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    Complex Analysis 1998

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    This document contains an automatically extracted text from a PDF or image file. It discusses complex analysis and solutions to questions related to complex functions and their properties. Specifically, it examines continuity, differentiability, Laurent series expansions, and evaluating integrals using the Cauchy residue theorem.

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    Complex Analysis 1998

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    Suresh Kannan
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    This document contains an automatically extracted text from a PDF or image file. It discusses complex analysis and solutions to questions related to complex functions and their properties. Specifically, it examines continuity, differentiability, Laurent series expansions, and evaluating integrals using the Cauchy residue theorem.

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    This document contains an automatically extracted text from a PDF or image file. It discusses complex analysis and solutions to questions related to complex functions and their properties. Specifically, it examines continuity, differentiability, Laurent series expansions, and evaluating integrals using the Cauchy residue theorem.

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    Complex Analysis 1998

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    Suresh Kannan
    This document contains an automatically extracted text from a PDF or image file. It discusses complex analysis and solutions to questions related to complex functions and their properties. Specifically, it examines continuity, differentiability, Laurent series expansions, and evaluating integrals using the Cauchy residue theorem.

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    UPSC Civil Services Main 1998 - Mathematics

    Complex Analysis
    Sunder Lal
    Retired Professor of Mathematics Panjab University Chandigarh

    February 20, 2010


    Question 1(a) Show that the function f(z) =

    x3(1 + i) y3(1 x2 + y2 i) ,z=0 0, z = 0 is continuous and C-R conditions are satised at z = 0, but f (z) does not exist at z = 0. Solution. Let f(z) = u + iv, then u = x3 x2 + y2 y3 ,v = x3 + y3 x2 + y2 for z = 0, and u(0,0) = v(0,0) = 0. u x (0,0) = h0 lim u(h,0) h u(0,0) = h0 lim
    h3 h2

    h 0 =1 u y (0,0) = k0

    lim u(0,k) k u(0,0) = k0 lim


    k3 k2

    k 0 = 1 x v (0,0) = h0 lim v(h,0) h v(0,0) = h0 lim


    h3 h2

    h 0 =1 v y (0,0) = k0 lim v(0,k) k v(0,0) = k0 lim


    k3 k2

    k 0 =1 Thus u x = v

    y , u y = x v at (0,0), i.e. the Cauchy Riemann equations are satised at (0,0). f(z) is clearly continuous at z = 0, because |u(x,y) u(0,0)| = |v(x,y) v(0,0)| 2 x3 x2 x2 + y2 y3 + y2 = r3(cos3 r2 sin3 ) 2 x2 + y2

    Thus u,v are continuous at (0,0), so f(z) is continuous at (0,0).

    If f(z) is to be dierentiable at 0, then


    z0

    lim f(z) z 0 = x0,y0 lim (x3 y3) + i(x3 (x2 + y2)(x + + iy) y3) = x0,y0 lim (x3 + iy3)(1 + i)(x iy) (x2 + y2)2 should But exist if we and take it the should limit be along equal y = to x, u x then (0,0) + i x v (0,0) = 1 + i.
    z0

    lim f(z) z 0 = x0 lim (x3 + ix3)(1 (2x2)2 + i)(x ix) = 1+2 i Therefore f(z) is not dierentiable at z = 0. Question 1(b) Find the Laurent expansion of (z + 1)(z z + 2) about the singularity z = 2. Specify the region of convergence and nature of singularity at z = 2. Solution. Clearly f(z) =

    z (z + 1)(z + 2) 2 z+2 1 z+1 2 z+2 1 1 (z + 2) = = = + z+2 2 +


    n=0

    (z + 2)n for |z + 2| < 1 () The function satises the requirements of Laurents theorem in the region 0 < |z + 2| < 1 and the right hand side of () represents the Laurent series of f(z), which converges for |z + 2| < 1, because we have a singularity at z = 1 which lies on |z + 2| = 1. The Laurent series expansion () shows that f(z) has a simple pole at z = 2, where its residue is 2. Question 1(c) By using the integral representation of f (n)(0), prove that ( xn n! )
    2

    = 1 2i xnexz
    C

    n!zn+1 dz Hence show that

    n=0

    ( xn n! )
    2

    = 1 2
    2

    e2xcos d
    0

    Solution. It is easily deducible from Cauchys Integral formula that if f(z) is analytic within and on a simple closed contour C and z
    0

    is a point in the interior of C, then f (n)(z


    0

    )= n! 2i f(z)
    C

    (z z
    0

    ,dz 2 )n+1

    Let f(z) = exz (Here x is not Rex but a parameter), then f(z) is an entire function and

    therefore f(n)(0) = xn = 2i n!
    C

    zn+1 exz ,dz where C is any closed contour containing 0 in its interior. Hence ( xn n! )
    2

    = xn (n!)2 n! 2i
    C

    exz zn+1 ,dz = 2i 1 xnexz


    C

    n!zn+1 dz as required. We take C to be the unit circle for convenience. Then


    n=0

    ( xn n! )
    2

    = 1 2i
    n=0 C

    xnexz n!zn+1 dz = 2i 1 xnexz


    C n=0

    n!zn+1 dz Interchange of summation and integral is justied. Thus


    n=0

    ( xn n! )
    2

    = 1 2i
    |z|=1

    exz z
    n=0

    (x
    z

    n! )n dz = 1

    2i
    |z|=1

    exz z e
    x z

    dz Put z = ei so that dz = iei d and


    n=0

    ( xn n! )
    2

    = 2i 1
    2

    ex(ei+ei)
    0

    ei iei d = 2 1
    2

    e2xcos d
    0

    as required. Question 2(a) Prove that all roots of z7 5z3 + 12 = 0 lie between the circles |z| = 1 and |z| = 2. Solution. See 2006 question 2(b). Question 2(b) By integrating around a suitable contour show that
    0

    xsinmx x4 + a4 4b2

    emb sinmb where b =


    a 2

    dx = . 3

    Solution.

    Let f(z) = tegral z4 zeimz + a4 . sisting of f(z)dz the We consider the inwhere is the contour conline joining (R,0) and (R,0) and , the arc of the circle of radius R and center (0,0) lying in the upper half plane. (R,0) (0,0) (R,0)

    =
    0

    ReieimR(cos z4 + a4
    +i sin )

    Riei d R4 R2 a4 because |z4 + a4| |z|4 |a4| = R4 a4 on , and emR sin 1 as sin > 0 for 0 < < .

    Thus f(z)dz

    f(z)dz 0 as R and
    R

    lim

    x4 xeimx + a4 dx But by Cauchys residue theorem f(z)dz =

    f(z)dz = 2i (the sum of the residues of poles of f(z) inside ). The poles of f(z) are simple poles at ae
    3i 4

    are inside . Residue at z = ae


    i 4

    ,ae
    3i 4

    , out of which ae
    i 4

    ,ae
    i 4

    is ae
    i 4

    eimae 4a3e
    3i

    4 i 4

    . Residue at z = ae
    3i 4

    is ae
    3i 4

    4a3e eimae
    9i 4 3i 4

    . ] Sum of residues = = i 4a2 [ eima(cos


    4 +i sin 4 ) 4 +i sin 3 4 )

    + eima(cos 3

    ] = i 4a2 [ e
    ma 2 (i1)

    +e
    ma

    2 (i1)

    4a2
    ma 2

    ( 2isin ) =
    ma 2

    2a2 ma 2 Thus

    ie ma 2 e sin xeimx
    ma 2

    x4 + a4 2a2 ma 2 Taking imaginary parts of both sides, we get


    dx = 2i e

    sin xsinmx

    xsinmx e
    ma 2

    x4 + a4
    0

    x4 + a4 a2 ma 2 emb 2b2 sinmb where b =


    a 2

    dx = 2 dx = sin = . Thus
    0

    xsinmx x4 + a4 dx = emb 4b2 sinmb as required. 4

    2 0

    d 3 2cos + sin . Solution. We put z = ei, so that d = dz


    iz

    ,cos = 1
    2

    (z + 1
    z

    ),sin = 2i
    1

    (z 1
    z

    ). Thus I=
    2 0

    d 3 2cos + sin =
    |z|=1

    dz iz[3 (z + 1
    z

    ) + 2i
    1

    (z 1
    z

    )] =2
    |z|=1

    dz 6iz 2iz2 2i + z2 1 =2 Question 2(c) Using the residue theorem evaluate dz


    |z|=1

    (1 2i)(z + i

    12i

    )(z + 12i
    5i

    ) Clearly (6iz2iz22i+z21)1 has two simple poles 12i


    i

    lies inside |z| = 1. The residue at this pole is lim and z + i


    12i 5i

    of which only 12i


    i 12i z

    by Cauchys residue theorem (1 2i)(z + i


    12i

    )(z + 12i
    5i

    ) = 4i 1 . Thus I=
    i 12i

    2 0

    d 3 2cos + sin = 2 2i 1 4i = 5

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