-

Normally, 100 kg of sugar is produced from one tonne of

sugarcane, which consumes around 2 lakh litres of

-
groundwater for irrigation alone.

Export
Virtual Water Trade

● Virtual Water (VW) is water involved in production & trade

of food & non-food commodities & services.

● Virtual water is that “invisible” water that has been

consumed in the entire lifecycle of product or service.

● Globally, the largest water exporters are the US, China,

Australia, India, Pakistan, Brazil, Canada, Vietnam, Indonesia,
and Thailand.
Falkenmark Indicator or Water Stress Index ⑦
-
It relates the total freshwater resources with the total population in a
country and indicates the pressure that population puts on water
resources, including the needs for natural ecosystems.

In a country, if the amount of renewable water per person is:

⑧
● below 1,700 m3, the country is said to be experiencing water stress.

O &
● below 1,000 m3, it is said to be experiencing water scarcity.

O C
● below 500 m3, it is experiencing absolute water scarcity.
percapitaavailability of
decreasing
water of over years.
A
6000mm

-
·

.
1500

·
1545

1486

O
·

1940cay
8

ist door iss l kozz boso.?

 ⑱N
● New data from WRI’s Aqueduct Water Risk Atlas
show that 25 countries — housing one-quarter of the
⑳
global population — face extremely high water stress
each year, regularly using up almost their entire
available water supply. -
● And at least 50% of the world’s population —
around 4 billion people — live under highly water-
stressed conditions for at least one month of the year.
Which Countries Face the Worst Water Stress?

● 25 countries are currently exposed to extremely high water

stress annually, meaning they use over 80% of their renewable
water supply for irrigation, livestock, industry and domestic
needs.

● The five most water-stressed countries are Bahrain, Cyprus,

Kuwait, Lebanon, Oman and Qatar. India is 24th most water-
stressed country among 164 countries assessed.

● The most water-stressed regions are the Middle East and North
---
Africa,
--
where 83% of the population is exposed to extremely
high water stress, and South Asia, where 74% is exposed.
95% of India's groundwater depletion was traced to north India
where groundwater is primarily used for irrigation.
 DYNAMIC GROUND WATER RESOURCE
ASSESSMENT FOR THE COUNTRY

I As per the 2022 assessment report, the total annual ground

water recharge for the entire country is 437.60 billion cubic
meters (BCM) and annual ground water extraction for the entire
country is 239.16 BCM.

A
Further, out of the total 7089 assessment units in the country,
1006 units have been categorized as ‘Over-exploited’.

by CANB
·
 <TO
%
- 20-yoy
90-100%
>100%
 /
Fal
A

Bleijal Yoj and

CGWB
CGWB
………collaborates with states in implementing CGNA
Atal Bhujal Yojana in water-stressed areas.
CNOC

⑧ Community-led sustainable ground water management

which can be taken to scale.

⑳
The major objective of the Scheme is to improve the
management of groundwater resources in select water
stressed areas in identified states viz. Gujarat, Haryana,
Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Rajasthan and
Uttar Pradesh.
 G
The National Aquifer Mapping and Management program CGOA
(NAQUIM) is being implemented by the…………
CNC
1.
mapping
2. Characterizations

3. o
Development f Aquafice Mgat
plas 7

4 ·
facilitate Sustainable
might
of Go resources
⑧
CGNB ->
-
Man
⑭
2qwg-
 CGWA
-

& The Union Government has constituted the Central Ground Water
Authority (CGWA) on 14th January 1997 under Section 3(3) of
Environment (Protection) Act, 1996 with objective to regulate and
control development and management of ground water with
jurisdiction in whole of the country.

O
· CGWA and States issue No Objection Certificates (NOC) for
extraction of groundwater as per their jurisdiction and guidelines.
-sugar
q Ethoral
↑
 1st
10 -

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cop
Argen
0
3 -

GmO cop
&

-
A
In 2021-2022, India surpassed Brazil to become the largest sugar
producer in the world, producing 359 lakh tonnes – an all-time
high.

India is the world’s largest consumer of sugar

Sugar- Production Wise ranking in World

1) India
2) Brazil
3) Thailand
4) China
5) Pakistan
 Top Sugar producing states:

③ ⑮

(From Indian
Sagay
Mills
Association)
Reasons for excess sugarcane production:

● For farmers across of India, sugarcane is one of the most profitable

cash crops. This has led to chronic over-cultivation of sugarcane,
reflected in the country’s sugar surplus and high sugar exports.

0
● The Central government offers a fair and remunerative price (FRP)
scheme, which mandates a minimum price that sugar mills have to
pay to sugarcane farmers, ensuring that farmers always get fair
profits for their crop.

● State governments also offer heavy subsidies to incentivise

sugarcane cultivation. Some have argued that this is done to win
farmers’ votes in politically important rural areas.

● Diversion to Ethanol Blending Program and reduction of GST on

ethanol from 18% to 5% in 2021
Top sugarcane producers:

India’s top sugarcane-growing states are Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh,

Karnataka, Gujarat, and Tamil Nadu. The first three account for
85-90% of the sugar produced in the country.
yes
Athana
o
Sugar production in the 2023-24 sugar season, which starts in
October, is expected to be 317 lakh tonnes as against 328 lakh
tonnes during the current season (after diversion of supplies for
ethanol).

Preliminary estimates by the Indian Sugar Mills’ Association

(ISMA) show that total production will be 362 lakh tonnes
compared with 369 lakh tonnes in the ongoing season, which will
end on September 30.

Sugar diversion for ethanol will be-

45 lakh tonnes while it is nearly
41 lakh tonnes this season.

Sugar consumption is likely to be 275 lakh tonnes.

0
B
2025=
20%
⑰ -
⑳ Dan
1000
 ⑭ -
10.25
The all-India recovery rate so far was 9.87 per cent against 10.07 per
cent year-ago, whereas the government-fixed fair and remunerative

⑧
price (FRP) of sugarcane is based on 10.25 per cent recovery rate.

Recovery rate is the amount of sugar that sugarcane fetches and

higher the quantum of sugar derived from sugarcane, greater the

%
price it fetches in the market.

Sugar recovery rate is the amount of sugar extracted from

sugarcane
⑱
 P9.z0
100
- 10.25 kg
St 10.5 ky
⑳
-

- 10-25
100
Conditions for Growth:

Climate

● Predominantly a tropical crop.

⑧0
● Requires hot temperatures (21°-27°C) and moderate to heavy
rainfall (75-150 cm).

● It requires 10 to 18 months to mature depending upon the

geographical conditions.

● Too heavy rainfall results in low sugar content, and deficiency in

rainfall produces fibrous crop.

● Frost is detrimental to sugarcane.

Sustainable Sugarcane Initiative

● It is another practical approach to sugarcane production which is

based on the principles of ‘more with less’ in agri culture like
System of Rice Intensification (SRI).

● Aim- To improve the productivity by using minimal inputs.

● This method involves using less seeds, less water, optimum

utilization of fertilizers & land to achieve more yields. D

● It is an alternate to conventional seed, water & space intensive

sugarcane cultivation.
Benefits SSI

● Improved water use efficiency.

● Optimum use of fertilizers that favour balanced availability of

nutrients.

● There is high sugar content in the canes due to better aeration &
more penetration of sunlight.

● Reduced cost of cultivation & increased returns through

intercropping.
Sugarcane Research Institute, Coimbatore:

● Also known as Sugarcane Breeding Institute.

● It is a central research institute in Coimbatore, India.

O
● It was established in 1912 and is affiliated with the Indian Council
of Agricultural Research.

-
● It was established to promote research efforts in sugarcane
production and is the only sugarcane research institute in the
country.
Price Determination of Sugarcane:

Central Government: Fair and Remunerative Price (FRP)

-
● Central Government announces FRP, which is determined on the
recommendation of the Commission for Agricultural Costs and Prices
(CACP) and announced by the Cabinet Committee on Economic
Affairs (CCEA). CCEA is chaired by the Prime Minister of India.

● FRP is based on the Rangarajan Committee report on reorganizing

the sugarcane industry.

● Commission for Agricultural Costs and Prices (CACP) is an

attached office of the Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare. It
is an advisory body whose recommendations are not binding on the
Government.
 -
State Government: State Advised Prices (SAP)

● The SAP is announced by the Governments of key sugarcane-

producing states.

● SAP is generally higher than FRP.

⑱R
● Fair and Remunerative Price (FRP) of sugarcane for sugar season
2023-24 (October - September) at Rs.315/qtl for a basic recovery rate of
10.25%. It has also been approved to provide a premium of Rs.3.07/qtl
for each 0.1% increase in recovery over and above 10.25%, & reduction

⑲
in FRP by Rs.3.07/qtl for every 0.1% decrease in recovery.

government has also decided that there shall

-
0
● Further, with a view to protect interest of sugarcane farmers,
not be any deduction in case
of-
sugar mills where recovery is below 9.5%. Such farmers will get
Rs.291.975/qtl for sugarcane in ensuing sugar season 2023-24 in place of
Rs.282.125/qtl in current sugar season 2022-23.

● The cost of production of sugarcane for the sugar season 2023-24 is

Rs.157/qtl. This FRP of Rs.315/qtl at a recovery rate of 10.25% is higher
by 100.6% over production cost. The FRP for sugar season 2023-24 is
3.28% higher than current sugar season 2022-23.
● To deal with the sugar surplus, the Indian government
considered diverting it to the production of ethanol, an organic
compound made by fermenting sugarcane molasses or sugar.
Ethanol:

Ethanol (also called ethyl alcohol, grain alcohol, drinking alcohol, or

simply alcohol) is an organic compound with the chemical formula
C2 H5 OH.

Ethanol is the active ingredient in alcoholic beverages and is also

used in the chemicals and cosmetics industries.

In the transport sector, the use of ethanol-blended petrol (EBP)

significantly reduces harmful emissions, such as of carbon monoxide
and various hydrocarbons, from vehicles.
Ethanol Blending Program as a measure:

● The government launched the EBP programme in 2003 to reduce

crude oil imports and curtail greenhouse gas emissions from petrol-
based vehicles.

-
● It started with the modest goal of achieving a blending rate of 5%,
but the target set for 2025 is 20%.

● The government also reduced the Goods and Services Tax on

ethanol from 18% to 5% in 2021.
Ethanol
Blending data:

The first E20 outlet was opened on February 8 this year — ahead of
the targeted April launch — and as of now their number has crossed
600 and will cover the entire country by 2025.

Ethanol blending in petrol has gone up from 1.53% in 2013-14, to

00
over 11.5% as of March 2023. In volume terms, ethanol blended
petrol has increased from 38 crore litres in 2013-14 to 433.6 crore
litres in 2021-22.

The number of petrol pumps selling biofuels has increased three-fold

from over 29,890 in 2016-17, to more than 67,640.
 Ethanol Production:

● The installed capacity with sugar mills for ethanol production is

currently 730 crore litres a year.

● It is learnt that almost 85% of ethanol supply comes from sugar

mills.

● The Niti Aayog estimates that more than 1,000 crore litres of
ethanol is required for 20% blend.

2%
 Pradhan Mantri JI-VAN (Jaiv Indhan- Vatavaran
Anukool fasal awashesh Nivaran) Yojana

Objective: The scheme aims to provide financial support to

integrated bio-ethanol projects for setting up Second Generation
(2G) ethanol projects in India using lignocellulosic biomass and
other renewable feedstock.

Total Financial Outlay: The total financial outlay for the scheme
is Rs. 1969.50 crore for the period 2018-19 to 2023-24.
 Financial Assistance: Under PM JI-VAN Yojana, the maximum
financial assistance is Rs.150 crore per project for commercial
projects and Rs.15 crore per project for demonstration projects.

Second Generation (2G) Bioethanol is produced from

agricultural residues and by-products, organic wastes; most
preferably woody, grassy and waste materials as a feedstock;

e
and biodegradable fractions of municipal & industrial
waste.
2G Ethanol Biorefineries, apart from producing Cellulosic Ethanol,
also produces

-
-Pellets (from surplus lignin);

-Biogas (which can be upgraded to Bio CNG);

-Liquid CO2/ Dry Ice (for supplies to Poly Houses & Cold Storages,
whichwould support Horticulture activity)

-Quality Compost (which will increase farm yields & reduce

chemical fertiliser consumption).
 Ethanol Generation

1G Bioethanol: Made from food crops; established but competes

with food.

2G Bioethanol: Uses non-food biomass; reduces food competition

but complex.

3G Bioethanol: Derived from algae; high potential but costly and

experimental.

4G Bioethanol: Involves GMOs; higher yields but ethical concerns.

Centre for High Technology (CHT), a technical body under the
aegis of Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas (MoP&NG), will
be the implementation Agency for the scheme.

an
Q. Consider the following statements:
2011-27
-

X O
1. India has been the largest producer of sugar in the world since 2015.

W
2. India has already achieved over 11% ethanol blending target as of
March 2023.

3. PM Jivan provides financial support to production of bioethanol from

algae and genetically modified organisms. 2nd
-
v

-
4. Sugar mills are responsible for over 80% of ethanol supply.

How many of the statements given above are correct?

(a) One only

OUPSC
Targets
(b) Two only
(c) Three only
(d) All Four e
0
40%
-

60% ⑩til