IT Application Tools in Business

● System Software- A program that is

Lesson 1: Computer a requirement to be able to run
computer networks.
● Computer- Is a programmable ● Application Software- Used for a
device that stores, retrieves, and specific purpose.
processes data. ● System Unit- Also known as a
● Data- Is a collection of unorganized “tower” or “chassis’. Contains the
facts, which include words, numbers, main components of a desktop
images, and sounds. computer. It includes the
● Information- Is data that is motherboard, CPU, RAM, and other
organized, has meaning and is components.
useful.
● User- a person who uses a Inside the System Unit
computer.
● Hardware- tangible part of the ● Motherboard- It holds and allows
computer. communication between many of the
crucial electronic components of a
Types of Computer Hardware system, such as the central
processing unit (CPU) and memory,
● Input Devices- Accepts inputs from provides connectors for other
user peripherals.
● Keyboard- Used to input text, ● CPU (central processing unit)- also
characters, and other called a central processor or main
commands into a computer processor- is the most important
or similar devices. processor in a given computer.
● Scanner- Usually included in
printers that scans a Memory
document and duplicates it. ● RAM (random access memory)-
● Microphone- A device that Holds temporary data when a
accepts sound inputs. computer is running.
● Mouse- devices that you can ● ROM (read only memory)- can holds
use to control a cursor on data for storage purposes
your screen. ➔ HDD
➔ NVME
● Storage Devices- Stores the data of ➔ SSD
a computer.
● Output Devices- Responsible for ● GPU (graphics processing unit)- is a
displaying or providing the results or specialized electronic circuit initially
products of a computer. designated to accelerate computer
● Processing devices- Can provide the graphics and image processing.
computing part of a computer, it ● Power Supply unit- Converts mains
processes the input and provides the AC to low-voltage regulated DC for
output. the internal components of a
computer.
● Software- set of instructions that tells
the computer what to do.

Types of computer Software Computer Evolution

 - Integrated Circuits (ICs) in place of
● First Evolution (1946-1959) transistors. A single IC has many
- Vacuum tubes- Computers of transistors, resistors, and capacitors
First generations. It is the along the associated circuitry.
basic components for
memory and circuitry for
CPU. Lesson 2 Internet History and Growth
- These tubes, like electric
bulbs, produced a lot of heat ● Victorian Internet
and installation used to fuse - Telegraph
frequently. - Invented in 1840s
- Signals sent over wires that
Sample of 1st Generation of Computer were established over vast
● ENIAC (Electronics Numerical distances
Integrator and Computer)- Was the - Morse code was dots and
first programmable, electronic, dashes, or short signals and
general purpose digital computer long signals.
made in 1945. Able to solve a “ - Electronic signal standard of
Large class of numerical Problems” +/- 15v. Is still used in
through reprogramming. network interface cards
● EDVAC (Electronics Discrete today.
Variable Automatic Computer)- Was ● Internet- A network of networks,
one of the earliest electronics joining many government university
computers. It was built by moore and private computers together and
school of electrical engineering. providing an infrastructure for the
● UNIVAC (Universal Automatic use of E-mail, bulletin boards, file
Computer)- Was a line of electronic archives, hypertext documents,
digital stored-program computers database and other computational
starting with the products of the resources.
eckert-Mauchly Computer - Largest network of networks
Corporation. in the world
- Uses TCP/IP protocols and
Second Generation (1959-1965) packet switching
- Transistors were used that were - Runs on any communication
cheaper, consumed less power, substrate.
more compact in size, machines
made of vacuum tubes. Brief history of the internet
● 1968- DARPA (Defense advanced
Sample of 2nd Generation Computers research projects agency) Contracts
● IBM 1620- Being variable-word- with BBN (bolt, beranek & Newman)
length decimal, as opposed to fixed- to create ARPAnet
word-length pure binary. The ● 1970-1st five nodes
attractive first computer to learn on. - UCLA
● CDC 1604- was a 48-bit computer - STANFORD
designed and manufactured by - UC santa Barbara
Seymour Cray and his team at the - U of UTah
control data corporation. - BBN
● 1974- TCP specification by Vint Cerf

Third Generation Computers (1965-1971)

Internet Pioneers
 ● Vannevar Bush- he established the 3. Fragment Free
US military/ University research
partnership that later developed the ● Modem (Modulator-Demodulator)-
ARPANET. He also wrote the first device that converts data into a
visionary description of the potential format suitable for a transmission
use for information technology. medium so that it can be transmitted
● Paul Baram- Developed the field of from computer to computer
Packet switching. Packet switching (historically over telephone wires).
is a method of grouping data into
packets that are transmitted over a Types of Network TOPOLOGY
digital network.
● Vinton Cerf- A co-designer of the ● Bus Topology- is commonly referred
TCP/Ip networking protocol to as a "linear bus" because all of
- TCP- Transmission Control the nodes are physically connected
Protocol in a straight line. A bus topology has
- IP- Internet protocol a single backbone cable to which
● Robert Kahn- co-designer of the computers and other devices are
TCP/IP networking protocol. connected. This backbone is also
● Tim Berners-Lee- Inverter of HTML known as a segment or a trunk. On
- HTML- Hypertext markup a bus topology only one computer
language can send data on the bus at any one
time. Therefore, the more computers
Networks added to the bus the more likely that
collisions will take place and this will
● Networks Devices- Hardware that is have an adverse effect on network
used to be able to enable performance, ie: the network will be
networking. slower.
● NIC (Networking Interface ● Star Topology- In the star network
Card/Controller)- is a computer topology, there is a central computer
hardware component that connects or server to which all the
a computer to a computer network. workstations are directly connected.
● Network Hub- networking device Every workstation is indirectly
which is used to connect multiple connected to every other through the
network hosts. A network hub is also central computer. In the star
used to do data transfer. The data is topology, cables from each
transferred in terms of packets on a computer are connected to a central
computer network. So when a host device known as a hub. Signals are
sends a data packet to a network transmitted from the sending
hub, the hub copies the data packet computer through the hub to all
to all of its ports connected to it. computers on the network.
- Passive Hub- Sends data to ● Ring Topology- the workstations are
all ports connected in a closed loop
- Active Hub- Sends data to all configuration. Adjacent pairs of
ports but amplifies it. workstations are directly connected.
● Network Switch- A device that sends Other pairs of workstations are
data through the network but filters indirectly connected, the data
the forwarding to the destination or passing through one or more
receiver. intermediate nodes.
Three methods of switching
1. Store and Forward
2. Cut and Through ● Mesh Topology
 - Full mesh- each workstation
is connected directly to each
of the others.
- Partial Mesh- some
workstations are connected
to all the others, and some
are connected only to those
other nodes with which they
exchange the most data.
● Tree Topology- uses two or more
star networks connected together.
The central computers of the star
networks are connected to a main
bus. Thus, a tree network is a bus
network of star networks