MATTER

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MATTER ANS ITS CLASSIFICATION

Introduction

In your previous years of learning you had come across with matter. You may still also be wondering what
matter is? Your knowledge about matter is a stepping stone for you to expand your horizon. So never be
oblivious about it, for matter plays a crucial role in our lives. Everything we see and interact with, matter is
present.
Your teacher must have taught you that science is dynamic, and through this matter is defined to you, as,
anything that has a mass and occupies space. The mass in here talks about the amount of matter present
in as sample while the term volume talks about the space occupied by the matter.
With regard to the definition, look around you, is there an object near you? or do you carry an object with
you? If you do have, try to examine if there is a mass? does it occupy space? If yes, that is matter. Thus, if
one characteristic of a matter is missing then that thing is not a matter. Now take-off and have fun learning
in your wondrous and exciting MATTER!

Learning Objectives
At the end of this lesson, the students will be able to:
 Define the matter and its classification;
 Explain how the matter undergoes changes
 Discuss the elements, compounds, and mixtures

Activating Prior Learning


It Matters.
In the image below, construct a 200 words essay guided by the word MATTER. Each paragraph must
contain each letter of the word MATTER as it will serve as an acronym.
Presentation of Contents
CLASSIFICATION OF MATTER
We already know that Matter is anything that has a mass and occupies space. But that just not the end of
matter, for matter undergoes to different classification. In fact, matter has states- the solid, liquid, and gas.
These sates of matter conform to the ever-changing phases of matter. Solid is the state of matter that has
definite volume and definite shape; Liquid has definite volume and indefinite shape; and gas has indefinite
shape and volume. For examples, stone is a solid, non-frozen water is a liquid, and inflated balloons has a
gas. However, these are not just the states of matter for we still have two more which are named as
Plasma and Bon-Einstein Condensate. Solid, liquid, gas, and plasma are all naturally occurring while Bon-
Einstein Condensate is a man made.
Plasma is the common state of matter in the universe. How does this occur? In the case of plasma, this is
similar to a liquid that will boil which changes into gas due to the energy added. Heating a gas will turn into
plasma which this superheated matter ripped away the atoms and forming a hihly ionized gas. Plasma
glows in the form of stars, nebulas, and even thousand of aurora borealis in the night sky (PSFC 2024). In
higher science, plasma is more readily influenced by electric and magnetic fields rather than gravity. Then
the motion and of ions and electrons in plasma produce its own electric and magnetic fields (University of
Walkato,2014)
On the other hand, Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) was first suggested by Satyendra Nath Bose and
Albert Einstein in 1924-25. This existed when it was created by scientists in 1995. Using a combination of
lasers and magnets, Eric Cornell and Carl Weiman, scientists at the Joint Institute for Lab Astrophysics
(JILA) in Boulder, Colorado, cooled a sample of rubidium to within a few degrees of absolute zero. At this
extremely low temperature, molecular motion comes very close to stopping. Since there is almost no kinetic
energy being transferred from one atom to another, the atoms begin to clump together. There are no longer
thousands of separate atoms, just one "super atom."
Anent this, a term allotrope coined by Swedish Scientist Baron Jons Jakob Berzelius in 1840 has been
crucial in many cases. It was derived from Greek word allotropia which means changeabl, variability. This
term talks about the chemical substances that may occur in different forms but exist in the same physical
state (eg: Oxygen and Ozone) O2 and O3.

THE PHASES
Sates of matter undergo changes.
Answer the riddle below before we continue our discussion!
1. When I’m heated, I vanish from sight,
Rising up to the sky, feeling light.
I come from water that turns into air,
You can’t see me, but I’m always there.
What am I?
2. I form on your drink when it’s icy and cold,
I’m droplets of water, a sight to behold.
I come from the air, no need for rain,
When gas cools down, I come again.
What am I?
3. In the heat, I start to change,
From solid to liquid, it might seem strange.
I’m what happens when ice turns to flow,
Warmer temperatures make me go.
What am I?
4. I’m a solid one moment, the next I’m gas,
Skipping the liquid stage, quite fast.
Dry ice shows this effect in full view,
I disappear into air, without a clue.
What am I?
5. I’m liquid no more, I’ve turned quite hard,
In the freezer or winter’s yard.
Below zero, I like to stay,
From liquid to solid, I freeze this way.
What am I?
6. I’m the reverse of sublimation’s game,
From gas to solid, without liquid’s claim.
I form frost on windows, sparkly and bright,
Changing state in the cold of night.
What am I?
In number seven, examine what is happening and explain whether it is part of phase changes
7. .

Phase changes require a gain or a loss of energy. This is because only that the change in energy that
allows the arrangement of particles be change. Water is a substance that has many interesting properties
that influence its phase changes as it is also the only matter that exist in solid state, liquid state, and gas
state.
Usually, the change occurs when adding or removing heat at a particular temperature, known as the
melting point or the boiling point of the substance. The melting point is the temperature at which the
substance goes from a solid to a liquid (Melting) or from a liquid to a solid (Freezing). The boiling point is
the temperature at which a substance goes from a liquid to a gas (Evaporation) or from a gas to a liquid
(Condensation). The nature of the phase change depends on the direction of the heat transfer. Heat going
into a substance changes it from a solid to a liquid or a liquid to a gas. Removing heat from a substance
changes a gas to a liquid or a liquid to a solid.
There is also a phase change where a solid goes directly to a gas:
solid→gas
This phase change is called sublimation. Each substance has a characteristic heat of sublimation
associated with this process. For example, the heat of sublimation (ΔHsub) of H2O is 620 cal/g. We
encounter sublimation in several ways. You may already be familiar with dry ice, which is simply solid
carbon dioxide (CO2). At −78.5°C (−109°F), solid carbon dioxide sublimes, changing directly from the solid
phase to the gas phase:
CO2(s)−→−−−−−78.5∘CCO2(g)
For example, a thin layer of snow or frost on the ground may slowly disappear as the solid H 2O sublimes,
even though the outside temperature may be below the freezing point of water. Similarly, ice cubes in a
freezer may get smaller over time. Although frozen, the solid water slowly sublimes, redepositing on the
colder cooling elements of the freezer, which necessitates periodic defrosting (frost-free freezers minimize
this redeposition). Lowering the temperature in a freezer will reduce the need to defrost as often.
Deposition occurs when a gas transforms directly into a solid, without going through the liquid phase. Water
vapor becomes ice or frost when the air touching a solid, such as a blade of grass, is cooler than the rest of
the air. (pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov)

LET US HAVE FUN!


https://phet.colorado.edu/sims/html/states-of-matter-basics/latest/states-of-matter-basics_en.html
Properties of matter

Physical Properties of Matter


Physical properties are characteristics of matter that can be observed or measured without changing the
identity of the substance.
Common Physical Properties:
 Color: What is the color of the substance?
 Odor: Does it have a smell?
 Density: How much mass is in a given volume?
 Melting Point: The temperature at which a solid becomes a liquid.
 Boiling Point: The temperature at which a liquid becomes a gas.
 Solubility: Can the substance dissolve in another substance (like water)?
 State of Matter: Is the substance solid, liquid, or gas?
Examples of Physical Properties:
 Ice melts at 0°C (melting point).
 Water boils at 100°C (boiling point).
 Salt dissolves in water (solubility).

Physical Change:
A physical change is a change in the physical properties of a substance without changing its composition.
The substance remains the same even though its form might change.
Examples of Physical Changes:
 Tearing paper (the paper remains paper, even though its shape has changed).
 Melting ice (it changes from solid to liquid, but it's still water).
 Dissolving sugar in water (the sugar mixes with the water, but it’s still sugar).

Chemical Properties of Matter


Chemical properties describe a substance’s potential to undergo chemical change, transforming it into a
new substance.
Common Chemical Properties:
 Reactivity: How does the substance react with other substances?
 Flammability: Can the substance burn?
 Toxicity: Is the substance harmful to living things?
 pH Level: Is the substance acidic, basic, or neutral?
 Corrosion: Can the substance break down due to a chemical reaction (like rusting)?
Examples of Chemical Properties:
 Iron rusts when exposed to oxygen and moisture (oxidation).
 Gasoline is flammable.
 Vinegar is acidic.

Chemical Change:
A chemical change occurs when a substance undergoes a reaction and forms a new substance with
different properties.
Signs of Chemical Change:
 Color change (e.g., rusting iron turns brown).
 Temperature change (e.g., some reactions release heat).
 Formation of gas (e.g., bubbles in baking soda and vinegar reaction).
 Formation of a precipitate (a solid forms in a solution).
 Odor change (e.g., spoiled food giving off a bad smell).
Examples of Chemical Changes:
 Burning wood (the wood turns to ash, carbon dioxide, and water vapor).
 Cooking an egg (the egg white and yolk change chemically and can’t return to their original form).
 Baking a cake (the ingredients chemically combine and change during baking).

Physical Properties Chemical Properties

Can only be observed during a


Can be observed without changing the substance
chemical reaction

Examples: Flammability,
Examples: Color, density, melting point
reactivity, pH
Physical Change Chemical Change
No new substance is formed A new substance is formed
Example: Burning wood,
Example: Melting ice, dissolving salt in water
rusting iron

In addition to its classification, matter can also be classified in terms of its chemical composition as pure
substance or as mixture.
Pure Substances:
A pure substance is made up of only one type of particle. It has a fixed composition and specific properties.
Pure substances are further classified into elements and compounds.
 Elements: These are the simplest form of matter that cannot be broken down into simpler
substances by chemical means. Examples include gold (Au), oxygen (O₂), and hydrogen (H₂).
 Compounds: These are substances formed when two or more elements chemically combine in
fixed proportions. Compounds have different properties from the elements that make them.
Examples include water (H₂O), carbon dioxide (CO₂), and table salt (NaCl).
Mixtures:
A mixture is made up of two or more substances that are physically combined. The substances in a mixture
retain their original properties and can be separated by physical means. Mixtures are classified into
homogeneous and heterogeneous mixtures.
 Homogeneous Mixture: The components are evenly distributed, and the mixture appears the same
throughout. Examples include saltwater, air, and vinegar.
 Heterogeneous Mixture: The components are not evenly distributed, and you can often see the
different parts of the mixture. Examples include sand and water, salad, and pizza.

Here is a diagram:

Courtesy:Christy Johannesson www.nisd.not/communicationarts/pages/chem

METHODS OF PHYSICAL SEPARATION OF MATTER


Separation Technique Example

Decanting involves separating a liquid (supernatant) from a solid


(sediment) by gently pouring off the liquid.

Sieving involves separating a mixture based on different sizes of


sort stones or pebbles
components, where smaller fragments pass through holes in the sieve
from sand
but large fragments do not.
Muddy water is poured
Filtration is a special form of sieving where filter paper is used to trap through a funnel lined
very fine solid particles (residue) from the rest of a liquid or gas mixture with filter paper to remove
(filtrate). the small sand and clay
particles.

Evaporation is used for recovering dissolved substances from


solutions by evaporating the solvent and crystallising the solute.
Sea water is allowed to stand in
shallow pans, the water gets heated
by sunlight and slowly turns into water
vapour, through evaporation, leaving
solid salt behind

Distillation is the process of separating the components or substances from


a liquid mixture by using selective boiling and condensation.

Magnetism can be used for separating magnetic materials from non-


magnetic materials. Separating
iron from
grains of
sand
Chromatography separates mixtures based on their differing levels of
attraction to two different substances, known as the mobile phase and the Separating contents of an ink
stationary phase.

APPLY WHAT YOU HAVE LEARNED!


Activity 1: My Matter

DEFINITION

MATTER

STATES
Activity 2: STOP, LOOK, AND OBSERVE! TELL WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE.
Activity 3: Classify each of the materials below. In the center column, state whether the material is a pure
substance or mixture. If the material is a pure classify it as either an element or compound in the right
column. If the material is a mixture, further classify it as homogeneous or heterogeneous in the right
column. Write the entire word in each space to earn full credit.
MATERIAL PURE SUBSTANCE ELEMENT OR COMPOUND

MIXTURE SOLUTION (HOMOGENOUS)


MECHANICAL MIXTURE
( HETEROGENOUS)
Laundry detergent (contains
white and blue crystals)
sugar + pure water
Limestone
orange juice
Air
Muddy water
Aluminum
Gold
Pizza

Activity 4: COMPARE AND CONTRAST


1. Compound and element
2. Pure Substance and Mixture
3. Heterogenous and Homogenous
4. Physical property and Chemical property
5. Chemical change and Physical Change
6. Solid, liquid, and gas

Activity 5: Classify the following statements as heterogeneous mixture, a suspension, a colloid o r a


solution (homogeneous mixture).
1. Spicy salad dressing
2. Soda pop
3. Fertilizer that is spread on the lawn.
4. Paint for the walls
5. A compost pile in the backyard for the garden
6. A gold necklace (gold and copper)
7. Laundry detergent (contains white and blue crystals)
8. Cough syrup that must be shaken before it is ingested.
9. Freshly squeezed orange juice
10. Blueberry muffin

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