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 Surprise acceleration: On price gains

Erratic rains make the goal of curbing inflation more challenging
Retail price gains registered a surprise acceleration last month with June’s provisional Consumer
Price Index (CPI) reading showing inflation snapping a five-month downtrend and quickening to
5.08%, 28 basis points faster than the 4.80% logged in May. Food prices were, as expected, the
main culprit. Year-on-year food price inflation based on the Consumer Food Price Index (CFPI)
quickened by 67 basis points in June to a worrying 9.36%. Even more disconcertingly, the CFPI
logged the fastest sequential acceleration in 11 months, as food prices rose by 3.17% from May’s
levels and dragged the broader CPI too higher by 1.33% from the preceding month. It is
precisely this kind of unpredictability in food price gains that monetary policymakers have been
concerned about in opting to leave interest rates unchanged. RBI Deputy Governor Michael
Debabrata Patra had been emphatic in observing at the Monetary Policy Committee’s meeting last
month that “the Indian economy remains hostage to intersecting food price shocks. Their
repetitive occurrence calls for intensifying monetary policy vigil to ward off spillovers to other
components of inflation and to expectations”. Food price data show that the CFPI’s nine sub-
categories posted month-on-month gains, with eight of them, except the sugar and condiments
group, registering sequential accelerations. Vegetables continued to experience the most intense
price gains, rising 29.3% year-on-year and by a worrying 11-month-high sequential pace of
14.2%. The most widely consumed potato, onion and tomato continued to log some of the fastest
gains, with their prices rising year-on-year by 57.6%, 58.5% and 26.4%, respectively.
 Nor does the outlook for food prices offer much comfort. Data on the Department of Consumer
Affairs Price Monitoring Division’s website shows that the all-India average retail price of potato
and onion continued to remain on a tear as on July 15, being almost 56% and 67% higher,
respectively, than a year earlier. And tomato prices, though almost 43% softer than 12 months
ago, were 76% higher than in mid-June, likely signalling a shift in its price momentum. Prices of
cereals, the largest constituent of the food basket, too offered little respite with the average retail
price of rice and wheat running almost 10% and 6% higher than a year earlier, respectively. Also,
IMD data as on July 14 reveal that countrywide precipitation since June 1 was still not only at a
2% deficit, but also spatially skewed. Eleven of India’s 36 meteorological sub-divisions were
still classified ‘deficient’, meaning these regions had received 20%-59% lower rainfall than the
long-period average. With some key food growing areas including Punjab seeing deficient rains,
policymakers face an unenviable task in trying to slow the pace of inflation.
 : पर
र पर और प

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प प ( प ) र
, प र और र 5.08% ,
4.80% 28 र प , प
( प ) पर र - र- 67 र र
9.36% र प 11
र , र 3.17% और प प
प 1.33% र र
र पर र र र प
प र र “ र
र- र और प पर प
र र र प
प प- - र- , , और
र, र र , -
र- 29.3% और 11- 14.2% प
, और र र र र , - र- 57.6%,
58.5% और 26.4%
 प पर र प
र पर प और र
औ र 15 प 56% और 67%
र . और र , 12 प 43% र ,
76% ,
र र , र ,
और औ र प 10% और 6%
, 14 प 1 र
2% , प र 36
प- र ' ' ,
औ 20% -59% प

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प र र , र
र प र

24 Important Words :
1. acceleration 2. Erratic 3. curbing 4. snapping 5. logged
6. disconcertingly 7. dragged 8. preceding 9. precisely 10. unpredictability
11. hostage 12. monetary 13. vigil 14. spillovers 15. condiments
16. outlook 17. momentum 18. respite 19. precipitation 20. spatially
21. skewed 22. meteorological 23. deficient 24. unenviable

1. Acceleration: The process of increasing speed or the rate at which something happens. र
Root Word : Derived from Latin "accelerare," meaning "to hasten, quicken," from "ad-" (to) and
"celerare" (to hasten). This root signifies the concept of moving faster or advancing at an
increased pace, applicable in both physical and metaphorical contexts. "accelerare"
, " र ," "ad-" ( ) और "celerare" ( र )
और प र
Collocations: rapid acceleration, economic acceleration, acceleration phase, sudden acceleration,
technological acceleration
 Synonyms: hastening, speeding up, quickening, advancement, escalation
 Antonyms: deceleration, slowing down, retardation, braking, delay
Eg. The car showed rapid acceleration as it merged onto the highway.
Eg. Economic acceleration can lead to inflation if not managed properly.

2. Erratic: Irregular, unpredictable, or inconsistent in behavior or movement.

Root Word : From Latin "erraticus," meaning "wandering, straying," from "errare" (to wander).
This root highlights the nature of something that does not follow a set path or pattern, often
leading to unpredictability. "erraticus" , " ," "errare"
( ) र र र प प
र , र
Collocations: erratic behavior, erratic rainfall, erratic movement, erratic performance, erratic
patterns
 Synonyms: unpredictable, inconsistent, irregular, unstable, capricious
 Antonyms: consistent, regular, predictable, stable, reliable
Eg. The stock market's erratic behavior has investors worried.
Eg. Erratic rainfall has made farming difficult this season.

3. Curbing: The act of restraining or controlling something undesirable. र

Root Word : Derived from Latin "curvare," meaning "to bend," suggesting control or restraint.
The root implies bending something to one's will or applying a limit to an otherwise unchecked
force or trend. "curvare" , " ," restraint

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प र पर
र प
Collocations: curbing inflation, curbing violence, curbing appetite, curbing enthusiasm, curbing
emissions
 Synonyms: restraining, controlling, limiting, restricting, checking
 Antonyms: encouraging, promoting, fostering, aiding, facilitating
Eg. The government is focused on curbing inflation through monetary policies.
Eg. New regulations aim at curbing emissions from factories.

4. Snapping: Quickly breaking or coming to an abrupt stop; ending suddenly.

Root Word : Derived from Middle Dutch "snappen," meaning "to seize or grasp," it transitioned
into Middle English with the connotation of making a sudden or sharp sound or action. This
evolution reflects the abrupt and forceful nature often associated with the term.
"snappen" , "प "
र पर र और र र

 Collocations: snapping back, snapping shut, snapping at, snapping under, snapping point
 Synonyms: breaking, fracturing, cracking, splitting, shattering
Antonyms: mending, fixing, healing, repairing, joining
Eg. The branch snapped under the weight of the snow.
Eg. She snapped at her colleague out of frustration.

5. Logged: Recorded or entered into a log or record.

Root Word : From Old English "logg," meaning "part of a tree," originally used to denote a piece of
wood. The term evolved to signify recording data, similar to inscribing information on a piece of
wood, reflecting the practice of documentation. "logg" , "प
," प र
, पर र र , र
 Collocations: logged in, logged out, logged hours, logged data, logged information
 Synonyms: recorded, entered, registered, documented, filed
Antonyms: erased, deleted, removed, omitted, expunged
Eg. The technician logged in to the system to check for updates.
Eg. The data was logged accurately in the database.

6. Disconcertingly: In a manner causing one to feel unsettled or disturbed. र र

Root Word : Derived from the prefix "dis-" (expressing reversal) and "concert" (agreement,
harmony), the term implies breaking harmony or causing discomfort. It signifies actions or events
that disrupt expected patterns, leading to feelings of unease. प "dis-" ( पर ) और "concert"
( , र ) प , र प र र

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प प र , प

Collocations: disconcertingly familiar, disconcertingly quiet, disconcertingly high, disconcertingly

loud, disconcertingly sudden
 Synonyms: unsettlingly, disturbingly, alarmingly, perplexingly, confusingly
 Antonyms: reassuringly, comfortably, soothingly, calmingly, steadily
Eg. The news was disconcertingly sudden and left everyone shocked.
Eg. The room was disconcertingly quiet after the announcement.

7. Dragged: Pulled along forcefully, roughly, or with difficulty.

Root Word : From Old English "dragan," meaning "to draw or pull." Over time, it evolved to
signify pulling something with effort or difficulty, often implying a slow and laborious movement.
"dragan" , " " ,
, र और
Collocations: dragged along, dragged down, dragged out, dragged behind, dragged into
 Synonyms: pulled, hauled, towed, lugged, tugged
 Antonyms: pushed, propelled, advanced, thrust, driven
Eg. The heavy suitcase was dragged along the rough pavement.
Eg. He was dragged into a debate he didn’t want to join.

8. Preceding: Existing or coming before in time, order, or position. प

Root Word : From Latin "praecedere," meaning "to go before," combining "prae-" (before) and
"cedere" (to go). It denotes something that comes earlier than something else in sequence or time.
"praecedere" , "प ," "prae-" (प ) और "cedere"
( ) प
Collocations: preceding year, preceding chapter, preceding events, preceding period, preceding
generation
 Synonyms: previous, prior, earlier, former, antecedent
 Antonyms: following, succeeding, subsequent, later, next
Eg. The preceding year saw significant changes in policy.
Eg. The preceding chapter laid the foundation for the story.

9. Precisely: In exact terms; without vagueness. -

Root Word : From Latin "praecisus," meaning "cut off, brief," from "prae-" (before) and "caedere"
(to cut). The word evolved to emphasize exactness and accuracy, reflecting the idea of something
being clearly defined or determined. "praecisus" , " , ,"
"prae-" (प ) और "caedere" ( ) और र र
, प प पर र र र
Collocations: precisely at, precisely because, precisely how, precisely why, precisely where
 Synonyms: exactly, accurately, specifically, correctly, definitely
 Antonyms: roughly, approximately, vaguely, imprecisely, inaccurately

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Eg. The meeting will start precisely at 10 a.m.

Eg. She explained precisely why the project was delayed.

10. Unpredictability: The state of being unable to be predicted; uncertainty.

Root Word : From Latin "un-" (not) + "praedicere" (to foretell), where "prae-" means "before" and
"dicere" means "to say." The term emphasizes the quality of being unexpected and not easily
anticipated. "un-" ( ) + "praedicere" (प र ) , "prae-"
"प " और "dicere" " " और

Collocations: unpredictability of, unpredictability factor, unpredictability risk, unpredictability

nature, unpredictability issues
 Synonyms: uncertainty, variability, inconsistency, instability, fluctuation
 Antonyms: predictability, certainty, stability, consistency, reliability
Eg. The unpredictability of the weather makes planning difficult.
Eg. Market unpredictability poses a challenge for investors.

11. Hostage: A person seized or held as security for the fulfillment of a condition.
Root Word : From Old French "hostage," meaning "lodging, security," derived from "hoste"
(guest). Initially, it referred to a person given as security for the performance of an agreement.
"hostage" , " , र ," और "hoste" ( ) प
र , र प र
Collocations: taken hostage, release hostage, hostage situation, hostage negotiation, hostage
crisis
 Synonyms: captive, prisoner, detainee, pawn, abductee
 Antonyms: liberator, rescuer, free person, savior, protector
Eg. The rebels took hostages to demand ransom.
Eg. The hostage negotiation lasted for hours.

12. Monetary: Relating to money or currency.

Root Word : From Latin "monetarius," meaning "pertaining to money," derived from "moneta"
(money, mint). The term is used in contexts involving the management, regulation, or circulation
of money. "monetarius" , "प ," और "moneta" ( ,
) प प , पर र प
Collocations: monetary policy, monetary system, monetary value, monetary fund, monetary
control
 Synonyms: financial, fiscal, economic, pecuniary, budgetary
 Antonyms: non-financial, non-monetary, non-economic, non-fiscal, intangible
Eg. The central bank's monetary policy aims to control inflation.
Eg. The monetary value of the currency has depreciated over time.

13. Vigil: A period of keeping awake during the time usually spent asleep, especially to keep watch or
pray. र
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Root Word : Derived from Latin "vigilia," meaning "wakefulness, watch," from "vigil" (awake,
watchful). The term signifies a period of attentive and intentional wakefulness, often for a specific
purpose such as prayer or watchkeeping. "vigilia" , " ,
र ," "vigil" ( , ) प र र
और र
Collocations: keep vigil, candlelight vigil, vigil service, hold vigil, night vigil
 Synonyms: watch, wakefulness, observance, surveillance, lookout
 Antonyms: sleep, neglect, disregard, inattention, slumber
Eg. The community held a candlelight vigil for the victims.
Eg. She kept vigil by her father’s bedside through the night.

14. Spillovers: The effects of an activity or event in one area that spread into others.
Root Word : From the combination of "spill" (to flow over) and "over," indicating the action of
overflowing and impacting surrounding areas. It signifies unintended consequences that extend
beyond the initial scope. "spill" ( ) और "over" , और
प र प पर र
पर र र
Collocations: economic spillovers, spillover effects, social spillovers, environmental spillovers,
positive spillovers
 Synonyms: overflow, aftereffects, repercussions, consequences, fallout
 Antonyms: containment, isolation, limitation, boundary, confinement
Eg. The economic crisis had significant spillover effects on the global market.
Eg. Pollution from the factory caused environmental spillovers affecting nearby communities.

15. Condiments: Substances used to add flavor to food, such as salt, mustard, or pickles.
Root Word : Derived from Latin "condimentum," meaning "seasoning, spice," from "condire" (to
preserve, pickle, season). The term indicates substances that enhance the flavor of food.
"condimentum" , " , ," "condire" ( र र , र ,
) प
Collocations: various condiments, condiment shelf, condiment tray, favorite condiments,
essential condiments
 Synonyms: seasonings, spices, flavorings, dressings, sauces
 Antonyms: unseasoned, bland, plain, flavorless, insipid
Eg. The table was set with an array of various condiments.
Eg. Ketchup is one of the most popular condiments in the world.

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16. Outlook: A person's point of view or general attitude toward life; the prospect for the future.

Root Word : From "out" (beyond) and "look" (to see), originally meaning the view from a
particular place. Over time, it evolved to refer to one’s perspective or expectations for the future.
"out" (पर) और "look" ( ) , ,
प र
Collocations: positive outlook, economic outlook, outlook on life, outlook for, future outlook
 Synonyms: perspective, view, attitude, forecast, expectation
 Antonyms: hindsight, past view, retrospect, blindness, ignorance
Eg. She has a very positive outlook on life despite her challenges.
Eg. The economic outlook for next year is quite optimistic.

17. Momentum: The force or speed of movement; impetus gained by a moving object.
Root Word : Derived from Latin "momentum," meaning "movement, moving power," from
"movere" (to move). It refers to the strength or force that something has when it is moving.
"momentum" , " , ," "movere" ( )
पर
Collocations: gain momentum, lose momentum, maintain momentum, build momentum, gather
momentum
 Synonyms: impetus, drive, thrust, force, propulsion
 Antonyms: stagnation, standstill, halt, pause, inertia
Eg. The campaign gained momentum after the endorsement from a popular celebrity.
Eg. The car lost momentum as it climbed the steep hill.

18. Respite: A short period of rest or relief from something difficult or unpleasant.
Root Word : Derived from Latin "respitus," meaning "refuge, consideration," from "re-" (again)
and "specere" (to look). The term evolved to signify a temporary break from ongoing hardship.
"respitus" , " र , र," "re-" ( र ) और "specere"
( ) र र
Collocations: brief respite, moment of respite, provide respite, seek respite, offer respite
 Synonyms: relief, break, pause, rest, intermission
 Antonyms: continuation, endurance, persistence, prolongation, stress
Eg. The weekend provided a brief respite from her demanding job.
Eg. After hours of hiking, they took a moment of respite under the trees.

19. Precipitation: Any form of water liquid or solid falling from the sky, such as rain, snow, sleet, or
hail.

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Root Word : From Latin "praecipitare," meaning "to throw down," from "prae-" (before) and
"caput" (head). It originally described something falling down headlong, now used for
atmospheric water. "praecipitare" , " ," "prae-"
(प ) और "caput" ( र) प र र ,
प
Collocations: heavy precipitation, annual precipitation, total precipitation, precipitation levels,
precipitation forecast
 Synonyms: rainfall, snowfall, downpour, drizzle, sleet
 Antonyms: drought, aridity, dryness, dehydration, parching
Eg. The region experiences heavy precipitation during the monsoon season.
Eg. The precipitation levels this year have been unusually high.

20. Spatially: In a manner relating to space or the position, area, and size of things within it.
प
Root Word : Derived from Latin "spatium," meaning "space, room, distance." It refers to the way
objects and distances are arranged in a given area. "spatium" ,
" , र, र " और र र र
Collocations: spatially distributed, spatially aware, spatially separated, spatially organized,
spatially explicit
 Synonyms: geographically, locationally, positionally, regionally, dimensionally
 Antonyms: temporally, sequentially, chronologically, linearly, successively
Eg. The population is spatially distributed across the urban and rural areas.
Eg. The data was analyzed spatially to understand regional patterns.

21. Skewed: Distorted or biased in a way that is not accurate or fair.

Root Word : Derived from Old Norse "skjóta," meaning "to throw or project," implying an oblique
or slanted direction. The term evolved to describe something that is not aligned or is biased.
"skjóta" , " र ," र
र प प
Collocations: skewed perspective, skewed results, skewed distribution, skewed data, skewed
view
 Synonyms: biased, distorted, slanted, twisted, misrepresented
 Antonyms: balanced, fair, accurate, straight, aligned
Eg. The survey results were skewed due to a non-representative sample.
Eg. Her skewed perspective led to a misunderstanding of the situation.

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22. Meteorological: Relating to the science or study of the atmosphere and its phenomena, especially
weather and climate.
Root Word : Derived from Greek "meteoron," meaning "thing high up," and "logos," meaning
"study." It pertains to the study of atmospheric phenomena. "meteoron" ,
"ऊपर ," और "logos," " "

Collocations: meteorological data, meteorological conditions, meteorological forecast,

meteorological station, meteorological phenomena
 Synonyms: climatic, atmospheric, weather-related, forecast-related, environmental
 Antonyms: non-climatic, non-atmospheric, terrestrial, geological, non-environmental
Eg. The meteorological forecast predicts heavy rain this weekend.
Eg. Scientists at the meteorological station collect data on climate patterns.

23. Deficient: Lacking in some necessary quality or element.

Root Word : From Latin "deficiens," present participle of "deficere," meaning "to fail, lack," from
"de-" (away from) and "facere" (to do, make). It implies something is not complete or adequate.
"deficiens" , "deficere" , " , ,"
"de-" ( र) और "facere" ( र , ) र प
Collocations: nutrient deficient, iron deficient, deficient in, deficient supply, deficient
performance
 Synonyms: lacking, inadequate, insufficient, scarce, incomplete
 Antonyms: sufficient, adequate, abundant, plentiful, complete
Eg. The diet was deficient in essential vitamins and minerals.
Eg. The region has a deficient supply of clean drinking water.

24. Unenviable: Difficult, undesirable, or unpleasant to have or deal with.

Root Word : Derived from the prefix "un-" (not) and "enviable" from the Latin "invidiabilis,"
meaning "to be envied," from "invidia" (envy). The term suggests a situation or condition that no
one would desire or find attractive. प "un-" ( ) और "enviable"
"invidiabilis" , " र ," "invidia" ( )
पर प
Collocations: unenviable task, unenviable position, unenviable situation, unenviable job,
unenviable record
 Synonyms: undesirable, difficult, tough, unpleasant, unfavorable
 Antonyms: enviable, desirable, pleasant, favorable, attractive
Eg. He was in the unenviable position of having to lay off staff.
Eg. Cleaning up after the event was an unenviable task that no one wanted to do.

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–––––––––– Idioms and Phrases ––––––––––

1. Snap back: To return quickly to a previous condition. तेजी से वापस आना
Eg : Inflation snapped back to 5.08% after a five-month downtrend.

2. Drag down: To bring to a lower level or condition; to negatively affect. नीचे खीींचना
Eg : Food prices dragged the broader CPI higher by 1.33%.

3. Log in: To enter credentials to gain access to a computer system. ससस्टम में प्रवेश करना
Eg: The CFPI logged the fastest sequential acceleration in 11 months.

4. Ward off: To prevent or repel an unwanted outcome or influence. दरू रखना

Eg : Intensifying monetary policy vigil to ward off spillovers to other components of inflation.

5. Spill over: To extend beyond a specific limit or spread into another area. फैऱ जाना
Eg : Intensifying monetary policy vigil to ward off spillovers to other components of inflation.

6. Hostage to fortune: To put oneself in a vulnerable position by taking a risky action. जोखखम उठाकर
खदु को असुरक्षऺत स्स्ितत में डाऱना
Eg : The Indian economy remains hostage to intersecting food price shocks.

7. Drag one’s feet: To delay or procrastinate. दे री करना या टाऱमटोऱ करना

Eg : Not directly from the passage, but implied in the slow policy reactions.

8. Precisely this kind: Exactly this type or exactly for this reason. ठीक इसी प्रकार
Eg : It is precisely this kind of unpredictability in food price gains that concerns policymakers.

9. On a tear: To be experiencing a period of great success or activity. सफऱता की अवधि में होना
Eg : The all-India average retail price of potato and onion continued to remain on a tear.

10. Lay the foundation: To establish the basis or groundwork for something. ककसी चीज़ के सऱए आिार
तैयार करना
Eg : Not directly from the passage, but implied in economic contexts.

–––––––––– 10 important grammatical concepts–––––––––

1. Subject-Verb Agreement : "Retail price gains" (plural subject) requires "registered" (plural
verb).
Eg : Retail price gains registered a surprise acceleration last month with June’s provisional Consumer
Price Index (CPI) reading showing inflation snapping a five-month downtrend.

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2. Present Participle as Adjective : "Curbing" (present participle) acts as an adjective describing

"inflation."
Eg : Erratic rains make the goal of curbing inflation more challenging.

3. Relative Clause : "As expected" is a relative clause providing additional information about the
main clause.
Eg : Food prices were, as expected, the main culprit."

4. Compound Adjectives : "Worrying" (present participle) combined with a percentage forms a

compound adjective.
Eg : A worrying 9.36%."

5. Prepositional Phrase : "Year-on-year" is a prepositional phrase modifying "rising."

Eg : Vegetables continued to experience the most intense price gains, rising 29.3% year-on-year."

6. Past Participle as Adjective : "Logged" (past participle) functions as an adjective describing

"CFPI."
Eg : The CFPI logged the fastest sequential acceleration in 11 months."

7. Infinitive Phrase : "To slow" is an infinitive phrase acting as the object of "trying."
Eg : Policymakers face an unenviable task in trying to slow the pace of inflation."

8. Gerund Phrase : "Curbing" (gerund) is the object of the preposition "of."

Eg : The goal of curbing inflation."

9. Adverbial Clause : "Even more disconcertingly" is an adverbial clause modifying the main clause.
Eg : Even more disconcertingly, the CFPI logged the fastest sequential acceleration in 11 months.

10. Comparative Adjectives : "Kind of" is a comparative adjective phrase describing

"unpredictability."
Eg : Precisely this kind of unpredictability in food price gains.
–––––––––– Exercise ––––––––––
Q1. What is the central theme of the passage?
(a) Impact of erratic rains on inflation control.
(b) The benefits of stable food prices.
(c) The role of the RBI in economic policy.
(d) The fluctuation of global markets.
Q2. According to the passage, what was the primary reason for the acceleration in food price
inflation?
(a) Increased demand for vegetables.
(b) Erratic rains affecting crop yields.
(c) Changes in government policies.
(d) Higher import costs.
Q3. What is the RBI's main concern regarding the current economic situation?
(a) High employment rates.
(b) Unpredictable food price shocks.

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(c) Decreasing foreign investments.

(d) Currency devaluation.
Q4. Which of the following is the closest synonym for "erratic" as used in the passage?
(a) Regular (b) Predictable (c) Unstable (d) Steady
Q5. Which of the following is the closest antonym for "precisely" as used in the passage?
(a) Vaguely (b) Exactly (c) Clearly (d) Accurately
Q6. Which of the following would be the most appropriate title for the passage?
(a) The Benefits of Erratic Rains
(b) The Role of RBI in Economic Policy
(c) The Impact of Erratic Rains on Inflation Control
(d) Food Prices and Global Market Trends
Q7. What is the tone of the passage?
(a) Optimistic (b) Neutral (c) Cautionary (d) Indifferent
Q8. Based on the passage, what can be inferred about the role of the RBI in managing
inflation?
(a) The RBI is primarily concerned with employment rates.
(b) The RBI has limited influence over food prices.
(c) The RBI is actively trying to stabilize food prices.
(d) The RBI disregards food price fluctuations.
Q9. What is the main idea of the second paragraph?
(a) Analysis of vegetable price trends.
(b) Overview of the CFPI sub-categories.
(c) Discussion on the overall CPI increase.
(d) Details on the challenges faced by policymakers.
Q10. What conclusion can be drawn about the future of food prices from the passage?
(a) Food prices are expected to stabilize soon.
(b) Food prices will continue to be unpredictable.
(c) Government policies will ensure lower food prices.
(d) Food prices are irrelevant to inflation.

–––––––––– Solution––––––––––
1. (a) Impact of erratic rains on inflation control.
The passage primarily discusses how erratic rains affect the goal of controlling inflation. It
highlights the acceleration in retail price gains, particularly due to food price inflation, and
explains how these unpredictable food prices complicate monetary policy decisions.
प र र र
प र र और

2. (b) Erratic rains affecting crop yields.

The passage states that erratic rains have caused unpredictable food price gains, leading to an
acceleration in food price inflation. This unpredictability is a major concern for monetary
policymakers. र र ,

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3. (b) Unpredictable food price shocks.

The passage mentions that the RBI Deputy Governor emphasized the Indian economy remains
hostage to intersecting food price shocks, highlighting the concern about repetitive occurrences of
unpredictable food prices. र प- र र
र प र र र

4. (c) Unstable
In the context of the passage, "erratic" refers to unpredictable or inconsistent behavior, especially
regarding rainfall affecting food prices. The closest synonym among the options is "unstable."
, "erratic" र र , प
र प प "unstable"
5. (a) Vaguely
"Precisely" means exactly or accurately. The closest antonym among the options is "vaguely,"
which means in a way that is not clear or exact. "Precisely" प
पर "vaguely" , र प
6. (c) The Impact of Erratic Rains on Inflation Control
The passage discusses the impact of erratic rains on inflation control, focusing on how
unpredictable food prices complicate monetary policy decisions. The most appropriate title is
"The Impact of Erratic Rains on Inflation Control." पर र
पर र ,
प "The Impact of Erratic Rains on Inflation Control "
7. (c) Cautionary
The passage discusses the challenges posed by erratic rains and rising food prices, emphasizing
the difficulties in controlling inflation. The tone is cautionary, warning about the unpredictable
nature of food prices and the challenges they pose for policymakers. र और
प पर र , र पर र
र प , और प
र
8. (b) The RBI has limited influence over food prices.
The passage indicates that the RBI is concerned about the unpredictable nature of food prices and
their impact on inflation. Therefore, it can be inferred that the RBI has limited influence over food
prices but is actively trying to manage their impact on inflation.
र और पर र ,
र पर पर
र रर
9. (b) Overview of the CFPI sub-categories.
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The second paragraph primarily discusses the CFPI's sub-categories and how each posted month-
on-month gains, emphasizing the rapid price increases in vegetables and other food items. It
highlights the detailed trends in food prices. र प CFPI प- पर
र और - र- , और
पर र र र
10. (b) Food prices will continue to be unpredictable.
The passage suggests that due to erratic rains and ongoing unpredictability, food prices will
continue to be unpredictable. The data presented and the concerns raised by policymakers
support this conclusion. प र और र
र र और र
र

• Kajol, a dedicated economist, was tasked with the unenviable

(difficult) responsibility of managing inflation during a period of
erratic (unpredictable) weather. The monetary (relating to
money) policies she proposed aimed at curbing (restraining)
inflation, but the unpredictability (uncertainty) of the
precipitation (rainfall) patterns made her job exceptionally
challenging.

• One morning, Kajol woke up to a disconcertingly (unsettlingly)

quiet sky. The weather reports had logged (recorded) the lowest
rainfall of the season. She knew this preceding (prior) data would
spell trouble for the crop yields. As she snapped (quickly broke)
her laptop shut, a call came in. It was a farmer from Punjab, his
voice dragged (pulled along) with worry about his failing crops.

• Kajol's outlook (prospect) was grim. The acceleration (increase)

of food prices was inevitable. She understood that the momentum
Kajol (force) of inflation would gain speed if the spatially (positionally)
skewed (distorted) rainfall patterns continued. She felt as if the
economy was a hostage (captive) to these climatic shocks.
• Determined, Kajol organized a vigil (watch) at the policy meeting, pushing for emergency
measures to ward off further economic distress. She suggested using government reserves to
provide farmers with essential condiments (flavorings) and supplies to ensure their survival.
Her plans included respite (relief) funds for the hardest-hit areas.

• Despite the deficient (lacking) rainfall and meteorological (weather-related) challenges,

Kajol's team worked tirelessly. Their efforts resulted in stabilizing the market to some extent,
though the spillovers (effects) of the crisis would be felt for years. Kajol's precise and informed

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decisions highlighted the importance of adapting policies in the face of natural adversities. She
knew the road ahead was tough, but her resilience offered a beacon of hope for a better, more
stable economic future.

English Hindi
S.No. Word Example
Meaning Meaning
The process of The car showed rapid
1 Acceleration increasing speed or acceleration as it merged
rate onto the highway.
Erratic rains have made
2 Irregular,
Erratic farming difficult this
unpredictable
season.
The act of restraining The government is focused
3 Curbing or controlling on curbing inflation
something undesirable through monetary policies.

Quickly breaking or
4 The branch snapped under
Snapping coming to an abrupt
the weight of the snow.
stop

The technician logged in to

5 Recorded or entered
Logged the system to check for
into a log or record
updates.
In a manner causing The news was
6 Disconcertingly one to feel unsettled or disconcertingly sudden
disturbed and left everyone shocked.
The heavy suitcase was
7 Pulled along forcefully
Dragged dragged along the rough
or with difficulty
pavement.
Existing or coming The preceding year saw
8 Preceding before in time, order, significant changes in
or position policy.
9 In exact terms; without The meeting will start
Precisely -
vagueness precisely at 10 a.m.
The state of being The unpredictability of the
10 Unpredictability unable to be predicted; weather makes planning
uncertainty difficult.
A person seized or held
11 as security for The rebels took hostages
Hostage
fulfillment of a to demand ransom.
condition
12 Relating to money or The central bank's
Monetary
currency monetary policy aims to
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control inflation.
A period of keeping The community held a
13 Vigil awake to keep watch candlelight vigil for the
or pray victims.
The effects of an The economic crisis had
14 Spillovers activity spreading into significant spillover effects
others on the global market.
Ketchup is one of the most
15 Substances used to add
Condiments popular condiments in the
flavor to food
world.
A person's point of
She has a very positive
16 view or general
Outlook outlook on life despite her
attitude; the prospect
challenges.
for the future
The force or speed of The campaign gained
17 movement; impetus momentum after the
Momentum
gained by a moving endorsement from a
object popular celebrity.
The weekend provided a
18 A short period of rest
Respite brief respite from her
or relief
demanding job.
The region experiences
19 Any form of water
Precipitation heavy precipitation during
falling from the sky
the monsoon season.
In a manner relating to The population is spatially
20 Spatially space or the position of distributed across the
things urban and rural areas.
The survey results were
21 Skewed Distorted or biased skewed due to a non-
representative sample.
Relating to the science The meteorological
22 Meteorological of the atmosphere and forecast predicts heavy
its phenomena rain this weekend.
Lacking in some The diet was deficient in
23 Deficient necessary quality or essential vitamins and
element minerals.
Difficult, undesirable, He was in the unenviable
24 Unenviable or unpleasant to have position of having to lay off
or deal with staff.

17
 CLOZE TEST
PASSAGE Word Meaning Eg. Most of these clothes were handed
ª Irrigation (N) : The practice of down to him by his elder brother.
In a rare show of honesty, a gardener
of the irrigation department has handed supplying water to an area of land (b) to officially give a decision/
1 to the police 57 tolas of gold 2 by through pipes or channels so that statement etc.
him while working in the 3 of the crops will grow. (flapkbZ) Eg. The judge has handed down his
superintending engineer's bungalow in ª Investigation (N) : An official verdict.
Raipur. The 4 in turn has handed over examination of the facts about a ;gk¡ ij gold dks police dks lkSaius dk Hkko
the 5 to the Central Excise and Customs situation, crime, etc. (tk¡p) gS vr% Option (a) correct option gSA
Department 6 investigation. It was in ª Dig (V) : To make a hole in the ground Options (b), (c) o (d) irrelevant
June this year 7 Ramdayal found a tiny or to move soil from one place to options gSA
plastic box, meticulously 8 with another using your hands, a tool or a 2. (a) recovered
polythene, buried six inches 9 under a machine ([kksnuk) While : During the time that; ¼ftl
Banyan tree, while digging the garden. He
ª Orchard (N) : A piece of land, le;½
10 the box and took it to his house
normally separated from the fdlh ?kVuk dk background crkus ds
behind the bungalow and was dazzled to
surrounding area, in which fruit fy, ¼og ?kVuk dc ?kVh½
find that it contained biscuits, bangles and
trees are grown (Qyksa dk cxhpk)
coins all of gold. when/while dk use fd;k tk ldrk gSA
ª Tiny (Adj.) : Very small (uUgk lk)
1. (a) over (b) out Structure : Past simple + while +
ª M e t i c u l o u s ly ( A dv. ) : Ve r y past continuous tense.
(c) up (d) down thoroughly
Eg. While the family was attending
2. (a) recovered (b) recovers ª Dazzled (V) : Amazed/ the night party, the theft occurred in
(c) recovering (d) recover overwhelmed (HkkSpDdk jg tkuk) the house.
3. (a) garden (b) orchard ª Digging (V) : Break up and move vr: Option (a) recovered correct
(c) park (d) field earth ([kksnuk) answer gksxk rFkk ckdh options
4. (a) engineer (b) gardener Detailed Analysis grammatically incorrect gSA
(c) custom officer (d) police 1. (a) over 3. (a) garden
5. (a) coins (b) bangles Hand over : Pass responsibility to Passage esa gardener uke use gqvk gS
some one else ¼lkSai nsuk½ logically og garden esa gh dke dj jgk
(c) biscuits (d) gold
Eg. He will soon hand over to a new gksxkA forward reading ls Ramdayal
6. (a) by (b) about
director. found a tiny plastic box ….. while
(c) for (d) to Hand out : To distribute ¼ckaVuk½ digging the garden vk;k gSA
7. (a) after (b) until Structure : Hand something out (to Option (b) orchard (a piece of
(c) that (d) while somebody). enclosed land planted with fruit
8. (a) sheltered (b) topped Eg. She handed out Exam papers. trees) o option (c) park red-herring gAS
(c) enclosed (d) covered Can you hand these books out, please? Option (d) field factually wrong gSA
9. (a) deep (b) deepen Hand up : (of a jury) to deliver (an 4. (d) Police
indictment) to a judge or higher
(c) deeply (d) depth Backward reading ls irk pyrk gS fd
judicial authority to pass something
10. (a) picked on (b) picked in gardener us 57 tolas of gold police dks
to someone who is on a higher level.
(c) picked over (d) picked up hand over fd, FksA
Eg. Please hand this cup of coffee up to
Answer Key carl! Once he get on the ladder. vr% police gh further bls central
1.(a) 2.(a) 3.(a) 4.(d) 5.(d) Hand down : excise and customs department dks
6.(c) 7.(c) 8.(d) 9.(a) 10.(d) (a) to give or leave something to
handover djsxh- blfy, Option (d)
correct answer gSA
somebody who is younger than you.
 Option (a) engineer red-herring gSA vFkZ esa use fd;k tkrk gSA vr: Option (c) deeply adverb gS tks fd
Option (b) gardener factually wrong grammatically incorrect gSA noun 'inches dks qualify ugha
dj ldrh
gS D;ksafd gardener us gh rks police dks og 8. (d) covered gSA uk gh verb 'deepen' use fd;k tk
box fn;k Fkk rFkk option (c) Hkh Factually Vocabulary Point ldrk gSA vr: grammatically incorrect
wrong gS D;ksafd custom officer dks Covered:-covered with/in options gSA
Hand-over fd;k x;k Fkk uk fd Custom something:- having a layer or 10. (d) picked up
officer us hand over fd;k FkkA amount of something on it. Vocabulary Point
5. (d) gold Eg. His face was covered in blood. Pick up : To take hold of somebody/
D;ksafd gardner dks 57 tolas of gold The walls were covered with pictures. sth and lift them/it up. ¼mBkuk½
feyk FkkA Sheltered (Adj.) : (of a place) Eg. She went over to the crying child
nd
Backward reading ls para dh 2 line esa protected from bad weather. and picked her up.
a gardner ………. to the police 57 tolas Eg. We had lunch in a sheltered spot Pick on : To choose somebody/
of gold. behind the dunes. something ¼pquuk½
Option (a) coins , (b) bangles rFkk Top : The higher or uppermost point, Eg. He picked on two of her statements
option (c) biscuits, red herring gSA part or surface of something. Be which he said were untrue.
D;ksafd gold rhuksa dks gh summarize dk topped by/with something:- to put Pick over : To examine a group of
jgk gSA something on the top of something things carefully, especially to choose
else. the ones you want. ¼chuuk½
6. (c) for
Eg. The Chapel was topped by a dome Eg. Pick over the lentils and remove
Blank ds ckn investigations vk;k gS
of white marble. any little stones.
vkSj gold dks hand over djus dk
Fruit and Salad topped with cream. ;gk¡ box mBkus dh ckr gks jgh gSA
purpose crkrk gSA purpose crkus ds
Enclosed : With walls, etc. all around vr% pick up gh lgh gksxkA ckdh rhuks
fy, preposition for dk use fd;k tkrk
¼f?kjk gqvk½ options irrelevant gSA
gSA vr% option (c) correct gSA
Eg. I can't stand being shut in a small
For : ¼ds fy,½ used to show who is
enclosed space.
intended to have or use something or
tSls fd Åij nh gqbZ meanings ls irk
where something is intended to be
put/showing the purpose of. ¼fdlh
pyrk gS fd dsoy covered gh fdlh <dh
mÌs'; dks fn[kkus ds fy,½ gqbZ pht ds fy, vkrk gSA box feV~Vh ls
<adk FkkA vr% (d) covered gh correct
Eg. We got a new table for the dinning
answer gSA
room.
Option (a) sheltered o (c) enclosed
ckdh options (by, about, to)
Irrelevant gS rFkk option (b) topped
grammatically incorrect gSA
factually wrong gSA
7. (c) that
9. (a) deep
nks clause dks tksM+ us ds fy, 'Inch' noun gS vr: noun dks qualify djus
Conjunction dk use fd;k tkrk gSA vr:
ds fy, Adjective (deep) dk use fd;k
Option (c) that Correct answer gksxkA
tk,xkA vr: Option (a) correct answer
That : Used after some verbs, gksxkA
adjectives and nouns to introduce a
Deep (Adj.) : Having large distance
new part of the sentence.
from the top or surface to the bottom.
Eg. I am sorry that I wasn't able to ¼xgjk½
phone you yesterday.
Eg. Sunflowers have deep roots.
Option(a) After (ckn esa]) Option (b)
Option (d) depth tks fd noun gS ugha vk
until (tc rd fd ugha) rFkk Option (d)
ldrk D;ksafd noun ls igys vk;k gqvk
while tc (in continuous tense) ds
noun plural case esa ugha vk ldrkA
 JUMBLED PQRS
16. P. Then the liberalisation process S. This consists of maintaining full priority was given to the pithead
became inevitable. attention to their role object super thermal power stations as
Q. I t e n c o u r a g e s i n i t i a t i v e , focus. their gestation period was
entrepreneurship and (a) QSRP (b) PQRS smaller than that of the hydel
competition which is very vital (c) QPSR (d) PRQS schemes.
for growth of the economy. Ans. (a) QSRP R. Many projects were taken up for
R. In due course of time our Explanation: execution after independence
institutions became stagnant, Option Q vkSj P ls start gSA Sequence P and at one time (1962-6(c), the
corrupt and inefficient due to ls start ugha gksxk D;ksafd P esa bu meditation capacity contribution from
permit raj and centralized techniques ds result ds ckjs esa crk;k x;k gSA hydro schemes was equal to
control. vr% sequence ds vUr esa P vk;sxk vkSj P esa thermal schemes.
S. L i b e r a l i s a t i o n e n h a n c e s pronoun 'they' Hkh vk;k gSA vr% sequence S. The first hydro generating unit in
economic activities. Q ls start gksxkA S esa demonstrative India was commissioned in
(a) PQSR (b) RPSQ pronoun 'This' Q esa ftØ stabilizing Darjeeling (W.Bengal) in 1897.
(c) QPRS (d) RSQP meditation ds fy, vk;k gS Pronoun (a) RQPS (b) SRQP
Ans. (b) RPSQ noun dks follow djrk gS vr% QS neon link (c) QPSR (d) PQRS
Explanation: gS Q ls start gksus okyk QS link okyk dsoy ,d Ans. (b) SRQP
S esa Liberalisetion ds fy, Q esa Pronoun option (d) QSRP gSaA vr% lgh answer Explanation:
'It' use gS rFkk S o P esa enhance and option (a) QSRP gSA S -1897 esa igyk hydro generator cuk;k
encourage common factor gS vr% SQ 18. P. They feel that during their time, x;kA
neon link gSa] tk dsoy ,d option (b) young boys and girls were better R-1962 es a hydro and thermal
RPSQ esa gSaA behaved, more obedient, and generators dh capacity equal dks xbZaA
Logic II had greater respect for their SR neon link gS vr% Option (b) SRQP
Option dk sequence P, Q vkSj R ls start elders. correct answer gSaA
gS] P esa vk;k gS then the liberalisation Q. Young people on the other hand, 20. P. Farmers could no longer pay
process became inevitable bldk eryc feel that they are capable enough their loans and some banks were
igys dqN vkSj gqvk gksxkA Q esa it vk;k gSA to learn on their own rather than closed down.
vr% P vkSj Q sequence start ugha gks lean heavily on the older Q. Prices dropped due to increased
ldrk gSA generation for any guidance. supply, which was followed by a
R ls start gksus okys nks option (b) vkSj R. The people belonging to the drought.
option (d) gSA R esa crk;k x;k gS ………… older generation always wonder R. The country was well advanced
institution became stagnant, corrupt as to what has gone wrong with in technology and farmers
and inefficient. the new generation. increased their production
fQj P esa Liberalistion t:jh gks x;k vkSj S esa S. They feel that a lack of respect levels.
Liberalisation ls economic activities for the old will ruin and spell S. The Great Depression in America
enhance gqbZA disaster for the young. began with overproduction and
Q esa it encourage initiative ……… (a) PRSQ (b) SPQR low prices in the agricultural
PSQ correct sequence gSA (c) PRQS (d) RPSQ sector.
vr% lgh answer option (b) RPSQ gSA Ans. (d) RPSQ (a) RQPS (b) QPSR
17. P. As a result, they are more able to Explanation: (c) PSRQ (d) SRQP
live in harmony with themselves Option dk sequence P, S vkSj R ls start Ans. (d) SRQP
a n d w i t h t h e wo rl d t h a t gS] ysfdu P vkSj S ls sequence start ugha Explanation:
surrounds them. gksxk D;ksafd blesa old generation people ds Problem→Reason→Effect→Result
Q. S t a b i l i z i n g m e d i t a t i o n i s fy, Pronoun 'they' vk;k gSA Pronoun, S, esa Problem (Great depression of
catalogued as one of the hardest Noun dks follow djrs gS] Sequence dks America) dks introduce fd;k x;k gSA
te c h n i q u e s o f m e d i t a t i o n start Noun gh djrs gSaA vr% Sequence R ls 'R' es a Reasons (Technological
because followers must keep start gksxkA tks dsoy ,d gh option (d) advancement of country)crk;k x;k gSA
their minds under total control RPSQ esa gS 'Q' esa Effect of problem (Price dorp) vkSj
for long period of time. vr% lgh answer option (d) RPSQ gSA 'P' esa Result of problem (framer could
R. The benefits of this meditation, 19. P. bout 30 new hydro projects are not pay their loans and banks were
according to the followers, is now under execution with an closed down.) vr% option (d) SRQP lgh
that meditators can experience installed capacity of 5,600 MW. answer gSA
full understanding of their Q. However, with the rapid increase
thoughts and ideas. in demand for power, higher
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