The companion of the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) who narrated the most hadiths is Abu Hurayrah

(R.A.). He narrated a total of 5,374 hadiths12. Abu Hurayrah was known for his dedica on to learning
and memorizing the sayings of the Prophet, and he spent a significant amount of me in the
company of the Prophet to achieve this.

Namaz-e-Kusoof, also known as Salat al-Kusoof, is a special prayer performed during a solar eclipse.
This prayer is unique because it is not preceded by the usual call to prayer (Adhan) or the second call
(Iqamah).

Yes, Jumu’ah (Friday) prayer is considered obligatory (Fard) for Muslim men who meet certain
condi ons.

The prayer for rain in Islam is called Salat al-Is sqa. Here prayer is done with inverted hands.

The prayer performed during a journey is called Salatul Qasr or Salatul Musafir, commonly referred
to as the Traveler’s Prayer12.

The minimum required distance for performing Salatul Qasr (the Traveler’s Prayer) varies slightly
among different Islamic scholars:

 Hanafi School: The minimum distance is approximately 48 miles (77-80 kilometers)12.

The Namaz-e-Janaza (funeral prayer) consists of four Takbirat (saying “Allahu Akbar”). Here is a step-
by-step guide:

1. First Takbir: A er the first Takbir, recite Sana (Subhanaka Allahumma…).

 2. Second Takbir: A er the second Takbir, recite Durood Sharif (Saluta ons upon the Prophet
Muhammad, peace be upon him).

3. Third Takbir: A er the third Takbir, recite the Dua for the deceased (asking Allah for
forgiveness and mercy for the deceased).

4. Fourth Takbir: A er the fourth Takbir, make a short supplica on and then conclude the
prayer with Salam (turning your head to the right and then to the le , saying “Assalamu
Alaikum wa Rahmatullah”).

The first mosque built by the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) is the Quba Mosque. It was
constructed shortly a er his migra on from Makkah to Madinah12. The Prophet himself laid the
founda on stone, and it was completed with the help of his companions12.

The Quba Mosque holds significant historical and spiritual importance in Islam. It is men oned in the
Quran and is considered a place of great virtue12.

The Prophet Muhammad (‫ )ﷺ‬stayed in Masjid Quba for 14 days1. During this me, he prayed and
waited for Ali (‫ )ر ﷲ ﻋﻨﻪ‬to join him in Medina1.

‫۔‬12 ‫ادا اور اس تا د فرما‬ ‫اقاﻋد‬ ‫ ع ﯾﮧ ا ک مضبﻮط س ت ﺟﻮ ن ک م ﷺ‬، ‫نماز تراو ــح س ت مؤکده‬
‫۔‬2 ‫اور اس ا ﺑﮩت ز اده ثﻮاب‬ ‫تراو ــح نماز رمضان الم ارک راتﻮں م ادا ﺟا‬

The importance of Salah (prayer) in rela on to Hell is men oned in Surah Al-Muddathir (Chapter
74). Specifically, verses 42-43 highlight the consequences of neglec ng prayer:

“What has caused you to enter Hell?” They will say, “We were not of those who prayed.” (Quran
74:42-43)

The first Jumu’ah prayer led by Prophet Muhammad (‫ )ﷺ‬took place on Friday, 16th Rabi’ al-Awwal,
1 AH (corresponding to March 24, 622 CE) in the area of Banu Salim ibn Auf, near Medina1.

Would you like to know more about the significance of this event or any other historical details?

The first Eid prayer led by Prophet Muhammad (‫ )ﷺ‬was for Eid al-Fitr and took place in the year 2
AH (623 CE)1. This was a er the fas ng month of Ramadan was completed.
There are several acts of worship in Islam that are said to carry the reward equivalent to Hajj and
Umrah. One notable example is the Ishraq prayer. The Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) said, "Whoever
prays Fajr in congrega on, then sits remembering Allah un l the sun rises, then prays two rak’ahs,
will have a reward like that of Hajj and Umrah"12.

Addi onally, performing wudu (ablu on) at home and then going to the masjid for a prescribed
prayer also carries a similar reward12.

1. Shahada (Faith): This declara on of faith has been a fundamental belief since the beginning
of Islam, around 610 AD, which corresponds to 610 CE in the Gregorian calendar.

2. Salah (Prayer): The five daily prayers were made obligatory during the event of Al-Isra and
Al-Mi’raj, which occurred around 621 AD (approximately 10 BH in the Islamic calendar).

3. Zakat (Almsgiving): The obliga on to give a por on of one’s wealth to the needy was
established in the second year a er the Hijrah, which is around 624 AD (approximately 2 AH
in the Islamic calendar).

4. Sawm (Fas ng during Ramadan): Fas ng during the month of Ramadan was made
obligatory in the second year a er the Hijrah, also around 624 AD (approximately 2 AH in the
Islamic calendar).

5. Hajj (Pilgrimage to Mecca): The pilgrimage to Mecca was made obligatory in the ninth year
a er the Hijrah, which is around 631 AD (approximately 9 AH in the Islamic calendar).

In addi on to the five obligatory prayers, there are several voluntary (Nafl) and Sunnah prayers that
can be performed between the obligatory prayers. Here are some of them:

1. Duha (Forenoon) Prayer: This prayer is performed a er the sun has fully risen and before the
Dhuhr (noon) prayer. It can be prayed in sets of two rak’ahs, with a minimum of two rak’ahs
and up to twelve rak’ahs.

2. Tahajjud (Night) Prayer: This prayer is performed a er Isha and before Fajr, preferably in the
last third of the night. It is highly recommended and can be prayed in sets of two rak’ahs.

3. Awwabin (Between Maghrib and Isha) Prayer: This prayer is performed between Maghrib
and Isha. It is recommended to pray six rak’ahs in sets of two.

4. Sunnah Mu’akkadah (Emphasized Sunnah) Prayers: These are the regular Sunnah prayers
that the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) consistently performed. They include:
 o Two rak’ahs before Fajr

o Four rak’ahs before Dhuhr and two rak’ahs a er

o Two rak’ahs a er Maghrib

o Two rak’ahs a er Isha

5. Sunnah Ghair Mu’akkadah (Non-Emphasized Sunnah) Prayers: These are addi onal Sunnah
prayers that the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) performed occasionally. They include:

o Four rak’ahs before Asr

o Two rak’ahs before Maghrib

o Two rak’ahs before Isha

6. The Dua e Qunoot is recited in the Witr prayer, which is part of the Isha (night)
prayer. It is typically recited in the last rak’ah (unit of prayer) of the Witr prayer, after
the recitation of Surah Al-Fatiha and another Surah, and before going into ruku
(bowing) 12.

The Takbir in the Adhan (Islamic call to prayer) is the phrase “Allahu Akbar” ( ‫)ﷲ أ‬, which means
“Allah is the Greatest.” It is repeated mul ple mes in the Adhan. Here is the structure of the Adhan
with the Takbirat included:

1. Allahu Akbar, Allahu Akbar ( ‫ﷲأ‬، ‫ )ﷲ أ‬- repeated twice.

2. Allahu Akbar, Allahu Akbar ( ‫ﷲأ‬، ‫ )ﷲ أ‬- repeated twice again.

So, the Takbir “Allahu Akbar” is recited a total of six mes at the beginning of the Adhan12.

The Dua e Qunoot is recited in the Witr prayer, which is part of the Isha (night) prayer. It is typically
recited in the last rak’ah (unit of prayer) of the Witr prayer, a er the recita on of Surah Al-Fa ha and
another Surah, and before going into ruku (bowing) 12.

Would you like to know more about the Witr prayer or the specific wording of Dua e Qunoot?
 َ
1. Takbir ( ‫)ت ِب‬: The phrase “Allahu Akbar” ( ‫)ﷲ أ‬, meaning “Allah is the Greatest,” recited at
the beginning of Salah and during movements between postures.

2. Qiyam (‫ ِ)ق َ ام‬: The standing posi on during Salah where the recita on of Surah Al-Fa ha and
another Surah takes place.

3. Ruku (‫ ُ)ر ع‬: The bowing posi on where the back is bent at a right angle, and “Subhana
َ
Rabbiyal Adheem” (‫ ) ُس ْ َحان َر ﱢ َ ال َع ِظ م‬is recited, meaning “Glory is to my Lord, the Most
Great.”
َ
4. Qaumah (‫)ق ْﻮ َﻣﺔ‬: Standing straight a er coming up from Ruku, where “Sami’ Allahu liman
َ
hamidah” (‫ ) َس ِم َﻊ ا ُ ِل َم ْﻦ َح ِمد ُه‬is recited, meaning “Allah hears those who praise Him.” It is
wajib. necessary
ُ ُ :
5. Sujood (‫)سجﻮد‬ The prostra on posi on where the forehead, nose, palms, knees, and toes
َْ َ
touch the ground, and “Subhana Rabbiyal A’la” ( ‫ ) ُس ْ َحان َر ﱢ َ اﻷ ْﻋ‬is recited, meaning “Glory is
to my Lord, the Most High.”
َ
6. Jalsa (‫)جل َسﺔ‬: The si ng posi on between the two prostra ons (Sujood).
‫َ َ ﱡ‬
7. Tashahhud (‫) شهد‬: The si ng posi on where the tes mony of faith is recited, including “At-
ُ ‫ﱠ‬
tahiyyatu lillahi…” ( ِ ِ ‫)…الت ِح ﱠ ات‬.
َ
8. Tasleem (‫) ْس ِل م‬: The concluding part of Salah where “As-salamu 'alaykum wa rahmatullah”
ُ َ ْ ََ ْ ْ َ ُ َ ‫ﱠ‬
( ِ ‫ )الس م ﻋل م ورحمة ا‬is recited, turning the head to the right and then to the le , meaning
“Peace and mercy of Allah be upon you.”

In namaz janaza, no ayat of quran is recited.

The rules of Wudu (ablu on) are men oned in the Quran in Surah Al-Ma’idah (Chapter 5), Verse 6.
This verse outlines the steps for performing Wudu and emphasizes the importance of purifica on
before prayer:

The prac ce of having two adhans (calls to prayer) for Jumu’ah (Friday) prayers was introduced by
Uthman bin Affan (RA), the third Caliph of Islam. This was done to accommodate the growing
number of Muslims a ending the Friday prayers12. Ini ally, there was only one adhan, which was
called a er the Imam had taken his seat on the pulpit. However, due to the increasing congrega on,
Uthman bin Affan (RA) established a second adhan to ensure that everyone was aware that the me
for Jumu’ah prayer was approaching13.

The number of addi onal takbeers (Allahu Akbar) in Eid Salah varies depending on the Islamic school
of thought:

 Hanafi Madhab: 3 addi onal takbeers in the first rak’ah and 3 in the second rak’ah1.

 Total 6

A er performing ablu on (wudu), it is recommended to recite the Shahada (Kalima Shahadat):

“Ashhadu alla ilaha illallah wahdahu la sharika lahu, wa ashhadu anna Muhammadan abduhu wa
rasuluhu”

This translates to: "I bear witness that there is no deity but Allah, alone without any partner, and I
bear witness that Muhammad is His servant and Messenger."1

The classifica on of Eid Salah (Eid prayer) varies among different Islamic schools of thought:

 Hanafi Madhab: Eid Salah is considered Wajib (obligatory) 12.

Sure! Here is the breakdown of the Fard (obligatory), Sunnah (recommended), and Wajib (necessary)
rakats for the five daily prayers:

1. Fajr (Dawn Prayer):

o Fard: 2 rakats

o Sunnah Mu’akkadah: 2 rakats before the Fard

2. Zuhr (Noon Prayer):

o Fard: 4 rakats

o Sunnah Mu’akkadah: 4 rakats before the Fard and 2 rakats a er the Fard

3. Asr (A ernoon Prayer):

o Fard: 4 rakats

o Sunnah Ghair Mu’akkadah: 4 rakats before the Fard (op onal but recommended)

4. Maghrib (Sunset Prayer):

o Fard: 3 rakats
 o Sunnah Mu’akkadah: 2 rakats a er the Fard

5. Isha (Night Prayer):

o Fard: 4 rakats

o Sunnah Mu’akkadah: 2 rakats a er the Fard

o Witr Wajib: 3 rakats a er the Sunnah Mu’akkadah

Zakat was made obligatory in the 2nd year a er the Hijrah (migra on) to Madinah12. 2AD. This
was around 624 CE. Ini ally, in Makkah, the concept of Zakat was more about voluntary charity, but it
became a formal and obligatory act of worship with specific guidelines and rates a er the Prophet
Muhammad (peace be upon him) migrated to Madinah2.

If you have any more ques ons about Islamic history or prac ces, feel free to ask!
1
: Amaliah 2: NZF

There are eight categories (masarif) of people who are eligible to receive Zakat, as men oned in the
Quran (Surah At-Tawbah, 9:60):

1. The Poor (Al-Fuqara): Those who have li le to no means of income.

2. The Needy (Al-Masakin): Those who have some income but not enough to meet their basic
needs.

3. Zakat Administrators (Al-Amilina Alayha): Those who are appointed to collect and distribute
Zakat.

4. Those Whose Hearts Are to Be Reconciled (Al-Mu’allafatu Qulubuhum): New Muslims or

those whose hearts need to be so ened towards Islam.

5. Those in Bondage (Ar-Riqab): Slaves and cap ves who need to be freed.

6. The Debt-Ridden (Al-Gharimin): Those who are in debt and unable to pay it off.

7. In the Cause of Allah (Fi Sabilillah): Those who are striving in the path of Allah, including
students of Islamic knowledge and those engaged in jihad.

8. The Wayfarer (Ibn As-Sabil): Travelers who are stranded and in need of financial assistance12.

9. The Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) sent Mu’adh ibn Jabal to Yemen to
collect Zakat and to teach the people about Islam12. Mu’adh was known for his deep
 knowledge of Islamic jurisprudence and his ability to convey the teachings of Islam
effectively.
10. If you have any more questions about Islamic history or practices, feel free to ask!
11. 1: About Islam 2: Islam Religion

Zakat cannot be given to hospitals and masjids…

The first caliph to collect zakat by force was Abu Bakr (RA), the first Caliph of Islam. After
the death of Prophet Muhammad (PBUH), some tribes refused to pay zakat, leading to the
Ridda Wars (Wars of Apostasy). Abu Bakr (RA) insisted on the importance of zakat as a
pillar of Islam and took military action to ensure its collection 1.

The nisab (minimum threshold) for zakat on camels is five camels. Here are the details:

 5 camels: 1 sheep or goat

 10 camels: 2 sheep or goats
 15 camels: 3 sheep or goats
 20 camels: 4 sheep or goats
 25 camels: 1 bint makhad (a one-year-old she-camel in its second year)
 36 camels: 1 bint labun (a two-year-old she-camel in its third year)
 46 camels: 1 hiqqah (a three-year-old she-camel in its fourth year)
 61 camels: 1 jaz’ah (a four-year-old she-camel in its fifth year)
 76 camels: 2 bint labun
 91 camels: 2 hiqqah

For every additional 40 camels, one bint labun is added 12.

The nisab for zakat on goats is as follows:

 40 to 120 goats: 1 goat

 121 to 200 goats: 2 goats
 201 to 399 goats: 3 goats
 400 goats: 4 goats

For every additional 100 goats, one more goat is added12.

The nisab for zakat on cows is as follows:

 30 cows: 1 tabi’ (a one-year-old male calf)

 40 cows: 1 musinnah (a two-year-old female calf)

For every additional 30 cows, one tabi’ is added, and for every additional 40 cows, one
musinnah is added1.

Ushar (also spelled 'Ushr) is an Islamic term referring to a type of zakat (charitable tax)
specifically on agricultural produce. It is derived from the Arabic word “‫ﻋ ْﺸﺮ‬
ُ ” which means
“one-tenth.” Ushar is typically calculated as:

 10% of the produce if the land is naturally irrigated (by rain or rivers).
 5% if the land is artificially irrigated (using wells, canals, etc.).

This form of zakat is intended to support the needy and is an important aspect of Islamic
economic and social justice12.
It seems like there might be a misunderstanding. The term you’re looking for is likely
“khums” rather than “hums.”

Khums is an Islamic tax that means “one-fifth” or 20%. It is a religious obligation for
Muslims to pay 20% of their surplus income, which includes savings, profits, and other forms
of wealth, after deducting expenses. The collected khums is divided into two equal parts: one
part goes to the descendants of the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) (known as Sayyids), and the
other part is used for Islamic causes, such as supporting religious scholars and community
welfare12.

Ushar was first imposed by Caliph Umar ibn al-Khattab (RA), the second Caliph of
Islam1. He expanded the scope of ushr to include not only agricultural produce but also a
border trade tax1.

Sawm (‫ )صوم‬is the Arabic term for fasting, which is one of the Five Pillars of Islam. It
involves abstaining from food, drink, smoking, and sexual activity from dawn (fajr) until
sunset (maghrib) during the month of Ramadan12. The purpose of sawm is to cultivate self-
discipline, self-restraint, and empathy for the less fortunate, as well as to purify the soul and
increase devotion to Allah23.

Sawm means to restraint oneself

Fasting during the month of Ramadan was made obligatory in the year 624 AD, 2nd Hijri
which corresponds to the second year of Hijrah (migration of Prophet Muhammad (PBUH)
from Mecca to Medina)1.

Fasting is prohibited on the following days in Islam:

1. Eid al-Fitr: The day after Ramadan ends.

2. Eid al-Adha: The 10th day of Dhul-Hijjah.
 3. Days of Tashreeq: The three days following Eid al-Adha (11th, 12th, and 13th of
Dhul-Hijjah)12.

Yes, there is a special gate in Paradise called Ar-Rayyan. According to a hadith, the Prophet
Muhammad (peace be upon him) said:

1. Baab As-Salaat: For those who were punctual and attentive in their prayers.
2. Baab Al-Jihad: For those who fought and sacrificed their lives in the way of Islam.
3. Baab As-Sadaqah: For those who frequently gave charity (Sadaqah).
4. Baab Al-Hajj: For those who performed the Hajj pilgrimage.
5. Baab Al-Kaazimeen Al-Ghaiz Wal Aafina Anin Naas: For those who controlled
their anger and forgave others.
6. Baab Al-Iman: For those who had sincere faith and trust in Allah and followed His
commands.
7. Baab Al-Dhikr: For those who continuously remembered Allah through Dhikr12.

The month of Ramadan is divided into three parts, known as Ashras, each consisting of ten
days. Each Ashra has its own significance and associated supplications (duas):

1. First Ashra (Days of Mercy):

o Significance: These first ten days are dedicated to seeking the mercy of Allah.
o Dua:

‫ار َح ْم َوأَنتَ َخي ُْﺮ ﱠ‬

“ َ‫الﺮاحِ ِمين‬ ْ ‫”ربّ ِ ا ْغف ِْﺮ َو‬
َ
“O my Lord, forgive and have mercy, and You are the best of the merciful.”
 2. Second Ashra (Days of Forgiveness):
o Significance: The next ten days focus on seeking forgiveness from Allah.
o Dua:

“‫ب َوأتُوبُ إلَي ِه‬

ٍ ‫”أ ْست َ ْغف ُِﺮ ﷲَ َربي مِ ْن ُك ِل ذَن‬
“I ask forgiveness of my sins from Allah, who is my Lord, and I turn towards Him.”

3. Third Ashra (Days of Salvation):

o Significance: The final ten days are for seeking salvation from the fire of Hell.
o Dua:

ِ ‫”اللﱠ ُه ﱠم أ َ ِج ْﺮنِي مِ نَ النﱠ‬

“‫ار‬
“O Allah, save me from the fire (of Hell).”

Explore

Hajj is the annual Islamic pilgrimage to the holy city of Mecca in Saudi Arabia. It is one of
the Five Pillars of Islam, which are the core practices required of all Muslims. The word
“Hajj” means “to intend a journey,” and it represents both an outward physical journey and
an inward spiritual journey.

Hajj was made obligatory in the 9th year of the Hijri calendar (approximately 631 CE). It was
during this time that the command to perform Hajj was revealed in the Qur'an in Surah Al-
Imran (3:97):

Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) performed **one Hajj** in his lifetime, which is known as the
**Farewell Hajj** (Hajjat al-Wada'). This took place in the 10th year of the Hijri calendar
(632 CE), a few months before his passing.

The rules and rituals of Hajj are primarily mentioned in two main surahs of the Qur'an:

1. **Surah Al-Baqarah (Chapter 2)**:

 - This chapter contains several important verses regarding the rituals of Hajj. For example,
it discusses the proper conduct during Hajj, the requirement of Ihram, and the completion of
the pilgrimage. Specific verses that outline these rules include:

- **Surah Al-Baqarah 2:196**: "And complete the Hajj and Umrah for Allah..."

- **Surah Al-Baqarah 2:197**: "Hajj is (during) well-known months, so whoever has

made Hajj obligatory upon himself therein (by entering the state of Ihram), there is (to be for
him) no sexual relations, no disobedience, and no disputing during Hajj..."

2. **Surah Al-Hajj (Chapter 22)**:

- As the name suggests, this chapter is also heavily focused on Hajj and its spiritual
significance. It begins by inviting people to the pilgrimage and describes the rites related to
the sacrifice of animals and various practices associated with Hajj. Key verses include:

- **Surah Al-Hajj 22:27**: "And proclaim to the people the Hajj (pilgrimage); they will
come to you on foot and on every lean camel; they will come from every distant pass."

- **Surah Al-Hajj 22:29**: "Then let them end their untidiness and fulfill their vows and
perform Tawaf around the ancient House."

**Yaum an-Nahr** (‫ )يوم النحﺮ‬is known as the "Day of Sacrifice" in Islam. It takes place on
the **10th day of Dhul-Hijjah**, the third day of Hajj, which is also the **first day of Eid al-
Adha**.

On this day, pilgrims perform several important Hajj rituals:

1. **Animal sacrifice** (Qurbani): Symbolizing Prophet Ibrahim's willingness to sacrifice

his son Ismail in obedience to Allah's command, but Allah provided a ram to sacrifice
instead.

2. **Stoning of the Jamarat**: Pilgrims throw stones at three pillars in Mina, symbolizing the
rejection of evil.

3. **Shaving or trimming of hair**: Male pilgrims either shave their heads or trim their hair,
while women cut a small portion of their hair.

4. **Tawaf al-Ifadah**: Pilgrims return to the Kaaba to perform a circumambulation after

completing the other rites.
On **Yaum an-Nahr** (the Day of Sacrifice) during his **Farewell Hajj**, Prophet Muhammad
(PBUH) personally sacrificed **63 camels**, corresponding to the number of years he had lived at
that me. A er sacrificing 63 camels, he entrusted his companion **Ali ibn Abi Talib** to complete
the remaining sacrifice, and a total of **100 camels** were sacrificed that day.

This act of sacrifice is a significant part of the Hajj ritual, symbolizing obedience to Allah and
commemora ng the willingness of Prophet Ibrahim (AS) to sacrifice his son Ismail (AS) in obedience
to Allah's command.

There are **three types of Hajj** that a pilgrim can choose from, depending on their inten ons and
circumstances. These types are:

### 1. **Hajj al-Ifrad (‫**)حﺞ اﻹفراد‬

- **Meaning**: "Single Hajj"

- **Descrip on**: In this type of Hajj, the pilgrim performs only Hajj without combining it with
Umrah.

- **Key Characteris cs**:

- The pilgrim enters the state of **Ihram** with the inten on of performing **Hajj** only.

- No **Umrah** is performed before Hajj.

- No animal sacrifice (Qurbani) is required for this type of Hajj, but it is s ll recommended.

- This is the type of Hajj usually performed by the residents of **Makkah**.

### 2. **Hajj al-Qiran (‫**)حﺞ القران‬

- **Meaning**: "Combined Hajj"

- **Descrip on**: The pilgrim performs both **Hajj and Umrah** together with a single Ihram.

- **Key Characteris cs**:

- The pilgrim enters **Ihram** with the inten on of performing **both Hajj and Umrah**
simultaneously.
 - A er comple ng Umrah, the pilgrim stays in the state of Ihram and proceeds to perform the
rituals of Hajj.

- A **sacrifice** (Qurbani) is mandatory for those performing Hajj al-Qiran.

- This type of Hajj is o en chosen by those coming from outside Makkah.

### 3. **Hajj al-Tama u' (‫**)حﺞ التمتﻊ‬

- **Meaning**: "Enjoyable Hajj"

- **Descrip on**: The pilgrim performs **Umrah first**, then exits the state of Ihram, and later
re-enters Ihram to perform **Hajj**.

- **Key Characteris cs**:

- The pilgrim enters Ihram with the inten on of performing **Umrah first**.

- A er comple ng the Umrah rituals (Tawaf, Sa'i, and shaving/trimming of hair), the pilgrim exits
Ihram.

- On the 8th of Dhul-Hijjah, the pilgrim re-enters **Ihram** with the inten on of performing Hajj.

- A **sacrifice** (Qurbani) is required for this type of Hajj.

- Hajj al-Tama u' is the most common type of Hajj performed by pilgrims traveling from outside
Makkah.

These three types of Hajj allow for flexibility based on a pilgrim’s situa on, inten ons, and whether
they are performing Umrah alongside Hajj.

The **Hajar al-Aswad** (Black Stone), located in the southeastern corner of the Kaaba, was
originally believed to be a **bright white stone**. According to Islamic tradi on, it was sent down
from Paradise. However, over me, it is said to have turned **black** due to the sins of humanity.
This transforma on is symbolic, as it reflects the belief that the stone has absorbed the sins of those
who touched it.
Today, the Hajar al-Aswad appears as a series of fragmented dark black pieces, held together in a
silver frame. The stone is made of several smaller pieces of varying sizes, with the largest being about
the size of a date. Pilgrims who perform Hajj or Umrah strive to kiss or touch the Hajar al-Aswad as
part of the rituals, although it is also permissible to simply point towards it if one cannot reach it.

In summary:

- **Original color**: White (according to tradi on).

- **Current color**: Dark black, as seen today due to the passage of me and its symbolic absorp on
of sins.

Hajj tammatu involves both hajj and umrah.

The act of moving between **Safa** and **Marwah** is known as **Sa’i** ( ‫)س‬. It is an essen al
ritual of **Hajj** and **Umrah**, and it involves walking (or running for part of the distance) seven
mes back and forth between the hills of Safa and Marwah, which are located near the Kaaba in
Masjid al-Haram.

### Background and Significance:

- **Historical context**: The Sa’i commemorates the story of **Hagar (Hajrah)**, the wife of
Prophet Ibrahim (AS), who ran between these two hills in search of water for her infant son, **Ismail
(AS)**. In response to her perseverance, Allah caused the well of **Zamzam** to spring up,
providing life-saving water.

### The Process of Sa’i:

- **Star ng at Safa**: Pilgrims begin at the hill of Safa, face the Kaaba, make a dua (supplica on),
and then proceed toward Marwah.

- **Walking between the hills**: Pilgrims walk the distance between the two hills (approximately
450 meters apart) seven mes, which equals approximately 3.15 km in total.
- **Green markers**: There are two green markers that indicate the area where men are
encouraged to run or walk briskly (women are not required to run but can maintain a steady pace).

- **Ending at Marwah**: A er comple ng the seventh lap, the pilgrims finish at the hill of Marwah.

### Number of Circuits:

- The movement between Safa and Marwah is counted as **one lap** each way. Thus, from Safa to
Marwah is one lap, and from Marwah back to Safa is the second lap, con nuing un l seven laps are
completed.

### Quranic Reference:

The importance of Sa’i is men oned in the Quran in **Surah Al-Baqarah (2:158)**:

> "Indeed, Safa and Marwah are among the symbols of Allah. So whoever makes Hajj to the House or
performs Umrah – there is no blame upon him for walking between them..."

Sa’i is a deeply spiritual prac ce, reminding pilgrims of Hagar’s faith and endurance, and it is an
integral part of both Hajj and Umrah.

Rukn e Azam of hajj is staying in Arafat.

In Islam, **Jihad** is o en understood as the struggle or effort in the way of Allah. It encompasses a
wide range of meanings, including personal, spiritual, and physical struggles. However, the term is
commonly associated with **military struggle** or **armed conflict** in defense of the faith.

### Major Types of Jihad

1. **Jihad al-Nafs (Struggle against the Self)**:

 - **Descrip on**: This is the personal, internal struggle against one’s own desires, weaknesses,
and sinful inclina ons. It is considered the most important and ongoing form of Jihad.

- **Significance**: It involves striving for self-improvement, prac cing self-discipline, and adhering
to Islamic teachings. This can include acts of worship, good deeds, and moral conduct.

2. **Jihad al-Qalam (Struggle through the Pen)**:

- **Descrip on**: This form of Jihad involves advoca ng for jus ce and truth through wri ng,
educa on, and knowledge-sharing.

- **Significance**: It emphasizes the importance of intellectual efforts to spread Islamic teachings,

counter misinforma on, and engage in dialogues that promote understanding and respect among
different communi es.

3. **Jihad al-Lisan (Struggle through the Tongue)**:

- **Descrip on**: This refers to the verbal struggle to promote good, advise others, and speak out
against injus ce.

- **Significance**: It includes using speech to call others to Islam, speak out against wrongdoings,
and promote righteousness.

4. **Jihad al-Sayyir (Struggle through Ac on)**:

- **Descrip on**: This encompasses social ac vism and community service aimed at improving
society and helping those in need.

- **Significance**: Acts of charity, volunteering, and community engagement are all part of this
form of Jihad, reflec ng the commitment to building a just and compassionate society.

5. **Jihad al-Silah (Armed Struggle)**:

- **Descrip on**: This is the military struggle or armed conflict in defense of the faith or
community. It can occur in situa ons of oppression or aggression against Muslims.

- **Significance**: This form of Jihad is regulated by strict ethical guidelines in Islamic law (Sharia),
emphasizing the importance of inten on, just cause, and propor onality.

### Importance of Inten on

In Islam, the inten on (niyyah) behind any ac on is crucial. For any act to be considered a form of
Jihad, it must be performed sincerely for the sake of Allah.

### Conclusion

Jihad is a mul faceted concept that encompasses various forms of struggle, including personal,
intellectual, and social dimensions, as well as armed conflict under specific circumstances. It is o en
contextualized within the broader goals of promo ng jus ce, protec ng the community, and striving
for moral integrity.

The obliga on of Jihad, par cularly in the context of armed struggle, was formally established a er
the **migra on (Hijrah)** of the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) to Madinah in **622 CE**. The
revela on of verses that outlined the principles of Jihad and its obliga ons occurred during the early
years in Madinah, especially following the significant events like the **Ba le of Badr**, which took
place on **March 13, 624 CE** (17th of Ramadan, 2 AH).

Thus, while the concept of Jihad existed before, its obliga on in the context of armed struggle
became prominent star ng from the year **624 CE**.

A hadith that is men oned in both **Sahih Bukhari** and **Sahih Muslim** is referred to as
**Mu afaq alayh** (‫)متﻔﻖ ﻋل ﻪ‬. This term means "agreed upon," indica ng that the hadith has been
authen cated and accepted by both of the two most trusted collec ons of hadith in Sunni Islam.

### Significance of Mu afaq Alayh:

- **Authority**: Hadiths classified as Mu afaq alayh hold a high level of authority in Islamic
jurisprudence and theology because they are corroborated by both of these major scholars, Imam
Bukhari and Imam Muslim.

- **Trustworthiness**: This classifica on emphasizes the authen city and reliability of the hadith,
making it a strong source for understanding the teachings and prac ces of Prophet Muhammad
(PBUH).

In summary, **Mu afaq alayh** refers to those hadiths that are found in both **Sahih Bukhari**
and **Sahih Muslim**, reflec ng a consensus among scholars regarding their authen city.
The combined study of **Sahih Bukhari** and **Sahih Muslim** is referred to as **"Al-Lu'lu' wal-
Marjan"** (‫)اللؤلؤ والمرﺟان‬, which translates to **"The Pearls and the Corals."**

### Overview of Al-Lu'lu' wal-Marjan:

- **Authorship**: This collec on was compiled by **Muhammad Fuwad Abdul-Baqi** in the 20th
century.

- **Content**: It includes selected hadiths from both Sahih Bukhari and Sahih Muslim, along with a
focus on their authen city and relevance to Islamic teachings.

- **Purpose**: The aim of this compila on is to provide an easily accessible reference for the most
authen c and agreed-upon hadiths from the two most authorita ve collec ons, serving as a valuable
resource for scholars and students of Islamic knowledge.

This combined study is significant because it emphasizes the teachings and prac ces of Prophet
Muhammad (PBUH) that have the highest levels of authen city in Islamic tradi on.

There are 5 mosques that are men oned in Quran.

While only two mosques are specifically named in the Qur'an—**Masjid al-Haram** and **Masjid
al-Aqsa**—there are references to other mosques or places of worship in various contexts. However,
they may not be explicitly named as individual mosques.

Here are **five places of worship** that are either men oned directly or alluded to in the Qur'an:

1. **Masjid al-Haram** (‫)المسجد الحرام‬:

- **Loca on**: Makkah

- **Significance**: The most sacred mosque in Islam, surrounding the Kaaba. It is the des na on
for Hajj and Umrah.
 - **Reference**: Surah Al-Baqarah (2:144)

2. **Masjid al-Aqsa** ( ‫)المسجد اﻷق‬:

- **Loca on**: Jerusalem

- **Significance**: Known as the Farthest Mosque; it is important in Islamic tradi on and the site
of the Night Journey (Isra and Mi'raj).

- **Reference**: Surah Al-Isra (17:1)

3. **Masjid al-Nabi** (‫)المسجد الﻨبﻮي‬:

- **Loca on**: Madinah

- **Significance**: The mosque built by the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) a er his migra on to
Madinah. While it is not directly men oned in the Qur'an, it is historically significant as the second
holiest site in Islam.

4. **Masjid al-Dhirar** (‫ار‬ ‫)المسجد ال‬:

- **Loca on**: Near Madinah

- **Significance**: A mosque built by hypocrites during the me of the Prophet Muhammad

(PBUH) to sow discord among the Muslims. It is condemned in the Qur'an.

- **Reference**: Surah At-Tawbah (9:107-108): "And those who took a mosque as a means of harm
and disbelief and division among the believers and as a sta on for whoever had warred against Allah
and His Messenger..."

5. **Masjid al-Dirar** (not explicitly men oned):

- While this is another reference to a mosque built to cause division, it’s worth no ng that it was
specifically discussed in the context of the Prophet’s life and ac ons, rather than being named a
mosque like Masjid al-Haram and Masjid al-Aqsa.

**"Seerat un Nabi"** by **Maulana Shibli Nomani** is a renowned work that provides an in-depth
biography of the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH). The book is notable for its scholarly approach,
detailed historical context, and literary style. It is o en regarded as one of the most significant works
on the life of the Prophet in the Urdu language.

### Key Features of "Seerat un Nabi":

- **Comprehensive Coverage**: The book covers the early life of the Prophet, his prophethood, the
challenges he faced, the establishment of the Muslim community, and the major events during his
life.

- **Historical Context**: Shibli Nomani places the life of the Prophet in the broader context of the
socio-poli cal environment of 7th century Arabia.

- **Literary Style**: The narra ve is engaging and aims to inspire readers by highligh ng the moral
and ethical teachings of Islam as demonstrated through the life of the Prophet.

### Book on Hazrat Umar:

For a book specifically focusing on **Hazrat Umar ibn al-Kha ab (RA)**, you might consider
**"Umar ibn al-Kha ab: His Life and Times"** by **Muhammad Husayn Haykal** or **"The Life of
Umar"** by **Abdul Wahid Hamid**.

### Key Features of "Umar ibn al-Kha ab: His Life and Times": Al Ffarooq name of book

- **Detailed Biography**: This book delves into the life, character, and contribu ons of Hazrat Umar,
who was the second caliph of Islam and known for his just governance and reforms.

- **Historical Impact**: The author explores Umar's role in the expansion of the Islamic state, his
administra ve skills, and his commitment to jus ce and equality.

- **Lessons and Values**: The book also emphasizes the moral lessons and values that can be drawn
from Hazrat Umar's life, making it relevant for contemporary readers.

Both of these works provide valuable insights into the lives of two significant figures in Islamic
history, highligh ng their contribu ons and the lessons that can be learned from their lives.

Arab ka chand was wri en by Sawami parahsad.

Maraf ul Quran was wri en by Mu i Muhammad Shafi

Ehd Nabwi k Maidan jang was wri en by Dr hamidullah

Kitab ul umm was wri en by imam shafi

Zia ul Quran was wri en by Peer Muhammad karam shah

The book “Paighambar-e-Inqilab” was wri en by Maulana Wahiduddin Khan123. He was a renowned
Islamic scholar known for his works on religious non-violence, social tolerance, and the compa bility
of Islam with modernity.

“Futuh al-Buldan” (Arabic: ‫)فت ح ال لدان‬, also known as “The Book of the Conquest of the Lands”, is a
significant historical work by the 9th-century Muslim historian Ahmad Ibn Yahya al-Baladhuri123. This
book provides a detailed account of the early Islamic conquests, including the campaigns of the
Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) and the early caliphs12.

“Al-Ahkam as-Sultaniyyah” (The Laws of Islamic Governance) is a significant work by the Islamic
scholar Abu al-Hasan Ali Ibn Muhammad Ibn Habib al-Mawardi12. Wri en in the 5th century Hijri,
this book provides a comprehensive account of the principles and prac ces of Islamic governance. It
covers various aspects of the responsibili es and du es of the Khalifah (Caliph), his amirs
(commanders), wazirs (ministers), and depu es12.

“Ar-Raheeq Al-Makhtum” (The Sealed Nectar) is a renowned biography of the Prophet Muhammad
(PBUH) wri en by Safi-ur-Rahman al-Mubarakpuri123. This book provides a detailed account of the
life of the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH), covering his lineage, early life, prophethood, and the
significant events that shaped the early Islamic community12.

The book was awarded first prize by the Muslim World League in a worldwide compe on of
biographies of the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) held in Mecca in 19792. It has been highly popular
and translated into many languages, making it accessible to a wide audience3.

“Ma’ariful Qur’an” (‫ )معارف القرآن‬is an eight-volume tafsir (exegesis) of the Quran wri en by the
renowned Islamic scholar Mu i Muhammad Shafi Usmani123. Originally wri en in Urdu, this
comprehensive work provides detailed explana ons and interpreta ons of the Quranic verses,
drawing from classical sources and the author’s own insights12.

The book “Aina-e-Kamalat-e-Islam” (‫)آئ ﻨﮧ ماﻻت اسﻼم‬, also known as “Dafi-ul-Wasawis”, was wri en
by Mirza Ghulam Ahmad12. This book, published in two parts (Urdu in 1892 and Arabic in 1893), was
wri en to defend Islam against cri cisms from Chris an missionaries and to highlight the beauty and
excellence of Islamic teachings12.
“Nahjul Balagha” (The Peak of Eloquence) is a renowned collec on of sermons, le ers, and sayings
a ributed to Imam Ali ibn Abi Talib123. Compiled by Sharif Razi in the 10th century, this work is
celebrated for its eloquent language and profound insights into various aspects of life, governance,
and spirituality12.

The book “Arab Ka Chand” was wri en by Swami Lakshman Prasad123. This work is a notable
biography of the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH), wri en from the perspec ve of a Hindu scholar. It
highlights the life and teachings of the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) and aims to present an objec ve
view of his contribu ons to humanity12.

َ َ َ
“Nahj al-Balagha” (Arabic: ‫ )ن ْﻬﺞ ٱل َ غة‬translates to "The Path of Eloquence"123. This tle reflects the
collec on’s content, which is known for its eloquent language and profound insights. The book is a
compila on of sermons, le ers, and sayings a ributed to Imam Ali ibn Abi Talib, the fourth Rashidun
caliph and the first Shia imam12.

َ َ َ
“Nahj al-Balagha” (Arabic: ‫ )ن ْﻬﺞ ٱل َ غة‬translates to "The Path of Eloquence"123. This tle reflects the
collec on’s content, which is known for its eloquent language and profound insights. The book is a
compila on of sermons, le ers, and sayings a ributed to Imam Ali ibn Abi Talib, the fourth Rashidun
caliph and the first Shia imam12.

The book by Shah Waliullah Dehlawi that discusses Hazrat Ali is tled "Izalat al-Khafa 'an Khilafat
al-Khulafa"12. This work addresses the caliphate and the quali es of the rightly guided caliphs,
including Hazrat Ali.

“Hujjatullah al-Baligha” (‫)حجة ﷲ ال الغﮧ‬, translated as “The Conclusive Argument of God”, is a

seminal work by Shah Waliullah Dehlawi12. Wri en in the 18th century, this book synthesizes various
Islamic intellectual disciplines and provides a comprehensive framework for understanding the
ra onal, ethical, and spiritual founda ons of Islamic teachings12.

Kitab ul khairaj was wri en by qazi imam abi yusuf

Book of imam malik Moota Imam malik…..

Famous Egyp an movement called Akhfun Muslimon was founded by Hassan Al Banna

Here’s the compiled data in a tabular form:

Book Title Author Descrip on

Safi-ur-Rahman al- Biography of Prophet Muhammad

Ar-Raheeq Al-Makhtum
Mubarakpuri (PBUH)

A comprehensive work on history

The Muqaddimah Ibn Khaldun
and sociology

Muhammad: His Life

Biography of Prophet Muhammad
Based on the Earliest Mar n Lings
(PBUH)
Sources

Explains the ra onal, ethical, and

Hujjatullah al-Baligha Shah Waliullah Dehlawi spiritual founda ons of Islamic
teachings

Discusses the contribu ons of

The House of Wisdom Jim Al-Khalili
Arabic science to the Renaissance

Historical account of early Islamic

Futuh al-Buldan Al-Baladhuri
conquests

Imam Ali ibn Abi Talib

Collec on of sermons, le ers, and
Nahj al-Balagha (compiled by Sharif
sayings
Razi)
 Book Title Author Descrip on

Mu i Muhammad Comprehensive tafsir (exegesis) of

Ma’ariful Qur’an
Shafi Usmani the Quran

Principles and prac ces of Islamic

Al-Ahkam as-Sultaniyyah Al-Mawardi
governance

Discusses the caliphate and the

Izalat al-Khafa 'an
Shah Waliullah Dehlawi quali es of the rightly guided
Khilafat al-Khulafa
caliphs

MCQs for Compe ve Exams

Ques on Op ons Answer

a) Mar n Lings<br>b) Safi-ur-

Who is the author of “Ar- Rahman al-Mubarakpuri<br>c) Ibn b) Safi-ur-Rahman
Raheeq Al-Makhtum”? Khaldun<br>d) Marshall G. S. al-Mubarakpuri
Hodgson

“The Muqaddimah” is a a) Ibn Khaldun<br>b) Al-

famous work by which Mawardi<br>c) Shah a) Ibn Khaldun
Islamic scholar? Waliullah<br>d) Firas Alkhateeb

Which book is wri en by a) The Sealed Nectar<br>b) b) Muhammad:

Mar n Lings about the life Muhammad: His Life Based on the His Life Based on
of Prophet Muhammad Earliest Sources<br>c) The Venture the Earliest
(PBUH)? of Islam<br>d) Lost Islamic History Sources
Ques on Op ons Answer

a) Shah Waliullah Dehlawi<br>b) Ibn

Who authored “Hujjatullah a) Shah Waliullah
Taymiyyah<br>c) Al-Ghazali<br>d)
al-Baligha”? Dehlawi
Ibn Kathir

a) Jim Al-Khalili<br>b) Chase F.

“The House of Wisdom” is
Robinson<br>c) John L. a) Jim Al-Khalili
a book by which author?
Esposito<br>d) Ira M. Lapidus

a) Al-Baladhuri<br>b) Al-
Who wrote “Futuh al-
Mawardi<br>c) Ibn Khaldun<br>d) a) Al-Baladhuri
Buldan”?
Al-Ghazali

“Nahj al-Balagha” is a
collec on of sermons, a) Imam Ali ibn Abi Talib<br>b) Abu
a) Imam Ali ibn Abi
le ers, and sayings Bakr<br>c) Umar ibn al-
Talib
a ributed to which Islamic Kha ab<br>d) Uthman ibn Affan
figure?

a) Mu i Muhammad Shafi a) Mu i
Who is the author of
Usmani<br>b) Ibn Kathir<br>c) Al- Muhammad Shafi
“Ma’ariful Qur’an”?
Mawardi<br>d) Shah Waliullah Usmani

“Al-Ahkam as-Sultaniyyah” a) Al-Mawardi<br>b) Ibn

was wri en by which Taymiyyah<br>c) Al-Ghazali<br>d) a) Al-Mawardi
Islamic scholar? Ibn Kathir

a) Shah Waliullah Dehlawi<br>b) Ibn

Who wrote “Izalat al-Khafa a) Shah Waliullah
Taymiyyah<br>c) Al-Ghazali<br>d)
'an Khilafat al-Khulafa”? Dehlawi
Ibn Kathir
 ّ
The most famous book by Ibn Khaldun is “The Muqaddimah” (Arabic: ‫)مقدمة‬, also known as “The
Introduc on” or "Prolegomena"12. This monumental work, wri en in 1377, lays the founda ons for
several fields of knowledge, including history, sociology, economics, and poli cal science12.

Another significant work by Ibn Khaldun is “Kitab al-Ibar” (Arabic: ‫)كتاب الع‬, which is a historical
encyclopedia in seven volumes3. The Muqaddimah serves as the introduc on to this larger work3.

In muslim world he is called the father of Sociology. His famous idea was Assabiya

In addi on to “Ihya Ulum al-Din”, Imam Abu Hamid al-Ghazali authored several other significant
works. Here are some of his notable books:

1. “Tahafut al-Falasifah” (The Incoherence of the Philosophers)

o A cri cal examina on of the works of Islamic philosophers, par cularly Avicenna and
Al-Farabi, challenging their views on metaphysics and theology.

2. “Al-Munqidh min al-Dalal” (Deliverance from Error)

o An autobiographical work where al-Ghazali describes his spiritual journey and the
crisis of faith that led him to Sufism.

3. “Mishkat al-Anwar” (The Niche of Lights)

o A mys cal and philosophical trea se on the nature of divine light and its
manifesta ons in the world.

4. “Kimiya-yi Sa’adat” (The Alchemy of Happiness)

o A Persian work that serves as a condensed version of “Ihya Ulum al-Din,” focusing on
prac cal aspects of Islamic spirituality and ethics.

5. “Bidayat al-Hidayah” (The Beginning of Guidance)

o A manual for students of Islamic knowledge, outlining the proper conduct and
prac ces for a devout Muslim.

6. “Al-Iq sad fi al-I’ qad” (The Modera on in Belief)

o A theological work that aims to reconcile reason and revela on, presen ng a
balanced approach to Islamic creed.