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FISH ELECT 1: AQUACULTURE

ENGINEERING
BSFAS 3A & 3B

Instructor: LORD MARTINO S. MONDIGO

1 DAVAO DEL NORTE STATE COLLEGE

INSTITUTE OF AQUATIC AND APPLIED SCIENCES
Fish Elect 1: Aquaculture Engineering
Test 1: Get ¼ sheet of paper and answer the questions below to the best of your knowledge.
1. This refers to fishery operations involving all forms of raising and culturing fish
and other fishery species in fresh, brackish, and marine areas.
2. Refers to the creative application of science, mathematical methods, and
empirical evidence to the innovation, design, construction, and maintenance of
structures, machines, materials, devices, systems, processes, and organizations.
3. Classification of Aquaculture System characterized by the provision of aeration,
pumping, and feeding are employed to support high fish biomass and production
levels
4. True or false. Sea ranching and restocking of natural lakes may also be included
in extensive type of aquafarming. Dili magshare sa answer kay
5. One side of a square tank measures 10 meters. What is the area of the tank? basin mali pud ang answer ha!
6. The length of a fish tank is 7 meters, and the width is 5 meters. What is its area?
7. Compute the tank’s volume mentioned in Item No. 6 if the depth is 2 meters.
8. How much volume of water in Liter is required to fill in the tank?
9. What is the volume of a cylinder tank having a diameter of 7 meters and a height
of 10 meters?
10. Compute the volume of water required to fill in the tank.
2 DAVAO DEL NORTE STATE COLLEGE
INSTITUTE OF AQUATIC AND APPLIED SCIENCES
Fish Elect 1: Aquaculture Engineering
Test 1: Here are the answers
1. This refers to fishery operations involving all forms of raising and culturing fish and other fishery species in
fresh, brackish, and marine areas. Ans. Aquaculture
2. Refers to the creative application of science, mathematical methods, and empirical evidence to the innovation,
design, construction, and maintenance of structures, machines, materials, devices, systems, processes, and
organizations. Ans. Engineering
3. Classification of Aquaculture System characterized by the provision of aeration, pumping, and feeding are
employed to support high fish biomass and production levels. Ans. Intensive Aquaculture
4. True or false. Sea ranching and restocking of natural lakes may also be included in extensive type of
aquafarming. Ans. True
5. One side of a square tank measures 10 meters. What is the area of the tank? Ans. 100 m2
6. The length of a fish tank is 7 meters, and the width is 5 meters. What is its area? Ans. 35 m2
7. Compute the tank’s volume mentioned in Item No. 6 if the depth is 2 meters. Ans. 70 m3
8. How much volume of water in Liters is required to fill in the tank? Ans. 70,000 Liters
9. What is the volume of a cylinder tank having a diameter of 7 meters and a height of 10 meters? Ans. 384.65
m2
10. Compute the volume of water required to fill in the tank. Ans. 384,650 Liters
3 DAVAO DEL NORTE STATE COLLEGE
INSTITUTE OF AQUATIC AND APPLIED SCIENCES
Fish Elect 1: Aquaculture Engineering
 Module 1. Introduction to Aquaculture Engineering

Lesson 1: Background
1.Definition and scope of Aquaculture Engineering
2.Classification of Aquaculture
3.Technical components in a system and major
engineering problems
4.Basic area, perimeter, and volume computation
5.Future trends

4 DAVAO DEL NORTE STATE COLLEGE

INSTITUTE OF AQUATIC AND APPLIED SCIENCES
Fish Elect 1: Aquaculture Engineering
Learning Outcomes

At the end of this lesson, each learner shall be able to:

• define and explain the scope of Aquaculture Engineering and

identify the different classifications of Aquaculture.
• recognize the technical components of an aquaculture system
along with their major engineering problems.
• calculate the area, perimeter, and volume of aquaculture
production systems, utilizing the principles taught in the lesson.
• analyze current trends and predict potential future trends in the
field of Aquaculture Engineering.

5 DAVAO DEL NORTE STATE COLLEGE

INSTITUTE OF AQUATIC AND APPLIED SCIENCES
Fish Elect 1: Aquaculture Engineering
1. Definition and scope of Aquaculture Engineering
WHAT IS AQUACULTURE
ENGINEERING?
AQUACULTURE is the farming of aquatic fauna and flora for
human consumption and benefits

ENGINEERING is the application of science and mathematics

by which the properties of matter and the sources of energy in
nature are made useful to people

6 DAVAO DEL NORTE STATE COLLEGE

INSTITUTE OF AQUATIC AND APPLIED SCIENCES
Fish Elect 1: Aquaculture Engineering
• Aquaculture engineering covers a very large area of knowledge and involves
many general engineering specialisms such as mechanical engineering,
environmental engineering, materials technology, instrumentation, and
monitoring, and building design and construction.

• The primary aim of aquaculture engineering is to utilize technical engineering

knowledge and principles in aquaculture and biological production systems.

• The production of fish has little in common with the production of nails, but the
same technology can be used in both production systems.

• It is therefore a challenge to bring together both technological and biological

knowledge within the aquaculture field.
2. Classification of Aquaculture
a. Production System
There are a number of ways to classify aquaculture facilities and production
systems, based on the technology or the production SYSTEM used.
EXTENSIVE MODIFIED EXTENSIVE SEMI- INTENSIVE INTENSIVE
• the fish depend • Systems the fish • The nutrient • Aeration, pumping, and
primarily on natural depend on natural food requirement of the stock feeding are employed
food, and life-support for the first three is supplied by both to support high fish
systems such as months and in the last natural food and biomass and
aerators and pumps month of grow-out are supplemental feed. production levels
are not employed. provided with • Fish are dependent on
• Ponds are stocked at 1 supplementary feed natural food during the
000–3 000 juveniles/ha when natural food first month of culture
and production ranges becomes limiting when biomass is about Source:
from 0.5–1 300–400 kg/ha; http://www.fao.org/fishery/affris/speci
es-profiles/milkfish/production/en/
tonne/ha/cycle. supplemental feed is
provided from the
second month onwards.
8 DAVAO DEL NORTE STATE COLLEGE
INSTITUTE OF AQUATIC AND APPLIED SCIENCES
LEFP Review Committee
Extensive aquaculture

• Involves production systems with low production per unit volume.

• The species being farmed are kept at a low density and there is minimal input of
artificial substances and human intervention.
• A low level of technology and very low investment per unit volume farmed
characterize this method.
• Pond farming without additional feeding, like some carp farming, is a typical
example.
• Sea ranching and restocking of natural lakes may also be included in this type of
farming.
Intensive farming

• Production per unit volume is much higher and more technology and artificial
inputs must be used to achieve this.
• The investment costs per unit volume farmed will of course also be much higher.
• The maintenance of optimal growth conditions is necessary to achieve the growth
potential of the species being farmed.
• Additional feeding, disease control methods and effective breeding systems also
characterize this type of farming.
• The risk of disease outbreaks is higher than in extensive farming because the
organism is continuously stressed for maximal performance.
2. Classification of Aquaculture
b. Closed and Open Production Units
• Closed production units where the fish are kept in a enclosed production
unit separated from the outside environment.

• Open production units where the unit has permeable walls, such as nets
and so the fish are partly affected by the surrounding environment.

11 DAVAO DEL NORTE STATE COLLEGE

INSTITUTE OF AQUATIC AND APPLIED SCIENCES
Fish Elect 1: Aquaculture Engineering
2. Classification of Aquaculture
c. Land based, tidal based and sea-based
• Units can also be classified depending of where they are placed:
a. on land;
b. in the tidal zone; and
c. in the water (sea or freshwater).

• On land the units will be closed.

• The water supply and exchange is either gravitational or pumped

Use of a tidal basin where

special valves control the
water supply and exchange so
12 DAVAO DEL NORTEonlySTATE
bottom
COLLEGEwater is taken into
the basin.
INSTITUTE OF AQUATIC AND APPLIED SCIENCES
Fish Elect 1: Aquaculture Engineering
3. Technical components in a system

In a farm the various technical components included in a

system can be roughly separated as follows:

• Production units
• Water transfer and treatment
• Additional equipment (feeding, handling, and
monitoring equipment)

13 DAVAO DEL NORTE STATE COLLEGE

INSTITUTE OF AQUATIC AND APPLIED SCIENCES
Fish Elect 1: Aquaculture Engineering
 A. Land-based hatchery and
juvenile production farm

Land-based farms normally utilize much more technical

equipment than sea cage farms, especially intensive production
farms with a number of tanks. The major components are as
follows:

• Water inlet and transfer

• Water treatment facilities
• Production units
• Feeding equipment
• Equipment for internal fish transport and size grading
• Equipment for transport of fish from the farm
• Equipment for waste and wastewater treatment
• Instrumentation and monitoring systems

SAMPLE
Water Inlet and Transfer

• The design of the inlet depends on the water source: seawater

or freshwater (lakes, rivers), or surface water or groundwater.
• It is also quite common to have several water sources in use
on the same farm.
• Further, it depends on whether the water is fed by gravity or
whether it has to be pumped, in which case a pumping station
is required.
• Water is normally transferred in pipes, but open channels may
also be used.

15 DAVAO DEL NORTE STATE COLLEGE

INSTITUTE OF AQUATIC AND APPLIED SCIENCES
Fish Elect 1: Aquaculture Engineering
Water Treatment Facilities

• Water is usually treated before it is delivered to the fish.

• Equipment for removal of particles prevents excessively high concentrations from reaching the
fish; additionally, large microorganisms may be removed by the filter.
• Water may also be disinfected to reduce the burden of microorganisms, especially that used on
eggs and small fry.
• Aeration may be necessary to increase the concentration of oxygen and to remove possible
supersaturation of nitrogen and carbon dioxide.
• If there is a lack of water or the pumping height is large, pure oxygen gas may be added to the
water.
• Another possibility if the water supply is limited is to reuse the water, although this will involve
considerable water treatment.
• For optimal development and growth of the fish, heating or cooling of the water may be
necessary; in most cases this will involve a heat pump or a cold-storage plant.
• If the pH in a freshwater source is too low, pH adjustment may be part of the water treatment.
16 DAVAO DEL NORTE STATE COLLEGE
INSTITUTE OF AQUATIC AND APPLIED SCIENCES
Fish Elect 1: Aquaculture Engineering
 Production Units

• The production units necessary and their size and design will depend on the
species being grown.
• In the hatchery, there will either be tanks with upwelling water (fluidized eggs)
or units where the eggs lie on the bottom or on substrate.
• After hatching the fish are moved to some type of production tank.
• Usually there are smaller tanks for weaning and larger tanks for further on-
growing until sale.
• Start-feeding tanks for weaning are normally under a roof, while on-growing
tanks can also be outside.

18 DAVAO DEL NORTE STATE COLLEGE

INSTITUTE OF AQUATIC AND APPLIED SCIENCES
Fish Elect 1: Aquaculture Engineering
 Feeding Equipment

• Some type of feeding equipment is commonly used, especially

for dry feed.
• Use of automatic feeders will reduce manual work on the farm.
• Feeding at intervals throughout the day and night may also be
possible; the fish will then always have access to food, which is
important at the fry and juvenile stages.

19 DAVAO DEL NORTE STATE COLLEGE

INSTITUTE OF AQUATIC AND APPLIED SCIENCES
Fish Elect 1: Aquaculture Engineering
 Internal Transport and Size Grading

• Because of fish growth, it is necessary to divide the group to avoid fish densities
becoming too high.
• It is also common to size grade to avoid large size variations in one production unit; for
some species, this will also reduce the possibilities for cannibalism.

20 DAVAO DEL NORTE STATE COLLEGE

INSTITUTE OF AQUATIC AND APPLIED SCIENCES
Fish Elect 1: Aquaculture Engineering
 Transport of Fish

• When juvenile fish are to be transferred to an on-growing farm, there is a

need for transport.
• Either a truck with water tanks or a boat with a well is normally used.
• The systems for loading may be an integral part of the farm construction.

21 DAVAO DEL NORTE STATE COLLEGE

INSTITUTE OF AQUATIC AND APPLIED SCIENCES
Fish Elect 1: Aquaculture Engineering
 Equipment for Waste Handling and Wastewater Treatment

• Precautions must be taken to avoid pollution from fish farms, including compulsory treatment of general waste.
• Dead fish must be treated and stored satisfactorily, for example, put in acid or frozen for later use.
• Dead fish containing traces of antibiotics or other medicines must be destroyed legally.
• Whether wastewater treatment is necessary will depend on the conditions where the effluent water is
discharged.
• Normally, there will at least be a requirement to remove larger suspended particles.

22 DAVAO DEL NORTE STATE COLLEGE

INSTITUTE OF AQUATIC AND APPLIED SCIENCES
Fish Elect 1: Aquaculture Engineering
 Instrumentation and Monitoring

• In land-based fish farms, especially those dependent on pumps, a monitoring system

is essential because of the economic consequences if pumping stops and the water
supply to the farm is interrupted: the oxygen concentration in the water will fall and
may result in total fish mortality.
• Instruments are being increasingly used to control water quality, for instance, to
ensure optimal production.

23 DAVAO DEL NORTE STATE COLLEGE

INSTITUTE OF AQUATIC AND APPLIED SCIENCES
Fish Elect 1: Aquaculture Engineering
B. On-growing sea cage farm

Normally a sea cage farm can be run with rather less

equipment than land-based farms, the major reason
being that water transfer and water treatment (which is
not actually possible) are not necessary because the
water current ensures water supply and exchange. The
components necessary are as follows :

• Production units
• Feeding equipment
• Working boat
• Equipment for size grading
• Base station

B. SEA-BASED
 Production Units

• Sea cages vary greatly in construction and size; the major difference is the ability
to withstand waves, and special cages for offshore farming have been developed.
• It is also possible to have system cages comprising several cages, or individual
cages.
• The cages may also be fitted with a gangway to the land.
• Sea cages also include a mooring system.
• To improve fish growth, a subsurface lighting system may be used.

25 DAVAO DEL NORTE STATE COLLEGE

INSTITUTE OF AQUATIC AND APPLIED SCIENCES
Fish Elect 1: Aquaculture Engineering
 Feeding Equipment

• It is common to install some type of feeding system in the

cages because of the large amounts of feed that are
typically involved.
• Manual feeding may also be used, but this involves hard
physical labor for the operators.

26 DAVAO DEL NORTE STATE COLLEGE

INSTITUTE OF AQUATIC AND APPLIED SCIENCES
Fish Elect 1: Aquaculture Engineering
 Working Boat

• All sea cage farms need a boat, and a large variety of boats
are used. Major factors for selection are the size of the farm,
whether it is equipped with a gangway and the distance from
the land base to the cages.
• Faster and larger boats are normally required if the cages
are far from land or in weather-exposed water.

27 DAVAO DEL NORTE STATE COLLEGE

INSTITUTE OF AQUATIC AND APPLIED SCIENCES
Fish Elect 1: Aquaculture Engineering
 Size Grading

• Equipment for size grading can be necessary if this

is included in the production plan.
• It may, however, be possible to rent this as a
service from subcontractors.

28 DAVAO DEL NORTE STATE COLLEGE

INSTITUTE OF AQUATIC AND APPLIED SCIENCES
Fish Elect 1: Aquaculture Engineering
 Base Station

• All cage farms will include a base station; this may be based on land,
floating on a barge, or both.
• The base station can include storage rooms, mess rooms, changing rooms
and toilet, and equipment for treatment of dead fish.
• The storage room includes rooms and/or space for storage of feed; it may
also include rooms for storage of nets and possibly storage of equipment for
washing, maintaining and impregnating them.
• However, this is also a service that is commonly rented from subcontractors.

29 DAVAO DEL NORTE STATE COLLEGE

INSTITUTE OF AQUATIC AND APPLIED SCIENCES
Fish Elect 1: Aquaculture Engineering
 A. Land-based hatchery and B. On-growing sea cage farm
juvenile production farm at (Panabo City Mariculture Park)
(BFAR Multi-species Hatchery)
4. Basic area, perimeter, and volume computation

32 DAVAO DEL NORTE STATE COLLEGE

INSTITUTE OF AQUATIC AND APPLIED SCIENCES
Fish Elect 1: Aquaculture Engineering
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INSTITUTE OF AQUATIC AND APPLIED SCIENCES
Fish Elect 1: Aquaculture Engineering
5. Future trends
• The increased importance of aquaculture engineering
• The world’s population continues to grow as well as the need for marine protein.
• Therefore, increases in production must come from the aquaculture industry.
• Increased focus on intensive aquaculture with higher production per unit volume.
• Because of the limited supplies of fresh water in the world, technology that can reduce water consumption per
kilogram of fish produced will be important; this includes reliable and cost-effective re-use technology.
• By employing re-use of the technology it will also be possible to maintain a continuous supply of high-quality
water independently of the quality of the incoming water.
• More accurate control over water quality will also be of major importance when establishing aquaculture with
new species, especially during the fry production stage.
• Development of cages that can not only withstand adverse weather conditions but also be operated easily in
bad weather
• Developments in electronics and monitoring will gradually become incorporated into the aquaculture industry.
• Zero discharge aquaculture will be a more important topic in the future

34 DAVAO DEL NORTE STATE COLLEGE

INSTITUTE OF AQUATIC AND APPLIED SCIENCES
Fish Elect 1: Aquaculture Engineering
 -END OF PRESENTATION-

35 DAVAO DEL NORTE STATE COLLEGE

INSTITUTE OF AQUATIC AND APPLIED SCIENCES
Fish Elect 1: Aquaculture Engineering