NPS - Quick - Prep Notes CO-1 0CO-2

NPS _quick_prep Notes CO-1&CO-2
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. Transmission Media
• Guided Media:
o Twisted Pair Cable: Consists of pairs of wires twisted
together. Categories include CAT5, CAT6. Used in LANs.
o Coaxial Cable: Consists of a central conductor, insulating
layer, metallic shield, and outer cover. Used for cable TV and
broadband internet.
o Fiber-Optic Cable: Uses light to transmit data. High-speed
and long-distance communication. Types: Single-mode, Multi-
mode.
• Unguided Media:
o Radio Waves: Used for wireless communication like Wi-Fi,
Bluetooth.
o Microwaves: Used for long-distance wireless communication,
satellite networks.
o Infrared: Used in remote controls, short-range
communication.
Network Topology
• Bus Topology: All devices share a single communication line.

Simple and cost-effective but prone to collisions.
• Star Topology: All devices connected to a central hub/switch. Easy
to manage and troubleshoot. If the central device fails, the network
goes down.
• Ring Topology: Devices connected in a circular fashion. Data
travels in one direction. A failure in one device can affect the whole
network.
• Mesh Topology: Devices are interconnected. Provides high
redundancy and reliability but is costly and complex.
• Tree Topology: Hierarchical structure combining star and bus
topologies. Scalable and easy to manage.
• Hybrid Topology: Combination of different topologies to form a
robust network.
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Error Detection & Correction
• Parity Check: Adds a parity bit to make the number of 1s either

even (even parity) or odd (odd parity).
• Checksum: Divides data into segments, sums them, and attaches the
sum (checksum) to the data. Used in TCP/UDP.
• Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC): Applies polynomial division on
data. Used in network communications and storage devices.
• Hamming Code: Adds redundancy bits to data to detect and correct
errors. Can correct single-bit errors and detect double-bit errors.
Media Access Protocols
• CSMA/CD (Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection):

o Used in Ethernet networks.
o Devices check if the network is free before transmitting.
o If collision occurs, devices wait for a random period before
retransmitting.
CSMA/CA (Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance):
• Used in wireless networks (Wi-Fi).

• Devices signal their intent to transmit to avoid collisions.
• Uses acknowledgments to confirm successful transmissions.
•
Token Ring:
• Devices pass a token along the network.

• Only the device holding the token can transmit data.
• Reduces collisions but slower due to token passing
VLAN (Virtual Local Area Network)
• Functionality:
o Allows logical segmentation of a physical network.
o Devices in a VLAN can communicate as if they are on the same
physical network, regardless of their actual location.
o Reduces broadcast traffic and improves security.
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• Implementation:
o VLANs are configured on network switches using the IEEE 802.1Q
standard.
o Each VLAN is identified by a unique VLAN ID.
• Benefits:
o Improved network management and scalability.
o Enhanced security by isolating sensitive data.
o Simplified administration by grouping users by department or function.
Access Control List (ACL)
• Purpose:
o Filters network traffic based on predefined rules.
o Controls access to and from network segments.
• Types:
o Standard ACLs: Filter traffic by source IP address. Limited flexibility.
o Extended ACLs: Filter traffic by source and destination IP addresses,
port numbers, and protocols. More granular control.
• Usage:
o Applied to network interfaces on routers and firewalls.
o Used to permit or deny traffic based on security policies.
IP Addressing
• IPv4:
o 32-bit address divided into four octets.
o Written in dotted decimal format (e.g., 192.168.1.1).
o Limited address space, leading to IPv4 exhaustion.
• IPv6:
o 128-bit address, written in hexadecimal format.
o Provides a vastly larger address space.
o Examples: 2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334.
• Public vs. Private IP:
o Public IP: Globally unique, assigned by ISPs. Routable on the internet.
o Private IP: Used within private networks. Not routable on the internet.
Examples: 192.168.x.x, 10.x.x.x, 172.16.x.x to 172.31.x.x.
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Routing
• Static Routing:
o Manually configured routes.
o Simple and secure but not scalable for large networks.
• Dynamic Routing:
o Uses routing protocols to automatically adjust routes.
o Examples: OSPF (Open Shortest Path First), BGP (Border Gateway
Protocol), RIP (Routing Information Protocol).
o Adapts to network changes and failures.
• Routing Table:
o Database of network paths.
o Contains information on destination networks, next-hop addresses, and
metrics.
Subnetting
• Purpose:
o Divides a large network into smaller, manageable sub-networks.
o Enhances security and improves network performance.
• Subnet Masks:
o Defines the network and host portions of an IP address.
o Example: 255.255.255.0 for a Class C network.
• CIDR Notation:
o Represents subnets with a suffix indicating the number of network bits.
o Example: 192.168.1.0/24.
• Calculating Subnets:
o Determine the number of required subnets and hosts per subnet.
o Adjust the subnet mask accordingly to provide the necessary number of
subnets and hosts.
• NAT (Network Address Translation):

o Maps private IP addresses to a public IP address.
o Conserves public IP addresses.
o Types: Static NAT, Dynamic NAT, PAT (Port Address Translation).
• ARP (Address Resolution Protocol):
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o Resolves IP addresses to MAC addresses.

o ARP Request: Broadcast to find the MAC address for a given IP.
o ARP Reply: The device with the matching IP responds with its MAC
address.
• DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol):

o Automatically assigns IP addresses to devices.
o Provides IP address, subnet mask, gateway, and DNS servers.
o Reduces manual configuration errors and simplifies network
management.
Sliding Window Protocol
• Function:
o Manages the flow of data packets between two devices.
o Ensures reliable and sequential delivery of frames.
o Uses a window to control the number of frames sent before
needing an acknowledgment.
• Types:
o Go-Back-N: Sender can send several frames before needing an
acknowledgment but must resend all frames after a lost frame.
o
Collision Domain and Broadcast Domain
• Collision Domain:
o A network segment where data packets can collide.
o Collisions occur in shared media environments like Ethernet hubs.
o Reducing collision domains improves network performance.
o Switches and routers can segment collision domains.
• Broadcast Domain:
o A network segment where a broadcast frame is forwarded to all
devices.
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NPS _quick_prep Notes CO-1&CO-2

• Bus Topology: All devices share a single communication line.

Error Detection & Correction

• Parity Check: Adds a parity bit to make the number of 1s either

Media Access Protocols

• CSMA/CD (Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection):

CSMA/CA (Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance):

• Used in wireless networks (Wi-Fi).

• Devices pass a token along the network.

VLAN (Virtual Local Area Network)

Access Control List (ACL)

• NAT (Network Address Translation):

o Resolves IP addresses to MAC addresses.

• DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol):

Sliding Window Protocol

Collision Domain and Broadcast Domain

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