Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 9 views

    Scalar and Vector Quantities

    Uploaded by

    Bakare Mayowa
    scalar_and_vector_quantities

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Scalar and Vector Quantities

    Uploaded by

    Bakare Mayowa
    9 views6 pages
    scalar_and_vector_quantities

    Original Title

    scalar_and_vector_quantities

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    scalar_and_vector_quantities

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    9 views6 pages

    Scalar and Vector Quantities

    Uploaded by

    Bakare Mayowa
    scalar_and_vector_quantities

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 6

    SUBJECT: PHYSICS

    CLASS: SS 2

    DATE:

    TERM: 1st TERM

    REFERENCE TEXT

    New School Physics by M.W Anyakoha


    SSCE WAEC Past Questions
    UTME Past Questions

    WEEK TWO

    TOPIC: SCALAR AND VECTOR QUANTITIES

    CONTENT

    Concept of scalar and vector quantities.


    Vector representation, addition of vectors.
    Resolution of vectors and resultant.

    CONCEPT OF SCALAR AND VECTOR QUANTITIES

    Physical quantities are divided into two types

    i Scalar quantity

    ii Vector quantity

    A scalar is one which has only magnitude (size ) but no direction e.g. distance, speed , temperature , volume ,
    work , energy, power , mass ,electric potential , gravitational potential electric charge .

    A vector quantity has both magnitude (size) and direction e.g. force, weight, velocity, acceleration, momentum
    displacement, magnetic flux, electric fields and gravitational fields.

    Scalar quantities are added according to the ordinary rules of arithmetic. For example , a mark of 50 added
    to a mark of 40 produces a mark of 90 –no directional property .But a force of 50N combined with a force of
    40N may produce 90N if they are acting in same direction. But they are acting in opposite direction it would
    produce a different result. These vectors are combined or added by a special law the parallelogram law of
    addition of vectors.

    VECTOR REPRESENTATION

    A vector quantity can be graphically represented by a


    line drawn so that the length of the line denotes the
    magnitude of the quantity . The direction of the line
    indicates the direction in which the vector quantity
    act and it is shown by an arrow head . E.g a distance
    of 5km west represented by 5cm length of line where
    1km = 1cm
    N

    5cm w

    ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION OF VECTORS

    Two or more vectors acting on a body in a specified direction can be combined to produce a single vector
    having the same effect .The single vector is called the resultant.

    For example:

    (a) Two forces Y and X with magnitude of 3N and 4N respectively acting along the same direction will
    produce a resultant of 7N (algebraic sum of the two vectors).

    3N + 4N = 7N

    (b) If Y and X act in opposite direction, the resultant will be 1N.

    4N _ 3N 1N

    (c) If the two vectors are inclined at an angle less than 900 or more than 900 , the resultant cannot be
    obtained by Pythagoras theorem but by vector addition,. Parallelogram law of vector, trigonometric or scale
    drawings can be used to calculate the magnitude and direction of the resultant 4N

    Φ 3N φ < 900

    VECTORS AT RIGHT ANGLES

    1. Parallelogram law of vectors states that if two vectors are represented in magnitude and direction by
    adjacent sides of a parallelogram , the resultant is represented in magnitude and direction by the
    diagonal of the parallelogram drawn from the common point

    3N 3N R
    4N X 4N

    R2 = X2 + Y2 = 42 + 32 = 16 + 9 = 25

    R = √ 25 = 5N

    Tan θ = Y/X

    θ = tan-1 (Y /X) = tan-1 (3/4)

    θ = tan-1 (0.75)

    θ = 36.90

    1. If the two vectors are inclined at an angle less than 900 , the scale drawing or trigonometric method
    can used . In using scale drawing (graphical ) methods, a convenient scale is chosen ( if the magnitude
    of the forces given is large ) and then draw the lengths corresponding to the magnitude of the forces . A
    Protractor is used to draw the angle in between the forces. The parallelogram is completed and the
    resultant and its fraction obtained

    R R

    RESOLUTION OF VECTORS

    A single vector can be resolved into two vectors called components. A vector F represented as the diagonalof
    the parallelogram can be resolved into its component later taken as the adjacent sides of the
    parallelogram.

    F Y

    sin θ = Y /F

    Y = F sin θ (vertical component)

    cos θ = X /F

    X = F cos θ (horizontal component)

    The direction of F is given by

    Tan θ = Y/X
    Θ = tan-1 (Y/X)

    THE RESULATNT OF MORE THAN TWO VECTORS

    To find the resultant of more than two vectors, we resolve each vector in two perpendicular direction s add all
    the horizontal components X, and all the vertical components, Y.

    For example, consider four forces acting on a body as shown below

    F2 F1 Y

    Θ2 θ1

    Θ3 θ4

    Add all the resolved horizontal components

    X = F1 cos θ1 + (-F2 cosθ2 ) + (-F3 cos θ3 ) + F4 cos θ4

    Y= F1 sin θ1 + F2 sinθ2 + (-F3 sinθ3) + (-F4 sinθ4)

    R = √X2+ Y2

    And the direction ∞ is given by

    Tan ∞ = y/x

    EVALUATION

    1 Calculate the resultant of five coplanar forces of values10N, 12N , 16N , 20N , 15N on an object as
    shown below

    20N 12N

    40 O 500

    30O10N

    16N 15N

    F(N) inclination Hor.comp. Vert. comp.

    10 0 10cos θ=10.00 10 sin θ= 0


    12 50 12 cos 50 =7.71 12 sin50= 9.19

    20 40 -20 cos 40 =-15.32 20sin40= 12.85

    16 90 16 cos 90 = 0 -16 sin 90= -16.00

    15 60 15cos60 =7.50 -15 sin60 =-12.99

    9.89 -6.95

    R = √(19.892 + (6.952

    R = 12.09

    Tan ∞ = 6.95/9.89

    ∞ = -35.10 54.9

    90 – 35.1

    =54.9

    The direction of the resultant is S 54.90

    GENERAL EVALAUTION

    1. A body of mass 3.0Kg is acted upon by a force of 24N, if the frictional force on the body is
    13N.Calculate the acceleration of the body.
    2. For the body in question 1 above, what distance would it move if the force was applied for a period of
    7s?

    WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT

    1. Which of the following is not a vector quantity (a) speed (b) velocity (c) force

    (d) acceleration (e) Electric field

    2. Which of the following is not a scalar quantity (a) density (b) weight (c) speed (d) mass

    (e) temperature

    3. Two forces , whose resultant is 100N are perpendicular to each other.If one of the

    makes an angle of 60 with the resultant , calculate its magnitude

    (sin60 = 0.8660 ,cos 60 = 0.500) (a) 200N (b) 173.2N (c) 115 .5N (d) 86.6 N

    4. A boy pulls his toy on a smooth horizontal surface with a rope inclined at 60 to the

    horizontal .If the effective force pulling the toy along the tension in rope (a) 2.5 N (b) 4.33N (c) 5.0 N (d)
    8.66N (e) 10.0N

    5. A boy is pulling a load of 150N with a string inclined at an angle of 30 to the horizontal.

    If the tension in the lift the load off the ground is ( sin 30 = ½ , cos 30 = √3/2 and tan30 = 1/√3 ) (a) 255N (b)
    202.5N (c) 105 √3/2 N (d) 75N (e) 52.5N
    THEORY

    1. Two forces of magnitude 12N and 9N act at right angle to each other f ind the resulrant?
    12N
    2. Four forces act as shown below. 9N 10N

    400 600

    300 15N

    Calculate their resultant

    READING ASSIGNMENT

    New Sch. Physics for Senior Sec. Schls. Pages 346---356

    You might also like