x=1,
G(f(1))=5
For x=2,
G(f(2))=6