HISTORY

Traditional understanding:
• History is the study of change over time, and it covers all aspects of
human
Society. Political, social, economic, scientific, technological, medical, cultural,
Intellectual, religious and military developments are all part of history.
• Chronological record of significant events often
Including an explanation of their causes
• Study of the past
Modern Understanding:
• Came from Greek word “Historia” that means “Knowledge acquired
Through Inquiry or investigation”
• Sources are oral traditions in forms of epics, songs, artifacts, Architecture,
memory etc.
“Ang kasaysayan ay SALAYSAY na may SAYSAY sa SINASALAYSAYANG
SALINGLAHI.”
-Zeus Salazar
“PANTAYONG PANANAW” (SALAZAR, 1974)
Tagapagpadala = Midyum (mensahe)=Tatanggap /kultura
Divisions of History
1. Pre-History
• period where no written records exist or when the writings of people were
not preserved
• analyzed through fossils and artifacts by Archaeologists and
Anthropologists
2. History
• period when man started to write And record events using a system of
Writing
• analyzed through wood carves, Engraved metals, written papyrus, Written
papers
• It is studied by “Historians”
Historiography
• “Writing of history” (Historical Writing)
• Done through “Historical Research” with the aid of “Historical
Methodology”

Historical Sources

1. Primary Sources
• Produced at the same time as the event being studied (Contemporary
Accounts)
• Include documents or artifacts created by a witness or participant of The
event
• “Firsthand testimony,” “Eyewitness accounts”
• Written or non-written
Examples of primary sources: Autobiographies and memoirs, Diaries,
personal letters, and correspondence, Interviews, surveys, and fieldwork,
Internet communications on email, blogs, listservs, and newsgroups,
Photographs, drawings, and posters, Works of art and literature, Books,
magazine and newspaper articles and ads published at the time, Public
opinion polls, Speeches and oral histories, Original documents (birth
certificates, property deeds, trial transcripts), Research data, such as census
statistics, Official and unofficial records of organizations and government
agencies, Artifacts of all kinds, such as tools, coins, clothing, furniture, etc.,
Audio recordings, DVDs, and video recordings, Government documents
(reports, bills, proclamations, hearings, etc.)Patents, Technical reports,
Scientific journal articles reporting experimental research results

2. Secondary Sources
• Produced by authors who used and interpreted primary Sources
• Analyzed a scholarly question and often use primary Source as evidence
• Written or non- written
Examples of secondary sources: Bibliographies, Biographical works,
Reference books, including dictionaries, encyclopedias, and atlases, Articles
from magazines, journals, and newspapers after the event, Literature
reviews and review articles (e.g., movie reviews, book reviews) History books
and other popular or scholarly books, Works of criticism and interpretation,
Commentaries and treatises, Textbooks, Indexes and abstracts

How to tell if a source is primary or secondary

• To determine if something can be used as a primary or secondary source in
your research, there are some Simple questions you can ask yourself: Does
this source come from someone directly involved in the events I’m studying
(primary) or from
Another researcher (secondary)?
Am I interested in analyzing the source itself (primary) or only using it for
background information (secondary)?Does the source provide original
information (primary) or does it comment upon information from other
Sources (secondary)?
If you are researching the past, you cannot directly access it yourself, so you
need primary sources that were Produced at the time by participants or
witnesses (e.g. letters, photographs, newspapers). If you are researching
something current, your primary sources can either be qualitative or
quantitative data That you collect yourself (e.g. through interviews, surveys,
experiments) or sources produced by people Directly involved in the topic
(e.g. official documents or media texts).

• Primary vs secondary sources: which is better?

• Most research uses both primary and secondary sources. They
Complement each other to help you build a convincing Argument. Primary
sources are more credible as evidence, but Secondary sources show how
your work relates to existing
Research.

What do you use primary sources for?

Primary sources are the foundation of original research. They
Allow you to: Make new discoveries Provide credible evidence for your
arguments
Give authoritative information about your topic
If you don’t use any primary sources, your research may be Considered
unoriginal or unreliable.

What do you use secondary sources for?

Secondary sources are good for gaining a full overview of your topic And
understanding how other researchers have approached it. They Often
synthesize a large number of primary sources that would be Difficult and
time-consuming to gather by yourself. They allow you to: Gain background
information on the topic Support or contrast your arguments with other
researchers’ ideas Gather information from primary sources that you can’t
access Directly (e.g. private letters or physical documents located
Elsewhere)
• When you conduct a literature review, you can consult Secondary sources
to gain a thorough overview of your topic. If You want to mention a paper or
study that you find cited in a Secondary source, seek out the original source
and cite it Directly.
• Remember that all primary and secondary sources must be Correctly cited
to avoid plagiarism.
HISTORICAL CRITICISM
1. External Criticism
Verification of authenticity by examining physical characteristics; consistency
with the historical
Characteristics of the time when it was produced, and materials used
• We can ask the following questions:
-when it was written?
-where it was written?
-who was the author?
-why did it survive?
-what were the materials used?
-where the words used were being used those times?
EXTERNAL CRITICISM
– Is the practice of verifying the Authenticity of evidence by examining
Its physical characteristics; Its consistency with the historical
Characteristic of the time when it was Produced; The materials used for the
evidence
Examples :
– Quality of the paper
– Type of the ink
– Language and words used in the Material
2. Internal Criticism
Looks at the truthfulness and factuality of the evidence by looking at the
Author of the source, its context, the agenda behind its creation • It looks at
The content of the source and examines the circumstance of its production

INTERNAL CRITICISM
– Is the examination of the truthfulness of the
Evidence, Looks at the content of the source , Examines the circumstances of
its production
Looks at the truthfulness and factuality of the
Evidence by looking at the author of the Source, its context, the agenda
behind its Creation, the knowledge which informed it.

We can ask the following questions:

-was it written by eyewitness or not?
-why was it written? -is there consistency?
-what are the connotations?
-what is the literal meaning?
-what is the meaning of the context?
History and the Historian
– Historians only get to access representation of the past Through
historical sources and evidences
– It is the historian’s job not just to seek historical Evidences and facts
but also to interpret these facts.
– He is a person of his own who is influenced by his own Context,
environment, ideology, education, and Influences, among others.
– His subjectivity will inevitably influence the process of His historical
research
If history is always Subjective, can it still Be considered as an Academic and
Scientific inquiry?
History and the Historian
Historical research requires rigor. Despite the Fact that historians cannot
ascertain absolute Objectivity, the study of history remains Scientific
because of the rigor of research and
Methodology that historians employ.
Historical Methodology
- Comprises certain techniques and rules that Historians follow in order
to properly utilize sources And historical evidences in writing history.
 - Certain rules apply in cases of conflicting accounts in Different sources,
and on how to properly treat Eyewitness accounts and oral sources as
valid Historical evidence.
Some School of Thoughts in History
POSITIVISM
-is the school of thought that emerged Between the 18th and 19th century.
-it requires empirical and observable Evidence before one can claim that a
Particular knowledge is true.
-the mantra, “no document, no history” Stems from this very same truth.
POSTCOLONIALISM
-it emerged in the early 20th century when Formerly colonized nations
grappled with the Idea of creating their identities and Understanding their
societies against the
Shadows of their colonial past.
-it looks at two things in writing history:Postcolonialism looks at two things
in writing
History:
1. To tell the history of their nation that will Highlight their Identity free
from that of colonial discourse And Knowledge.
2. To criticize the methods, effects, and idea of Colonialism.

THE ANNALES SCHOOL of HISTORY

-is a school of history born in France that Challenged the canons of history
-it did away with the common historical subjects that were Almost always
related to the conduct of states and Monarchs
-scholars were concerned with social history And studied longer
historical periods

SOURCES OF HISTORY
1. PRIMARY SOURCES
2. SECONDARY SOURCES
3. TERTIARY SOURCES

PRIMARY SOURCES
– Are those sources produced at the same time as the Event, period, or
subject being studied
– Are the original sources of information recorded at The time an event
occurred.
– Are original materials that have not been altered or Distorted in
any way.
– Is something that originates from the past.
Examples of Primary Sources
Archives and manuscript material, Photographs, audio recordings, video,
Recordings, films, Journals, letters and diaries, Speeches, Scrapbooks,
Published books, newspapers and magazine, Clippings published at the time,
Government publications, Oral histories, Records of organizations,
Autobiographies and memoirs, Printed ephemera, Artifacts, e.g. clothing,
costumes, furniture, Research data, e.g. public opinion polls
Why use primary sources?
To explain how major events are related to Each other in time.
To think critically and distinguish between fact And opinion.
To recognize point of view in print and visual Materials.
To develop your own conclusions and analyze How historical events affect
your life.
To recognize failures and successes in the past In order to make better
decisions as a citizen.
To understand who you are by examining your Roots or placing yourself in
that time period or Situation.
Finding Primary Sources
Use the library catalog, Ask your librarian
Search article databases and limit to primary sources Or peer-reviewed
Search Google Books
Some databases will let you limit to Primary Sources.
To find primary documents on the web, try the following internet Search Topic
+ “primary source”
SECONDARY SOURCES
Are those sources which were Produced by an author who used Primary
sources to produce the Material
These are historical sources, which Studied a certain historical subject
Is made up of information collected from Numerous primary sources that is
Interpreted by the collector.
A secondary source may offer information That is more analytical and
comprehensive
Than that found in a primary source.
Secondary sources of information Are derived from primary sources
Summaries of primary sources Analyses or interpretations of primary Sources
Why use secondary sources?
To get expert opinions in order to Evaluate what really happened.
To gain insight by examining the Same event from different Perspectives.
To form your own opinion.
To save time by reading information Collected from a number of Different
sources.
Examples of secondary sources:
Magazine articles, histories, criticisms, Commentaries, Book reviews are
secondary sources. – Bibliographies (also considered Tertiary);Biographical
works; Commentaries, criticisms; Dictionaries, Encyclopedias (also
Considered tertiary); Histories; Literary criticism such as Journal Articles;
Magazine and newspaper articles; Monographs, other than fiction and
Autobiography; Textbooks (also considered tertiary); Web site (also
considered primary).
TERTIARY SOURCES
Tertiary sources consist of information Which is a distillation and
collection Of primary and secondary sources. These are sources that
index, abstract, Organize, compile, or digest other Sources.
Some reference materials and Textbooks are considered tertiary
Sources when their chief purpose is To list, summarize or simply
Repackage ideas or other Information. Tertiary sources are usually not
Examples of Tertiary Sources
Almanacs; Bibliographies (also considered Secondary);
Chronologies; Dictionaries and Encyclopedias (also Considered secondary);
Directories;
Fact books; Guidebooks; Indexes, abstracts, bibliographies used To locate
primary and secondary Sources; Manuals; Textbooks (also be secondary).

In practice the difference between Primary and secondary sources d

epends Upon:
How close the writer was to the Events described, whether or not
The account was produced at the
Time or later and the motives of the Writer.
On the subject of the historical research

Cases proven to be hoax:

-Japanese reports and Declarations during the period of
The war should not be taken as a Historical fact hastily.
Code of Kalantiaw (set of rules contained in
An epic Maragtas, which was allegedly written
By certain Datu Kalantiaw) Was sold at the National Library
Was regarded as an important precolonial Document until 1968
William Henry, debunked the authenticity of
The code due to anachronism and lack of
– Ferdinand Marcos also claimed that he Was a decorated WWII soldier
who led a Guerilla unit called Ang Maharlika, Disproven when historians
Counterchecked Marco’s claims with the War records of the US.
Task of the Historians:
– Look at the available historical Sources and select the most
Relevant and meaningful for history And for the subject matter he is
Studying Organize the past that is being Created.

Changes in Philippine
Historiography
Ancient Filipinos narrated their history Through communal songs and
epics
Spanish colonizers narrated the history of Their colony in bipartite view
Early nationalists refuted the view of the Spaniards and argued the
tripartite view

Filipino historian Zeus Salazar Introduced the new and guiding

Philosophy for writing and teaching History: pantayong pananaw (for us-
From us perspective):
This perspective highlights the Importance of facilitating an internal
Conversation and discourse among Filipinos about our own history, using
t