Unit: Applying Linear Relationships Name _____________________________________

Student Handout 1 Date _____________________________Pd______

DIRECT VARIATION
Aaron works at a gym and earns $6 for every new membership he sells. Complete the table of
values below and create a graph to represent the relationship between x, the number of new
memberships sold and y, the amount Aaron earns.

MONEY EARNED ($)

MEMBERSHIPS SOLD 0 1 2 5

MONEY EARNED ($)

Is the situation above proportional? Explain.

MEMBERSHIPS SOLD

• Direct variation exists when a relationship is _________________________.

You can also say that the value of y “varies ______________” with x.
DIRECT
• Direct variation is defined by the equation __________ where the coefficient
VARIAT ION
“k” is the constant of ______________________.
• If y = kx, we can find the value of k by solving ________.

1. Use Aaron’s situation above to answer a-d.

a. What is the value of k? How do you know? b. Write an equation to represent the situation.

c. Use your equation to find the amount Aaron d. Use your equation to find how many new
will earn for selling 13 new memberships. memberships Aaron sold if he earned $108.

2. The value of y varies directly with x. If x = 4, then y = 36. Use this to answer a-d.

a. Find k, the constant of proportionality. b. Write an equation to represent the situation.

c. Find the value of x when y = 144. d. Find the value of y when x = 27.

©Maneuvering the Middle LLC, 2020

3. The value of y varies directly with x. If x = 12, then y = 3. Use this to answer a-d.
a. Find k, the constant of proportionality. b. Write an equation to represent the situation.

c. Find the value of x when y = 16. d. Find the value of y when x = 36.

Use your knowledge of direct variation to answer 4-8.

4. The value of y varies directly with x. If y = 4 5. The relationship between x and y is
when x = 20, find the value of y when x = 74. proportional. If y = 25 when x = 2, find the
value of x when y = 125.

6. The cost of a smoothie at Fruit Mixers is 7. The distance a marble will roll varies directly
proportional to the number of ounces ordered. If with the time in seconds it has been rolling as
a 16-oz smoothie costs $3.36, find the cost of a shown in the table.
20-oz smoothie.
Time (seconds) 0 2 3 6
Distance (cm) 0 7 10.5 21

Find the time in seconds if a marble has rolled

56 cm.

8. The distance a roadrunner travels, y, is directly proportional to x, the time in seconds. A

roadrunner travels 34 meters in 4 seconds. Use this information to mark each statement as true
or false. If false, rewrite the statement as true in the space below.

________ a. The relationship can be represented by y = 0.12x.

________ b. After 6 seconds, the roadrunner would travel 51 meters.

________ c. If a roadrunner traveled 170 meters, the time passed was 30 seconds.

Summarize today’s lesson:

©Maneuvering the Middle LLC, 2020

 Unit: Applying Linear Relationships Name _____________________________________
Student Handout 2 Date _____________________________Pd______

EQUATIONS OF PARALLEL L INES

The graph shows two parallel lines, f and g. Use the graph to answer A– C.
f
A. Write the equation of line f in slope-intercept form.

g
B. Write the equation of line g in slope-intercept form.

C. Compare the equations of line f and line g.

• Parallel lines on a coordinate plane are lines that are ___________

PARALLEL
distance from each other at all points and have the ___________ slope.
L INES
• Parallel lines will ___________ intersect.

Find the slope of a line parallel to the given equation.

1. 2. 3.
5 y = 9 – 2x 3y = 4x – 18
y = 2x + 14

____________ ____________ ____________

Use your knowledge of parallel lines to answer the following questions.

4. Write the equation of the line that is parallel 5. Write an equation of the line that is parallel
to the line y = -4x + 10 and has a y-intercept of to the line 3y = 2x – 12 and crosses the y-axis
(0, -8). at 6.

slope: _______________ slope: _______________

equation: _______________ equation: _______________

©Maneuvering the Middle LLC, 2020

For 6 & 7, write an equation in slope-intercept form.
1 7. A line parallel to y = -2.4x +11 and passes
6. A line parallel to y = 4x – 9 and passes
through the point (10, -5).
through the point (8, 1).

_______________ ______________

Sketch a dotted line parallel to the x-axis and a solid line parallel to the y-axis on the graph.
Then, write an equation for the line next to your drawing.

PARALLEL TO THE X-AXIS AND Y-AXIS

• A line parallel to the x-axis will be ______________ and have a
slope of ________ .

• A line parallel to the y-axis will be ______________ and have an

______________ slope.

Use your knowledge of parallel lines to answer the following questions.

8. Determine the slope of the line that is 9. Natasha says the line x = 7 is parallel to the
parallel to the x-axis and passes through the x-axis and has a slope of zero. Do you agree
point (6, -8). Then, write the equation of the or disagree? Justify your answer.
line.

slope: _______________

equation: _______________
10. Write the equation of the line that is 11. Line p contains points (-3, 2) and (6, -1).
parallel to line h and passes through the point Line m contains points (-6, 0) and (-3, -1).
(2, 3). Determine if lines p and m are parallel. Explain
h your reasoning.

_______________
Summarize today’s lesson:
©Maneuvering the Middle LLC, 2020
 Unit: Applying Linear Relationships Name _____________________________________
Student Handout 3 Date _____________________________Pd______

EQUATIONS OF PERPENDICULAR L INES

Perpendicular lines are lines that intersect to form a ________ angle. Based on this definition,
highlight or circle the perpendicular lines in the figures below.

Lines r, s, t, and u intersect to form a rectangle. Use your knowledge of rectangles to answer
A-D.
A. Which pairs of lines should have the same slope? Explain.
s
t
r

●
B. Find the slope of each line: u

●
r: ________ s: ________ t: ________ u: ________

●
C. List two pairs of perpendicular lines from the figure.

●
D. Compare the slopes of one pair of perpendicular lines. What conjecture can you make about
the slopes of any two perpendicular lines?

SLOPE OF
Slopes of perpendicular lines are __________________ ________________.
PERPENDICULAR
To find the slope, ________ the fraction and ____________ the sign.
L INES

Find the slope of a line perpendicular to the given equation.

1. 2. 3. 4.
4 1 y = 5x + 20 y = 17 – 10x
y = 5x +19 y = -2x – 4

__________ __________ __________ __________

©Maneuvering the Middle LLC, 2020
In 5-7, write the slope and the equation in slope-intercept form.
5. A line perpendicular to 6. A line perpendicular to 7. A line perpendicular to
3 1 y = 6x + 4 and contains the
y = 4x +1 and contains the y = - x – 7 and contains the
3 point (12, -5).
point (0, 3). point (-2, 7).

slope: _________ slope: _________ slope: _________

equation: _________________ equation: _________________ equation: _________________

Sketch a dotted line perpendicular to the x-axis and a solid line perpendicular to the y-axis on the
graph. Then, write an equation for the line next to your drawing.

PERPENDICULAR TO THE X-AXIS AND Y-AXIS

• A line perpendicular to the x-axis will be ______________ and
have an ______________ slope.

• A line perpendicular to the y-axis will be ______________ and

have a slope of ______________ .

8. Write an equation for the line passing 9. Write the equation of the line that is
through the point (-8, 11) that is perpendicular to line b and passes through the
point (-4, 5).
b
a. perpendicular to the x-axis

b. perpendicular to the y-axis

_______________

10. Determine if lines f and g are perpendicular. f

Justify your answer.

_____________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________
g
_____________________________________________________

Summarize today’s lesson:

©Maneuvering the Middle LLC, 2020
 Unit: Applying Linear Relationships Name _____________________________________
Student Handout 4 Date _____________________________Pd______

TRANSFORMATIONS OF L INEAR FUNCTIONS I

The linear ______________ function, or most basic linear function,
is shown on the graph at the right. Record the slope, y-intercept
and equation of the linear parent function below:

slope: _______ y-int: ________ equation: ______________________

The linear parent function can be __________________ or changed by

adding or subtracting values to the function or its input values.

• When f(x) is transformed by f(x) + d, the linear function shifts or is

TRANSFORMING translated ____________________ .
WITH F(X) + D • f(x) + d will shift the line _________ “d” units
• f(x) − d will shift the line _________ “d” units

Describe how the functions given in 1 & 2 relate to the parent function f(x) = x. Then graph and
label the function on the graph with the parent function above.
1. g(x) = f(x) + 6 2. h(x) = f(x) − 5

Two students transformed f(x) = x as shown below. Use the graph to answer 3-5.
3. Luis graphed g(x) = f(x) − 4. Label Luis’ line
“g” and explain your choice.
f(x) = x

4. Cora graphed the second line. Label Cora’s

line “h” and fill in the blank to represent Cora’s
line.
h(x) = ______________________

5. How do the slopes and y-intercepts of the

students' lines compare to the parent function?

6. Given that f(x) = x, Sofia is going to graph the function p(x) = f(x) − 2. Describe the slope and
y-intercept Sofia’s line will have.

©Maneuvering the Middle LLC, 2020

 • When f(x) is transformed by f(x − c), the linear function shifts or is
TRANSFORMING translated __________________________ .
WITH F(X − C) • f(x + c) will shift the line ___________ “c” units
• f(x − c) will shift the line ___________ “c” units

Describe how the functions given in 7 & 8 relate to the parent function f(x) = x.
7. m(x) = f(x − 1) 9. Graph and label
the functions m(x)
and r(x).

8. r(x) = f(x + 7)

Two students transformed f(x) = x as shown below. Use the graph to answer 10-12.
10. Camila graphed g(x) = f(x − 5). Label
Camila’s line “g” and explain your choice.
f(x) = x

11. Ike graphed the second line. Label Ike’s line

“h” and fill in the blank to represent Ike’s line.

h(x) = ______________________
12. How do the slopes and x-intercepts of the
students' lines compare to the parent function?

13. The parent function f was shifted 14. Julie will graph f(x) = x and a(x) = f(x − 9).
horizontally to g
create function f a. How will the slope of a(x) compare to f(x)?
g. Write a
function to
represent g.

b. How will the x-intercept of a(x) compare to

f(x)?

_______________
Summarize today’s lesson:

©Maneuvering the Middle LLC, 2020

Unit: Applying Linear Relationships Name _____________________________________
Student Handout 5 Date _____________________________Pd______

TRANSFORMATIONS OF L INEAR FUNCTIONS I I

The linear parent function f(x) = x can be transformed by ____________________ the function or
its input values by a given value.
• Observe how multiplying the function by 2 will affect the graph of f(x) by completing the
table on the left and creating a graph for g(x) = 2f(x) below.
1
• Observe how multiplying the input values by 2 will affect the graph of f(x) by completing the
1
table on the right and creating a graph for h(x) = f( x) below.
2

f 1
g(x) = 2f(x) h(x) = f( x)
2

x f(x) 2f(x) x 1 1
x f( x)
2 2
0 0
1 2
2 4

3 6

a. Find the y-intercept of each function: f(x): ______ g(x): ______ h(x): ______

b. Find the slope of each function: f(x): ______ g(x): ______ h(x): ______

c. Summarize the effects on the parent function when multiplying the parent function or the
input values by a constant.

• When f(x) = x is transformed by af(x) or f(bx), the slope of the function

TRANSFORMING
will be changed by a factor of _____ or _____ .
WITH AF(X) &
• If a or b is > 1, the slope will become _____________________.
F(BX)
• If a or b is < 1 (but > 0), the slope will become __________ ____________.

Describe how each function below will compare to the parent function f(x) = x.
3 2. f(4x)
1. 4f(x)

©Maneuvering the Middle LLC, 2020

3. Rose graphed f(x) = x and g(x) = f(bx) 4. Stefan graphed f(x) = x and p(x) = af(x)
below. Find the value of b. below. Find the value of a.
f f
g

p
_____________ _____________

5. The functions f and h are shown on the grid. Circle the name f
of the student who correctly wrote the function represented by h.
For each incorrect student, describe how their function would relate
to the function f beneath their work.

PAMELA DANIEL JEN

h(x) = f(x) − 1 h(x) = -f(x) h(x) = f(x − 1)

5 8. The function f(x) = x has been transformed

6. Eduardo will graph f(x) = x and g(x) = f(3x)
as shown below by line c. Describe the
on the same grid. Which function will have a transformation and write a function for c(x)
steeper line? Explain. that shows how it relates to f(x).
c f

7. Delilah will graph f(x) = x and

v(x) = 2f(x) − 3 on the same grid. How will v(x)
relate to f(x)?

9. Summarize how each of the following transformations affects the parent function f(x) = x.
Include which attributes of the function’s graph will stay the same and which will be changed.

af(x) f(bx) f(x − c) f(x) + d

©Maneuvering the Middle LLC, 2020

 Unit: Applying Linear Relationships Name _____________________________________
Student Handout 6 Date _____________________________Pd______

SCATTER PLOTS AND ASSOCIATION

• Scatter plots are graphs that use points to display relationships between
two sets of _________________ data and can be useful for observing
SCATTER trends, patterns or ___________________ between two variables.
PLOTS
• If the overall shape of the data resembles a line, the association is
described as _______________.

Scatter plots may display the following types of association:

POSITIVE NEGAT IVE NO ASSOCIAT ION
EXAM SCORE

●
● ● ●● ● ●
●● ●
SWEATER

●● ● ● ●

PAIRS OF

OWNED
● ● ●
● ● ● ●

SOCKS
● ●●
SALES

●
●● ● ● ● ● ● ●
● ●● ● ● ● ●●
●● ●

HOURS STUDIED SNOW CONE PERSON’S AGE

SALES
As the value of x increases, As the value of x increases, The change in one variable
the value of y ______________ the value of y ______________ has ____ effect on the other

____________________ exists between two variables when the change in one variable causes the
change in the other variable. Describe which of the scatter plots above display causation:

For each pair of variables in the table below, describe the association and whether you’d expect
there to be causation between the variables.

VARIABLES ASSOCIAT ION? CAUSAT ION?

a. As the number of cars in a
restaurant parking lot increases,
the number of available seats
inside the restaurant decreases.

b. As your height each year since

©Maneuvering the Middle LLC, 2020

birth increases, the average

annual price of gas increases.

Both scatter plots at the right display ___________________ A B

association. Predict which has stronger association and explain ● ●
● ● ●●
your thinking. ●● ●●
● ●● ●
● ● ● ●● ●
●
● ●
 Association can also be referred to as _____________________. The more the points are spread
or “scattered”, the __________________ the linear correlation. The closer the points are to one
another and the shape of a line, the ___________________ the linear correlation.

CORRELAT ION COEFFICIENT

The correlation coefficient, known as “____ ,”

is a value between _____ and _____ used to
measure the direction and strength of a -1 0 1
NEGATIVE POSITIVE
linear scatter plot. CORRELATION CORRELATION

The four scatter plots shown have the correlation coefficients listed on the cards below. Based on
the information above, write the value of “r” under its corresponding graph.
A B C D
● ● ●
r = 0.2 r = -0.9 ● ● ●● ●● ●
● ● ●● ●● ●
● ● ●●
● ● ● ●● ● ●●
● ● ●● ● ●● ● ● ●
●● ●
r = 0.8 r = -0.5 ●●● ●

Correlation coefficients can be calculated using a graphing calculator. Use technology to answer
each question below.
1. The table shows the number of times theater students practiced their lines the night before a
rehearsal and the number of
PRACTICED 10 2 8 6 1 3 11 7
mistakes each student made
during the rehearsal. MISTAKES 1 4 1 2 6 3 0 1

a. Find the correlation coefficient to the nearest hundredth: ______

b. What does this value tell you about the data and its corresponding scatter plot?

2. Principal Thomas recorded the number of students at his school who were members
of both the robotics club and
the photography club every ROBOTICS 6 9 12 20 22 37 31 26
year since they each PHOTOGRAPHY 21 18 38 50 46 61 60 78
began in 2012.

a. Find “r” to the nearest hundredth: ______

b. What does this value tell you about the data and its corresponding scatter plot?

3. Do either of the tables above represent causation? Explain.

©Maneuvering the Middle LLC, 2020

 Unit: Applying Linear Relationships Name _____________________________________
Student Handout 7 Date _____________________________Pd______

SCATTER PLOTS AND PREDICTIONS

• When scatter plots demonstrate a ______________ relationship, a _________
line can be used to show the association between two sets of data.
TREND L INES
• The equation of the trend line, or “line of best fit,” can be used to make
_____________ or estimate _____________ for a data set.

A tomato farmer monitors the number of bees that visit his garden in the spring and the number
of tomatoes he harvests in the summer. His data from the past 10 years is shown in the table
below. Use this information for A-E.

# OF BEES 45 38 67 29 58 21 60 18 70 20
# OF TOMATOES 68 59 100 51 87 32 90 16 92 42

A. Create a scatter plot of the data given in the table.

B. Using a straight edge, sketch a trend line.
C. Pick two points on your trend line to write an equation for
the line.

D. How could this equation be used to make predictions about

the farmer’s garden for future years?

E. Trend lines can also be found using a _____________ _____________. Input the data from the
tomato farmer into your graphing calculator and find the equation of the trend line. How does it
compare to your equation in C?

The scatter plot shows the total number of curbside orders several stores received compared to
the number of customers that shopped inside the store that day. Use the graph to answer 1 & 2.
1. Stuart estimated y = 5x + 200 as an equation for the scatter
CUSTOMERS IN-STORE

plot’s trend line. Is his equation reasonable? Why or why not? ●

●
©Maneuvering the Middle LLC, 2020

● ●
●
●
● ●
●
2. How many in-store customers would you predict if there
● ●●●●
were 18 curbside orders placed?
●

CURBSIDE ORDERS
3. Herpetologists study the effects that temperature has on snake activity. The chart shows the
temperature and the hours of activity of a snake on different days of the year. A linear function
can be used to model the data.
TEMP (OF) 95 75 82 68 18 45 55 87
HOURS OF ACTIVITY 18 14 16.5 10.2 1.1 4 4.5 16.2

a. Using a graphing calculator, find the b. If the temperature is 40oF, how many hours
equation of the trend line. of the day will the snake be active?

c. If the snake has been active for 9.5 hours, d. Find the correlation coefficient and describe
what is the predicted temperature? the association.

4. The graph and table show the results of a survey asking a person’s age and the number of
online purchases they make in a week. A linear function can be used to model the data.
a. What is the best ONLINE
prediction for the number AGE
PURCHASES

# OF ONLINE PURCHASES
of purchases a 30-year-old
would make? Round to the 20 15 ● ●
nearest whole number. 23 13 ●
42 7 ●
b. If a person made 3 50 5 ●
online purchases a week, ●
25 14
how old would you predict ●
that person to be? 64 2
38 10 AGE

c. Which function would best model the data from ages 20 – 55?

a. y = -0.34x + 8 b. y = -0.33x + 21.5 c. y = 0.41x + 20 d. y = 21.5x – 0.35

5. A children’s museum reports the number of visitors in a month compared to the number of
rainy days in that month. The relationship can be modeled by a linear function.

# OF RAINY DAYS 3 9 18 15 13 12 10 7
# OF VISITORS 223 187 551 495 601 325 301 221

a. If there were 5 rainy days in a month, how b. Find the correlation coefficient and describe
many visitors should the museum expect that the association.
month? Round to the nearest whole number.

©Maneuvering the Middle LLC, 2020