THEUNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA

THE MINISTRY OF HEALTH

MUSOMA CLINICAL OFFICER’S TRAINING CENTER

RESEARCH PROPOSAL

RESEARCH TITLE
ASSESSMENT OF PREVALENCE AND RISK FACTOR OF MALARIA
AMONG UNDER FIVE YEARS OLD CHILDREN ATTENDING NYASHO
HEATH CNTER FROM DECEMBER 2023 TO MARCH 2024.

REGISTRATION NUMBER: 1723/0033/2017

STUDENT’S NAME: NILA MADUHU LUGOBI
SUPERVISOR NAME: MR MESHACK
DATE OF SUBMISSION: 05 th JANUARY 2024

A RESEARCH PROPOSAL SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULLFILMENT OF THE

REQUIREMENT FOR ORDINARY DIPLOMA IN CLINICAL MEDICINE

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS
DECLARATIONS.............................................................................................................. iii
CERTIFICATIONS............................................................................................................ iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT.................................................................................................... iv
LISTS OF ABBREVIATIONS............................................................................................. vii
DEFINITION OF TERMS................................................................................................. viii
ABSTRACT...................................................................................................................... ix
1 CHAPTER ONE.......................................................................................................... 1
1.1 INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................. 1
1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT....................................................................................... 2
1.3 RATIONALES OF THE STUDY.............................................................................. 2
1.4 RESEARCH OBJECTIVES...................................................................................... 2
1.4.1 BROAD OBJECTIVE....................................................................................... 2
1.4.2 SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES.................................................................................. 3
1.5 RESEARCH QUESTIONS...................................................................................... 3
1.6 RESEARCH VARIABLE......................................................................................... 3
1.6.1 DEPENDENT VARIABLE................................................................................ 3
1.6.2 INDEPENDENTI VAR.IABLES.........................................................................3
1.7 HYPOTHESIS FORMULATION..............................................................................3
1.7.1 Null hypothesis............................................................................................ 3
1.7.2 Alternative hypothesis................................................................................. 3
2 CHAPTER TWO......................................................................................................... 4
LITERATURE REVIEW...................................................................................................... 4
2.1 The prevalence of malaria................................................................................. 4
2.2 Risk factors of malaria among under five children.............................................5
2.3 Preventive measures of malaria among under five children..............................6
3 CHAPTER THREE....................................................................................................... 7
METHODOLOGY.............................................................................................................. 7
3.1 STUDY DESIGN................................................................................................... 7
3.2 STUDY AREA...................................................................................................... 7
3.3 STUDY POPULATION........................................................................................... 7
3.3.1 INCLUSION CRITERIA................................................................................... 7
3.3.2 EXCLUSION CRITERIA.................................................................................. 7

i
 3.4 SAMPLING TECHNIQUE...................................................................................... 7
3.5 SAMPLE SIZE...................................................................................................... 7
3.6 DATA COLLECTION METHOD..............................................................................8
3.7 DATA PROCESSING AND ANALYSIS....................................................................8
3.8 DISSEMINATION OF RESULTS.............................................................................8
3.9 ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS................................................................................ 8
3.10 STUDY LIMITATIONS........................................................................................... 8
4 APPENDIX................................................................................................................. 9
4.1 WORKPLAN........................................................................................................ 9
4.2 BUDGET........................................................................................................... 10
4.3 DATA COLLECTION TOOLS...............................................................................11
4.3.1 QUESTIONNAIRE ENGLISH VERSION:.........................................................11
4.4 CHECKLIST....................................................................................................... 13
5 REFERENCES.......................................................................................................... 14

ii
 DECLARATIONS
I, NILA MADUHU declaring that this research proposal is my own original work and it has not been
presented to any academic institution for similar or any other award and is not previously or currently
under copy.

Signature…………………………… Date………………….

CERTIFICATIONS

I ……………………………………………….………………………..Declaring that, this research

proposal is the work of A candidate carried out under my direct supervision. The under signed
certify that has read and here by recommends for consideration by MUSOMA COTC, the proposal
entitled as: ASSESSMENT OF PREVALENCE AND RISK FACTOR OF MALARIA
AMONG UNDER FIVE YEARS OLD CHILDREN ATTENDING NYASHO HEATH
CNTER FROM DECEMBER 2023 TO MARCH 2024.

Signature ………………………….. Date……………………..

SUPERVISOR

iii
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Firstly, I thank God, for immense love and care. Also, I would like to thank most sincerely my parents.
Collaboration with all my students and all COTC staffs at large, for their wise advice, skill, knowledge,
and support and unforgettable encouragements they rendered to me.

I am deeply honored by the support of the entire academic staff of Musoma COTC, my supervisor and
Mr. Meshack my research mentor.

My sincere appreciation is also extended to my parents and family at large for all support they provided
throughout my life and my study in particular to realize my dream. To all of them, I extend my
gratitude

Also I thank all workers at Nyasho HC for all support that gave to me and HMIS department to the
collection of data and skills and knowledge in my research.

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 LISTS OF ABBREVIATIONS
ACT - Artemisinin based combination therapy

ALU - Artemether Lumefantrine

CDC Center for Disease Control and Prevention

FANC - Focused Antenatal Care

IPT - Intermittent Preventive Treatment

IRS - Indoor Residual Spraying

ITN - Insecticide Treated Net

MP - Malaria in Pregnancy

MSD - Medical Store Department

SP - Sulfadoxine Pyrimethamine

RDT - Rapid Diagnostic Test

WHO - World Health Organization

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 DEFINITION OF TERMS

Focused Antenatal Care the goal is to provide timely and appropriate care to women during

pregnancy to reduce the maternal morbidity and mortality as well as achieving a good outcome for the

baby.

Insecticide Treated Net is a form of protective barrier around people bed it help to reduce malaria

illness in endemic areas.

Malaria is a disease caused by a parasite , transmitted by the bite of infected mosquitoes. It produces

recurrent attacks of chills and fever, headache, vomiting and diarrhea.

SP – IPT is the administration of a full therapeutic course of Sudadoxine Pyrimethamine delivered

through EPI at intervals

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 ABSTRACT

Despite various efforts by multilateral agencies and governments to prevent, control and eliminate
malaria, it continues to be a major plague with more than 300 million at risk of infection worldwide. In
Tanzania, it is still a leading cause of morbidity and mortality, a ffecting more than 70% of the
population. Malaria is endemic in most parts of the country with either high to moderate transmission
patterns or seasonal epidemic patterns. Statistics from the ministry of health records show that it
accounts for about 30% of outpatient care and 20% of the admissions in hospitals nationwide.
Therefore, it is important to constantly review and understand the epidemiology, and the risk factors
associated with malaria infection. Such efforts will help the government and the multilateral agencies
in their planning, monitoring and evaluation e fforts to control and eventually eradicate malaria under
children of under five years’ age.

The main objective of the study is to identify the prevalence and risk factors associated with malaria
infection in children under the age of five years. To achieve this, the study will be hospital based cross
sectioned design, and will be conducted at Nyasho HC to children between 0 to 59 months with their
guardians or parents who will accept in data collection by questionnaire, sampling technique to be
used is convenience non probability sampling technique, sample size of 285, the data will be collected
by using checklist and questionnaire. After the study the results will be sent to MOI at Nyasho HC and
academic office of Musoma Cotc for academic purpose and the development of new intervention at
the community. Consent, privacy and confidentiality will all be maintained accordingly, the limitation
of the study it may include inadequate fund, and shortage time for research activity.
Expecting budget is 148,600 Tshs approximately to be spent in my all research activities, and will be
obtained from my parents and sponsors.

vii
 1 CHAPTER ONE
1.1 INTRODUCTION
Background information
Malaria is a life-threatening caused by Plasmodium parasite infection. Malaria is the deadliest, and it
predominates in Africa. Children under 5 years are of the most vulnerable group affected by malaria.
Globally, Following the recent estimation of the World Health Organization (WHO), about 429,000
death linked to malaria were registered all over the world in 2015 and 70% of this number concerned
children under 5 years. Plasmodium falciparum malaria has a rapid evolution from a non-complicated
febrile disease generally treated with an oral drug, to a potentially deathly multisystem disease. The
mortality risk associated with non-complicated falciparum malaria is estimated to less than 0.1%
reaching 1% when treatment fail in the context of antimalarial drugs resistance. Mortality due to severe
malaria among young children is generally above 10% and increases with age. Many factors predictive
of death in severe malaria are coma and seizures, acidosis, respiratory distress and hypoglycemia. The
outcome of severe malaria depends on the nature and degree of vital organs dysfunction.

In Tanzania is heavily affected by malaria which is one of the leading causes of morbidity and
mortality in the country, accounting for over 30% of the national disease burden. In order to
specifically tailor and improve prevention measures targeted against the disease. it is important to
obtain detailed knowledge of factors associated with increased risk of malaria. Identification of the
specific risk factors in a locality may provide support for existing preventative measures or the
introduction of new ones and can indicate areas in which prevention activities are currently under-
utilized. The identification and quantification of heterogeneity in disease prevalence across a
geographical range provides interventions at high-prevalence or high-risk areas. For areas where
laboratory facilities are not available, clinical diagnosis is widely used. (1)

To diagnose malaria, microscopy remains the standard method, but it is not accessible or affordable in
most peripheral health facilities. The recent introduction of rapid diagnostic tests (RDT) for malaria is
a significant step forward in case detection, management and reduction of unnecessary treatment. RDT
could be used in malaria diagnosis during population-based surveys and to provide immediate
treatment based on the results. Rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) for malaria offer the potential to extend
accurate malaria diagnosis to areas when microscopy services are not available, such as in remote
locations or after regular laboratory hours. (2)

This may in turn lead to increases in the equity, efficacy and cost effectiveness of interventions.
Vector-borne diseases, such as malaria, are well suited to cluster analysis, which aims to delimit
hotspots of high disease prevalence. The specific habits and limited range of the anopheles’ vectors of
malaria aid efforts to resolve spatial clusters of the disease. As malaria declines, continued
improvements of prevention and control interventions as well as treatment distribution may
increasingly rely on accurate knowledge of risk factors and an ability to delimit high-risk areas.(3)

1
1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT

In Tanzania heavily affected by malaria which is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality
to Children under 5 years which is the most vulnerable group affected by malaria. Following the recent
estimation of the World Health Organization (WHO), about 429,000 death linked to malaria were
registered in 2015 and 24.6% of this number concerned children under 5 years.

In order to specifically tailor and improve prevention measures targeted against the disease. it is
important to obtain detailed knowledge of factors associated with increased risk of malaria Early
diagnosis and prompt treatment is one of the key strategies in controlling malaria. For areas where
laboratory facilities are not available, clinical diagnosis is widely used. (2)

Now, there is a need of finding a solution to the gap in the community concerning about malaria
prevalence and risk factor among under five years’ children at Nyasho HC from December 2023 to
March 2024.

1.3 RATIONALES OF THE STUDY

Inspite the fact that the studies done at different areas the purpose of this study is to assess the
prevalence of malaria among under five years’ children at Nyasho HC, to assess mother’s awareness
on risk factors of malaria among under five, and to assess mother’s awareness on prevention of
malaria among under five children.

Findings of the study will provide knowledge and understanding to the community, public health
officer, health provider and the government to plan and design targeted health education programs,
interventions and policy related to malaria it’s risk factors and prevention measures, treatment and
many others. Also, the study will help Ministry of Health on prevention of mortality and morbidity
related to Malaria.

Thus there is a need of conducting this study to address the problem and outline possible
recommendations to curb it.

1.4 RESEARCH OBJECTIVES

1.4.1 BROAD OBJECTIVE
 To assess the prevalence and risk factors of malaria among under five years’ children
at Nyasho HC from December 2023 to March 2024.

1.4.2 SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES

i. To determine the prevalence of malaria among under five years’ children at Nyasho Hc.
ii. To assess mother awareness on risk factors of malaria among under five children.
iii. To assess mother awareness on preventive measures of malaria among under five children.
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1.5 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
A. What is the prevalence of malaria among under five years’ children at Nyasho Hc?
B. What is the level of awareness about risk factors of malaria among mothers to their
under five years’ children?
C. What is the level of awareness about preventive measures of malaria among
mothers to their under five years’ children?

1.6 RESEARCH VARIABLE

1.6.1 DEPENDENT VARIABLE
 Age of child.
 Region
 Sex of child.
 Marital Status of parents/guardians.
 Occupation of parents/guardians.
 Education level of parents/guardians.
1.6.2 INDEPENDENTI VAR.IABLES
 Malaria

1.7 HYPOTHESIS FORMULATION

1.7.1 Null hypothesis
 Parents with poor socio-economic conditions have no high risk of malaria infection
to their under five years’ children.
 Children who are not sleeping under mosquito net they have high risk of malaria
infection.

1.7.2 Alternative hypothesis

 Parents with poor socio-economic conditions have a high risk of malaria infection to
their under five years’ children.
 Children who are sleeping under mosquito net they have no high risk of malaria
infection.

3
 2 CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 The prevalence of malaria.

Globally, the prevalence of malaria among illiterate was higher at 12.1% compared to literate (8.6%).
The reason for these variations may be due to differences in the level of understanding of the
preventive and control methods among the study participants. Patients with different occupations
participated in the study, the highest prevalence of malaria was found among (8%) housewives and
students (5%). Out of the positive cases, 226 (51.5%) study participants responded that their house was
not sprayed with insecticide/chemical compared to those whose house was sprayed (4.8%), which may
explain the relatively high malaria prevalence (15.9%) in this study. Malaria prevalence was found to
be higher in rural residents (13.9%) as compared to urban residents (6.8%). This could be due to low
exposure to health education and accessibility of the media for communication in rural communities(1)

In Africa, although the study participants agreed that "the usage of it is a powerful vector control tool
for the prevention of malaria transmission and hence reduces the prevalence of the disease elsewhere in
the country where malaria is endemic," only 23.9% of them had ITNs in their houses, and ITN
ownership by itself is not a guarantee of its usage. This is demonstrated by three-fourths (79.5%) of the
study participants not using their bed nets. ITN use in this study was similar to what was found in a
study in Kenya: approximately 92.11% of mosquito bed net usage, and malaria prevalence was
observed to be lower among households that used ITNs (8.05%) compared to those that did not use
them (23.11%) . In our study, the use of ITNs appears to be one of the most effective malaria
prevention methods. The prevalence of malaria among those who were not using ITNs 16.9% was
higher as compared to those who used them 3.8%. More than half of the study participants responded
that they had no ITN in their houses, which is evidenced by the high malaria infection observed among
those ITN non-users. Seventy-two (16.4%) patients whose blood film examination revealed the
presence of malaria parasites responded that there was stagnant water near their homes.

In Tanzania, according to the result reveals that malaria prevalence increases with increase in age, its
minimum to the children aged less than 12 months (6.7%) and highest to the children aged 48-59
months (14.8%). Regarding gender, although there was no significant difference noticed between
males and females’ children, malaria prevalence was highest for the males at 12.53% compared to the
females at 11.4%. No significant relationship also noticed between mothers age and malaria
prevalence. Under five malaria occurrences were highest to those children mother's aged 40-49 years
and lowest to those aged 15-19 years. There is a relationship between malaria prevalence with a place
of residence and zones children belong. The prevalence was highest in rural 14.4% whereas lowest in
urban 3.6%. Malaria was also varied with zones. The Western zone was having the highest occurrence
of 24.3% followed by Lake Zone 22.4% whereas it was lowest in Zanzibar with about 0.1%.

4
2.2 Risk factors of malaria among under five children.

A study was done and 439 study participants to investigate the contributions of possible risk factors to
the prevalence of malaria. The presence of stagnant water near the residence, a house sprayed with
insecticide, a history of anti-malarial treatment, residence type, and last night’s ITN usage were among
the possible risk factors assessed. Accordingly, more than three-fourths of respondents did not have
access to it, and more than two-thirds of the participants reported that their houses did not undergo
IRS. This finding indicates lack of access to ITNs and inadequate insecticide spray contributed to the
malaria prevalence observed in this study. This study showed not only inadequate access to ITNs
23.9% (105) but also a low level of ITN usage at 20.5% (90). Some risk factors were associated with
malaria infection, presence of stagnant water near residential, houses sprayed with insecticide, history
of anti-malarial treatment, and residence respectively. There are several risk factors that have been
associated with malaria infections and they include; age, gender, housing type/structure, proximity to
vector breeding sites, ecological location, household crowding, room size, use of vector control
measures such as antimalarial spraying, use of ITN bed nets, gender and wealth. These factors can be
generalized in to demographic, geographical factors, socio-economic factors and environmental
factors.

The demographic factors associated with malaria status in children are: age, gender, and family size.
Malaria is an infection that infects people of all ages but its severity desire from one individual to
another depending on the immunity, proximity to the vector breeding sites, geographic and ecological
factors. Genetic factors may also influence an individual's susceptibility to the disease, progression of
the infection in the individual and ultimately the outcome of the infection (4). One of the major causes
of mortality and morbidity in children worldwide is malaria. Children, particularly those under five
years are susceptible due to their weak immune system that is still developing. This may be attributable
to the acquired immunity by the older populations as the malaria intensity progresses. Mortality as a
result of severe malaria differs with the age of the patients, but in high transmission areas, the intensity
is again higher among young children . However, due to intensive intervention methods, studies have
shown a shift in malaria morbidity from the young children under 5 years (2).

Evidence from literature is inconclusive about the gender on malaria risk. Most studies shows no
association between gender and malaria infection (1). That male children had a higher risk of malaria
infection compared to their female counterparts due to behavioral differences. Some of the socio-
economic factors that have been studied as indicators of the socio-economic status of a household are;
household income/wealth, type of housing construction, and ownership of household assets such as
radio, bicycle, and mobile phone. Structure of the . risk of malaria infection has been closely linked to
the type of housing structure (5). The structure of the house consists of the type of wall material, roof
material and roofing material used in their construction. Associated with the housing construction was
the socio-economic status of the household. Usually poor households with low incomes lived in poorly
constructed houses, thus had a greater risk of malaria, while the more wealthy households lived in
better constructed houses (4).

5
The geographic factors that have often been associated with malaria are the malaria endemic region
and altitude. These regions are often located in low altitudes, and ecological factors such as
temperature, rainfall and humidity play a role in determining the risk of malaria. Temperature, rainfall
and humidity influence the mosquito's survival, the lifecycle of the parasite in the mosquito, and the
breeding and feeding habits of the vector . Many studies found the risk for malaria to decline with
increasing altitude . In Kenya malaria infection is high in the western parts of the country and the
coastal region, influenced by high rainfall, proximity to large water bodies (Lake Victoria and Indian
Ocean), low altitudes and high temperature . In the highland region of the country, at higher altitude
with cooler temperatures, malaria has been associated with seasonal rainfall, vegetation cover, and
distance from swampy environments (3).

The socio-economic status of a household plays an important role on the health status of the family
members. Malaria has often been linked to poverty and occurs more often in endemic regions that are
characterized by poverty. Household income, place of residence (either urban or rural setting),
household structure and ownership of household assets such television, radios, mobile phone, bicycles
often characterize the socio-economic status of families. Studies show that the lower the socio-
economic status the greater the risk for malaria. It influences the ability of the family to take up
treatment due to costs, live in clean and hygienic environments, and acquire preventative paraphernalia
such as ITNs.

2.3 Preventive measures of malaria among under five children

Some of the preventive and control measures for the prevention of malaria that have proved to be
significant are: use of insecticide treated mosquito nets (ITNs) and indoor residual spraying (IRS).
Mortality rates as a result of malaria infection decreased significantly by 7%, between 2000 and 2013,
due to implementation of vector control measures, the use of diagnostic testing and ACTs . The most
widely used measure is the ITNs due to its availability and affordability. They are distributed freely to
vulnerable groups particularly pregnant mothers and infants during ante-natal and post-natal care in the
WHO endemic regions. However, the distribution of

ITNs to the whole population at risk is usually hindered by lack of sufficient funding to support the
program. Evidence from various studies shows a link in reduction of malaria mortality and morbidity
in both adults and children due to the use of ITNs. It's use within households and amongst communities
is a selected by various factors such as the attitudes, gender, and education level of the household head
the number of mosquito nets within households; and household income. The use of indoor residual
spraying (IRS) has also been seen to reduce incidences of malaria (1). The eradication of malaria in
Europe and North America has been linked to the use of IRS particularly DDT.

Maternal education, one of the key determinants of proper care, treatment and control of tropical
diseases is the human attitudes and behavior. Mothers are usually the _first caregivers to children
because they spend more time with them and hence are able to detect any changes in their children.
Various studies have linked maternal education to improvement in the health of household members
particularly children. In a cross sectional study, in three countries (Angola, Tanzania and Uganda)
commando the analogy and _demands that children with educated mothers were less likely to have

6
malaria infections. Educated caregivers also provided a protection on the household members against
malaria infection due to knowledge on the malaria intervention methods such as case management, use
of ITNs, vector control, child immunization and intermittent preventative treatment (ITP) for pregnant
women (2)

7
 3 CHAPTER THREE

METHODOLOGY

3.1 STUDY DESIGN

A hospital based cross-sectional study will be used to collect data among under five years children
between December 2023 to March 2024.It’s an advantageous as it cheap, simple to-do and time
costless.

3.2 STUDY AREA

The study will be conducted at Nyasho HC which is 7.7 km from MUSOMA COTC found at Mara
region in the United Republic of Tanzania. Mara region has seven districts and among these
districts, Musoma Municipal Council (MC) was the least populous council with 164,172as per the
2022 population census.

3.3 STUDY POPULATION

All children between 0 – 59 months who visits and hospitalized at Nyasho HC, with their guardians
or parents to assess the awareness about risk factors and prevention measures of malaria.

3.3.1 INCLUSION CRITERIA

This study will involve children under five years’ age with their guardians or parents that are willing to
participate in research.

3.3.2 EXCLUSION CRITERIA

We excluded children above five years and children whose parents will refuse to cooperate in the
study.

3.4 SAMPLING TECHNIQUE

Convenience sampling technique will be employed to this research a non-probability sampling in
which researcher chooses a favorable sample in the population.

3.5 SAMPLE SIZE

The Sample size will be obtained by using descriptive cross-sectional formula using the
following expression.

The sample size for the study was calculated by using the following WHO formula.

N = (1.96) 2 x P x (1-P)

(0.05) 2

Where N = Sample size

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 P = Prevalence of malaria under five years

E = Standard Error = 5%.

N= 1.962x 24.6 x (100 – 24.6)

5x5
n=285

Therefore, sample size to be used is 285 children under five years’ age.

3.6 DATA COLLECTION METHOD

Data will be collected by means of Questionnaire (Open and closed ended questions) and checklist
will be used to assess the prevalence, awareness about risk factors and preventive measures of malaria
under five years’ children at Nyasho HC 2023/2024. Questionnaires are written in both Swahili and
English language.

3.7 DATA PROCESSING AND ANALYSIS

Data will be entered manually processed and analyzed with the aid of the computer using the statistical
package for social sciences (SPSS) software version 20.

3.8 DISSEMINATION OF RESULTS

After conducting the study, the obtained results will be sent back to the hospital where the study was
performed, so as to be used as a reference for further follow-up. Also another copy of the result will
be sent to Academic Office of Musoma COTC so as to be presented for academic purpose.

3.9 ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS

The permission to conduct the study will be obtained from the Principal of Musoma COTC, District
medical officer (DMO), Medical officer in charge (MOI) of Nyasho HC. Also an informed consent will
be obtained from the mothers/guardians before starting to provide questionnaires. The study will be
clearly explained and confidentiality is assured, since no participant’s name will be filled on the forms
provided rather than a code number so as to ensure confidentiality.

3.10 STUDY LIMITATIONS

The limitation that will be found in this study it includes shortage of time in which there will be no
enough time to the collect data, low level of knowledge about research to adults living in Musoma,
Inadequate money allocated for research activities including accommodation and stationary, language
barrier and Refusal to fill questionnaires.

9
 4 APPENDIX
4.1 WORKPLAN

ACTIVITY 1st 2rd 3rd 4th 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 1st 2nd 3rd
week week week week week week week week week week week
Survey and
problem
identification
Extensive
literature
review
Writing
research
proposal
Submit
research
proposal
Data
collection

Data analysis
Data
interpretatio
n
Report
writing

Report
printing and
binding
Submitting
report

10
4.2 BUDGET

Particulars Quantity Amount

Transport allowance for 30 days 30 x 1500 45000

Meal and accommodation for 60 days 30 x 2000 60,000

White paper 1 rims @ 10000/= 1 x 10000 10,000.

Spring files 3@ 1,000/= 3 x 1000 3,000.

Photocopying questionnaire,2 pages @30/= 2 x 30 x 10 600.

Photocopy services 10,000.

Typing, Printing and Binding, 2 copies 10,000.

SUBTOTAL 138,600

Contingency 10,000

GRAND TOTAL 148,600

11
4.3 DATA COLLECTION TOOLS
4.3.1 QUESTIONNAIRE ENGLISH VERSION:

Hello my name is NILA MADUHU LUGOBI, I am a student at Musoma clinical officer training
center. I’m here to conduct a research on assessment of prevalence and risk factors of malaria of under
five years’ children Please put a sign on the provided space if you are willing to participate in this
study

…………………………………………[ ]

PART 1: DEMOGRAPHIC INFORMATION

1 Age
a) 18-25 ( )
b) 26-35 ( )
c) 36-45 ( )
d) 46 and more ( )

2 Sex
a) Male ( )
b) Female ( )

3 Occupation
a) Employee ( )
b) Unemployed ( )

4 Tribe .....................................

5 Religion
a) Christian ( )
b) Muslim ( )

Others………................

6 Marital status
a) Married ( )
b) Single ( )

7 Educational level
a) None ( )
b) Primary ( )
12
 c) Secondary ( )
d) College/ University ( )

PART B: MOTHER AWARENESS ON RISK FACTORS OF MALARIA.

8 Do you know risk factors of Malaria to under five children’s?

a) Yes ( )
b) No ( )
9 If yes what are those risk factors?
a) Keeping long grasses near house ( )
b) Infrequent use of mosquito net ( )
c) Low level of education among guardians ( )
d) Poverty ( )
e) All of above ( )
f) I don’t know anything ( )
10 Do you think Malaria can cause death to under five years children?
a) Yes ( )
b) No ( )

PART C: MOTHER AWARENESS ON PREVENTION OF MALARIA

11 Do you know how to prevent Malaria to under five children?

a) Yes ( )
b) No ( )
12 What are prevention measures of malaria?
a) Proper use of mosquito net ( )
b) Cutting long grasses ( )
c) Provision of education concerning malaria. ( )
d) Window gauze construction ( )
e) All of above ( )
f) Neither of above ( )
13 Which method your using to protect your child from getting malaria
a) Mosquito net ( )
b) Cutting long grasses ( )
c) Draining stagnant water ( )
d) Spraying mosquito repellants like Rungu ( )
e) All above ( )
f) Neither ( )

13
4.4 CHECKLIST

FROM JANUARY 2023 TO APRIL 2024

S/N MONTH CHILDREN UNDER FIVE SEX

YEARS OF AGE WITH FEMALE MALE
MALARIA
1 January
2 February
3 March
4 April
5 May
6 June
7 July
8 August
9 September
10 October
11 November
12 December

14
 5 REFERENCES
1. Nyirakanani C, Chibvongodze R, Habtu M, Masika M. Prevalence and risk factors of asymptomatic
malaria among under-five children in Huye District , Southern Rwanda. 2018;20(1):1–7.

2. Winskill P, Rowland M, Mtove G, Malima RC, Kirby MJ. Malaria risk factors in north-east Tanzania.
2011;1–7.

3. Ongoma DN. Prevalence and risk factors associated with malaria infection in children under the age of
fourteen years in Kenya. 2017;(September).

4. Ngwej T, Luboya ON, Kakoma J baptiste, Wembonyama SO. Severe malaria and death risk factors
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