PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2:

RESEARCH TITLE

Submitted by: GROUP ONE

Lougee Garcia
Eidres Kaguilak
Mary June Padronado
Frency Guerrero
Afnan Embang
Salmiya Abdullah
Jezel Mae Acido
Emraida Kudarat

Submitted to:

Jomar Nguda
Subject Teacher
TOPIC : Increase in Electricity Rate in the Municipality of Palimbang

TRENDS:
 Fuel Volatility: The price of fuels for generators shift dramatically which triggers at one point
surging electricity prices in some developing countries especially in areas with limited access to
alternative energy sources.
 Renewable Energy Adoption: The use of renewable energy technology, such as solar and wind
power, is among the government's tools to decrease the cost via financial resources and political
enthusiasm and it is recognized as one of the most effective low carbon abatement options.
 Increased Electricity Consumption: Global electricity consumption continues to rise, driven by
economic growth and rising energy demand in developed and developing countries
 Sustainable Energy Demand
 Inflation and Economic Factors: Since inflation and general economic conditions can also
influence electricity prices.
 Increased costs: Mainly due to fuel and maintenance costs, electricity for generator is more
expensive than grid electricity. This cost differential can be important for consumers and
businesses, especially in areas that do not have access to affordable renewable energy.
 Energy Storage Availability

REVIEW OF THE RELATED LITERATURE:

Ravago (2023) conducted a perceptive look at the structure of the electricity cost in the Philippines and
other Asian countries and remarkably, the study points out an overvaluation of electricity in the country in
relation to regional standards.

Abrigo and Ortiz (2024) their investigation of population ageing's effect on household electricity demand
in the Philippines employed index decomposition analysis and an economic-demographic model,
illustrated complex relationships in demographic transitions and energy consumption patterns, indicating
that population ageing contributes to both electricity demand and rates.

Agaton and Karl (2018) identified investments in renewable energy based on confidence intervals and the
opportunities of obtaining a positive net present value in the Philippine economy. The prime observation
here was investments should also recognize fuel price volatility and dynamic optimization, delaying on
the investment recognized long-run losses.

Bertheau and Cader (2019) analyzed the feasibility of centralized and decentralized electricity supply
strategies in the Philippines. They compared the concept of interconnection by submarine cable vs.
renewable energy-based hybrid systems for a total of 132 islands. Their results indicate that although
interconnection by submarine cable entails a much larger investment ( >3 billion USD —vs—>700
million USD) than hybrid systems, it is the most economically feasible option for 35 islands, leading to
possible reductions in power generation costs of up to 0.21 USD/kWh.

Lavina (2022) explores the interconnectedness of the Department of Energy (DOE) and the Energy
Regulatory Commission in the power sector in the Philippines, particularly in light of the Electric Power
Industry Reform Act (EPIRA) of 2001, the manifest issues are not simply passing items, but also an
indication of regulatory authority.

RESEARCH GAP:
- Although broad studies on high electricity rates exist, there is a lack of research looking closely at
municipalities such as Palimbang, Sultan Kudarat - who depend primarily on generator-based electricity
supply like SUKELCO. Existing studies are often framed in terms of national policy or region-wide
trends, lacking insights into the struggles of an individual community like Palimbang who faces
electricity rates due to fuel volatility, limited infrastructures, and lack of alternative energy sources.

RESEARCH TITLE: Toward Sustainable Solution: Imploring Mitigation Strategies for Electricity Rate
Increases in Palimbang, Sultan Kudarat.

RESEARCH AIM:
- Determine the precise explanations for the increases in electricity rates in Palimbang, Sultan Kudarat.
Engagement with the details of the local context, to include the fuel mix, infrastructure, regulatory
context, demand diversity, and market structure.
- Assess the consequences of the electricity rate increases on affected parties. This will include
assessments of the consequences for residential consumers, businesses, and the local economy. - Develop
and propose sustainable solutions to mitigate against the electricity rate increases in Palimbang. A range
of solutions will be available, focusing on energy efficiency strategies, energy transitions, and reforms to
policies required to enhance the situation.
- This research aims to provide evidence-based recommendations for the most effective and sustainable
solutions to address rising electricity rates in Palimbang, Sultan Kudarat, ultimately contributing to a
more affordable and sustainable energy future for the community.
TOPIC: Micro-entrepreneurship in Palimbang

TRENDS:
 Microfinance and demographics: Demographic factors such as age, education and employment
influence how individuals perceive microfinance-related opportunities and challenges.
Developing microfinance policies and strategies to address these demographic effects can
enhance the success of small businesses in urban areas.
 Entrepreneurial Competency Gap: Entrepreneurial skill shortages are clearly illustrated by the
fact that MBEs are involved in economic development and yet the pursuit of their potential is
paralyzed by a lack of certain essential skills. Among these, there are such spheres as business
planning, financial management, marketing, and customer service.
 Limited Government Support: This trend underlines the absence of good financial support from
the government for the local Trade Union which is the main reason for its overgrowth and
development.
 Post-pandemic development
 Resilience and Beyond Financial Gain: Success for microentrepreneurs, particularly women
running small stores, goes beyond financial gain and encompasses increased productivity,
resourcefulness, resilience, and a strong work ethic.
 Benefit of micro-enterprises to the development of a certain area
 Rise of e-commerce platforms

REVIEW OF THE RELATED LITERATURE

Quinco and Leonoras (2019) applied a multiple descriptive research design in the Philippines and found
that small businesses (MBEs) have a moderate effect on economic growth, with the adopted technology
being energy and manufacturing is a weakness. Although entrepreneurs have been involved in community
development, the study highlighted that lack of entrepreneurial capacity is a major challenge to the
development of MBEs.

Hasan (2016) found that local authorities in Bangladesh do not support micro and small enterprises
(MSEs) well. The examine diagnosed demanding situations which include confined get admission to
credit, loss of support from active employees, and challenges in obtaining non-financial support.

Gano-An and Gempes (2020) studied five young Filipino women visiting "sari-sari" stores and found that
success goes beyond income and includes improved productivity and infrastructure. Despite dealing with
professional obstacles and challenging personal circumstances, these women have maintained resilience,
drive and a strong work ethic.
Mendoza, Chavez, and Vargas (2022) developed a MicroTrepreneur Model to understand the profitability
of micro-enterprises in the Philippines. They identified key factors including human capital (access to
capital, experience, skills) and business strategies (low-cost, differentiation, focus). Their research, using
a triangulation method, found these factors significantly impact profitability.

Batayola and Martir (2023) examined the trends, opportunities and challenges of microfinance enterprises
in Iloilo, Philippines. Microfinance practices were found to be highly regarded, but demographics (age,
education, role) influence perceptions of opportunities and challenges. Statistical analysis revealed strong
positive correlations among these dimensions.

RESEARCH GAP
Although research on microenterprises in the Philippines has explored its economic potential, rural cities
such as Palimbang have limited understanding of how microenterprises can contribute to sustainable
development, especially in the environment on protection of contact, social inclusion and community
resilience. This study will examine the role of small businesses in providing sustainable development in
Palimbang, considering the specific challenges and opportunities posed by its local context.

TITLE: Sustainable Development through Micro-Entrepreneurship: A Case Study of Palimbang

RESEARCH AIM:
- The primary aim of this study is to explore and show how small local entrepreneurship contribute to the
development of our municipality, regardless of their type of business. - Assess how micro-enterprises
contribute to environmental protection, social inclusion, and community resilience with in Palimbang.
- Identify factors that strengthen or constrain micro-entrepreneurship contribution, including access to
resources, government support and market opportunities.
- Provide recommendations on how to increase support for local small businesses in Palimbang to have a
great future and contribute to a thriving local economy.
TOPIC: Taxation within the Municipality of Palimbang

TRENDS:
 Taxation for Disaster Risk Reduction: Formulation of tax mechanisms which promote or assist in
the planning, avoidance, and recovery process from the losses incurred following a disaster event.
 Demand for Transparency and Accountability in Tax (Revenue) Expenditure: Rising demand for
clear accountability in the manner in which tax revenue is spent at the locality.
 Decentralization and Local Governance: There is a current discussion on the how the process of
decentralization can be effectively brought into place, the challenges that accompany it and how
the local governance system can be improved.
 Increased Focus on Real Property Taxes (RPT) as a Revenue Source
 Increased Revenue Collection: Increased Local Revenue through effective measures in tax
collection systems as well as improved taxpayer compliance
 Attention to Sustainable Development: Introducing taxes on activities that will facilitate the
protection of the environment and local development endeavors.

REVIEW OF THE RELATED LITERATURE

Troland (2016) found that federal transfers in developing countries such as the Philippines explains the
crowd in effect of $0.35 – $0.39 local revenues for each additional federal dollar spent. This surprising
result comes from the fact that local authorities are able to collect taxes better than before. The work
highlights the importance of national transfers in increasing local resource mobilization and development
within low-income countries.

Vibora (2018) established in the study that local taxes in Muntinlupa City, Philippines have great effect on
education, health, economic activities and other parts impacting and enhancing the people’s lives. Good
governance and transparency in the city has lured people in business, hence the high turn of taxation.

Tan (2020) proved that in case of the Philippines for instance, strong businesses are subjected to weak
local governments with intentions of increasing taxation. Business finally connects locally and nationally
and is logistically complex, and all these activities utilize infrastructure improvement and support taxation
through their tribe business. Furthermore, these business groups do not simply observe tax payment but
also supervise civil servants tax expenditure including infrastructure, which means business supposal
taxation in the market with weak governmental control.

Shair-Rosenfield (2016) contends that despite the 1991 Local Government Code's (LGC) aim to empower
local governments, clan politics, corruption, and elite incompetence have hindered service delivery and
growth. The LGC's decentralized structure persists due to opposing pressures from local elites and a
central government hesitant to cede power or resources. Recent efforts have focused on improving service
delivery through accountability mechanisms, rather than addressing the fundamental structure of
decentralization.

Dizon (2021) examined the impact of the Philippine Tax Reform for Acceleration and Inclusion (TRAIN)
Law on household income and occupational choice. Using a Computable General Equilibrium (CGE)
model, the study found that the TRAIN Law is likely to increase household income but could also lead to
a shift from entrepreneurial farming to salaried work.

RESEARCH GAP:
The Philippines has a strong framework of national and local taxation system; however, there is
insufficient specific research on the performance of tax systems in poor communities such as Palimbang,
Sultan Kudarat. Current research is mostly of a macropolicy or regional foci and does not delve into the
actual use and effect of taxation on residents in a certain municipality.

RESEARCH TITLE:
The Impact of Taxation on Local Development: A Study of Palimbang, Sultan Kudarat

RESEARCH AIM:
- Analyze the current taxation system in Palimbang, Sultan Kudarat, focusing on the types of taxes levied,
the collection process, and the allocation of tax revenues.
- Assess the impact of taxation on local development initiatives in Palimbang, examining the
effectiveness of tax revenues in funding infrastructure, education, healthcare, and other essential services.
- Identify challenges and opportunities for improving tax administration in Palimbang, including factors
influencing tax compliance, potential solutions for addressing revenue shortfalls, and strategies for
optimizing the allocation of tax revenues for local development.