Hvac Vav System

Air Conditioning Fans & VAV System
ACES Training
K Y Yow
23 Jan 2015
© American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC013-EN

TRG-TRC014-EN
Air Conditioning Fans
- Fundamentals
- Fan Types
- Fan Capacity Control
- Application Considerations

TRG-TRC014-EN
axial
centrifugal

Test Setup - Model ADA 710

Fan Curve
design system
resistance curve
surge
region
static pressure
input
power
© American Standard Inc. 1999

airflow Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC014-EN
Fan Law 1
Airflow
Airflow
2
1
=
( Fan RPM 2
Fan RPM1
)
Static Pressure 2 2
Static Pressure 1
=
( Fan RPM 2
Fan RPM 1
)
Input Power 2
Input Power 1
=
( Fan RPM 2 3
Fan RPM 1 )
Determining Fan Airflow
Velocity Pressure (Pv) = Pt – Ps
Velocity (V) = Constant   Pv

r
Airflow = Velocity  Fan Outlet Area

System Resistance Curve
2
Static Pressure 2
Static Pressure 1
= ( Airflow 2
Airflow 1 )
System Resistance Curve
system
resistance
curve
static pressure
2.0 in. H2O

[491 Pa]
0.65 in. H2O

[159 Pa]
2,000 cfm 3,500 cfm

[0.94 m3/s] [1.65 m3/s]
airflow
TRG-TRC014-EN
Higher System Resistance
actual system
resistance curve
C
B
static pressure
surge
region A
airflow
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Lower System Resistance
actual system
resistance curve
static pressure
surge
region A
D
airflow
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Forward Curved Fan

surge
line
1 hp 2 hp 3 hp
[0.75 kW] [1.5 kW] [2.2 kW]
actual system
A resistance curve
static pressure
airflow
TRG-TRC014-EN
Backward Inclined Fan

Airfoil Fan

surge
7.5 hp 10 hp line
5 hp [5.6 kW] [7.5 kW]
[3.7 kW]
static pressure
actual system
A resistance curve
airflow
TRG-TRC014-EN
Plug (or Plenum) Fan
plenum
inlet cone
fan wheel
Fan Selection
 Forward curved (FC)
 Airflow with low static pressure
 Low Speed
 Not suitable for high static application
 Backward inclined (BI) or airfoil (AF)
 Airflow with higher static pressure
 Higher efficiency
 Twice the speed of FC
 Magnitude of surge is greater

Fan Capacity Control

TRG-TRC014-EN
Fan Capacity Control
 Riding the fan curve
 Discharge dampers
 Inlet vanes
 Fan-speed control

"Riding the Fan Curve"
static pressure surge actual system
increase line resistance curve
B
static pressure
design system
resistance curve
A
airflow
reduction
airflow
Fan-Speed Control
variable-speed
drive

Fan-Speed Control
fan speed curves

design system
static pressure
resistance curve
B
VAV system C A
modulation
curve
sensor
set point
airflow
Fan Control Comparison
100
BI fan with
90 discharge
80 dampers
70 AF fan with
% design power
60 inlet vanes
FC fan with
50 FC fan with
inlet vanes
40 discharge
fan-speed
30 dampers
control
20
10 variable-pitch
vaneaxial
0
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
© American Standard Inc. 1999 % design airflow Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC014-EN
Application Considerations

TRG-TRC014-EN
System Static-Pressure Control
controller
static
pressure
sensor
VAV
supply terminal units
fan

Optimized Static-Pressure Control
static
pressure
sensor
supply
fan
VAV terminal units

communicating BAS
System Effect
Blast Area Outlet Discharge
Cut off Area Duct
Position C
25% Position D
Centrifugal Fan 50%
75%
100% Effective Duct Length
Position B
Axial Fan
inlet
Effective Duct Length = 2.5 Duct Diameters for 2,500 FPM or less
Position A
Add 1 duct diameter for each additional 1,000 FPM
For rectangular ducts, the equivalent duct diameter is

(4 x width x length / 3.14) ^ 0.5
Source: Air Movement and Control Association. 2002. Fans and Systems, Publication 201. Arlington Heights, IL: AMCA.
System Effect
actual system resistance curve
C
design system
system effect resistance curve
pressure loss B
static pressure
desired
airflow

airflow Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC014-EN
System Effect Factors are Real
Fan discharge duct Return air duct that

creates high system
effect
Rectangular duct elbow

Recommendations
 Minimum 2.5 duct diameters on Outlet

 Minimum 5 to 8 duct diameters on Inlet
 Avoid inlet swirl
 If any of these general rules are broken, make

sure to take system effect into account.

Acoustics
return 4 supply
1
airborne 2 airborne
supply
3 breakout
radiated

Sound Transmission Paths
roof
transmission
return
airborne
supply supply
airborne breakout
Acoustical analysis: Source–path–receiver model

fan application
Acoustical Guidelines
 Optimize fan and air-handler selection for
lowest overall sound
 Select fan to operate safely away from surge
region
 Minimize system effects
 Use low-pressure-drop duct fittings
(follow SMACNA recommendations)
 Avoid rectangular sound traps, if possible
 Use adequate vibration isolation

Effect of Actual (Nonstandard)
Conditions
Densityactual
1) Air Density Ratio =
Densitystandard
SPactual
2) SPstandard =
Air Density Ratio
3) Use Airflowactual and SPstandard to select fan
4) RPMstandard = RPMactual
5) Poweractual = Air Density Ratio  Powerstandard

Equipment Certification Standards
AMCA – Air Movement and Control Association
 Purpose
 Establish methods for
laboratory testing of air
moving devices

VAV Systems
A Trane Air Conditioning Clinic

VAV Systems
period one
What Is Variable Air Volume?

constant-volume, variable-temperature system …
Applied To Multiple Spaces
single thermostat
I’m
fine.
It’s stuffy
in here!
I’m
I’m freezing!
hot!

Variable-Air-Volume System
EA RA
OA supply PA
fan
cooling VAV
coil box
variable-
speed drive
thermostat SA
variable-air-volume (VAV) system …
Full Load
With these design conditions …
space sensible heat gain = 40,000 Btu/hr
space dry-bulb temperature = 75°F
supply air dry-bulb temperature = 55°F
Supply 40,000 Btu/hr

Airflow
= = 1,840 cfm
1.085 × (75°F – 55°F)

variable-air-volume (VAV) system …
Part Load
With these part load conditions …
space sensible heat gain = 20,000 Btu/hr
space dry-bulb temperature = 75°F
supply air dry-bulb temperature = 55°F
Supply 20,000 Btu/hr

Airflow
= = 920 cfm
1.085 × (75°F – 55°F)

why VAV?
Part-Load Energy Savings
 Reduced fan energy

 Reduced refrigeration energy

why VAV?
Comfort
 Dedicated terminal units
 Dedicated thermostats I’m
quite
cozy.
It’s nice
in here!
I’m Ahhh!
fine.

System Comparison
constant-volume,
single zone VAV
 Constant fan  Fan energy
energy savings
 Refrigeration  Refrigeration
energy energy
savings savings
 Delivers comfort  Delivers comfort
to only one to many spaces
thermal zone efficiently

variable-air-volume system …
Building Characteristics
 Variable thermal load profiles

 Multiple, independently-controlled
spaces
 Common return air path

VAV Systems
period two
Components Of A VAV System
© American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic 2803-8-1999

components of a
VAV System
return air path
relief
fan
supply
supply ductwork
fan
VAV
central
box
air handler
thermostat

Near-Linear Performance
100
80
% nominal airflow
60
40
20
0 20 40 60 80 100
% wide open position Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC014-EN
VAV Terminal Units
supply
air
 terminal heating coil
primary  filter
air  terminal mixing fan
airflow
modulation
device

VAV terminal unit types …
Single-Duct, Cooling-Only
supply
air
primary
air

Single-Duct, Cooling-Only
100%
remote source of heat maximum
primary
airflow
heating tempering
% airflow to space
minimum
primary
airflow
primary air
0%
design design
heating load space load cooling load
Fan-Powered
warm
plenum air
parallel
cool
primary air
series
Parallel, Fan-Powered
supply
terminal air
mixing fan
plenum
air
primary
air
terminal
heating coil

Series, Fan-Powered
terminal
heating coil
supply
primary air
air
plenum
air
terminal
mixing fan
Parallel vs. Series Fan-Powered
 Constant airflow to the space

 Acoustics
 Fan energy consumption

Single-Duct VAV Systems
central air handler
OA PA
90°F 55°F
VSD
RA single-duct
EA 80°F VAV terminal units

VAV Terminal Unit Controls

VAV terminal unit controls …
Terminal Unit Control Technologies
 Pneumatic control
 Electronic control
 Direct digital control (DDC)

Direct Digital Control (DDC)
central air handler
DDC/VAV
terminal units
communicating
building automation
system (BAS)
Direct Digital Control (DDC)
 Electronic pressure transducer provides
pressure-independent control
 Digital controller positions modulation device,
controls terminal fan and heat source
 Minimum and maximum airflow settings
adjusted through communication link
 Electric power supply operates modulation
device and electronic controller

Diffusers
flexible
duct
diffuser
sheet metal
supply duct
VAV
primary air terminal unit
diffusers …
Linear Slot
linear
slot supply air
Coanda effect diffuser
supply duct
55°F 55°F
air from
space
5 ft

Supply Duct System
central
air handler
diffuser
flexible
duct
sheet metal
supply duct
VAV
terminal
unit
Duct Design
 Equal friction method

equal static pressure drop per unit length of duct
design can be performed by hand
 Static regain method

relatively constant static pressure throughout system
desirable for VAV system duct design
design often requires a computer program

Duct Design Recommendations
 Keep as simple and symmetrical as possible
 Locate main runs, branch runs, and terminal
units above hallways or unoccupied spaces
 Minimize use of flexible ductwork upstream of
terminal units
 Use duct lining or a duct silencer in first duct
section to attenuate supply fan noise
 Place balancing dampers upstream of diffusers
in all noncritical branches
 Reducing transitions should be several duct
diameters upstream of terminal units
VAV Systems
period four
Fan Modulation

Controlling System Static Pressure
 Fan outlet static pressure control

 Supply duct static pressure control
 Optimized static pressure control

Fan Outlet Static Pressure Control
sensor located
at fan outlet
VAV
terminal units
supply
fan

Supply Duct Static Pressure Control
sensor located approximately
2/3 down supply duct
VAV
terminal units
supply
fan

Optimized Static Pressure Control
sensor located damper
at fan outlet static positions
pressure
supply sensor
fan
VAV
terminal
communicating units
BAS
fan speed or
inlet vane position
VAV Systems
A Trane Air Conditioning Clinic

Hvac Vav System

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Air Conditioning Fans & VAV System

© American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC013-EN

© American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC013-EN

© American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC014-EN

© American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC014-EN

© American Standard Inc. 1999

Velocity (V) = Constant   Pv

Airflow = Velocity  Fan Outlet Area

© American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC014-EN

2.0 in. H2O

0.65 in. H2O

2,000 cfm 3,500 cfm

© American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC014-EN

© American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC014-EN

© American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC014-EN

© American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC014-EN

© American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC013-EN

© American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC014-EN

© American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC014-EN

fan speed curves

© American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC013-EN

© American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC014-EN

VAV terminal units

For rectangular ducts, the equivalent duct diameter is

© American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC014-EN

© American Standard Inc. 1999

Fan discharge duct Return air duct that

Rectangular duct elbow

 Minimum 2.5 duct diameters on Outlet

 If any of these general rules are broken, make

© American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC014-EN

© American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC014-EN

Acoustical analysis: Source–path–receiver model

© American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC014-EN

© American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC014-EN

5) Poweractual = Air Density Ratio  Powerstandard

© American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC014-EN

© American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC014-EN

© American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC014-EN

© American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC014-EN

Supply 40,000 Btu/hr

© American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC014-EN

Supply 20,000 Btu/hr

© American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC014-EN

 Reduced fan energy

© American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC014-EN

© American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC014-EN

© American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC014-EN

 Variable thermal load profiles

© American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC014-EN

© American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic 2803-8-1999

© American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC014-EN

 terminal heating coil

© American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC014-EN

© American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC014-EN

© American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC014-EN

 Constant airflow to the space

© American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC014-EN

© American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC014-EN