Bhuiyan Et Al. (2022) - REVIEW

SYSTEMATIC REVIEW
published: 29 April 2022

doi: 10.3389/fenvs.2022.878394
Renewable Energy Consumption and

Economic Growth Nexus—A
Systematic Literature Review
Miraj Ahmed Bhuiyan 1, Qiannan Zhang 1, Vikas Khare 2, Alexey Mikhaylov 3, Gabor Pinter 4*
and Xiaowen Huang 1
1
School of Economics, Guangdong University of Finance and Economics, Guangzhou, China, 2School of Technology,
Management and Engineering, NMIMS, Indore, India, 3Department of Banking and Financial Markets, Financial University Under
the Government of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia, 4University Center for Circular Economy, University of Pannonia,
Nagykanizsa, Hungary
An efficient use of energy is the pre-condition for economic development. But excessive
use of fossil fuel harms the environment. As renewable energy emits no or low greenhouse
gases, more countries are trying to increase the use of energies from renewable sources.
At the same time, no matter developed or developing, nations have to maintain economic
growth. By collecting SCI/SSCI indexed peer-reviewed journal articles, this article
Edited by: systematically reviews the consumption nexus of renewable energy and economic
Faik Bilgili,
Erciyes University, Turkey
growth. A total of 46 articles have been reviewed following the PRISMA guidelines
Reviewed by:
from 2010 to 2021. Our review research shows that renewable energy does not
Matheus Koengkan, hinder economic growth for both developing and developed countries, whereas, there
University of Evora, Portugal
is little significance of consuming renewable energy (threshold level) on economic growth
Daniel Balsalobre-Lorente,
University of Castilla-La Mancha, for developed countries.
Spain
Sevda Kuşkaya, Keywords: renewable energy, economic growth, consumption, Next-11 countries, Group 7
Erciyes University, Turkey
*Correspondence:
Gabor Pinter
INTRODUCTION
[email protected]
Consuming non-renewable energy may produce output and foster economic development, but
undoubtedly it is a significant source of carbon emission and environmental degradation (Awodumi
Specialty section:
This article was submitted to
and Adewuyi 2020). Using non-renewable energy sources put countries in a dilemma in policy
Environmental Economics and priority between pollution reduction and economic growth. Thus, whether renewable or non-
Management, renewable, the energy should be used carefully and efficiently as its sources are limited. In addition,
a section of the journal due to climate change and global warming situation, renewable energy could be the most attractive
Frontiers in Environmental Science alternative to fossil fuel, reducing the CO2 emission process. However, introducing new renewable
Received: 21 February 2022 energy technologies, consuming, and making them available for the citizens, is very time-consuming
Accepted: 28 March 2022 and costly. On the other side, countries struggle to maintain economic growth and development. Due
Published: 29 April 2022 to the COVID-19 crisis, the situation has been worsening. The governments of both developing and
Citation: developed nations have to balance spending for climate change mitigation and economic growth.
Bhuiyan MA, Zhang Q, Khare V, Moreover, there is still limited information regarding all the perceived critical factors in moving
Mikhaylov A, Pinter G and Huang X toward fully renewable energy sources. This article shows a comprehensive assessment of how
(2022) Renewable Energy
renewable energy systems affect the country’s economic growth. In this article, assessment is carried
Consumption and Economic Growth
Nexus—A Systematic
out based on G7 and Next-11 countries. France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the United States, the
Literature Review. United Kingdom, and Canada make up the Group of Seven (G7) intergovernmental organization.
Front. Environ. Sci. 10:878394. Government officials from these nations meet regularly to discuss world economic and monetary
doi: 10.3389/fenvs.2022.878394 matters, with each member alternating through the chairmanship.
Frontiers in Environmental Science | www.frontiersin.org 1 April 2022 | Volume 10 | Article 878394

Bhuiyan et al. Renewable Energy Affects Economic Growth?
FIGURE 1 | (Group Seven) G7 and (Next-11) N-11 countries.
TABLE 1 | Top 10 countries that invest in renewable sources.
General information Technology-specific scores

Rank Country RECAI Onshore Offshore Solar Solar Biomass Geothermal Hydro
score wind wind PV CSP
1 United States 70.2 58.6 59.4 58.1 45.8 44.5 48.9 48.0
2 China 67.8 54.5 55.0 60.0 53.8 52.1 30.3 54.7
3 Australia 66.4 54.5 30.6 57.0 36.0 39.6 18.0 42.6
4 India 65.2 54.1 27.5 62.7 48.9 47.1 26.9 47.8
5 United Kingdom 64.2 57.3 60.5 47.1 11.2 55.9 30.1 44.2
6 Germany 63.7 49.9 51.0 52.1 11.4 50.4 34.5 44.3
7 France 63.5 55.0 52.2 53.5 22.2 46.8 32.6 51.9
8 Japan 61.3 50.3 51.1 48.0 19.2 55.8 50.8 50.1
9 Netherlands 58.8 49.1 45.6 47.1 10.7 45.1 18.6 32.3
10 Spain 58 48.4 27.2 50.7 28.0 38.8 14.5 39.9
Source: Authors’ elaboration on data RECAI, 2020.
Along with the BRICs, the Next-11 (or N-11) are eleven 2020). Implementing renewable energy sources (RES) is essential
countries identified by Goldman Sachs as having a high but still faces some challenges in some European countries.
potential to become the world’s largest economies in the Perception and awareness toward RES are the main challenges
twenty-first century, namely, Bangladesh, Egypt, Indonesia, in countries such as Montenegro (Djurisic et al., 2020).
Iran, Mexico, Nigeria, Pakistan, Philippines, South Korea, One of the world’s major power resource user countries,
Turkey, and Vietnam. Figure 1 shows the name of G7 and China, has put forward the “double carbon” target to reduce
Next-11 countries. emissions (Jiang et al., 2022). China’s domestic market has
Energy resource has been the fundamental element for an shown some resilience despite the end of domestic subsidies
economy or economic development (Xiong et al., 2014). It is clear in December 2020 and the COVID-19 crisis, which affected
that economic growth mainly depends on energy consumption, 10% of new capacity additions. Chinese solar panel
which is highly responsible for greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, production grew by 15.7% compared to 2019 (RECAI,
particularly CO2, as stated by Gabr and Mohamed (2020). CO2 2020). Australia represents the third, this country has
emissions are a by-product generated by primary consumption experienced exponential growth in residential
sources of non-renewable energy, such as fossil fuels (Thollander photovoltaics, distributing over 10 GW of solar energy to
et al., 2007). Starting from this general environmental framework civilian homes and adopting necessary plans to export
due to non-renewable sources, several national economies, after hydrogen to Asia (RECAI, 2020). India follows, from 7th
having experienced several disasters, have tried to bring about a to 4th place, and thanks to the growth of photovoltaic
structural change in production methods and energy use. Some capacity to meet the ambitious national green goals for
countries have mainly switched to renewable sources, leaving 2030 (RECAI, 2020). In addition to G7 and N-11
fossil fuels to no longer be based on non-renewable energy countries, Table 1 shows the general information and
sources (Irfan et al., 2021). According to the EY Company’s technology-specific scores of the top 10 countries that
Renewable Energy Country Attractiveness Index (RECAI), which invest in renewable energy sources, and Figure 2 shows
integrates new global trends, the countries with the most the data visualization of the dataset in Table 1.
significant opportunities for investments in renewables are the Some studies tried to relate the consumption of renewable energy
United States, China, and India, three large economies that have and economic growth. But most of the studies concern EU countries
been competing for these positions for several years now (RECAI, and other factors. For example Tutak and Brodny.(2022) have tried to

FIGURE 2 | Comparison of technology-specific score of top 10 countries.
analyze the impact of renewable energy on economics, environmental, and give a broader picture of introducing and using the
and conventional energy sources. In addition, (Smolović et al., 2020), renewable energy and economic growth relationship.
by using the pooled mean group (PMG) estimator in a dynamic panel
setting (an ARDL model) has carried out a nexus between renewable
energy consumption and economic growth in the traditional and new BASIC INTERPRETATION WITH
member states of the EU. Furthermore, the panel vector RENEWABLE ENERGY AND ECONOMIC
autoregression (PVAR) model (Koengkan, Fuinhas, and Marques
2019) has examined the relationship between financial openness,
GROWTH
renewable and non-renewable energy consumption, CO2 emissions, Introducing renewable energy and economic growth is a widespread
and economic growth in 12 Latin American countries. Furthermore debate among researchers. From this point of view, by executing the
Lorente et al. (2022) found that there is an association between panel data (1970–2017) (Konuk et al., 2021, 11), examined the
economic complexity and CO2 emissions is inverted-U and further relationship between economic growth and biomass energy
N-shaped relationship for Portugal, Italy, Ireland, Greece, and Spain. consumption for N-11 countries. According to their research
We have noticed a research gap of systematic review analysis work, economic development and biomass energy consumption
regarding economic growth and renewable energy consumption act together in the long run. In addition, Jenniches (2018) tried to
in recent years by analyzing other existing research work. From assess the regional economic impacts of a transition to renewable
this point of view, our study tried to fill the research gap and make energy generation in his review article. He believes clearly that
it a collection of systematic reviews in this field. Moreover, there defining technologies and assessment periods is very significant.
were no such systematic reviews (including developing, Doytch and Narayan (2021) estimated the effects of non-renewable
developed, and underdeveloped countries) in this field of study. and renewable energy consumption on manufacturing and services
Due to the higher cost of implementing and maintaining, growth. They have found that renewable energy enhances growth in
cost-benefit analysis, and other external–internal factors, high-growth sectors, that is, the services sector in high-income
renewable energy is still under consideration to entirely economies and the manufacturing sector in middle-income
depend on the energy source. Thus, this is a burning economies. Acheampong et al. (2021) investigated the causal
question for the researchers, policy makers, and related relationship between renewable energy, CO2 emission, and
organizations whether introducing the renewable energy economic growth for 45 African (sub-Saharan) countries over
source would hinder or slow down the economic growth. 57 years (1960–2017). Using the GMM-PVAR method, they have
Many researchers are trying to answer for their respective concluded that a bidirectional causal relationship exists between
country or region of interest. No such review work tried to economic growth and renewable energy (Acheampong, Dzator, and
find the nexus between RE and EG for G7 and N-11 countries. Savage 2021). Another old study (comparatively) in 2003 by Ugur
This study attempted to gather the related research outcomes and Sari examined the causality relationship between the two series

in the top 10 emerging economies and G7 countries. They have economic conditions, the share of RE in total energy
discovered bi-directional causality for Argentina, GDP to energy consumption in EU countries has been systematically growing
consumption causality for Korea and Italy, energy and consumption and was not much dependent on economic factors (Ogonowski
to GDP for Turkey, France, Germany, and Japan. Additionally, it 2021). The economic value of solely replacing renewable energy
was found that countries such as Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, with nuclear power and fossil energy could be very high and
Uruguay, and Venezuela have low renewable energy participation infeasible. They consider that electricity and power generation
in their energy mix. An effect between renewable energy based on only renewable energy would cost an additional 35
consumption and fossil fuels, as a possible response to periods of trillion KRW/year for South Korea (Park et al., 2016). This
scarcity in reservoirs, was detected for these countries (Koengkan method is infeasible, and customer willingness to pay will be
et al., 2020b). low. Lema et al. (2021) by taking in-depth analysis, tried to
In contrast, economic growth may slow down due to energy measure to what extent direct and indirect economic benefits are
conservation in the case of the rest four nations (Soytas and Sari, created when Chinese investments in RE projects in sub-Saharan
2003). Another estimation suggested that non-renewable energy Africa. Their research revealed that the FDI and investments on
consumption has a significant and positive impact on economic RE projects might have “bounded economic benefits” for the
activities and development across a large number of Organization region by creating new job opportunities, production and training
for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries activities, linkage with local systems, and so on. In addition,
(Ivanovski, Hailemariam, and Smyth 2021). A review of hybrid economic awareness, public opinion, and mass participation are
renewable energy systems (HRES) in developing countries has essential for the use of RE in the region. Citizens of Kenya (73%)
been conducted by Zebra et al. (2021). They believe Asian (both urban and rural) strongly approved the development of RE
developing countries perform better than African nations for sources technologies and (91%) believe that RE technologies will
renewable and non-renewable mini-grids maintenance and reduce the cost of electricity and power generation (Oluoch et al.,
productivity. They also believe that, in general, the costs of 2020).
mini-grids will continue to decline, making renewable sources
even more competitive at the utility scale. Some researchers also
tried to find the opposite relationship between economic growth METHODOLOGY USED IN REVIEW
(barriers) and renewable energy development. Seetharaman et al. ASSESSMENT
(2019) believe technological, social, and regulatory barriers
hinder the development of RE development, but economic We have considered Group seven (G7: Canada, France, Germany,
constraints do not directly impact the outcome of renewable Italy, Japan, UK, and the United States), countries (as developed
energy. nations and the Next-11 (N- 11: Bangladesh, Egypt, Indonesia,
In some countries, renewable energy and consumption do Iran, Mexico, Nigeria, Pakistan, Philippines, South Korea,
not hinder economic development, and on the other side, it Turkey, and Vietnam) countries (exclude South Korea) as
plays a vital role in hindering economic development. So, developing countries.
according to Islam et al. (2022), income growth shows positive To maintain the whole process, we have followed the PRISMA
and negative effects on renewable and non-renewable energy flowchart explained in Figure 3:
consumption. Consider that domestic and foreign The PRISMA method—Preferred Reporting Items for
investments positively affect renewable and non-renewable Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyzes—built a set of
energy consumption. Furthermore, institutional quality has a minimum elements based on the references highlighted in the
positive impact on renewable energy consumption. Instead, systematic reviews and meta-analysis. The primary purpose of
the urbanization process has a negative impact on the PRISMA is to focus primarily on studies that evaluate the effects
consumption of renewable energy because it has a positive of certain interventions. However, they can also be used to report
influence on the consumption of non-renewable energy (Islam systematic reviews that present with different objectives (e.g.,
et al., 2022). from the evaluation of interventions) (Prisma, 2021).
Unfortunately, despite the revolutionary attempt to adopt For this purpose, PRISMA was used because it is helpful for
renewable energy technologies, some industrial countries are the critical evaluation of the published systematic reviews of
still firm on the consumption of fossil fuels energies with the this study, although it is not a tool for assessing the quality of a
aim of recording faster and more impressive economic growth systematic review. For the main results of the literature review
(Shrinkhal, 2019; Islam et al., 2021). Contrary to the positive according to the PRISMA guidelines, we have considered the
effects on the environment generated with renewable energy available online date for the “Year” column. We have followed
sources, the economic serenity that can be reached using non- the MLA style for the author’s name. The applied and
renewable enriches the coffers of different economies and the references related theories are in the “Theories” column.
lifestyles of their people, but not those of the environment Authors’ article methodologies are considered in the
(Doytch and Narayan, 2016). In some cases, renewable energy “Methods” column. The author’s near-future predictions or
consumption (threshold level) does not significantly affect consequences are listed in the “Predictors” column. The
economic growth for developed countries. Renewable energy results, conclusions, or outcomes are in the “Outcomes”
(RE) and economic development indicators may not correlate column, followed by article keywords in the “Keywords”
in selected EU countries. Despite some debate and unstable section. We have used google scholar citation for the

FIGURE 3 | PRISMA flow diagram.
citation column until the last week of December 2021. The different income groups of countries and underlined the
citation number may vary as the citations are increasing every interdependence of these variables. Notably, the main
day. The last column is “Journal,” which denotes the findings reveal a bidirectional nexus between renewable
respective article published journal name. energy consumption and GDP in all groups of nations; a
We have used Google Scholar, Scopus, Science Direct, and persistent bidirectional relationship among foreign trade and
PubMed for research articles. Initially, we searched the articles renewable energies in all groups of countries; finally, a
using the keywords “Renewable energy” and “Economic growth.” bidirectional nexus between trade and economic growth in
We have 553 articles related to good governance and sustainable developed, developing, and others developed countries. In
tourism mentioned in the article’s title. There were 17 duplicate addition, a team of researchers investigated the dynamic effect
articles that we had to remove. We deducted the articles unrelated of RE consumption, biocapacity, and economic growth in the
to the topic content from this initial screening. After removing United States from 1985 to 2014. Using the ARDL model, the
the irrelevant articles, we had 97 full-text eligible articles. From authors claim that a decline in environmental degradation can
these 97 articles, we have selected 46 closely matched full-text attribute to an increase in RE consumption through its
articles for review (Figure 3). negative effect on the ecological footprint. Their study
revealed that biocapacity and economic growth would exert
more pressure on the ecological footprint. Furthermore, a
EFFECT OF RENEWABLE ENERGY IN causal relationship was built between ecological footprint and
ECONOMIC GROWTH G7 COUNTRIES economic growth and economic growth and biocapacity
(Usman, Alola, and Sarkodie 2020).
While presenting economic prosperity, the G7 countries can still Armeanu et al. (2021), investigated, using several statistical
not guarantee environmental well-being. In fact, using the annual methods, the interrelationships, over the period 1990–2014,
frequency data from 1980 to 2016, the impact on the environment among renewable energy, types of energy, economic growth,
of some variables was ascertained using panel data. The results CO2 emissions, and urbanization in different income groups
show that financial globalization and eco-innovation reduce the of countries, and highlighted that “In the case of the group of
ecological footprint. On the contrary, urbanization stimulates countries with a high level of income, the presence of the co-
environmental degradation by increasing the ecological footprint integration of the renewable energy use with the carbon releases,
values (Ahmad et al., 2021). renewable and nuclear energy, electric power consumption, and
Amri (2017), using the dynamic simultaneous-equation the urban population was observed” and the relationship was
panel data approach, investigated, over the period satisfied, due to the interest of this group of countries to preserve
1990–2012, the relationship between three indicators the environment. Furthermore, through the Granger causality
(economic growth, renewable energy, and trade) in test, the authors find a single-bidirectional causal relationship

TABLE 2 | Factor that effected through the renewable energy system.
Country Factor that effected through the renewable energy system

Positive effect = ↑, negative effect = ↓
Canada Economic growth ↑ Greenhouse gas emission reduction Foreign direct investment ↑ Domestic investment ↑ Urbanization ↓
France Economic growth ↑ Environmental sustainability ↑ Grid parity ↑
Germany Economic growth ↑ Grid parity ↑ Urbanization ↓
Italy Economic growth ↑ Environmental sustainability ↑ Grid parity ↓
Japan Economic growth ↑ Grid parity ↑ Suboptimal quality of life ↑ Policy stabilization ↑
United Kingdom Economic growth ↑ Grid parity ↑ Environmental sustainability ↑
United States Economic growth ↑ Grid parity ↑ Suboptimal quality of life ↑ Policy stabilization ↑
between economic growth and energy intensity in the low- prior research used certain essential methodologies to
income countries, whereas many bidirectional relations among examine emission levels and variance depending on actors
the variables in high-income countries, particularly between connected to energy efficiency, energy structure, financial
energy intensity and CO2 emissions. development, production, industry, technological
Another study was conducted by Hao et al. (2021) to development openness, and population.
investigate the effects of green growth on CO2 emissions Namahoro et al. (2021b) underlined that renewable energy
for G7 countries over the past twenty-five years, using consumption affects economic growth, using an asymmetric
second-generation panel data methods, for example, the analysis with a non-linear autoregressive-distributed lagged
distributive self-regressive-augmented transversal lag model model (NARDL) and causality test. In contrast, Wang and
(CSARDL). The results revealed that both short- and long- Wang (2020) reveal that in the G7 countries, renewable energy
term GDP growth impact environmental impoverishment. consumption positively affects economic growth. The
Thus, the thesis that green growth supports the quality of threshold value changes influence in this positive
the environment is confirmed. The authors highlighted that relationship. Thus, the role of growing renewable energy use
any changes in CO2 , GDP, green growth (GG), environmental to stimulate economic growth is non-linear. For example, if the
taxes (ET), renewable energy consumption (REC), and human EU countries increase their renewable energy over a threshold
capital (HC) in one of the G7 countries would have value, the position of renewable energy in supporting economic
consequences in other G7 countries in an interconnected development is more significant. In the same line, in 2020,
nexus between G7 countries. Chen et al. (2020) studied the causal link between renewable
However, at the regional level, total energy consumption energy consumption and economic growth using a threshold
positively affects growth, while renewable sources negatively model. The reference period is 1995–2015, and they confirm
affect development in some regions in low- and middle- that renewable energies positively and significantly affect the
income countries (Namahoro et al., 2021a). Instead of economic growth in the OECD countries, whereas no
testing the relationships among variables with appropriate significant effect is in the developed countries. The authors
and feasible econometrics modeling techniques, using panel underlined that in developing and non-OECD countries,
data methodologies, Li and Leung (2021) evaluated the renewable energies significantly affect economic growth over
relationship between energy prices, economic growth, and a certain threshold of their consumption. In addition, Yang et
renewable energy consumption. The results of Li and Lung’s al. (2021) found feed-in-tarrif (FIT) have higher expected
study (2021) highlighted the importance of economic growth output and profit, and lower market prices. The risks of
in supporting renewable energy consumption, especially in G7 production and gain is of relatively more significant. By
countries with developed economies. However, factors that contrast, the production and profit of renewable portfolio
are affected through renewable energy systems are listed in standard (RPS) remain relatively more stable. In the same
Table 2. By focusing on R&D spending and uniform policies, year, Sharma et al. (2021) examined the interrelationships
the G7 countries have transformed their economies from between sustainability indicators and financial growth
copying countries to a community of dynamic economies. performance, using Arellano–Bond dynamic panel data
As a result, and in tandem with the economy’s digitalization. estimation, system dynamic panel data estimation, and the
This study examines the relationship between energy, augmented mean group model. The results highlighted that the
financial, environmental sustainability, and social transition toward renewable energy is economically in the long
performance of G7 countries using a data envelopment run, positively impacting economic growth in line with the
analysis (DEA)-like composite score. The foundation of environment. From this point of view, total investment in RE
this study is formed over the reconstruction and and descriptive statistics with technological specific scores by
modification of regional emissions and examining aspects G7 countries are listed in Tables 3, 4, respectively. Table 3
such as energy, efficiency, and usage, in addition to the shows the Renewable Energy Country Attractive Index of
prospect of having a regional development outline. Most different countries, and according to the score it is found

TABLE 3 | G 7 countries that invest in renewable sources.

S. Country RECAI Onshore Offshore Solar Solar Biomass Geothermal Hydro
No. score wind wind PV CSP
1 United States 70.2 58.6 59.4 58.1 45.8 44.5 48.9 48.0
2 United Kingdom 64.2 57.3 60.5 47.1 11.2 55.9 30.1 44.2
3 Germany 63.7 49.9 51.0 52.1 11.4 50.4 34.5 44.3
4 France 63.5 55.0 52.2 53.5 22.2 46.8 32.6 51.9
5 Japan 61.3 50.3 51.1 48.0 19.2 55.8 50.8 50.1
6 Italy 59.7 44.7 31.2 48.8 41.3 38.9 42.2 44.9
7 Canada 57.9 51.8 26.7 43.9 18.3 33.6 17.9 45.6
TABLE 4 | Descriptive statistics with technological specific scores of G7 countries.
Index RECAI Onshore Offshore Solar Pv Solar Biomass Geothermal Hydro

score wind wind CSP
Std 3.95 4.82 13.27 4.71 13.88 8.35 11.52 3.06

Min 57.90 44.70 26.70 43.90 11.20 33.60 17.90 44.20
Canada Italy Canada Canada United Kingdom Canada Canada United Kingdom
Mean 62.93 52.51 47.44 50.21 24.20 46.56 36.71 47.00
Max 70.20 58.60 60.50 58.10 45.80 55.90 50.80 51.90
USA USA United Kingdom United States United States Japan Japan France
Count 7.00 7.00 7.00 7.00 7.00 7.00 7.00 7.00
75% 63.95 56.15 55.80 52.80 31.75 53.10 45.55 49.05
50% 63.50 51.80 51.10 48.80 19.20 46.80 34.50 45.60
25% 60.50 50.10 41.10 47.55 14.85 41.70 31.35 44.60
FIGURE 4 | Comparison of technology-specific score of G7 countries. Data source: author elaboration.
out in the USA the growth or electricity generation through the solar PV, solar CSP, geothermal systems are better in the
renewable energy in the wonderful way. Overall data also United States; on the other hand, the offshore wind energy
shows the growth rate of the onshore wind energy systems, system and biomass systems are popular in the

TABLE 5 | Main results of literature review according to PRISMA guidelines of G7 countries.
Year Author Theory Method Predictor Outcome Keyword Citation Journal
1 2020 Djurisic et al. Delphi method Structural equation Positive attitudes and Perception toward Renewable energy 1 Energy reports
investigates the model (SEM), cause behaviors can improve RES and sources; public
behaviors and effect relationship the RES scenario in constructing perception; attitudes
toward RES Montenegro awareness toward toward RES; behavior
RES is the main toward RES;
challenge Montenegro
2 2021 Yang et al. Game model of Compares the effects of FIT have higher expected Once the industry is Feed-in tariff, renewable 7 Energy Strategy
power production feed-in tariff (FIT) and output and profit, and mature, strategically portfolio standard, and Reviews
and effect renewable portfolio lower market prices. By integrate FIT and RPS renewable energy
comparison standard (RPS) contrast, the production to ensure a healthy uncertainty
between FIT and and profit of RPS remain and sustainable
RPS policy relatively more stable. development
When the cost is high,
the incentive effect of the
policy under FIT is better
3 2021 Ogonowski. Cross sectional VMCM The share of renewable In terms of renewable Renewable energy 0 Procedia Computer
P. analysis energy in total energy energy development sources, Science
consumption in EU with adapted multidimensional
countries has been indicators, Denmark, comparative analysis;
systematically growing Luxembourg, and VMCM; and information
and was not dependent Norway with the society development
on economic factors highest value of the
aggregate
measurements and
were in the first class
4 2018 Jenniches, S. Review collection Employment ratios, For an impact The findings suggest Regional impacts of 102 Renewable and
supply chain analyses, assessment of current an overall need to renewable energy Sustainable Energy
input–output models, renewable energy clearly define the economic impact Reviews
and computable developments beyond topics, such as assessment, economy
general equilibrium employment in larger technologies, that are and renewable energy
models regions and IO tables are assessed and literature review
the most suitable evaluated the time renewable energy and
approach period economics, guideline
impact assessment,
and renewable energy
sources
5 2021 Come Zebra Hybrid renewable Review In general, the costs of Despite the Developing countries 20 Renewable and
et al. energy systems mini-grids will continue to considerable growth off-grid rural Sustainable Energy
(HRESs), decline, making in the number of mini- electrification, hybrid Reviews
renewables (hydro, solar, grids implemented renewable energy
wind, and biomass) even across the globe, systems, ownership
competitive at the utility there are still barriers models, levelized cost of
scale that hinder the energy, and reliability of
successful supply
implementation of
these systems in
developing regions
6 2014 Xiong et al. Three methods Optimized GM (1,1) Proposed model can Energy resource has GM (gray model) (1,1) 61 Energy
selecting the initial model also be used to forecast fundamental for model, initial condition,
conditions for the energy consumption in economic optimization, China’s
GM (1,1) model other countries development energy consumption
and production, and
predicting
7 2017 Amri Dynamic The Cobb–Douglas Linkage between income Policy makers should Economic growth, trade 84 Renewable and
simultaneous- production structure and renewable energy develop the Renewable energy Sustainable Energy
equation panel data and method of consumption, between renewable energy consumption, Review
approach to moment’s generalized trade and renewable sector to achieve an developed countries,
research the bond (GMM) estimator by energy consumption, important level of and developing
across economic Arellano and Bond and between trade and economic growth countries
growth and income and to incorporate
renewable sort of the renewable energy
energy in any liberalization
trade strategy. They
should facilitate the
openness to get a
better degree of
growth
(Continued on following page)

TABLE 5 | (Continued) Main results of literature review according to PRISMA guidelines of G7 countries.
8 2020 Gabr and Economic growth Model for energy Insulation thermal Economic growth Energy conservation, 1 Int. J. Energy Water
Mohammed mainly depends on management and properties act directly on mainly depends on emissions, fuel Resour
energy consumption emissions control both energy losses and energy consumption switching, HEN, and
(EMEC) economics piping insulation
9 2007 Thollander Evaluation of the Review End-use energy CO2 emissions as Energy efficiency, 204 Energy Policy
et al. highland project, efficiency issues at the major sources of non- energy audits, and
two largest Swedish actual firms renewable energy industrial energy
energy program programmes
aimed at SMEs
10 2021 Irfan et al. The scale items for Questionnaire survey, Analysis of factors Factors such as Renewable energy, 23 Environ. Sci. Pollut.
the determination of SPSS (26.0) and AMOS influencing consumers’ consumers’ influence factors, Control Ser
awareness (ARE) (26.0) software intention to adopt RE in perception of self- consumers, structural
derived from Alam Pakistan effectiveness, equation modeling.
et al. (2017) environmental Pakistan
concern, cost of RE
generation,
awareness of RE,
perception of
neighbor’s
participation, and
belief about RE
benefits might affect
their intention to
adopt RE
11 2022 Md. Monirul The Bangladesh Two different models to Growing demand for Heterogeneous Renewable and non- 0 Renewable Energy
Islam et al. power sector mainly categorize energy energy strongly relative effects of renewable energy
based on two non- consumption as associated with the economic and consumption, income
renewable sources, renewable energy growth of the population demographic factors growth, FDI,
including natural gas consumption and non- living in cities on renewable and urbanization,
and oil renewable energy non-renewable infrastructure, and
consumption energy consumptions institutional quality
in Bangladesh
12 2019 Shrinkhal Dramatic Critical analysis of Evidence on the socio- Industrial countries Sustainable 4 Phytomanagement of
environmental phytomanagement legal concerns prefer fossil fuels development, biofuel, Polluted Sites
degradation caused associated with the because they favor phytoremediation,
by human activity in practical application of economic growth ILUC, indigenous
the name of phytomanagement peoples, food vs. fuel,
development techniques and technology
13 2020 Wang and The non-linear The non-linear panel Effect of renewable The energy transition Economic growth, 43 Energy
Wang relationship between threshold regression energy consumption on and the increase of renewable energy
renewable energy (PTR) model economic growth is renewable energy will consumption, panel
and economic positive. This relationship stimulate economic data OECD economies,
growth in OECD changes as the threshold growth. The OECD and threshold effect
countries was value changes, thus the countries
investigated by role of growing government should
developing panel renewable energy use to boost investments in
threshold regression promote economic renewable energy,
models growth is non-linear because the
renewable energy
consumption is
growing
14 2020 Chen et al. Causal link between The GMM estimation Nexus between Renewable energies Renewable energy 59 Energy Policy
renewable energy approach and the sup- renewable energy positively and consumption, economic
use and economic Wald test proposed by consumption and significantly affect the growth, threshold, non-
growth by Seo and Shin in 2016 economic growth economic growth in linear effects, and panel
employing a depends on the amount the OECD countries, data OECD countries
threshold model of renewable energy whereas no
using a 103-country consumption significant effect is in
sample has been the developed
investigated countries. For
developing countries
to achieve positive
economic
development from
their investment in
renewable energy,
they need to
overcome a certain
threshold of
renewable
energy use

TABLE 5 | (Continued) Main results of literature review according to PRISMA guidelines of G7 countries.
15 2021 Armeanu et al. The nexus among The Pedroni co- The empirical findings As energy intensity Renewable energy, 11 Renew Sustain
energy, CO2 integration test, impulse confirmed a long run contributes to pollution, economic Energy Rev
emissions, response function, and associations lowering the CO2 growth, urbanization,
economic growth, the Granger causality emissions, policy and panel data analysis
and urbanization has test makers have to boost
been gathered at the companies to use
worldwide level renewable energy by
the stimulus of
incentives. The
renewable energies
could promote a
offset between
ecological scarcity
and sustainable
economic
development
16 2021 Islam et al. The economic Dynamic ARDL Effect of globalization, Predict positive and Bangladesh, CO2 15 Environ. Sci. Pollut.
transformation has simulations’ model by foreign direct investment, negative shocks emissions, dynamic Control Ser
resulted in various Jordan and Philips economic growth, trade, occurring in ARDL simulations
changes in natural (2018) innovation, urbanization, independent model, economic
resources and and energy consumption variables and their factors, environmental
energy consumption on CO2 emissions in the influences on the degradation, and
presence of institutional dependent variable globalization
quality in Bangladesh
over the period
1972–2016
17 2016 Doytch and Sadorsky’s studies, Effect of FDI on Effects of sectoral FDI contributes to Energy consumption, 134 Energy Econ
Narayan 2010, Sadorsky, industrial energy distribution of FDI on reducing the usage of energy efficiency, capital
2011 with panel data consumption by renewable and non- non-renewable flows, and sectoral FDI
controlling per capita renewable industrial energy
GDP and energy prices energy consumption
18 2010 Hallódorsson Conceptual Literature review Era of the energy climate Logistics and SCM Supply chain 156 International Journal
et Kováacs framework that challenges the nature of have a role to play in management, energy of Physical
reflects on the business and the transition to a low management, Distribution &
immediate and management activities carbon economy sustainable Logistics
tangible effects of a development, and Management
sustainable agenda distribution
on logistics management
and SCM
19 2021 Hao et al. Green growth Second-generation Interconnected nexus Impact of both short CO2 emissions, 72 Science of the Total
sustains panel data methods between G7 countries and long-term GDP environmental taxes, Environment
environment quality growth is green growth, human
environmental capital, renewable
impoverishment energy, and sustainable
environment
United Kingdom. The Renewable Energy Country and Greece (Tsagkari, Roca, and Kallis 2021). The authors
Attractiveness Index (RECAI) rates the attractiveness of summarize that despite the degrowth potential of these local
renewable energy investment and deployment prospects in energy projects, their prospects are limited to revitalizing local
the world’s top 40 markets. The rankings reflect our economies and empowering local communities. The summary
evaluations of market attractiveness and worldwide market results of the literature review regarding G7 countries are listed in
trends. Table 4 describes the different statistical parameters Table 5.
with central tendency in terms of mean, mode, and median of
renewable energy sources. It also finds most of the energy
sources are minimum RECAI for Canada and maximum for the EFFECT OF RENEWABLE ENERGY IN
United States. ECONOMIC GROWTH NEXT-11
In Figure 4, we have listed the comparative technology-
specific scores in various factors among G7 countries.
COUNTRIES
There are also different phenomena in energy sector resources, Rural people in impoverished and developing nations lack
capacity, and different level scales may have different outcomes. access to electricity that is dependable, economical, and long-
There is a possibility of reducing energy and resource lasting. Even though these countries have limited renewable
consumption and to advance degrowth-related ideals of energy energy sources, many urban and rural people rely on
local production at local and small-scale energy systems in Spain kerosene, diesel, and other fossil fuels to meet their energy

needs. The renewable energy capacity in the Next-11 nations Ramadan et al. discuss the economic evaluation of new
is shown in Table 6. regulatory tariffs for renewables in Egypt. After 25 years of
The Bangladesh’s energy sector remains deficient, impeding operation, the results show that adding a CAES system will
the country’s smooth economic activity, and progress. For increase the profitability of the Egyptian government’s new
greening growth and meeting sustainable development goals tariff for wind installations, with an NPV of $306 million
(SDGs), increasing the amount of renewable energy in the compared to $207 million for a stand-alone wind system.
energy resources mix and reducing and reducing the material Furthermore, the economic advantages rise if the government
consumption utilized for energy generation is critical (Baniya, incentives for new renewable energy system installations or
Giurco, and Kelly 2021). The government attempts to close the decreases financing rates. Ghouchani et al. investigate Iran’s
gap between supply and demand for electricity by installing renewable energy development potential. Three potential
short-term power plants, coal-fired power plants, and possibilities for the Iran’s renewable energy sector are
importing from neighboring nations. However, the country examined in this report “long-term technology acquisition
still has a long way to produce and supply enough power. programs,” “policy stabilization,” and “attraction of
Furthermore, increased FDI inflows connected to energy limit international investment.” The findings indicated that
the country’s extensive usage of renewable energy. At the same renewable energy policy planning and implementation success
time, increased economic growth and CO2 emissions in the area, is determined by selecting the most adaptive policies to national
particularly in Bangladesh, stimulate the use of renewable energy goals, technological capabilities, and economy. To swiftly and
(Murshed 2021). Another renewable energy source, tidal power, successfully develop and implement a comprehensive renewable
may play an essential part in the nation’s electrical supply by energy plan, a thorough analysis of limits, impediments, available
adding to it (Ahmad and Hasan 2021, 25). This will very certainly facilities and technologies, international sanctions, and foreign
stimulate the industry and commercial activity along the shore. investment is essential. Sovacool et al. investigated and provided
The answer may be alternatives to current energy sources, such as remedies to the likelihood of corruption in the Mexico’s
renewable energy resources. More renewable energy sources will renewable energy sector. The report then examines particular
be introduced and consumed, reducing energy scarcity, and corruption risks in four nations (Mexico, Malaysia, Kenya, and
promoting economic activity and growth (Bhuiyan, Mamur, South Africa) before offering five recommendations and solutions
and Begum 2021). Researchers such as Alam et al. (2017) to help combat corruption. These approaches include corruption
proposed a one-way causal relationship between economic risk mapping, subsidy registries, sunset clauses, transparency
growth and overall energy demand (renewable and non- initiatives, anti-corruption regulations, and shared ownership
renewable). They claim that even a cautious approach to models. In the Economic Community of West African States’
energy sources would not affect the country’s economy, but renewable energy plan framework, Ozoegwe et al. examined
that because economic success leads to increased energy Nigeria’s solar energy policy goals and tactics. This initiative is
consumption, Bangladesh must pursue renewable energy and advised since the national solar energy strategy document lacks
demand-side management (Alam, Ahmed, and Begum 2017). policies on encouraging the solar technology company in Nigeria.
Nigeria, one of the NEXT-11 countries, is one of the Africa’s The proposals emphasized the requirements of the Renewable
largest fossil fuel exporters. However, this country has recently Energy Policy of the Economic Community of the West African
experienced a significant energy problem. Biofuel has been States, which are currently in place. Case studies supported the
identified as renewable energy (bioethanol and biodiesel) in recommendations for a community-shared business model for
recent years. Waste materials and feedstocks are widely home end users and clusters of small companies in physical
available and accessible, potentially fueling Nigeria’s socio- market places and an energy management contract business
economic progress (Adewuyi 2020). Islam et al. describe the model for large organizations.
economic effect of renewable and non-renewable energy systems. Ajayi et al. (2022) examined the influence of sustainable
The dynamic simulations approach looks at the influence of energy on national climate change, food security, and job
income growth, foreign direct investment, domestic opportunities in implications for Nigeria. It looked at
investment, urbanization, physical infrastructure, and international data on the links between energy and renewable
institutional quality on renewable and non-renewable energy energy adoption, national development, population growth, job
consumption in Bangladesh from 1990 to 2019. According to creation, rural–urban integration, and the inherent benefits of
empirical evidence, income growth positively and negatively renewable energy resources in mitigating climate change and
impact renewable and non-renewable energy usage. Domestic global warming incidents. If Nigeria wants to continue economic
investment has a favorable influence on renewable and non- growth, particularly in agriculture and food security, renewable
renewable energy usage. It has been observed that foreign direct energy for power generation must be included in the country’s
investment has a beneficial effect on renewable energy use. rural development policy. It also shows that renewable energy can
Although urbanization has a negative impact on renewable minimize its anthropogenic climate change contribution. From
energy consumption, it positively impacts non-renewable this point of view, total investment in RE and descriptive statistics
energy consumption. Physical infrastructure has a positive and with technological specific scores by N-11 countries are listed in
negative influence on renewable and non-renewable energy Tables 8, 9, respectively. According to Table 8, RECAI of Egypt is
usage. Factor that effected through the renewable energy maximum, and the growth rate of renewable energy in Egypt is
system on N-11 countries is listed in Table 7. also maximum. Table 8 also shows that the RECAI score of some

TABLE 6 | Renewable energy capacity in 11 countries. possible for Nigeria’s economy to be built entirely on
Country Renewable energy capacity renewable energy? Is it feasible to replace non-renewable
(MW) energy with renewable energy? What is renewable energy’s
economic impact? This study focuses on the growth of
Bangladesh 650.53
renewable energy in Nigeria. We calculate, among other
Egypt 3700
Indonesia 14690000 things, the economic effect, production elasticity, and
Iran 107004.24 substitution possibilities of renewable and non-renewable
Mexico 94500 energy sources. Our findings, based on a dataset from 1980 to
Nigeria 1562.5 2015 and analyzed using the translog production function,
Pakistan 12406
Philippines 10000
demonstrate that capital and labor are the key drivers of
South Korea 120500 output in Nigeria; however, although being positive, the
Turkey 49398 economic effect of renewable and non-renewable energy
Vietnam 35649 sources is negligible. Wang and Wang. (2020) studied the
non-linear behavior of aggregated and disaggregated renewable
and non-renewable energy consumption on GDP per capita in
of the countries in the offshore wind, such as Vietnam and Pakistan. This research looked at how diverse forms of energy,
geothermal in Egypt is minimal. The World Bank is putting such as renewables, fossil fuels, oil-based electrical generating,
out a long-term offshore wind roadmap for Turkey to issue a and hydroelectric power, impact Pakistan’s output. While using
tender in the next 2 to 3 years. Following the cancellation of a 1.2 fossil fuels to boost economic growth may be beneficial in the
GW offshore wind auction in mid-2018, the World Bank is now early stages of production, it is not helpful in the later stages of
in charge of disbursing EU money to support the feasibility and production. According to the study, using clean energy, while not
environmental studies in preparation for a second sale. Table 9 beneficial in the early stages of production in expanding
describes the different statistical parameters with central production activities in Pakistan, is useful in the later stages of
tendency in terms of mean, mode, and median of renewable production, not only for production but also for the environment.
energy sources. The 57th edition of our Renewable Energy Mohamed et al. (2021) in Pakistan discussed the role of
Country Attractiveness Index (RECAI) demonstrates that there renewable energy in combating terrorism. This study looks at
is a room for further renewable energy investment and strong the relationship between terrorism, renewable energy, and
demand for it. Institutional investors, in particular, have the fossil fuel consumption in Pakistan, taking into account
ability and desire to offer massive, long-term capital injections several variables such as economic development and
required to support the fast-growing global renewable energy income disparity. Using the autoregressive-distributed lag
sector. testing technique, this study evaluated the long-term
In Figure 5, we have listed the comparative technology- connection between the examined variables throughout the
specific scores in various factors among N-11 countries. yearly period of 1980–2015. Their variables have long-term
The impact of renewable energy use on Nigeria’s relationships, as shown by the Wald test. The summary
environmental quality in several sectors was studied by Maji results of the literature review regarding the Next-11 (N-
and his colleagues. The influence of renewable energy 11) countries are listed in Table 10.
consumption on sectoral environmental quality is being Granger causality identifies the long-term bi-directional causal
examined in Nigeria as part of the government’s effectiveness. links between all variables. The research demonstrates short-term
A regression analysis was used to estimate a dataset from 1989 to unidirectional causes between terrorism and fossil energy, GDP
2019. The per capita indicator, environmental quality indicators, and renewable energy, and wealth disparity and fossil energy,
and sectoral output from the agricultural, manufacturing, even though there are bidirectional causal links between
construction sectors, transportation, oil, residential, renewable energy and fossil energy in the near run. In reality,
commercial, and public services sectors, and other sectors long-term statistics demonstrate that fossil fuels decrease
were examined. Adelaja et al. discussed the several barriers to terrorism while renewable energy increases it.
national renewable energy adoption in Nigeria. Despite the Wang and Wang (2020) studied renewable energy use,
privatization of Nigeria’s largest power utility company, the economic growth, and the human development index in
Power Holding Company of Nigeria (PHCN), the country’s Pakistan. This study examines the link between renewable
electrical demand is rarely met. Nigeria’s electricity output has energy consumption, economic growth, and the human
lately been reduced, despite a massive increase in demand. development index in Pakistan from 1990 to 2014 using
To fill the hole, polluting electric generators, inefficient energy the two-stage least square approach. According to
sources including candles, kerosene lamps, paraffin devices, and empirical research, using renewable energy does not
entire energy abstention have all been employed. These problems improve Pakistan’s human development. Surprisingly, the
lead to missed commercial and economic prospects, low quality lesser a country’s degree, the higher its income will be.
of life, and missed long-term development potential. Lin et al. CO2 emissions also contribute to the enhancement of the
looked at how Nigeria’s renewable energy program affected the human development index. Furthermore, trade liberalization
country’s total output. Based on Nigeria’s Renewable Energy stifles Pakistan’s progress in terms of human development.
Program aims, this research asks three main questions, Is it Again, the long-term feedback idea between environmental

TABLE 7 | Factor that effected through the renewable energy system on N-11 countries.
Country Factor that effected through the renewable energy system

Positive effect = ↑, negative effect = ↓
Bangladesh Economic CO2 emission ↓ Foreign direct Domestic Urbanization

growth ↑ investment ↑ investment ↑
Egypt Economic growth ↑ Electricity sustainability ↑
Iron Economic growth ↑ The attraction of foreign capital ↑ Policy stabilization ↑
Mexico Economic growth ↑ Shared ownership models ↑
Nigeria Economic Physical market places ↑ Energy management ↑ Environmental Sustainable Suboptimal quality of
growth ↑ quality ↑ development ↑ life ↑
Pakistan Economic growth ↑ Human development ↑ Terrorism reduction ↑
Philippines Economic growth ↑ Environmental quality ↑ Service growth ↑
South Korea Economic Research and development Environmental quality ↑ Electricity sustainability↓
growth ↑ sector ↑
Turkey Economic growth ↑ Electricity sustainability ↓ Environmental quality ↑
Vietnam Economic growth ↑ Green job ↑ Tariff price ↓
Indonesia Economic Green job ↑ Environmental Energy Research and development sector↑
growth ↑ sustainability ↑ management↑
TABLE 8 | Next-11 countries that invest in renewable sources.

S.N. Country RECAI Onshore Offshore Solar Solar Biomass Geothermal Hydro
score wind wind PV CSP
1 Philippines 55.8 41.9 17.8 47.1 20.1 39 43.1 40.3

2 South 57.6 38.1 39.6 50 17.9 47.6 13.8 33.4
Korea
3 Turkey 55.8 47.2 21.1 47.9 28 37.4 43.6 44.1
4 Vietnam 55.7 44.2 42.9 46.9 16.8 37.1 13 46.1
5 Indonesia 51.4 38.2 18.2 45.3 17.1 42.2 57.6 45.9
6 Egypt 57.8 48.2 15.4 54.5 35.3 20.4 12 23.6
7 Mexico 54.3 42.8 19 47.7 23.9 34.8 42.7 32.2
8 Nigeria Out of top 40 countries in the RECAI score
9 Pakistan
10 Bangladesh
11 Iran
TABLE 9 | Descriptive statistics with technological specific scores of N-11 countries.
Index RECAI Onshore Offshore Solar PV Solar Biomass Geothermal Hydro

score wind wind CSP
Count 7.00 7.00 7.00 7.00 7.00 7.00 7.00 7.00

Mean 55.49 42.94 24.86 48.49 22.73 36.93 32.26 37.94
Std 2.17 3.97 11.36 3.00 6.88 8.41 18.79 8.49
Min 51.40 38.10 15.40 45.30 16.80 20.40 12.00 23.60
Indonesia South Korea Egypt Indonesia Vietnam Egypt Egypt Egypt
0.25 55.00 40.05 18.00 47.00 17.50 35.95 13.40 32.80
0.50 55.80 42.80 19.00 47.70 20.10 37.40 42.70 40.30
0.75 56.70 45.70 30.35 48.95 25.95 40.60 43.35 45.00
Max 57.80 48.20 42.90 54.50 35.30 47.60 57.60 46.10
Philippines Egypt Vietnam Egypt Egypt South Indonesia Vietnam
Korea
influences and human development is supported by causality between renewable energy consumption and economic growth in
analysis. Pakistan, taking into account capital and labor as possible production
Islam et al. (2022) demonstrate how renewable energy helps function variables. In this work, the autoregressive-distributed lag
Pakistan prosper economically. The research aims to look at the link (ARDL) model and the rolling window approach (RWA) were used to

FIGURE 5 | Comparison of technology-specific score of N-11 countries.
integrate data in a Pakistani scenario. Quarterly data from 1972Q1 to scales. Each scale was made up of a tangle of sub-regimes such as
2011Q4 were used in the study. Bertheau and his colleagues looked market, policy, and culture. We believe a niche may play a creative role
into it. A geospatial and techno–economic study for the Philippines in changing sub-regimes of various sizes based on resources that can
was based on 100% renewable energy micro-grids. As a result, this be handled, such as money resources, rules, and connections. Sim J
study recommends a hybrid approach that combines geospatial et al. looked at the economic and environmental benefits of R&D
analysis, cluster analysis, and energy system modeling: To begin, investment in the renewable energy sector in South Korea. The South
they identify islands that are not connected to the power grid. Second, Korean government has announced a strategy to invest in renewable
cluster analysis is used to identify trends. Third, we perform energy to shift the country’s economy away from fossil fuels and
simulations of energy systems employing solar, wind, and battery toward renewables. This study assesses R&D investment in six types of
storage to generate 100% renewable energy systems. Our research will renewable energy sources: biomass, waste, solar thermal energy,
focus on 649 non-electrified islands with 650,000 people. These islands photovoltaic energy, marine energy, and wind power energy while
are grouped into four groups based on population and renewable taking into account several uncertainty factors such as the amount of
resource availability. They determined that cost-optimized 100 renewable energy produced, R&D investment, unit price, and risk-free
percent renewable energy systems rely on solar and storage interest rate. According to Yurtkuran et al., agriculture, renewable
capacity for each cluster, with additional wind capacity. According energy generation, and globalization all influence CO2 emissions in
to Doytch and Narayan (2021), renewable energy boosts economic Turkey. This study investigates the impact of agriculture, renewable
growth. This study examines the influence of non-renewable and energy production, and globalization on CO2 emissions in Turkey
renewable energy consumption on economic development, between 1970 and 2017. It uses the Gregory–Hansen integration test,
distinguishing between manufacturing and service growth. Our bootstrap autoregressive-distributed lag (ARDL) approach, fully
empirical model is based on an endogenous growth framework modified ordinary least squares, dynamic ordinary least squares,
with an increasing number of intermediate capital goods that and long run estimators. The KOF indices for politics, society, and
comprise non-renewable and renewable energy inputs. We economics are explanatory variables. The Gregory–Hansen test and
examine the impacts of non-renewable and renewable energy the bootstrap ARDL approach imply co-integration variables. In
consumption on manufacturing and service growth, broken down Turkey, Shan et al. investigated the role of green technology
by the type of usage (industrial, residential, and total final energy innovation and renewable energy in achieving carbon neutrality. A
consumption) while accounting for well-known growth variables. Granger causality test determines the causal relationship between
Park and his colleagues looked at the procedures used by South green technology innovation, energy consumption, renewable energy,
Korean renewable energy cooperatives. This research focuses on population, per capita income, and carbon dioxide emissions. Green
citizen participatory RE co-ops as a vital niche in the community- technology innovation, renewable energy, energy consumption,
led energy route. This study did a narrative analysis based on the RE population, per capita income, and carbon dioxide emissions are
co-ops’ present state and in-depth interviews. We examined key all co-integrated in the long run. Furthermore, while green technology
changes and inertia in the conventional energy system at the innovation and renewable energy reduce carbon dioxide emissions,
national, regional, and local levels by comparing within and across energy consumption, population, and per capita carbon emissions

TABLE 10 | Main results of literature review according to PRISMA guidelines of Next-11 Countries.
Year Authors Theories Methods Predictors Outcomes Keywords Citations Journal
1 2021 Ahmad et al. Existence of CD and slope Second generation methods, Linkages between EF and its G7 countries, while thriving Financial globalization, 46 Sustainable Cities
heterogeneity issues in the Pesaran and Yamagata (2008) determinants, including economically, have not been able urbanization,eco- and Society
data test, second-generation panel economic growth (GDP), to safeguard the well-being of the innovation, ecological
co-integration test of financial globalization, eco- environment footprint, CS-ARDL, G7
Westerlund (2007), short- and innovation, and urbanization countries
long run coefficients using the in the panel of G7 countries
CSARDL method and the AMG
estimator, Dumitrescu–Hurlin
causality test
2 2021 Namahoro Total energy is significantly Cross-sectional augmented Negative and neutral effects Use of renewable sources Renewable energy, 0 Energy
et al. and positively affects autoregressive-distributed of renewable energies on negatively affects growth in some economic growth, energy
economic growth in three lagged (CS-DL) and common growth prevail over those of regions in low- and middle- consumption, CCEMG
income groups correlated effect means group total energy income countries CS-DL
(CCEMG)
3 2021 Li and Leung Test relationships among Panel data methodologies Renewable energies as No evidence of Granger Causality Renewable energy, 9 Energy Reports
variables with appropriate inputs for production from renewable energy economic growth, coal
and feasible econometrics processes and real GDP as a consumption to economic price, natural gas, price,
modeling techniques measure of the output of an production OECD, Europe
economy (and economic
growth)
4 2021 Namahoro Asymmetric nexus of Non-linear autoregressive- Significant negative impact Renewable energy consumption Renewable energy 1 Renewable Energy
et al. renewable energy distributed lagged model of long-term positive shock affects economic growth consumption, economic
consumption and economic (NARDL) and causality test from and an insignificant positive growth, asymmetric
growth, and the impact of 1990 to 2015 in Rwanda impact of a long-term analysis, NARDL
agriculture and capital on negative shock to renewable
economic growth energy consumption on
economic growth
5 2021 Sharma et al. Interrelationships between Arellano–Bond dynamic panel Two-way positive Transition to renewable energy is Sustainability indicators, 7 Renewable and
the performance on data estimation, system relationship between economically feasible in the long economic growth, Sustainable Energy
sustainability indicators and dynamic panel data estimation, economic growth and non- term renewable energy, Reviews
economic growth and Augmented Mean Group renewable energy and a European union, panel
model two-way negative data, environmental
relationship between kuznets curve
economic growth and
renewable energy
6 2021 Tsagkari, Degrowth theory Case study approach Local and small-scale Degrowth potential of local energy Local energy, Degrowth 1 Energy Research &
Roca, and energy systems may have projects, their prospects are islands, Southern Europe Social Science
Kallis the potential to reduce limited to revitalizing local energy transition and
energy and resource economies and empowering local energy democracy
consumption communities
7 2020 Oluoch et al. Ordered logistic regressions Ologit regression for renewable Citizens living in both urban Most studies of renewable energy Awareness, attitudes, 13 Scientific African
energy and rural areas strongly diffusion, however, take a acceptance, renewable
approve the development of top–down approach, focusing energy, Kenya, and
renewable energy exclusively on the policy makers, ordered logistic
technologies (73%) and while neglecting the grassroots regression
believe that renewable perspectives
energy technologies will
reduce the cost of
electricity (91%)
8 2020 Usman et al. Toda–Yamamoto causality Autoregressive-distributed lag Country-specific energy 14.79% and 8.91% of RE Ecological footprint; 78 Renewable Energy
test; Cholesky (ARDL) policies that increased the consumption and trade policy renewable energy
decomposition test share of RE in the energy caused 0.60% and 9.88% consumption, trade
portfolio would do a deterioration in the environment policy, and innovation-
better job accounting tests
9 2021 Konuk et al. Econometric analysis CDLM test Next-11 countries can only Conservation hypothesis is valid BEC, economic growth, 2 Energy Reports
realize such a serious, costly for the NEXT-11 countries NEXT-11 countries, and
biomass energy investment panel data analysis
when they achieve
economic growth
10 2019 Seetharaman Theory of diffusion OLS, SEM, and PLS Social, technological and Lower tariff energy solution, higher Business 70 Heliyon
et al. regulatory barriers hinder RE profit for manufacturers will create
development. Not direct satisfied atmosphere for all
relation between economic stakeholders
barriers on RE development
11 2016 Park et al. Willingness to pay (WTP) Contingent valuation method People who are sensitive to Government should execute more CVM, nuclear power, 38 Nuclear
economic feasibility do not realistic budget planning ordered logistic Engineering and
prefer RE regarding RE development regression, RE, and WTP Technology
12 2020 Adewuyi. A. Production process theory Case study analysis Challenges hampering the It might be necessary to create Bioethanol, biofuel, and 51 Energy Reports
development of biofuel as a more awareness on the renewable energy
form of renewable energy in importance of biofuel as well as
Nigeria includes land tenure encourage and create suitable
system, high production business environment for local
cost, weak governmental and international investors
policies, and competition
between biofuel feedstock
and food

TABLE 10 | (Continued) Main results of literature review according to PRISMA guidelines of Next-11 Countries.
13 2021 Lema et al. In-depth analysis Author’s developed conceptual There might have “bounded Policy makers should be wary of Economic co-benefits, 5 World
framework benefits” for RE projects by overly optimistic expectations RE, investment- centered development
Chinese investors in the sub- when it comes to assessing the GVC, China, Africa,
Saharan region co-benefits of RE projects Investment projects
14 2022 Islam Renewable and non- Dynamic autoregressive- Economic factors, Foreign direct investment is found Income growth, FDI, 0 Renewable Energy
renewable energy distributed lag urbanization, physical to have positive influencing factor urbanization,
consumption in Bangladesh infrastructure, and for renewable energy infrastructure, and
institutional quality consumption institutional quality
15 2018 Ramadan New regulating tariffs for Numerical modeling using Economic investigation was The results show that the addition Economic assessment, 10 Thermal Science
renewables in Egypt MATLAB carried out based on of a CAES system would increase energy storage systems, and Engineering
calculation of net present the profitability for the new tariff for wind energy, and large Progress
value wind systems set by the Egyptian scale renewable energy
government with a NPV of
$306 m compared to a NPV of
$207 m of a stand-alone wind
system at the end of 25 years of
operation
16 2021 Ghouchani M. Perspective on the use of Delphi method Long-term technology The success of the planning and Future research cross 3 Technological
renewable energy in Iran acquisition programs”, implementation of renewable impact analysis causal- Forecasting and
“policy stabilization” and energy policy relies on the layered analysis Social Change
“attraction of foreign capital selection of policies that are most
adaptive with national targets,
technical abilities, and the
country’s economy
17 2021 Sovacool B. K. Examining corruption risks 20 policy recommendations New private actors in Corruption can involve covert acts Corruption, transparency, 0 Energy Strategy
and solutions for the organized across five themes selected renewable such as diverting public resources energy governance, wind Reviews
renewable energy sector electricity markets in a for private means, artificially power, and solar energy
sample of countries inflating renewable energy costs,
or inefficiently allocating contracts
18 2021 Ozoegwu Strategies against the Policy-driven business models The linkages between the The recommendations highlighted Solar energy, solar 5 Renewable and
C. G. backdrop of the renewable objectives and strategies of the already applicable provisions thermal, solar PV, energy Sustainable Energy
energy policy of the the policy were examined in the Renewable Energy Policy of policy, and solar energy Reviews
economic community Economic Community of West policy
African States
19 2022 Ajayi et al. Sustainable energy for Data analysis National climate change, The enormous renewable energy Energy development, 1 Fuel
national climate change for food security, and potential across the geopolitical energy policy Nigeria, Communications
Nigeria employment opportunities zones of the nation has largely renewable energy, and
been untapped. While they Rural and urban
represent sustained opportunity integration
at making the nation energy
sufficient, renewable energy
resources require funding for
development
20 2021 Maji I. K. Impact of renewable energy A regression analysis was used Environmental quality The result shows that renewable Clean energy, 1 Cleaner
consumption on sectoral to estimate a dataset for the indicators and sectoral energy consumption does not Environment Sectors Environmental
environmental quality in period of 1989–2019 output from the agricultural, have a favorable impact on the Institution Nigeria Systems
Nigeria manufacturing, and environmental quality of the
construction sectors, as well agricultural sector, manufacturing,
as the transportation, oil, and construction and oil sectors
residential, commercial, and
public services sectors, and
other sectors, were
analyzed, as well as the per
capita indicator
21 2019 Lin B. On Nigeria’s renewable Data analysis The economic impact, Based on Nigeria’s economic and Economic growth, 14 Energy
energy program output elasticity, and the industrialization agenda, this study renewable energy, and
substitution possibilities of agrees with the respective translog production
both renewable and non- strategies enshrined in the function
renewable energies renewable energy program but
recommends that its
implementation should be gradual
and in accordance with Nigeria’s
economic goals
22 2022 Wang J. Aggregated and The ARDL bounds test using Renewable energy The empirical results disclose that Electricity production from 1 Energy Strategy
disaggregated renewable annual time series data from consumption on GDP per the linear terms of fossil fuel oil and hydroelectric Reviews
and non-renewable energy 1980 to 2019 capita energy consumption and sources and export value
consumption on GDP per electricity production using oil index
capita in Pakistan sources significantly enhance
economic growth while the
squared terms of both significantly
deteriorate economic growth both
in the long- and short-run in
Pakistan

TABLE 10 | (Continued) Main results of literature review according to PRISMA guidelines of Next-11 Countries.
23 2015 Shahbaz M. Renewable energy Autoregressive-distributed lag The causality analysis The results reveal that all the Renewable energy and 183 Renewable and
consumption add in (ARDL) model and rolling applied through VECM variables in the study are co- economic growth Sustainable Energy
economic growth window approach Granger causality and integrated that shows the long run Reviews
innovative accounting relationship between the
approaches variables. Furthermore, renewable
energy consumption, capital, and
labor boost economic growth
24 2020 Bertheau P. 100% renewable energy- Data analysis Geospatial and techno- Geospatial analysis, cluster Hybrid energy system, 16 Energy
based micro-grids economic analysis analysis, and energy system geospatial analysis, and
modeling are all used together in cluster analysis
this approach: To begin, we locate
islands that are not electrified.
Second, we use cluster analysis to
recognize patterns. Third, we
simulate energy systems that are
entirely made up of renewable
energy sources
25 2018 Sim J. R&D investment in a Monte Carlo simulation Economic and The results indicate that the Carbon emission 18 Journal of Cleaner
renewable energy sector in environmental values renewable energy production reduction, real option, Production
South Korea amount has a relatively large renewable energy, and
influence on both the R&D system dynamics
investment value and the carbon
emission reduction amount
26 2021 Yurtkuran S. Effect of agriculture, The Gregory–Hansen co- The political, social, and The positive economic Bootstrap, ARDL, 6 Renewable Energy
renewable energy integration test, bootstrap economic KOF indices are globalization coefficient indicates agriculture, renewable
production, and autoregressive-distributed lag used as explanatory that the scale effect is valid in energy production, and
globalization on (ARDL) approach variables Turkey. In addition, the crisis in KOF index
CO2 emissions in Turkey 2001 slowed the economic
growth rate in the country, which
decreased environmental
pollution
27 2020 Kul C. Renewable energy Multi-criteria decision The first stage is the The FWASPAS analysis Investment risk factors, 16 Journal of Cleaner
investment risk factors methodology identification of risk factors of concluded a comprehensive and sustainable development, Production
REI using the Delphi explicit explanation of the RET and Delphi AHP
method. The second stage choices to be the most suitable of
is the assessment of six strategies to deal with the
identified risk factors of REI investment risk factors for
by using the analytical sustainable development in
hierarchy process (AHP). Turkey
The third stage is the
evaluation and prioritization
of strategies to overcome
risk factors of REI projects
by using fuzzy weighted
aggregated sum product
assessment (FWASPAS)
increase. Kul et al. evaluated the renewable energy investment risk utility of 5.64–19.19%. Overall, the Vietnamese economy benefits
factors for Turkey’s long-term development. This study uses a three- greatly from the various scenarios, with real GDP increasing by
stage decision framework based on the multi-criteria decision 5.44–24.83%, significantly greater than the results in other
methodology (MCDM) to assess and examine the risk factors of countries. Nguyen et al. describe the economic potential of
REIs in Turkey. The Delphi approach identifies REI risk factors in the renewable energy in the Vietnam’s electrical industry. In a baseline
first stage. The analytical hierarchy process is used in the second stage scenario without renewables, coal provides 44% of total electricity
to examine the discovered REI risk factors (AHP). The third stage generation from 2010 to 2030. Renewable energy has the potential to
involves applying fuzzy weighted aggregated sum product assessment reduce that amount to 39%, as well as the sector’s overall CO2
to evaluate and prioritize methods for overcoming risk issues in REI emissions by 8%, SO2 by 3%, and NOx by 4%. Furthermore,
projects (FWASPAS). The Delphi technique discovered six primary renewables have the potential to avoid the construction of 4.4 GW
risk variables and 23 sub-risk factors. Economic and commercial risks of fossil fuel generating capacity, save local coal, and minimize coal
emerged as prominent risk factors in AHP research. The energy plan and gas imports, therefore boosting energy independence and
for a new era of economic development in Vietnam was examined by security. Omri et al. demonstrate how renewable energy helps
Nong et al. (2020). The prospective implications of such a new power offset the adverse effects of environmental issues on socio-
strategy in Vietnam are examined in this research by extending an economic well-being. The findings of this article demonstrate that
economic electricity-detailed model. We found that, under a 2030 1) CO2 emissions have unconditionally adverse effects on human
target scenario, the policy will lower the prices of both fossil- and development and economic growth; 2) the net impact on human
renewable-based power by 40–78%, benefiting all sectors of the growth of the economy from the interaction among renewable power
economy by allowing them to replace fossil fuels. Households and carbon intensity are positive, that is, renewable energy reduces the
benefit the most, as indicated by improvements in the per capita impacts of per capita CO2 emissions on human development and

economic growth; and 3) sustainable energy interacts with CO2 generation, and hydroelectric power, can affect the output
frequency and carbon intensity from liquid fuels. level in Pakistan. Our study concludes that while using fossil
fuels to boost economic growth may be beneficial in the early
stages of production, it is not helpful in the later stages of
CONCLUSION AND POLICY production. Whereas using clean energy may not be beneficial
IMPLICATIONS in the early stages of production in expanding production
activities in developing countries, it is beneficial in the later
Global warming, environmental pollution, and other related issues stages of production not only for production but also for the
are no more country-specific problems now. For power generation environment. Policy makers should speed up the deep reforms
and carbon dioxide sequestration, the clean development mechanism regarding renewable energy to mitigate environmental
involves the massive deployment of renewable energy technologies to degradation (Koengkan et al., 2020b). It has been proven
promote the concept of sustainable development (Latake et al., 2015). that globalization can stimulate renewable energy sources
In addition to the (greenhouse gas) GHG mitigating potential of for Latin American countries (Koengkan et al., 2020a). This
renewable energy resources, the energy security guarantee is swiftly will be beneficial in the region and at the world stage,
becoming a reality with the exploitation of different renewable energy developing green energy technologies. Thus, it is suggested
resources. The clean development mechanism is a fundamental idea that policy makers take advantage of globalization to reduce
of the Kyoto Protocol under the canopy of the United Nations the costs of RE technologies and develop policies encouraging
Framework on Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). the access of these technologies by households with low
However, it was envisaged that the industrialized nations would income.
finance emission reduction mechanisms whereby the fund will be This is to note that the study has some limitations. For example,
given to developing countries as sponsorship for renewable energy in this article, we have considered mainly G7 and N-11 countries
programs. To mitigate this problem, introducing more green which reflect primarily developed and developing countries.
technologies and renewable energy sources can be a solution. But, Meanwhile, many underdeveloped countries were not considered
uncertainty, input–output cost analysis, higher production and in the study. In addition, we have taken the last 10 years (2010–2021)
maintenance cost, skill workforce, enough financial strengths, of published articles for this systematic review. But the world
awareness etc., are only a few challenges toward mass sustainable economic conditions have been changing rapidly among nations.
energy development. Thus, in comparison of the effects of feed-in If we would consider the recent 5 years, the outcome of the review
tariff (FIT) with a renewable portfolio standard (RPS) in the process may vary.
developing renewable energy industry uncertainty, FIT has higher Furthermore, we have only analyzed English language
expected output and profit and lower market prices. On the other articles. But there may be other critically related articles
hand, the production and profit of RPS remain relatively more stable. published in local languages such as Mandarin Chinese,
If the cost of renewable energy is high, the incentive effect of the Russians, and Spanish. Thus, we believe there is scope for
policy under FIT seems better. As the price goes down, the incentive more research on this topic area.
effect under RPS probably continues to rise. According to the
aforementioned research, it is found out that the renewable energy
sector plays a very vital role in the overall growth of the country. DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT
Developing a more renewable energy system is necessary for
Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Nigeria. The original contributions presented in the study are included in
Renewable energy and natural resources significantly reduce the article/Supplementary Material, further inquiries can be
emissions (Usman and Lorente, 2022). Consequently, the directed to the corresponding author.
environmental impact of CO2 emissions requires widespread
monitoring worldwide to analyze the effects on climate change
(eg., floods, landslides, droughts, and increase in global average AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS
temperature). All these effects weigh under the economic
conditions of each country (Halldó rsson and Kovács, 2010). As MB: conceptualization, methodology, resources and software,
Hao et al. (2021), green growth and eco-innovation revolutionize the writing—original draft, and supervision. VK: original draft.
industrial structure. The G7 countries must focus on a green growth AM: investigation, methodology, writing—original draft,
strategy to achieve the SDGs. supervision, and formal analysis. GP: data curation, validation,
In the renewable energy capacity in Bangladesh, Egypt, writing—original draft, and writing—review and editing. QZ:
Indonesia, Iran, Mexico, Nigeria, Pakistan, Philippines, South Revise, Proofread. XH: Proofread.
Korea, Turkey, and Vietnam, it is found that Indonesia plays a
vital role using the renewable energy system in the country’s
economic growth. The installed capacity of the renewable ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
energy system in Indonesia is 14,690,000 MW. On the other
hand, the Pakistan study looked at how different types of We thank the financial support of Széchenyi 2020 under the
energy, such as renewables, fossil fuels, oil-based electrical “EFOP-3.6.1-16-2016-00015.”

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GLOSSARY MLA Modern Language Association

N-11 Next-11
AHP analytical hierarchy process NARDL non-linear autoregressive-distributed lagged model
ARDL autoregressive-distributed lag NOX nitric oxide
Brics Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa NPV net present value
CAES computer-assisted execution system OECD Organization for Economic Co-Operation and Development
CO2 carbon dioxide PHCN Power Holding Company of Nigeria
COVID-19 coronavirus disease variant PMG Pooled Mean Group
CSARDL cross sectionally augmented autoregressive distributed lag PRISMA preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-
CSP concentrated solar power analyses
DEA data envelopment analysis PV photovoltaic

EDI economic development indicators PVAR panel vector autoregression
ET environmental taxes R&D research and development
FDI foreign direct investment RE renewable energy
FIT feed-in tariff REC renewble energy consumption
FWASPAS fuzzy weighted aggregated sum product assessment RECAI Company’s Renewable Energy Country Attractiveness Index
G7 Group of Seven REI renewble energy investment
GDP gross domestic product RES renewable energy sources
GG green growth RPS renewable portfolio standard
GHG greenhouse gas RWA rolling window approach
GMM generalized method of moments SCI/SSCI science citation index/social sciences citation index
HC human capital SDGs sustainable development goals
HRES hybrid renewable energy systems renewable energy
SO2 sulfur dioxide
KOF Konjunkturforschungsstelle
MCDM multi-criteria decision methodology UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

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SYSTEMATIC REVIEW

published: 29 April 2022

Renewable Energy Consumption and

Frontiers in Environmental Science | www.frontiersin.org 1 April 2022 | Volume 10 | Article 878394

FIGURE 1 | (Group Seven) G7 and (Next-11) N-11 countries.

TABLE 1 | Top 10 countries that invest in renewable sources.

General information Technology-speciﬁc scores

Source: Authors’ elaboration on data RECAI, 2020.

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FIGURE 2 | Comparison of technology-speciﬁc score of top 10 countries.

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FIGURE 3 | PRISMA ﬂow diagram.

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TABLE 2 | Factor that effected through the renewable energy system.

Country Factor that effected through the renewable energy system

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TABLE 3 | G 7 countries that invest in renewable sources.

General information Technology-speciﬁc scores

Source: Authors’ elaboration on data RECAI, 2020.

TABLE 4 | Descriptive statistics with technological speciﬁc scores of G7 countries.

Index RECAI Onshore Offshore Solar Pv Solar Biomass Geothermal Hydro

Std 3.95 4.82 13.27 4.71 13.88 8.35 11.52 3.06

FIGURE 4 | Comparison of technology-speciﬁc score of G7 countries. Data source: author elaboration.

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TABLE 5 | Main results of literature review according to PRISMA guidelines of G7 countries.

Year Author Theory Method Predictor Outcome Keyword Citation Journal

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Year Author Theory Method Predictor Outcome Keyword Citation Journal

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Year Author Theory Method Predictor Outcome Keyword Citation Journal

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Country Factor that effected through the renewable energy system

Bangladesh Economic CO2 emission ↓ Foreign direct Domestic Urbanization

TABLE 8 | Next-11 countries that invest in renewable sources.

General information Technology-speciﬁc scores

1 Philippines 55.8 41.9 17.8 47.1 20.1 39 43.1 40.3

Source: Authors’ elaboration on data RECAI, 2020.

TABLE 9 | Descriptive statistics with technological speciﬁc scores of N-11 countries.

Index RECAI Onshore Offshore Solar PV Solar Biomass Geothermal Hydro

Count 7.00 7.00 7.00 7.00 7.00 7.00 7.00 7.00

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FIGURE 5 | Comparison of technology-speciﬁc score of N-11 countries.

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Year Authors Theories Methods Predictors Outcomes Keywords Citations Journal

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Year Authors Theories Methods Predictors Outcomes Keywords Citations Journal

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Year Authors Theories Methods Predictors Outcomes Keywords Citations Journal

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GLOSSARY MLA Modern Language Association

DEA data envelopment analysis PV photovoltaic

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