BDA Lecture Unit 3 With LAB

LAB Related (Prepare Programmings and Concepts on these topics)
In data science, various techniques are used to process, analyze, and extract meaningful insights
from data. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) is just one such method. Here’s a brief overview of
PCA and some other commonly used techniques:
1. Principal Component Analysis (PCA)

- Purpose : Dimensionality reduction and data compression.
- How it works : PCA transforms the data into a set of linearly uncorrelated variables called
principal components. It identifies the directions (principal components) where the data varies the
most and projects it onto those dimensions, reducing the number of variables while retaining as
much variance as possible.
- Use Cases :
- Reducing the number of features in large datasets.

- Visualization of high-dimensional data.
- Noise reduction.
2. Linear Regression
- Purpose : Predictive modeling.
- How it works : It models the relationship between a dependent variable and one or more
independent variables by fitting a linear equation to observed data.
- Use Cases : Predicting continuous values, such as house prices or sales forecasting.
3. Logistic Regression
- Purpose : Binary classification.
- How it works : Similar to linear regression but used when the dependent variable is binary
(e.g., yes/no). It uses a logistic function to model the probability of a binary outcome.
- Use Cases : Spam detection, medical diagnosis, and binary classification problems.
4. K-Means Clustering
- Purpose : Unsupervised clustering.
- How it works : K-Means partitions data into K distinct clusters based on distance from
centroids. Each observation is assigned to the cluster with the closest centroid.
- Use Cases : Market segmentation, image compression, and customer clustering.
5. Decision Trees
- Purpose : Classification and regression.
- How it works : A decision tree splits the data into subsets based on feature values, creating a
tree-like model of decisions. Each internal node represents a decision based on an attribute, and
each leaf represents an outcome.
- Use Cases : Credit scoring, fraud detection, and recommendation systems.
6. Random Forest
- Purpose : Ensemble learning for classification and regression.
- How it works : A random forest builds multiple decision trees using random subsets of the
data and aggregates their results to improve accuracy and reduce overfitting.
- Use Cases : Classification tasks, stock market prediction, and feature importance evaluation.
7. Support Vector Machines (SVM)
- How it works : SVM tries to find the optimal hyperplane that best separates data points of
different classes in a high-dimensional space.
- Use Cases : Image classification, text categorization, and bioinformatics.
8. Neural Networks
- Purpose : Deep learning for complex tasks.
- How it works : Neural networks consist of layers of interconnected nodes (neurons) that
transform input data using weights and biases. These models learn through backpropagation to
minimize error.
- Use Cases : Image recognition, speech processing, natural language understanding, and
autonomous driving.
9. K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN)

- How it works : KNN classifies a data point by looking at the 'K' closest data points in the
feature space and assigning the most common class or averaging the values for regression.
- Use Cases : Recommender systems, pattern recognition, and video recognition.
10. Natural Language Processing (NLP) Techniques

- Purpose : Text data analysis.
- How it works : NLP includes techniques like tokenization, stemming, lemmatization, and
vectorization (e.g., TF-IDF, Word2Vec) to process and analyze text.
- Use Cases : Sentiment analysis, chatbots, text classification, and translation.
11. Time Series Analysis

- Purpose : Analyzing temporal data.
- How it works : Time series analysis involves statistical methods to model time-dependent
data to forecast future points.
- Use Cases : Stock price prediction, weather forecasting, and sales analysis.
These techniques are used individually or in combination, depending on the nature of the data and
the problem to be solved. Each method has its strengths and is applied based on the specific task at
hand, such as classification, regression, clustering, or dimensionality reduction.

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LAB Related (Prepare Programmings and Concepts on these topics)

1. Principal Component Analysis (PCA)

- Reducing the number of features in large datasets.

- Use Cases : Market segmentation, image compression, and customer clustering.

- Use Cases : Credit scoring, fraud detection, and recommendation systems.

- Use Cases : Image classification, text categorization, and bioinformatics.

9. K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN)

- Use Cases : Recommender systems, pattern recognition, and video recognition.

10. Natural Language Processing (NLP) Techniques

- Use Cases : Sentiment analysis, chatbots, text classification, and translation.

11. Time Series Analysis

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