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    Un Peacekeeping

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    richa ayengia
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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Un Peacekeeping

    Uploaded by

    richa ayengia
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    notes

    Original Title

    UN PEACEKEEPING

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    2 views2 pages

    Un Peacekeeping

    Uploaded by

    richa ayengia
    notes

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    UN PEACEKEEPING

    A. The Inception of Peacekeeping

    UN peacekeeping was not explicitly provided for in the UN Charter; instead, it evolved through
    practice during the Cold War. When the UN Security Council was unable to act due to the
    divisions between the Western and Eastern blocs, peacekeeping emerged as a partial substitute.
    Initially, the General Assembly played a role in peacekeeping under the Uniting for Peace
    Resolution (1950), which allowed it to make recommendations to states on the use of force
    when the Security Council was deadlocked.

    The first major peacekeeping force was the United Nations Emergency Force (UNEF)
    established in the Middle East from 1956-67. UNEF set the principles for future operations: it
    required the host state's consent, was impartial, and used force only in self-defense. During the
    Cold War, peacekeeping operations were generally limited to monitoring ceasefires or borders
    and functioned between states.

    B. Peacekeeping After the End of the Cold War

    After the Cold War, the Security Council expanded its peacekeeping functions significantly.
    Over thirty new forces were created, most operating within states. The 1992 Agenda for Peace
    by the UN Secretary-General marked an optimistic and expansionist approach. These new
    operations often went beyond military and humanitarian efforts to include national
    reconciliation and re-establishing effective government. However, these ambitious operations
    had mixed success and faced non-cooperation challenges in places like Angola and Cambodia
    .

    The distinctions between peacekeeping and enforcement action blurred as peacekeeping forces
    were expected to carry out their functions alongside member state enforcement forces. The first
    preventive force was established in Macedonia. A third generation of peacekeeping was
    initiated with the establishment of UNMIK in Kosovo and UNTAET in East Timor in 1999,
    where the UN acted as the administration responsible for fulfilling all state functions.

    C. The Transformation of Peacekeeping: Yugoslavia and Somalia 1991-95


    The operations in Yugoslavia and Somalia challenged traditional peacekeeping principles,
    leading to a retreat to the traditional model after largely unsuccessful attempts at robust
    peacekeeping. In Yugoslavia, UNPROFOR was created without initial reference to Chapter
    VII, but its mandate expanded incrementally. It faced non-cooperation and was drawn into
    conflict with the Bosnian Serbs. Similarly, in Somalia, the Security Council was slow to
    respond to the civil war, and the initial peacekeeping force was supplemented by a US-led
    force. Both operations revealed the challenges of combining peacekeeping with enforcement
    action during ongoing conflicts.

    D. Peacekeeping in Africa

    The experiences in Yugoslavia and Somalia made developed states reluctant to intervene in
    Rwanda during the 1994 genocide, resulting in the failure of the UN force, UNAMIR, to
    prevent the massacre. This highlighted the Security Council's double standards regarding
    Africa and the unwillingness of developed states to contribute troops in difficult situations. The
    robust peacekeeping calls post-Rwanda aimed to prevent similar failures, as seen with the
    creation of UNAMSIL in Sierra Leone, which was given Chapter VII powers to ensure the
    security and protect civilians.

    This structure explains the evolution and transformation of UN peacekeeping from its inception
    to its modern-day challenges and adaptations.

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