I.

Ancient civilizations

A. Africa

Technology in Africa has a history stretching to the beginning of the human species,
stretching back to the first evidence of tool use. by hominid ancestors in the areas of Africa.
where humans are believed to have evolved. Africa saw the advent of some of the earliest
iron working. technology in the Aïr Mountains. region of what is today Niger. and the erection
of some of the world's oldest monuments, pyramids and towers in Egypt, Nubia, and North
Africa. In Nubia and ancient Kush, glazed quartzite and building in brick was developed to a
greater extent than in Egypt. Parts of the East African Swahili Coast saw the creation of the
world's oldest carbon steel creation with high-temperature blast furnaces. created by the
Haya people. of Tanzania.

1. Stone Age

The Stone Age is contemporaneous with the evolution of the genus HomoLinks to an
external site., with the possible exception of the early Stone Age, when species prior to
Homo may have manufactured tools.

2. Bronze Age
The Bronze Age is a historical period. that was characterized by the use of bronze, in
some areas proto-writingLinks to an external site., and other early features of urban
civilization. The Bronze Age is the second principal period of the three-age
Stone-Bronze-Iron system, as proposed in modern times by Christian Jürgensen Thomsen,
for classifying and studying ancient societies.

3. Iron Age

The Iron Age is the final epoch of the three-age division. of the prehistory and
protohistory. of humanity. It was preceded by the Stone Age. (Paleolithic., Mesolithic,
Neolithic, and Chalcolithic) and the Bronze Age. The concept has been mostly applied to
Europe and the Ancient Near East., and, by analogy, also to other parts of the Old World

B. Mesopotamia
 They were one of the first Bronze Age people in the world. Early on they used copper,
bronze and gold, and later they used iron. Palaces were decorated with hundreds of
kilograms of these very expensive metals. Also, copper, bronze, and iron were used for
armor as well as for different weapons such as swords, daggers, spears, and maces.

C. Egypt
The Egyptians invented and used many simple machines, such as the ramp to aid
construction processes. They were among the first to extract gold by large-scale mining
using fire-setting, and the first recognizable map, the Turin papyrus shows the plan of one
such mine in Nubia.

D. Greece
The latter Greeks of the first millennium BC had a (still not very effective) cavalry arm
(indeed, it has been argued that these early horseback riding soldiers may have given rise to
the development of the later, heavily armed foot-soldiers known as hoplite), and the rocky
terrain of the Greek mainland was unsuited for wheeled vehicles. Consequently, in historical
Greece the chariot was never used to any extent in war. Nevertheless, the chariot retained a
high status and memories of its era were handed down in epic poetry. Linear B tablets from
Mycenaean palaces record large inventories of chariots, sometimes with specific details as
to how many chariots were assembled or not (i.e. stored in modular form). Later the vehicles
were used in games and processions, notably for races at the Olympic and Panathenaic
Games and other public festivals in ancient Greece.

E. Ancient China
The Four Great Inventions of China: the compass, gunpowderLinks to an external
site., paper making, and printing were among the most important technological advances,
only known in Europe by the end of the Middle Ages.

According to the Scottish researcher Joseph Needham, the Chinese made many
first-known discoveries and developments. Major technological contributions from China
include early seismological detectors, matches, paper, the double-action piston pump, cast
iron, the iron plough, the multi-tube seed drill, the suspension bridge, natural gas as fuel, the
magnetic compass, the raised-relief map, the propeller, the crossbow, the south-pointing
chariot, and gunpowder. Other Chinese discoveries and inventions from the Medieval period,
according to Joseph Needham's research, include: block printing and movable type,
phosphorescent paint, and the spinning wheel.

F. Roman Empire
Roman technology is the collection of techniques, skills, methods, processes, and
engineering practices utilized and developed by the civilization of ancient Rome (753 BC –
476 AD).The Roman Empire was a technologically advanced civilization of antiquity. The
Romans incorporated technologies from the Greeks, Etruscans, and Celts. The technology
developed by a civilization is limited by the available sources of energy, and the Romans
were no different in this sense. Accessible sources of energy determine the ways in which
power is generated. The main types of power accessed by the ancient Romans were
human, animal, and water.

II. The Middle Ages

The Middle Ages, far from being miserable and bloody, was a period of great invention
and innovation., far from being miserable and bloody, was a period of great invention and
innovation.
Copernican Revolution
The Revolution was the paradigm shift from the Ptolemaic model of the
heavens, which described the cosmos as having Earth stationary at the center of the
universe, to the heliocentric model with the Sun at the center of the Solar System.

NICOLAUS COPERNICUS was born, the youngest of four children, in Torun,

Poland, on February 19, 1473 – 24 May 1543.
Nicolaus Copernicus (/koʊˈpɜːrnɪkəs, kə-/; Polish: German, was a Renaissance-era
mathematician and astronomer, who formulated a model of the universe that placed
the Sun rather than Earth at the center of the universe.
The Copernican Revolution gives us an important framework for
understanding the Universe. The Universe and everything in it can be understood
and predicted using a set of basic physical laws (“rules”). The entire Universe obeys
the same physical laws everywhere (and at all times).

Since the Copernican revolution of the 16th century, at which time the Polish
astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus proposed a Sun-centered model of the universe
(heliocentric system), enlightened thinkers have regarded Earth as a planet like the
others of the solar system. The Copernican revolution is the dramatic change,
initiated by Copernicus, that occurred when we learned that Earth is a planet orbiting
the Sun rather than the center of the universe. For the longest time, we thought that
all the objects in the sky revolved around us and that the Earth was the center of the
universe.
In 1543, the year of his death, Nicolaus Copernicus started his eponymous
revolution with the publication of De revolutionibus orbium coelestium (On the
Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres). Copernicus' model for the solar system is
heliocentric, with the planets circling the sun rather than Earth. He is commonly
known as the man who introduced the idea of a heliocentric universe, but is not his
theory itself that was transformational. ... Copernicus' work was ultimately most
significant because it changed the way people used physics and astronomy to
understand the universe.
In 1514, Copernicus distributed a handwritten book to his friends that set out
his view of the universe. In it, he proposed that the center of the universe was not
Earth, but that the sun lay near it. His studies caused a pivotal change in how we
view ourselves just as Nicolaus Copernicus (1473 - 1543) and Galileo Galilei (1564
-1642) changed what we know about our earth. Copernicus formulated the scientific
theory that the Earth rotated on its axis and revolved around the sun.
Copernicus dedicated the book to Paul III (Pope: 1534-49) who was known
for his astrological predilection: he had promoted an astrologer (Luca Gaurico) to a
cardinal because he had twice forecasted his election to the Papacy.
Ptolemy believed that the heavenly bodies' circular motions were caused by
their being attached to unseen revolving solid spheres. For example, an epicycle
would be the “equator” of a spinning sphere lodged in the space between two
spherical shells surrounding Earth. Italian scientist Giordano Bruno was burned at
the stake for teaching, among other heretical ideas, Copernicus' heliocentric view of
the Universe. In 1543, Nicolaus Copernicus detailed his radical theory of the
Universe in which the Earth, along with the other planets, rotated around the Sun.
While the sphericity of the Earth was widely recognized in Greco-Roman astronomy
from at least the 4th century BC, the Earth's daily rotation and yearly orbit around the
Sun was never universally accepted until the Copernican Revolution.

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The Evolution of Charles Darwin

Darwin's five-week visit to these remarkable islands catalyzed the scientific
revolution that now bears his name. Darwin's revolutionary theory was that new
species arise naturally, by a process of evolution, rather than having been
created—forever immutable—by God.

Charles Darwin

In 1859, there was a groundbreaking revolution in both the scientific and

religious realms: The Origin of Species, authored by Charles Darwin, was published.
The book changed how people approach biology forever and has fundamental
impacts on modern science, religion, and other aspects of society.
Charles Darwin's theory of evolution states that evolution happens by natural
selection. Individuals in a species show variation in physical characteristics.
Individuals with characteristics best suited to their environment are more likely to
survive, find food, avoid predators, and resist disease.
Charles Darwin is centrally important in the development of scientific and
humanist ideas because he first made people aware of their place in the evolutionary
process when the most powerful and intelligent form of life discovered how humanity
had evolved.
Darwin's theory of evolution, also called Darwinism, can be further divided into
5 parts: "evolution as such", common descent, gradualism, population speciation,
and natural selection. The Darwinian Revolution. In 1859, there was a
groundbreaking revolution in both the scientific and religious realms: The Origin of
Species, authored by Charles Darwin, was published.

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The Freudian Revolution

Freud's revolution may be viewed as the discovery of a way of locating in the mind
objective entities that can be studied like physical things. Because of his genius for structural
thought, Freud was able to respond satisfactorily to a challenge that all the sciences were
facing. The development of psychoanalysis represented a great intellectual revolution,
which overthrew the most cherished concepts of Freud's age. Freud shook the foundations
of psychology. He did this by shaping several schools of thought. In this sense, Freud was a
revolutionary in his way of seeing humans and our minds. Freud developed the
psychoanalytic theory of personality development, which argued that personality is formed
through conflicts among three fundamental structures of the human mind: the id, ego, and
superego.

Freudian psychology is based on the work of Sigmund Freud (1856-1939). Freud is

best known for his theories of the unconscious mind, dreams, infantile sexuality, libido,
repression, and transference—all of which continue to influence the field of psychology to
varying degrees. The trouble with Freud is that, while his ideas appear intriguing and even
appeal to our common sense, there's very little scientific evidence to back them up. Modern
psychology has produced very little to support many of his claims in the decades since their
initial presentation.
Section 3

The Department of Science and Technology (DST) in the Philippines is a government

agency tasked with overseeing and managing national technology development and
acquisition, undertaking technological and scientific research and promoting public
consciousness of science and technology. Developments in science and technology are
fundamentally altering the way tasked with overseeing and managing national technology
development and acquisition, undertaking technological and scientific research and
promoting public consciousness of science and technology.

Developments in science and technology are fundamentally altering the way people
live, connect, communicate and transact, with profound effects on economic development. ...
Through breakthroughs in health services and education, these technologies have the power
to better the lives of poor people in developing countries

Philippine economy to grow faster with technology. A research fellow from the
Philippine Institute for Development Studies (PIDS) posits that the Philippine economy could
grow faster by an estimated 10% if emerging technologies, knowledge and the 4th Industrial
Revolution can be utilised to accelerate productivity.

Pre Colonial Period

Even before the colonization by the SpaniardsLinks to an external site. in the Philippine
islands., the natives of the archipelago already had practices linked to science and
technology. Filipinos were already aware of the medicinal and therapeutic properties of
plants and the methods of extracting medicine from herbs. They already had an alphabet,
number system, a weighing and measuring system and a calendar. Filipinos were already
engaged in farming, shipbuilding, mining and weaving.

Spanish Colonial Period

The colonization of the Philippines contributed to growth of science and technology in the
archipelago. The Spanish introduced formal education and founded scientific institution.
During the early years of Spanish rule in the Philippines. Parish schools were established
where religion, reading, writing, arithmetic and music was taught. Sanitation and more
advanced methods of agriculture was taught to the natives. Later the Spanish established
colleges and universities in the archipelago including the University of Santo TomasLinks to
an external site..

American Period and Post-Commonwealth era

Science during the American period was inclined towards agriculture, food processing,
medicine and pharmacy. Not much focus was given on the development of industrial
technology due to free trade policy with the United States which nurtured an economy
geared towards agriculture and trade.
Marcos Era and Martial Law

During Ferdinand Marcos' presidency, the importance given to science grew. In the amended
1973 Philippine Constitution, Article XV, Section 9 (1), he declared that the "advancement of
science and technology shall have priority in national development.". In his two terms of
presidency and during Martial Law, he enacted many laws promoting science and
technology.

In 1986, during Corazon Aquino's presidency, the National Science and Technology
Authority was replaced by the Department of Science and Technology, giving science and
technology a representation in the cabinet. Under the Medium Term Philippine Development
Plan for the years 1987-1992, science and technology's role in economic recovery and
sustained economic growth was highlighted. During Corazon Aquino's State of the Nation
Address in 1990, she said that science and technology development shall be one of the top
three priorities of the government towards an economic recovery.

Here are some Filipino inventions and 'tatak Pinoy' discoveries that may surprise and even inspire the
innovator in you.
- The bamboo incubator, widely credited as the brainchild of Dr. Fe del MundoLinks to
an external site.. This makeshift device is relatively inexpensive and easy to
reproduce, making it ideal for use in rural communities and areas with no electricity.
Developing this ingenious take on a life-saving machine, though, is far from her only
accomplishment. In 1936, Dr. del Mundo became a Research Fellow in Pediatrics at
Harvard Medical School.

- Dr. Abelardo Aguilar. In 1949, via soil samples he obtained from his backyard, Dr.
Aguilar stumbled upon 𝘚𝘵𝘳𝘦𝘱𝘵𝘰𝘮𝘺𝘤𝘦𝘴 𝘦𝘳𝘺𝘵𝘩𝘳𝘢𝘦𝘶𝘴 (now 𝘚𝘢𝘤𝘤𝘩𝘢𝘳𝘰𝘱𝘰𝘭𝘺𝘴𝘱𝘰𝘳𝘢 𝘦𝘳𝘺𝘵𝘩𝘳𝘢𝘦𝘢),
the bacteria that would lead to the discovery of erythromycin. Erythromycin is an
antibiotic used in treating infections of the respiratory tract, Legionnaire’s disease,
and diphtheria, as well as urinary tract infections and sexually transmitted diseases
such as syphilis.

- Chances are you may have heard of — or perhaps even tried — Challenge 21, a
relatively new board game invented by, you guessed it, a Filipino. The mind behind
this remarkable Filipino invention is Mr. Leonardo Meija Yu, a 68-year-old retired
economics professor and Philippine Ports Authority officer.

- Ramon Barba, however, believed that smudging was tedious and expensive.
Furthermore, the process also emits pollutants into the atmosphereLinks to an
external site.. He proposed an alternative: the use of a chemical spray called Etherel
(2-chloroethylphosphonic acid). His idea was met with derision and rejected for
experiments, until one day, his friends Mr. and Mrs. Jose Quimson allowed him to
conduct a trial using 400 mango trees. And the rest, as they say, is history.
- Diosdado Banatao, a native from Cagayan Valley, developed the first single-chip
16-bit microprocessor-based calculator in the 1970s. He went on to create the world’s
first system logic chip sets in 1981, which allowed the integration of all of a
computer’s essential data processing features into a small package. He did not stop
there, though. Banatao eventually came up with the first Windows Graphics
accelerator chip for personal computers. Thanks to these breakthroughs, he earned
himself a permanent place in the history of PC development.