Curriculum For Public Health

STAR INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY
A Curriculum for Bachelor Science Degree Public Health
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STAR INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY COLLEGE
A Curriculum for Bachelor Science Degree Public Health
July, 2024
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Name of the Degree Program: Degree Public Health
Name of the Degree to be awarded: Bachelor Science Degree Public Health
Degree to be awarded by: SIU College Subjected to the Approval of the Senate
Standard/Regular Period of Study: 4 Academic Years with 8 Semesters
Commencement of the Program: 2025 G.C
Fees / Charges for Students: Tuition fee
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Table of Contents
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ......................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
1. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................... 5
2. RATIONALE OF THE PROGRAM ........................................................................................................ 8
3. OBJECTIVES OF THE PROGRAM ....................................................................................................... 9
4. GRADUATES’ PROFILE ........................................................................................................................ 9
6.ADMISSION REQUIREMENT .............................................................................................................. 10
7. DURATION OF THE STUDY............................................................................................................... 10
8. MODE OF DELIVERY .......................................................................................................................... 10
9. DEGREE NOMENCLATURE ............................................................................................................... 10
10. GRADUATION REQUIREMENT ...................................................................................................... 10
11. COURSE STRUCTURE ...................................................................................................................... 10
12. COURSE CODING .............................................................................................................................. 11
13.LIST OF COURSES ................................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
14. COURSE BREAK DOWN ...................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
15.TEACHING AND LEARNING METHODS ........................................................................................ 11
16.ASSESSMENT POLICIES AND TECHNIQUES ................................................................................ 12
17.GRADING SYSTEM ............................................................................................................................ 12
18. RESOURCE REQUIREMENT ............................................................................................................ 13
19. QUALITY ASSURANCE .................................................................................................................... 14
20. CLASS SIZE ......................................................................................................................................... 15
21. COURSE DESCRIPTION & OUTLINE FOR CORE COURSES ...................................................... 15
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1. INTRODUCTION
The Department of public health has newly completed a major curriculum by general
management. Several circumstances impelled an intense develop of the new degree offerings,
and resulted in develop to the curriculum that had been essentially for some years.
In the rapidly evolving landscape of education, the design and implementation of a robust,
dynamic, and relevant curriculum is paramount. A well-constructed curriculum serves as the
foundation for effective teaching and learning, ensuring that students acquire the necessary
knowledge, skills, and competencies to thrive in an ever-changing world. This introduction aims
to provide a comprehensive overview of the principles, processes, and objectives that underpin
the development of a new curriculum and course offerings.
The traditional education model, while effective in its time, often struggles to keep pace with the
demands of modern society. Technological advancements, shifts in the job market, and new
understandings of how students learn necessitate a continuous reevaluation and updating of
educational content and methods. A forward-thinking curriculum addresses these challenges by
incorporating contemporary knowledge, embracing innovative teaching strategies, and fostering
critical thinking and problem-solving skills
The primary objective of the this curriculum is to equip students with the knowledge, skills, and
attitudes necessary to navigate and contribute to an increasingly complex world.
Specific goals include:
Promoting Critical Thinking: Encouraging students to analyze, evaluate, and create
new ideas.
Enhancing Communication Skills: Developing students' ability to articulate their
thoughts clearly and effectively.
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Fostering Collaboration: Teaching students to work effectively in teams and appreciate
diverse perspectives.
Cultivating Digital Literacy: Ensuring students are proficient in using technology
responsibly and effectively.
Encouraging Lifelong Learning: Instilling a love for learning that persists beyond
formal education
When the current public health curriculum was designed, attempt was made to integrate
suggestions from various stakeholders. Suggestion from these sources indicated that new
communication and leadership skills would be desirable.
Among the lessons acquired through benchmarking is the development of curriculum by using
the Balanced Scorecard (BSC) Model developed by Kaplan and Norton (1996).
BSC addresses four value drivers of organizational performance which graduates are expected to
manage in the future, namely:
1. Financial perspective
2. Customer/Stakeholders perspective
3. Internal process perspective
4. Learning and Growth (future) perspective
THE BALANCED SCORECARD AND ITS FOUR PERSPECTIVES
The Balanced Scorecard Framework
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(Pats)
How do we look to our

Customer:
(Outside) (Inside)
Balanced
How do our
scorecar At what
Customers
d business
see us?
processes
Learning & Growth:
(Future)
Can we continue to
improve & create
(Adapted from Kaplan & Norton, 1992.p.72)
The Business Core
The Business Core is typically a set of courses in the curriculum of many business schools which
provides the student with a breadth of knowledge across all business disciplines. This business
core achieves the desired objective of breadth of coverage. BSC is used as a model due to:
In curricula setting BSC provides a flexible, integrative, and unifying theme upon which
the business core can be built.
It strikes ―the balance between short- and long-term objectives, between financial and
non-financial measures, between lagging and leading indicators, and between external
and internal performance perspectives‖ (Kaplan & Norton, 1996,p. viii)
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Based on BSC model the following business core course areas have been identified.
Accounting and Internal Learning and

Customer/Stakeholders
Finance Operations Growth/Future
 Marketing  Accounting  Organization in  Information

principles perspectives Literacy
 Sustainability
 Principle of  Management  Learning
 Environmental
finance theories Organizations
impact
 Finance  Operations  Intellectual/human
 Diversity
Reporting Management Capital
 Social Justice  Quantitative  Organizational
analysis Capital
 Customer Behavior
 Legal
 Ethical Marketing
environment,
Ethical Issues
2. RATIONALE OF THE PROGRAM

The rationale behind developing public health curriculum was thoroughly explained as follows.
Plan, implement and evaluate public health interventions programs at Health Care settings.
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Collect, document, process, analyze, and disseminate health information
Participating in health promotion, prevention and control of diseases
Provide curative and rehabilitative services
Provide early diagnosis, basic treatment and referral of difficult cases
Provide comprehensive outpatient and inpatient services.
Perform minor surgical and obstetric procedures
Perform medical diagnostic and therapeutic procedures
Mobilize individuals, families and communities for different public health activities
Undertake operational health researches and involve in data management process
Organize and participate to prevent and control disaster and emergency situations
3. OBJECTIVES OF THE PROGRAM

Here are the key objectives:
 To produce competent Public Health professionals who undertake promotive, preventive,

curative and rehabilitative services including management and implementation of PHC
services compatible to the needs of the population
4. GRADUATES’ PROFILE
The program is aimed at producing graduates that can have adequate knowledge, skills and
attitude towards application of PH concepts.
5. PROFESSIONAL AND PROGRAM PROFILE

 Professional Profile
The PHO should enable the graduate to acquire both theoretical knowledge and practical know-
how pertinent to PHO profession so that will be competent nationally and internationally.
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6. ADMISSION REQUIREMENT
After a successful completion of preparatory program:
 As per the regulations of Ministry of Education of South Sudan,
 As per the senate legislation of the SI university, or
 A pass in entrance examination set by the department.
7. DURATION OF THE STUDY

The duration of the study for PH is four years.
8. MODE OF DELIVERY
The delivery system of the program is mixed mode of delivery.
9. DEGREE NOMENCLATURE
The degree offered after successful completion of its program is called:
 In English – ―Bachelor Degree of Science in PH ‖
10. GRADUATION REQUIREMENT

Graduate students will be awarded the ―Bachelor Degree PH‖ if they fulfill the following
requirements:
 A minimum credit hour of 176 hrs.

 A minimum Cumulative Grade point Average of 2.00
 No Fx, F, NG, I, in any course and
 Compliance with the regulation of the SI University
11. COURSE STRUCTURE

The SIU Committee has observed that the framework provided by various higher institutions is
worthwhile to consider as a framework. Thus we have agreed that our courses can be structured
as:
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 General Foundation Courses – courses offered to PH department as basic know-how
for core courses.
 Core Courses – Major area courses that reflect the core objective of the program.
 Supportive Course – Courses that will provide support for core courses.
12. COURSE CODING

Course code:
 BPH represents core courses.
13. TEACHING AND LEARNING METHODS

The program’s teaching and learning process include a variety of instructional strategies to
accommodate various students learning style and provides opportunities that will help students to
construct their understanding of the concepts and practices of the respective courses involved.
The teaching will be inquiry oriented and is aimed at developing students’ greater independence
as individual thinkers and as individuals who are capable to work independently and with
groups.
The program uses various types of teaching and learning methods appropriate to each course.
The method may use one or more of the following as deemed appropriate.
 Lectures
 Debates and Discussion
 Simulations
 Term Paper (S)
 Industry visit/community based program
 Role Playing
 Research Projects
 Case Studies
 Computer Lab Work
 Presentation
 Problem based learning
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 Book Review
16. ASSESSMENT POLICIES AND TECHNIQUES

Student work is assessed, continuously throughout the semester through examinations, quizzes,
research and writing assignments, projects and participation in class discussions. Final exams
and/or projects typically comprise about 50 percent of the final grade for a course.
17. GRADING SYSTEM

Corresponding Fixe
Exc Status Description
Class Description
d Number Grade
Corresponding
Raw Mark Interval-[100 %]

Letter Grade
[90,100 ] 4.0 +
elle
A
Fir
eat
cla
dis
Gr
tin
wi
nt
th
ss
st
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[85, 90) 4.0 A
[80, 85) 3.75 -

A
Distincti
[75, 80) 3.5 B
Good
Very
class
First
with
on
[70, 75) 3.0 B
First class
-
Good
[65, 70) 2.75 B
[60, 65) 2.5 +

C
Second Class
Unsatisf Satisfactory
[50, 60) 2.0 C
[45, 50) 1.75 C-
actory
Lower
Class
[40,45) 1.0 D
Lowest Lower
Class
Very
Poor
[0,40) 0 F
Class
Fail
14. RESOURCE REQUIREMENT

 Teaching staff
The quality of teaching is one of the most determinant factors for excellence of the program. The
current status of teaching staff is inadequate in terms of quantity & quality to run the program.
Hence there is an urgent need to overcome the inadequacy. To effectively run program, the
department needs sufficient and qualified teaching staff. Towards this end, the program is
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recommended to have 70% PhD and 30% second degree holders. Given that the intake of
students in the department is to increase, the staff size requirement need also to correspond.
Academic Staff profile
The staff profiles of the Business Administration and Management program of the Department are
as below
No Name Sex Nationality Academic Area of Specialization Remarks

Rank
1. --- Phd MPH
2. --- MSc. “
3. --- MSc. “
 Library and facilities

The success of this curriculum highly depends on sufficient provision of the service of the
library. Therefore, the library facility needs to fit the curriculum demand.
Other facilities like computer laboratory, information technology facilities, office facilities, etc.,
are required to implement this curriculum as designed.
19. QUALITY ASSURANCE

To assure the quality and the success of the program the department will:
 Adopt good planning, monitoring and evaluation of activities and academic programs.
 Monitors its program through getting feedback from employer’s students, alumni,
teachers and other stakeholders
 Develop its staff members and design an attractive compensation packages to retain
qualified and experienced staff.
 Update its resource and facilities
 The curriculum should be subject to revision when need arises
 Assures students’ involvement in both theoretical and practical activities.
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 Establishing committees (curriculum standards review committee, examination and grade
review committee, research and publication committee and staff development committee)
working for assuring quality.
20. CLASS SIZE

To assure the continuous assessment policy the optimal class size should be:
 For Lecture type courses – 40 students per class

 For lab based courses – 25 students per class
COURSE DESCRIPTION & OUTLINE FOR CORE COURSES

Bachelor Science Degree Public Health
First year 1st semester
Course Outline: Natural Resources of South Sudan
Course Title: Natural Resources of South Sudan

Course Code: BPH 111
Course Level: Undergraduate
Course Duration: 16 weeks
Credits: 3 hrs.
Instructor:
Prerequisite courses: No prerequisite
Course Description:
This course provides an in-depth examination of the natural resources of South Sudan, exploring
their types, distribution, economic significance, and the challenges associated with their
management and conservation. Students will gain an understanding of the environmental, socio-
economic, and political aspects that influence the utilization of these resources.
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Course Objectives:
 To understand the types and distribution of natural resources in South Sudan.

 To evaluate the economic importance of these resources.
 To analyze the challenges and opportunities in the management of natural resources.
 To study the environmental and socio-economic impacts of resource exploitation.
 To propose sustainable management practices for natural resources.
Chapter Outline
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO SOUTH SUDAN NATURAL RESOURCES
1.1 Definition and Classification of Natural Resources

1.1.1 Renewable and Non-Renewable Resources
1.1.2 Biotic and Abiotic Resources
1.2 Overview of Natural Resources in South Sudan
1.3 Geographic and Environmental Context
1.4 Historical Context
1.5 Pre and Post-Independence Resource Utilization
CHAPTER 2: WATER RESOURCES
2.1 Major River Systems

2.2.1 The Nile and its Tributaries
2.2 Lakes and Wetlands
2.2.1 Sudd Wetland
2.3 Groundwater Resources
2.4 Uses of Water Resources
2.4.1 Agriculture, Domestic, Industrial
2.4.2 Challenges in Water Resource Management
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2.5 Pollution, Overuse, Climate Change
CHAPTER 3: MINERAL RESOURCES
3.1 Major Minerals

3.1.1 Oil, Gold, Copper, and Others
3.2 Geological Distribution
3.2.1 Oil Fields, Mining Sites
3.3 Economic Significance
3.3.1 Contribution to GDP, Employment
3.4 Extraction and Processing
3.4.1 Techniques, Environmental Impact
4 Regulatory Framework
CHAPTER 4: FOREST RESOURCES
4.1 Types of Forests

4.1.1 Rainforests, Savanna Woodlands
4.2 Biodiversity
4.2.1 Flora and Fauna
4.3 Economic and Ecological Importance
4.3.1 Timber, Non-Timber Products, Ecosystem Services
4.4 Deforestation and Conservation Issues
CHAPTER 5: AGRICULTURAL RESOURCES
4.1 Types of Agriculture

4.1.2 Subsistence, Commercial
4.2 Major Crops and Livestock
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4.1.3 Sorghum, Millet, Maize, Cattle
4.3 Land Use and Soil Fertility
4.4 Challenges in Agriculture
4.5 Climate Change, Conflicts, Pests
CHAPTER 6: WILDLIFE AND FISHERIES RESOURCES
6.1 Biodiversity Hotspots

 National Parks, Wildlife Reserves
6.2 Key Species
 Elephants, Lions, Fish Species
6.3 Economic and Cultural Importance
 Tourism, Indigenous Practices
6,4 Conservation Efforts
 Anti-Poaching, Sustainable Fishing
CHAPTER 7: ENERGY RESOURCES
7.1 Types of Energy Resources

 Hydropower, Solar, Biomass
7.2 Current Energy Infrastructure
 Power Plants, Grids
7.3 Potential for Renewable Energy
 Solar Potential, Bioenergy
7.4 Challenges in Energy Sector
 Infrastructure Development, Access, Policy
EVALUATION SCHEME
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 Continuous Assessment 20%
 Midterm exam 30%
 Project work 20%
 Final Exam 30%
References:
 Haysom, S., & Kane, S. (2014). "The Political Economy of Resource Trafficking in
South Sudan." Overseas Development Institute.
 Deng, D. K. (2015). "Oil and Sustainable Peace in South Sudan." South Sudan Law
Society.
 UNEP (2013). "Environmental Assessment of the Sudd Wetland."
 World Bank (2019). "South Sudan: Country Water Resources Assistance Strategy."
 International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) (2018). "Renewable Energy in South
Sudan."
 Ministry of Energy and Dams, South Sudan (2020). "National Energy Policy."
 Global Witness (2018). "Beyond Compliance: South Sudan Oil Sector and the Need for
Strong Government Institutions."
 US Geological Survey (2020). "Mineral Resources of South Sudan."
 African Wildlife Foundation (2021). "Wildlife Conservation in South Sudan."
 UNEP (2016). "State of the Environment in South Sudan."
 Food and Agriculture Organization (2010). "Global Forest Resources Assessment: South
Sudan."
 Ministry of Environment and Forestry, South Sudan (2021). "National Forest Policy."
 FAO (2019). "Agricultural Development and Food Security in South Sudan."
 World Food Programme (2020). "South Sudan: Agriculture and Livelihoods."

Bachelor Science Degree Public Health
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Course Outline: Communication Skills
Course Title: Communication Skills
Credits: 3 hrs.
Instructor:
Course Description:
This course provides a comprehensive understanding of the principles and practices of effective
communication. It covers both verbal and non-verbal communication skills, active listening,
interpersonal communication, public speaking, and professional writing. The course aims to
enhance students' ability to communicate effectively in various contexts, including personal,
academic, and professional settings.
Course Objectives:
 To understand the fundamentals of communication processes.
 To develop effective verbal and non-verbal communication skills.
 To improve active listening and feedback abilities.
 To enhance interpersonal communication and relationship-building skills.
 To master public speaking and presentation techniques.
 To refine professional writing skills, including emails, reports, and proposals.
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO COMMUNICATION
1.1 Definition and Importance of Communication

1.2 Types of Communication
1.3 Communication Process and Models
CHAPTER 2: INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION
2.1 Building Interpersonal Relationships

2.2 Effective Listening Skills
2.3 Empathy and Emotional Intelligence
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CHAPTER 3: NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION
3.1 Understanding Body Language

3.2 Facial Expressions and Gestures
3.3 Paralanguage and Proxemics
CHAPTER 4: VERBAL COMMUNICATION
4.1 Elements of Verbal Communication

4.2 Language and Meaning
4.3 Effective Speaking and Conversation Techniques
CHAPTER 5: WRITTEN COMMUNICATION
5.1 Principles of Effective Writing

5.2 Business and Professional Writing
5.3 Email and Digital Communication Etiquette
CHAPTER 6: COMMUNICATION IN GROUPS AND TEAMS
6.1 Group Dynamics and Roles

6.2 Team Communication Strategies
6.3 Conflict Resolution in Teams
CHAPTER 7: CROSS-CULTURAL COMMUNICATION
7.1 Cultural Differences in Communication

7.2 Intercultural Competence
7.3 Overcoming Communication Barriers
CHAPTER 8: DIGITAL COMMUNICATION
8.1 The Role of Social Media in Communication

8.2 Digital Communication Tools and Platforms
8.3 Ethics and Etiquette in Digital Communication
EVALUATION SCHEME
 Participation and attendance: 10%
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 Role-playing and listening exercises: 20%
 Group discussions and case studies: 20%
 Speech delivery practice: 20%
 Final Exam 30%
References:
 Jenkins, H., Ford, S., & Green, J. (2018). Spreadable Media: Creating Value and
Meaning in a Networked Culture. NYU Press.
 McQuail, D. (2010). McQuail's Mass Communication Theory. Sage Publications.
 Beebe, S. A., & Masterson, J. T. (2015). Communicating in Small Groups: Principles
and Practices. Pearson.
 Tuckman, B. W. (1965). "Developmental Sequence in Small Groups". Psychological
Bulletin.
 Adler, R. B., & Elmhorst, J. M. (2012). Communicating at Work: Principles and
Practices for Business and the Professions. McGraw-Hill Education
 Berlo, D. K. (1960). The Process of Communication: An Introduction to Theory and
Practice. Holt, Rinehart, and Winston.
 DeVito, J. A. (2019). The Interpersonal Communication Book. Pearson.
 Goleman, D. (2006). Emotional Intelligence: Why It Can Matter More Than IQ. Bantam
Books.
 Pease, A., & Pease, B. (2004). The Definitive Book of Body Language. Bantam
 Knapp, M. L., Hall, J. A., & Horgan, T. G. (2013). Nonverbal Communication in Human
Interaction. Cengage Learnin
 Seiler, W. J., & Beall, M. L. (2010). Communication: Making Connections. Pearson.
 Lucas, S. E. (2014). The Art of Public Speaking. McGraw-Hill Education.
 Alred, G. J., Brusaw, C. T., & Oliu, W. E. (2015). The Business Writer's Handbook.
Bedford/St. Martin's.
 Strunk, W., & White, E. B. (2000). The Elements of Style. Longman.
 Hofstede, G. (2010). Cultures and Organizations: Software of the Mind. McGraw-Hill
Education.
 Ting-Toomey, S. (2012). Communicating Across Cultures. The Guilford Press.
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Bachelor Science Degree in Public Health
Course Outline: Introduction to Public Health
Course Title: Introduction to Public Health
Credits: 3 hrs.
Instructor:
Course Description:
Introduction to Public Health provides an overview of the foundational principles and practices
in public health. It examines the social, economic, and environmental factors influencing health
outcomes at the population level. Students explore the history, organization, and core functions
of public health systems globally. The course emphasizes disease prevention, health promotion,
epidemiology, environmental health, and healthcare disparities.
Course Objectives:
1. Understand Public Health Concepts: Define public health, its core functions, and the
role of public health agencies.
2. Explore Health Determinants: Examine the social determinants of health and their
impact on population health outcomes.
3. Study Epidemiology: Introduce basic epidemiological methods and their application in
understanding disease distribution and control.
4. Examine Environmental Health: Investigate environmental factors affecting public
health, including pollution, sanitation, and occupational health.
5. Promote Health Equity: Analyze healthcare disparities based on socioeconomic status,
race, ethnicity, and geography.
6. Discuss Global Health Issues: Explore global health challenges, infectious diseases, and
international health regulations.
7. Introduce Health Policy: Understand the role of policy in public health interventions
and health promotion strategies.
8. Apply Public Health Interventions: Discuss examples of successful public health
interventions and their impact on community health.
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9. Critical Thinking in Public Health: Develop critical thinking skills to evaluate public
health research, policies, and ethical considerations.
10. Prepare for Public Health Careers: Explore career opportunities in public health and
related fields, including epidemiology, health education, and health administration.
Introduction to Public Health: Course Outline
1. Introduction to Public Health

o Definition and scope of public health
o Historical perspectives and evolution
2. Public Health and Epidemiology
o Basics of epidemiology
o Disease surveillance and outbreak investigation
3. Biostatistics in Public Health
o Basic concepts in biostatistics
o Data collection and analysis in public health
4. Environmental Health
o Environmental determinants of health
o Environmental epidemiology and risk assessment
5. Social and Behavioral Sciences in Public Health
o Social determinants of health
o Health behavior theories and interventions
6. Health Policy and Management
o Policy development and analysis in public health
o Healthcare systems and management
7. Global Health
o Global health challenges and disparities
o International health organizations and policies
8. Health Promotion and Disease Prevention
o Strategies for health promotion
o Screening and preventive services
9. Public Health Ethics and Law
o Ethical principles in public health
o Legal foundations and regulations
10. Emerging Issues in Public Health
o Current and future trends in public health
o Innovations and challenges
EVALUATION SCHEME

 Final Exam 30%
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References:
 "Introduction to Public Health" by Mary-Jane Schneider

 "Public Health: What It Is and How It Works" by Bernard J. Turnock
 "Essentials of Epidemiology in Public Health" by Ann Aschengrau and George R. Seage
III

Course Outline: Basic Mathematics for Public Health
Course Title: Basic Mathematics for Public Health
Credits: 3 hrs.
Instructor:
Course Description:
The course introduces fundamental mathematical principles and techniques essential for
analyzing and interpreting data in public health contexts. It focuses on developing quantitative
skills necessary for understanding epidemiological studies, health statistics, and policy analysis.
Course Objectives:
1. Foundational Mathematical Skills: Develop basic mathematical competencies required

for public health analysis, including arithmetic operations, algebraic manipulations, and
statistical calculations.
2. Data Interpretation: Learn to interpret and analyze health data using mathematical tools
such as percentages, ratios, rates, and graphical representations.
3. Probability and Statistics: Understand probability theory and statistical methods used in
public health research, including probability distributions, hypothesis testing, and
correlation analysis.
4. Epidemiological Applications: Apply mathematical models to epidemiological studies,
including disease prevalence, incidence rates, risk assessment, and outcome
measurement.
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5. Healthcare Economics: Explore mathematical techniques for healthcare financing and
cost-benefit analysis in public health interventions.
6. Policy Evaluation: Use quantitative methods to evaluate public health policies and
interventions, assessing their effectiveness and impact on population health.
7. Critical Thinking and Problem Solving: Develop critical thinking skills to address
public health challenges through mathematical reasoning and problem-solving.
8. Communication of Results: Effectively communicate mathematical findings and
interpretations to public health professionals and stakeholders.
9. Ethical Considerations: Understand ethical considerations related to the use of
mathematical models and data in public health research and policy.
10. Integration with Public Health Practice: Bridge theoretical knowledge with practical
applications in public health practice, emphasizing the role of mathematics in evidence-
based decision-making
1. Introduction to Mathematical Concepts

o Overview of basic mathematical operations
o Number systems and sets
o Algebraic expressions and equations
2. Statistical Methods in Public Health
o Descriptive statistics: measures of central tendency and dispersion
o Probability theory and distributions
o Inferential statistics: hypothesis testing and confidence intervals
3. Epidemiological Measures
o Rates, ratios, and proportions
o Standardization techniques
o Measures of association (e.g., relative risk, odds ratio)
4. Biostatistics Applications
o Parametric vs. non-parametric tests
o Regression analysis: linear and logistic regression
o Survival analysis and time-to-event data
5. Mathematical Modeling in Public Health
o Introduction to modeling techniques (e.g., compartmental models)
o Simulation methods in epidemiology
o Case studies and practical applications
6. Health Data Management and Analysis
o Data collection methods and quality assurance
o Data visualization techniques
o Use of software tools (e.g., R, SPSS, Excel) for analysis
7. Ethical Considerations in Data Analysis
o Privacy, confidentiality, and data security
o Ethical issues in interpreting and reporting data
EVALUATION SCHEME

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 Final Exam 30%
References:
 Bland, M. (2000). An Introduction to Medical Statistics (Oxford Medical Publications).

 Pagano, M., & Gauvreau, K. (2018). Principles of Biostatistics (2nd ed.). Cengage
Learning.
 Kirkwood, B. R., & Sterne, J. A. C. (2003). Essential Medical Statistics (2nd ed.).
Blackwell Science.
 Kleinbaum, D. G., Kupper, L. L., & Nizam, A. (2013). Applied Regression Analysis and
Other Multivariable Methods (5th ed.). Cengage Learning.
 Hosmer, D. W., Lemeshow, S., & Sturdivant, R. X. (2013). Applied Logistic Regression
(3rd ed.). John Wiley & Sons

Course Outline: Introduction to Bookkeeping & Accounting I
Course Title: Introduction to Bookkeeping & Accounting I
Course Code: BPH 11
Credits: 3 hrs.
Instructor:
Course Description:
This course provides an introduction to the fundamental principles and practices of bookkeeping
and accounting. Students will learn the basics of recording financial transactions, creating
financial statements, and understanding the role of bookkeeping in business operations.
Emphasis is placed on developing foundational skills necessary for accurate and systematic
financial record-keeping.
Course Objectives:
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 Understand Basic Accounting Concepts: Introduce students to the fundamental principles
of accounting, including the accounting equation, double-entry system, and accrual vs.
cash basis accounting.
 Develop Bookkeeping Skills: Equip students with practical skills in recording financial
transactions, maintaining journals, and preparing ledger accounts.
 Prepare Financial Statements: Teach students how to compile basic financial statements
such as the income statement, balance sheet, and statement of cash flows.
 Apply Accounting Software: Introduce students to basic accounting software for
recording transactions and generating financial reports.
 Understand Business Implications: Illustrate the importance of accurate bookkeeping in
decision-making, financial analysis, and compliance with regulatory requirements
Chapter Outline
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO BOOKKEEPING

1.1 Overview of Bookkeeping vs. Accounting
1.2 Importance of Bookkeeping in Business
1.3 Basic Bookkeeping Principles
CHAPTER 2: FUNDAMENTAL ACCOUNTING CONCEPTS
2.1 Accounting Equation
2.2 Types of Accounts
2.3 Double-Entry Accounting System
CHAPTER 3: RECORDING FINANCIAL TRANSACTIONS
3.1 Source Documents and their Importance
3.2 Journal Entries
3.3 Posting to Ledger Accounts
CHAPTER 4: THE TRIAL BALANCE
4.1 pose and Preparation
4.2 Correcting Errors
CHAPTER 5: ADJUSTING ENTRIES
5.1 Types of Adjusting Entries (Accruals, Deferrals)
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5.2 Preparation of Adjusted Trial Balance
CHAPTER 6: FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
6.1 Income Statement
6.2 Balance Sheet
6.3 Statement of Cash Flows
CHAPTER 7: CLOSING ENTRIES AND POST-CLOSING TRIAL BALANCE
7.1 Purpose of Closing Entries
7.2 Preparation of Post-Closing Trial Balance
Assessment Methods
Techniques of evaluation Weight
Test 1 10%
Test 2 10%
Quiz 5%
Individual assignment 10%
Group assignment 15%
Final Exam 50%
Total 100%
References
 Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB). (Year). Title of the standard. Publisher.
 American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA). (Year). Title of the
publication. Publisher.
 Author, A. A. (Year). Title of the book. Publisher.
Course Outline: Public Health and Disease Epidemiology
Course Title: Public Health and Disease Epidemiology
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Credits: 3 hrs.
Instructor:
Course Description:
This course examines diseases that pose significant public health challenges. It explores their
epidemiology, transmission dynamics, prevention strategies, and the societal impacts of these
diseases. Special attention is given to disease surveillance, outbreak investigation, and public
health interventions.
Course Objectives:
1. Understanding Disease Epidemiology: Learn about the distribution and determinants of

diseases within populations.
2. Transmission Dynamics: Explore how diseases spread, including modes of transmission
and factors influencing outbreaks.
3. Prevention and Control Strategies: Study strategies for disease prevention, including
vaccination, vector control, sanitation, and health education.
4. Impact on Public Health: Analyze the social, economic, and health impacts of diseases
on communities and societies.
5. Disease Surveillance and Monitoring: Understand the importance of surveillance
systems in early detection, monitoring trends, and guiding public health responses.
6. Outbreak Investigation: Gain skills in investigating disease outbreaks, including case
identification, contact tracing, and implementing control measures.
7. Public Health Interventions: Evaluate the effectiveness of interventions such as
quarantine, isolation, and behavioral change programs.
8. Legal and Ethical Issues: Discuss legal and ethical considerations in disease control,
including privacy, informed consent, and quarantine laws.
9. Global and Local Perspectives: Compare disease challenges and responses across
different regions and countries, emphasizing global health disparities and international
collaboration.
10. Emerging and Re-emerging Diseases: Examine factors contributing to the emergence
and re-emergence of diseases, such as globalization, climate change, and antimicrobial
resistance.
Chapter Outline
1. Introduction to Public Health and Disease Epidemiology

o Definition and scope of public health
o Concepts of disease epidemiology
2. Infectious Diseases
o Overview of infectious disease transmission
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oMajor types of infectious diseases (bacterial, viral, parasitic)
oCase studies: HIV/AIDS, malaria, tuberculosis
3. Non-communicable Diseases (NCDs)
o Types and risk factors (cardiovascular diseases, cancer, diabetes)
o Prevention and control strategies
4. Emerging and Re-emerging Diseases
o Factors contributing to emergence
o Examples: Zika virus, Ebola, COVID-19
5. Environmental Health and Diseases
o Impact of environmental factors on health
o Waterborne and foodborne diseases
6. Global Health Security and Epidemic Preparedness
o International health regulations
o Role of WHO and other global health organizations
7. Social Determinants of Health
o Influence of socio-economic factors on disease burden
o Health equity and access to healthcare
8. Public Health Interventions
o Vaccination programs
o Disease surveillance and outbreak response
o Health education and promotion
Assessment Methods
Test 1 10%
Test 2 10%
Quiz 5%
Final Exam 50%
Total 100%
References:
 "Control of Communicable Diseases Manual" by David L. Heymann et al.

 "Global Health 101" by Richard Skolnik
 "Principles of Epidemiology in Public Health Practice" by CDC
 "Essential Public Health: Theory and Practice" by Stephen Gillam and Jan Yates
 "Global Health: Diseases, Programs, Systems, and Policies" by Michael H. Merson et
al.

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Course Outline: Introduction to Computer skills
Course Title: Introduction to Computer skills
Credits: 3 hrs.
Instructor:
Course Description:
This course provides an introductory overview of computer systems, focusing on both hardware
and software components. Students learn practical skills essential for using computers effectively
in various contexts. Topics may include computer hardware components, operating systems,
software applications, internet basics, and an introduction to programming concepts.
Course Objectives:
1. Understanding Computer Basics:

o Identify and describe the basic components of a computer system (hardware and
software).
o Explain the function and interaction of hardware components like CPU, memory,
storage devices, etc.
o Describe different types of software (system software vs. application software).
2. Operating Systems:
o Understand the purpose and functions of an operating system.
o Navigate and perform basic operations using a graphical user interface (GUI).
o Manage files and folders, perform simple tasks using the operating system.
3. Software Applications:
o Identify common software applications used in personal and professional settings
(e.g., word processing, spreadsheets, presentation software).
o Use software applications to create, edit, and format documents, spreadsheets, and
presentations.
4. Internet and Communication:
o Understand the basics of internet connectivity and web browsing.
o Demonstrate safe and responsible use of the internet and online resources.
o Use email and other communication tools effectively.
5. Introduction to Programming:
o Introduce basic programming concepts such as variables, data types, control
structures (e.g., loops, conditionals).
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o
Write simple programs to solve basic problems.
6. Computer Security and Privacy:
o Identify common security threats and basic practices for computer security.
o Understand principles of data privacy and ethical considerations related to
computer use.
7. Practical Skills:
o Develop practical skills in using computers for everyday tasks and academic
purposes.
o Apply knowledge gained to solve practical problems encountered in computer
use.
8. Critical Thinking and Problem Solving:
o Develop critical thinking skills through analysis of computer-related issues and
challenges.
o Solve problems related to computer hardware, software, and applications
effectively.
9. Ethical and Social Considerations:
o Discuss ethical issues related to computer use, including copyright, intellectual
property rights, and digital citizenship.
o Understand the social impact of technology and computers on individuals and
society.
10. Future Trends and Innovations:
o Explore emerging trends in computer technology and their potential impact on
society and everyday life.
o Discuss future career paths and opportunities in the field of computer science and
technology
Course Outline
1. Introduction to Computing
o Overview of computers and their evolution
o Basic components of a computer system
o Classification of computers
2. Computer Hardware
o Central Processing Unit (CPU) and memory
o Input and output devices
o Storage devices
3. Software and Operating Systems
o Types of software: system software vs. application software
o Introduction to operating systems (e.g., Windows, macOS, Linux)
4. Computer Networks
o Basics of computer networks
o Types of networks: LAN, WAN, WLAN
o Introduction to the Internet and its services
5. Data Representation and Digital Logic
o Binary number system
o ASCII and Unicode encoding
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o
Boolean algebra and logic gates
6. Programming Concepts
o Introduction to algorithms and flowcharts
o Basics of programming languages: procedural vs. object-oriented
7. Computer Security and Ethics
o Overview of computer security threats
o Ethical considerations in computing
8. Applications of Computers
o Introduction to productivity software (e.g., word processing, spreadsheet)
o Computer-aided design (CAD) and multimedia applications
Assessment Methods
Test 1 10%
Test 2 10%
Quiz 5%
Final Exam 50%
Total 100%
References:
 "Computer Concepts" by Parsons/Oja/Beskeen/Cram/Duffy.

 "Introduction to Computers" by Peter Norton.
 "Computers Are Your Future" by Catherine LaBerta
First year Semester II

First year second semester
Course Outline: General Chemistry and Physics
Course Title: General Chemistry and Physics
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Credits: 3 hrs.
Instructor:
Course Description: General Chemistry and Physics typically cover fundamental principles in
both disciplines, providing a foundational understanding of chemical reactions, atomic structure,
thermodynamics, mechanics, and electromagnetism. The course often includes laboratory
components to reinforce theoretical concepts through practical experiments.
Course Objectives:
1. Understand Basic Concepts: Gain a comprehensive understanding of key concepts such

as atomic structure, chemical bonding, forces, motion, energy, and waves.
2. Apply Mathematical Skills: Develop the ability to apply mathematical principles to
solve problems in chemistry and physics, including calculations involving formulas,
equations, and unit conversions.
3. Analyze and Interpret Data: Learn how to collect, analyze, and interpret experimental
data from laboratory exercises, fostering skills in scientific inquiry and critical thinking.
4. Demonstrate Experimental Techniques: Acquire proficiency in using laboratory
equipment and conducting experiments safely and effectively, while adhering to
scientific methods and protocols.
5. Communicate Scientifically: Enhance communication skills by writing lab reports and
presenting findings, demonstrating the ability to articulate scientific concepts and
conclusions effectively.
6. Explore Applications: Explore practical applications of chemistry and physics in
everyday life, technology, industry, and other scientific disciplines.
7. Develop Problem-Solving Skills: Cultivate problem-solving skills through challenging
exercises and problems that integrate theoretical knowledge with practical scenarios.
8. Understand Ethical and Safety Considerations: Appreciate the importance of ethical
conduct, safety protocols, and environmental responsibility in scientific experimentation
and research
Chapter Outline:
1. Introduction to Chemistry
o Basic concepts and definitions
o States of matter
o Atomic structure and periodicity
2. Chemical Bonding
o Ionic, covalent, and metallic bonding
o Molecular geometry and VSEPR theory
3. Chemical Reactions
o Stoichiometry
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oTypes of reactions (acid-base, redox, etc.)
oReaction rates and equilibrium
4. Thermodynamics
o Laws of thermodynamics
o Enthalpy, entropy, and Gibbs free energy
o Spontaneity and equilibrium
5. Electrochemistry
o Electrochemical cells
o Faraday's laws of electrolysis
o Applications of electrochemistry
6. Organic Chemistry
o Basic principles and nomenclature
o Functional groups and their reactions
o Introduction to biochemistry
7. Materials Chemistry
o Properties and applications of materials
o Polymers and composites
o Nanomaterials and their properties
8. Environmental Chemistry
o Chemistry of air, water, and soil
o Environmental pollutants and their control
o Green chemistry principles
1. Mechanics
o Kinematics and dynamics
o Newton's laws of motion
o Work, energy, and power
2. Thermodynamics
o Temperature and heat
o Laws of thermodynamics
o Kinetic theory of gases
3. Electromagnetism
o Electric fields and forces
o Magnetic fields and forces
o Electromagnetic induction
4. Optics
o Geometric optics
o Wave optics
o Modern optics (lasers, fiber optics)
5. Modern Physics
o Special theory of relativity
o Quantum mechanics
o Nuclear physics and radioactivity
6. Fluid Mechanics
o Properties of fluids
o Fluid statics and dynamics
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o
Applications in engineering
7. Waves and Oscillations
o Simple harmonic motion
o Waves (mechanical and electromagnetic)
o Sound waves and their properties
Assessment Methods
Test 1 10%
Test 2 10%
Quiz 5%
Final Exam 50%
Total 100%
References:
 "Chemistry: The Central Science" by Brown, LeMay, Bursten, Murphy, Woodwar

 "Principles of General Chemistry" by Martin S. Silberberg
 "Fundamentals of Physics" by Halliday, Resnick, Walke
 "University Physics" by Young and Freedma

Course Outline: General Zoology
Course Title: General Zoology
Credits: 3 hrs.
Instructor:
Course Description:
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General Zoology is an introductory course that explores the diversity of animal life and its
fundamental biological principles. The course usually covers topics such as:
 Animal Diversity: Classification and phylogenetic relationships among major animal

groups.
 Animal Structure and Function: Comparative anatomy, physiology, and adaptations of
animals.
 Animal Behavior: Ethology, instincts, learning, and social behavior among animals.
 Evolutionary Biology: Principles of evolution, adaptation, and speciation in animals.
 Ecology: Interactions between animals and their environment, including population
dynamics and community ecology.
 Conservation Biology: Human impact on animal populations and habitats, conservation
strategies.
Course Objectives:
1. Understanding Animal Diversity: Students will learn to classify animals based on

morphological and molecular characteristics, and understand the evolutionary
relationships among different animal groups.
2. Exploring Animal Structure and Function: Students will examine the anatomy and
physiology of animals, focusing on how form relates to function in various organisms.
3. Studying Animal Behavior: The course aims to introduce students to the principles of
animal behavior, including mechanisms of behavior, communication, and social
interactions.
4. Examining Evolutionary Biology: Students will explore how natural selection and other
evolutionary mechanisms have shaped the diversity of animal life over time.
5. Analyzing Ecological Interactions: Understanding the ecological roles of animals, their
interactions with other organisms, and their adaptations to different environments.
6. Promoting Conservation Awareness: The course often includes discussions on human
impacts on animal populations and habitats, and conservation strategies to mitigate these
effects.
COURSE OUTLINE:
1. Introduction to Zoology
o Definition and scope of zoology
o History of zoology
o Importance of studying zoology
2. Cell Biology and Histology
o Cell structure and function
o Tissue types and organization
3. Animal Diversity
o Classification systems (e.g., Linnaean, cladistics)
o Protists and the origin of multicellularity
o Evolutionary trends in animal diversity
4. Invertebrate Zoology
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o
Study of major invertebrate phyla
o
Morphology, anatomy, and physiology of selected invertebrates
o
Ecological roles and economic importance of invertebrates
5. Vertebrate Zoology
o Overview of vertebrate classes (fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals)
o Comparative anatomy and physiology
o Adaptations to terrestrial, aquatic, and aerial environments
6. Behavioral Ecology
o Animal behavior: ethology and behavioral ecology
o Mechanisms of behavior (instinct, learning, communication)
o Evolutionary perspectives on behavior
7. Ecology and Conservation
o Population ecology and community ecology
o Ecosystem dynamics and biodiversity
o Conservation biology and global environmental issues
8. Laboratory Practicum
o Hands-on study of specimens
o Experimental techniques in zoology
o Data collection and analysis
Assessment Methods
Test 1 10%
Test 2 10%
Quiz 5%
Final Exam 50%
Total 100%
References:
 Hickman, C. P., Roberts, L. S., Keen, S. L., Larson, A., & Eisenhour, D. J. (2016).
Integrated Principles of Zoology. McGraw-Hill Education.
 Ruppert, E. E., Fox, R. S., & Barnes, R. D. (2004). Invertebrate Zoology: A Functional
Evolutionary Approach. Thomson-Brooks/Cole.
 Pough, F. H., Janis, C. M., & Heiser, J. B. (2008). Vertebrate Life. Benjamin Cummings.
 Campbell, N. A., Reece, J. B., Urry, L. A., Cain, M. L., Wasserman, S. A., Minorsky, P.
V., & Jackson, R. B. (2008). Biology (8th ed.). Benjamin Cumming
Course Description:
39 | P a g e
Biostatistics I is an introductory course that focuses on the application of statistical methods to
biological and health sciences. It provides a foundation in statistical reasoning and techniques
necessary for analyzing data in fields such as medicine, public health, biology, and
environmental sciences. The course emphasizes both theoretical understanding and practical
skills in data analysis and interpretation.
Course Objectives:
1. Introduction to Statistical Concepts: Introduce basic statistical concepts and

terminology relevant to biological and health sciences.
2. Data Collection and Study Design: Discuss principles of experimental design, data
collection methods, and sampling techniques used in biological research.
3. Descriptive Statistics: Learn how to summarize and present data effectively using
measures such as central tendency, variability, and graphical methods.
4. Probability Theory: Understand fundamental concepts of probability theory and its
applications in biological contexts.
5. Statistical Inference: Introduce methods for making inferences about populations based
on sample data, including hypothesis testing and confidence intervals.
6. Regression and Correlation: Explore techniques for analyzing relationships between
variables, including linear regression and correlation analysis.
7. Analysis of Categorical Data: Learn methods for analyzing categorical data, including
chi-square tests and contingency table analysis.
8. Practical Applications: Apply statistical methods to real-world biological and health-
related datasets using statistical software (e.g., R, SPSS).
9. Critical Evaluation of Literature: Develop skills in critically evaluating statistical
methods used in research publications in biological sciences.
10. Ethical Considerations: Discuss ethical issues related to data collection, analysis, and
interpretation in biological research

Course Outline: Biostatistics I
Course Title: Biostatistics I
Credits: 3 hrs.
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1. Introduction to Biostatistics
o Definition and scope of biostatistics
o Importance in health sciences and research
2. Descriptive Statistics
o Measures of central tendency (mean, median, mode)
o Measures of dispersion (variance, standard deviation)
o Frequency distributions and graphical representation
3. Probability Theory
o Basic concepts (events, sample space, probability)
o Laws of probability (addition, multiplication, complement)
o Conditional probability and independence
4. Probability Distributions
o Discrete distributions (binomial, Poisson)
o Continuous distributions (normal, exponential)
5. Sampling Distributions
o Sampling distribution of the sample mean
o Central Limit Theorem and its implications
6. Estimation
o Point estimation (methods and properties)
o Interval estimation (confidence intervals)
7. Hypothesis Testing
o Principles of hypothesis testing
o Types of errors (Type I and Type II)
o Parametric vs. non-parametric tests
8. Comparing Means and Proportions
o t-tests (one-sample, two-sample)
o Analysis of variance (ANOVA)
o Chi-square test for independence
9. Correlation and Regression
o Pearson correlation coefficient
o Simple linear regression
o Multiple regression
10. Study Design and Sampling Methods
o Types of study designs (observational vs. experimental)
o Random sampling techniques
o Sample size determination
Assessment Methods
Test 1 10%
Test 2 10%
Quiz 5%
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Final Exam 50%
Total 100%
References
 Daniel, W. W. (2018). Biostatistics: A Foundation for Analysis in the Health Sciences

(11th ed.). Wiley.
 Pagano, M., & Gauvreau, K. (2018). Principles of Biostatistics (3rd ed.). Cengage
Learning.
 Kirkwood, B. R., & Sterne, J. A. C. (2003). Essential Medical Statistics (2nd ed.).
Blackwell Science.

Course Outline: Social Anthropology
Course Title: Social Anthropology
Credits: 3 hrs.
Course Description:
Social Anthropology explores the social and cultural aspects of human life through comparative
and ethnographic methods. It examines how societies organize themselves, create meaning, and
adapt to their environments. Topics often include kinship systems, political organization,
economic activities, religious beliefs, rituals, and cultural practices. The course may also cover
issues such as globalization, development, ethnicity, gender, and social change.
Course Objectives:
1. Understanding Cultural Diversity: To introduce students to the diversity of human

cultures, beliefs, and practices across different societies.
2. Analyzing Social Institutions: To analyze how social institutions such as family,
religion, politics, and economy function in various cultural contexts.
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3. Ethnographic Research Skills: To develop skills in ethnographic research methods,
including participant observation, interviewing, and qualitative analysis.
4. Critical Thinking: To foster critical thinking about cultural differences, social norms,
and the impact of globalization on local cultures.
5. Applying Anthropological Perspectives: To apply anthropological theories and
concepts to understand contemporary social issues and global challenges.
6. Cultural Sensitivity: To promote cultural sensitivity and awareness of ethical
considerations in anthropological research and practice.
7. Interdisciplinary Connections: To explore connections between anthropology and other
disciplines such as sociology, psychology, history, and political science
Chapter Outline
1. Introduction to Social Anthropology

o Definition, scope, and methods of social anthropology
o Historical development of the discipline
o Key concepts: culture, society, kinship, ethnicity, etc.
2. Foundations of Anthropological Thought
o Evolutionary theories (e.g., Morgan, Tylor)
o Functionalism (e.g., Malinowski, Radcliffe-Brown)
o Structuralism (e.g., Levi-Strauss)
o Interpretive and symbolic anthropology (e.g., Geertz)
3. Methods in Social Anthropology
o Ethnography: participant observation, fieldwork methods
o Interviewing techniques and qualitative data analysis
o Ethical considerations in anthropological research
4. Kinship, Family, and Marriage
o Types of kinship systems (e.g., Eskimo, Hawaiian)
o Marriage customs and rituals
o Gender roles and relationships within families
5. Economic Systems and Exchange
o Modes of production (e.g., hunter-gatherer, agricultural, industrial)
o Exchange systems (e.g., reciprocity, redistribution, market exchange)
o Globalization and its impact on local economies
6. Political Systems and Organization
o Types of political organization (e.g., bands, tribes, chiefdoms, states)
o Power, authority, and leadership
o Conflict resolution and justice systems
7. Religion, Ritual, and Belief Systems
o Functions of religion in society
o Rituals, ceremonies, and symbolic practices
o Religious change and adaptation in contemporary societies
8. Culture and Identity
o Cultural construction of identity (e.g., ethnicity, nationalism)
o Cultural hybridity and globalization
o Cultural relativism and ethnocentrism
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9. Anthropology of Development and Global Issues
o Anthropological perspectives on development
o Indigenous rights and environmental anthropology
o Migration, displacement, and diaspora studies
10. Applied Anthropology
o Medical anthropology and health systems
o Educational anthropology and learning environments
o Anthropology in policy-making and advocacy
Assessment Methods
Test 1 10%
Test 2 10%
Quiz 5%
Final Exam 50%
Total 100%
References:
 Eriksen, T. H. (2015). Small Places, Large Issues: An Introduction to Social and Cultural
Anthropology (4th ed.). Pluto Press.
 Keesing, R. M., & Strathern, A. J. (Eds.). (1998). Cultural Anthropology: A
Contemporary Perspective (4th ed.). Harcourt Brace.
 Barnard, A., & Spencer, J. (Eds.). (2016). Encyclopedia of Social and Cultural
Anthropology. Routledge.
 Geertz, C. (1973). The Interpretation of Cultures: Selected Essays. Basic Books

Course Outline: Public Health Engineering
Course Title: Public Health Engineering
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Credits: 3 hrs.
Course Description:
Public Health Engineering courses typically cover the following areas:
1. Water Supply and Sanitation: Concepts related to the provision of clean water,
sanitation facilities, and hygiene practices to prevent waterborne diseases.
2. Environmental Health: Study of environmental factors affecting public health,
including air quality, waste management, and vector control.
3. Wastewater Management: Techniques for safe disposal and treatment of wastewater to
prevent environmental contamination and health risks.
4. Health Impact Assessment: Evaluation of engineering projects and policies to assess
potential health impacts on communities.
5. Epidemiology and Disease Control: Understanding disease transmission, surveillance,
and control measures from an engineering perspective.
6. Health Infrastructure Planning: Design and management of health facilities, including
hospitals, clinics, and emergency response systems.
7. Community Health Promotion: Strategies for community engagement, education, and
empowerment to promote healthier behaviors and environments.
Course Objectives:
1. Understanding Public Health Challenges: Identify and analyze public health issues
related to water, sanitation, and environmental factors.
2. Engineering Solutions: Apply engineering principles to develop sustainable solutions
for improving public health infrastructure and services.
3. Health Impact Assessment: Conduct assessments to evaluate the potential health
impacts of engineering projects and interventions.
4. Policy and Regulation: Understand the regulatory frameworks and policies governing
public health engineering practices.
5. Community Engagement: Promote community involvement in public health initiatives
and foster partnerships with local stakeholders.
6. Technological Innovations: Explore emerging technologies and innovations in public
health engineering for more efficient and effective health interventions.
7. Global Health Perspective: Recognize global health disparities and the role of public
health engineering in addressing these challenges
Chapter Outline:
1. Introduction to Public Health Engineering

o Definition, scope, and importance of public health engineering
o Historical perspectives and evolution
2. Water Supply and Sanitation
45 | P a g e
oPrinciples of water supply and demand
oWater sources, treatment, and distribution systems
oSanitation and wastewater management
o Air quality management
o Solid waste management
o Hazardous waste management
4. Vector Control
o Control of vector-borne diseases (e.g., malaria, dengue)
o Integrated vector management approaches
5. Food Safety and Hygiene
o Principles of food safety
o Foodborne diseases and their prevention
o Food hygiene practices
6. Environmental Pollution
o Types and sources of environmental pollution
o Impact of pollution on public health
o Pollution control and mitigation strategies
7. Occupational Health
o Occupational hazards and risks
o Workplace safety measures
o Occupational health promotion
8. Emergency Preparedness and Response
o Disaster management in public health engineering
o Role of public health engineers in emergencies
9. Public Health Policy and Regulations
o Regulatory frameworks in public health engineering
o Policy development and implementation
Assessment Methods
Test 1 10%
Test 2 10%
Quiz 5%
Final Exam 50%
Total 100%
References:
 Giesecke, J. (2017). Modern Infectious Disease Epidemiology. CRC Press.
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 Fewtrell, L., & Bartram, J. (Eds.). (2001). Water Quality: Guidelines, Standards and
Health. IWA Publishing.
 Kassenga, G. (2007). Environmental Sanitation and Integrated Health Delivery
Programs. IWA Publishing.
 Howard, G., & Bartram, J. (2003). Domestic Water Quantity, Service Level and Health.
WHO Press.
 WHO. (2006). Environmental Health in Emergencies and Disasters: A Practical Guide.
WHO Press

Course Outline: Medical Entomology
Course Title: Medical Entomology
Credits: 3 hrs.
Course Description:
Medical Entomology explores the interactions between insects, arthropods, and human health. It
covers the identification, behavior, ecology, and control of medically important insects and
arthropods. The course emphasizes the role of these organisms in the transmission of diseases
and their impact on public health.
Course Objectives:
1. Understanding Insect Diversity: Identify and classify insects and arthropods that are
significant in medical entomology, including vectors of diseases.
2. Ecology and Behavior: Explore the ecological relationships and behaviors of medically
important insects, including their habitats, feeding habits, and lifecycle stages.
3. Disease Transmission: Study the mechanisms of disease transmission by insects and
arthropods, including vector-borne diseases like malaria, dengue fever, Lyme disease,
and others.
4. Control Strategies: Learn about various methods and strategies for controlling medically
important insects and arthropods, including chemical, biological, and integrated pest
management approaches.
5. Public Health Impact: Analyze the impact of insect-borne diseases on public health,
epidemiology, and global health security.
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6. Research and Surveillance: Understand the importance of surveillance and research in
monitoring insect populations, disease prevalence, and emerging threats.
7. Case Studies and Applications: Apply knowledge through case studies, practical
examples, and fieldwork to understand real-world applications of medical entomology.
8. Ethical and Legal Issues: Discuss ethical considerations, regulatory frameworks, and
international cooperation in managing vector-borne diseases and medical entomology
research
Chapter Outline:
1. Introduction to Medical Entomology

o Definition of medical entomology
o Importance of medical entomology in public health
2. Insect Morphology and Physiology
o Basic anatomy and physiology of insects relevant to medical entomology
o Adaptations of insects for survival and transmission of diseases
3. Classification and Identification of Medically Important Arthropods
o Major orders and families of arthropods relevant to medical entomology
o Techniques for specimen collection and identification
4. Epidemiology and Transmission of Vector-Borne Diseases
o Principles of disease transmission by arthropod vectors
o Vector-host-pathogen interactions
5. Mosquito-Borne Diseases
o Overview of diseases transmitted by mosquitoes (e.g., malaria, dengue fever, Zika
virus)
o Vector control strategies
6. Tick-Borne Diseases
o Overview of diseases transmitted by ticks (e.g., Lyme disease, Rocky Mountain
spotted fever)
o Tick biology and ecology
7. Flea and Louse-Borne Diseases
o Overview of diseases transmitted by fleas and lice (e.g., plague, typhus)
o Control measures and prevention
8. Other Arthropod Vectors
o Transmission of diseases by other arthropods (e.g., sandflies, tsetse flies)
o Global distribution and epidemiology
9. Medical Entomology and Public Health
o Role of medical entomologists in disease surveillance and control programs
o Case studies and historical perspectives
10. Emerging Issues in Medical Entomology
o Climate change and vector-borne diseases
o Resistance to insecticides and challenges in vector control
Assessment Methods
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Test 1 10%
Test 2 10%
Quiz 5%
Final Exam 50%
Total 100%
References
 Eldridge, B. F., & Edman, J. D. (2004). Medical Entomology: A Textbook on Public

Health and Veterinary Problems Caused by Arthropods. Springer Science &
Business Media.
 Service, M. W. (2012). Medical Entomology for Students. Cambridge University Press.
 Marquardt, W. C., Black, W. C., Freier, J. E., & Hagedorn, H. H. (Eds.). (2005). Biology
of Disease Vectors. Elsevier Academic Press.

Course Outline: Community Medicine
Course Title: Community Medicine
Credits: 3 hrs.
Course Description:
Community Medicine is a branch of medicine that deals with the health of populations,
communities, and groups rather than individual patients. It encompasses various aspects of
public health, epidemiology, health promotion, and disease prevention. This course provides an
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understanding of how societal, environmental, and behavioral factors influence health outcomes
on a large scale.
Course Objectives:
1. Understanding Public Health Principles: To familiarize students with the principles

and concepts of public health, including epidemiology, biostatistics, and health systems.
2. Health Promotion and Disease Prevention: To educate students on strategies and
interventions aimed at promoting health and preventing diseases at the community level.
3. Social and Behavioral Determinants of Health: To explore how social, economic,
cultural, and behavioral factors impact health disparities and outcomes within
communities.
4. Environmental Health: To examine the role of environmental factors in health and
disease, including pollution, occupational health, and environmental regulations.
5. Healthcare Delivery Systems: To study healthcare delivery systems, healthcare policies,
and their implications for population health and access to care.
6. Epidemiological Methods: To teach students basic epidemiological methods for
investigating disease outbreaks, monitoring health trends, and evaluating health
interventions.
7. Community Assessment and Needs Analysis: To enable students to conduct
community assessments, identify health needs, and develop appropriate health programs
and policies.
8. Ethics and Legal Issues in Public Health: To discuss ethical considerations and legal
frameworks relevant to public health practice and policy implementation.
9. Global Health Perspectives: To provide an understanding of global health issues,
including infectious diseases, international health policies, and humanitarian responses.
10. Interdisciplinary Collaboration: To encourage collaboration with other healthcare
professionals, policymakers, and community stakeholders to address public health
challenges effectively
Chapter Outline:
1. Introduction to Public Health

o Definition, scope, and goals of public health
o Historical development and milestones
o Public health ethics and principles
2. Epidemiology
o Basic epidemiological concepts
o Measures of disease frequency and association
o Study designs in epidemiology (observational and experimental)
o Outbreak investigation and management
3. Biostatistics
o Basic statistics and data interpretation
o Probability and sampling methods
o Statistical tests and their applications in public health
4. Environmental and Occupational Health
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o
Environmental health hazards (air, water, soil pollution)
o
Occupational health risks and safety measures
o
Disaster management and emergency preparedness
5. Health Promotion and Education
o Theories and models of health behavior change
o Communication strategies in health promotion
o Community-based participatory research
6. Maternal and Child Health
o Antenatal, intranatal, and postnatal care
o Childhood immunization programs
o Growth monitoring and nutritional interventions
7. Nutrition and Public Health
o Principles of nutrition and their applications
o Assessment of nutritional status in communities
o Strategies for addressing malnutrition
8. Healthcare Delivery Systems
o Primary health care principles and models
o Role of community health workers
o Health systems strengthening and policy development
o Principles of infection control
o Surveillance and control of communicable diseases
o Emerging infectious diseases and global health security
10. Chronic Disease Epidemiology and Control
o Epidemiology of non-communicable diseases (NCDs)
o Prevention and management of chronic conditions
o Palliative care and end-of-life issues
11. Global Health and International Health Organizations
o Key global health challenges
o Role of WHO, UNICEF, and other international organizations
o Health diplomacy and global health governance
12. Research Methods in Community Medicine
o Quantitative and qualitative research methods
o Designing and conducting community-based research
o Ethical considerations in public health research
Assessment Methods
Test 1 10%
Test 2 10%
Quiz 5%
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Final Exam 50%
Total 100%
References
 Park, K. (2019). Park's Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine. Banarsidas Bhanot
Publishers.
 Detels, R., Gulliford, M., Karim, Q. A., & Tan, C. C. (Eds.). (2019). Oxford Textbook of
Global Public Health (7th ed.). Oxford University Press.
 Bonita, R., Beaglehole, R., & Kjellström, T. (2006). Basic epidemiology (2nd ed.). World
Health Organization
Second year Semester I

Course Outline: Human Nutrition I
Course Title: Human Nutrition I
Credits: 3 hrs.
Course Description:
Human Nutrition I is an introductory course that explores the fundamental principles of nutrition
and its impact on human health. The course covers the biological, chemical, and physiological
aspects of nutrients and their role in the human body. Topics include the digestion, absorption,
metabolism, and functions of macronutrients (carbohydrates, proteins, and fats), micronutrients
(vitamins and minerals), and water. The course also addresses the dietary guidelines, nutritional
requirements at different stages of life, and the relationship between diet, health, and disease.
Students will gain an understanding of the importance of balanced nutrition for maintaining
optimal health and preventing nutritional deficiencies and chronic diseases.
Course Objectives:
1. Understanding Nutrients and Their Functions:
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oIdentify and describe the major nutrients (carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins,
minerals, and water) and their functions in the human body.
o Explain the processes of digestion, absorption, and metabolism of nutrients.
2. Nutritional Requirements and Guidelines:
o Understand the dietary guidelines and nutritional requirements for different stages
of life, including infancy, childhood, adolescence, adulthood, and old age.
o Evaluate the factors that influence individual nutritional needs, such as age,
gender, activity level, and health status.
3. Nutrition and Health:
o Analyze the relationship between diet and health, including the role of nutrition in
the prevention and management of chronic diseases such as obesity, diabetes,
cardiovascular diseases, and cancer.
o Identify the signs and symptoms of nutritional deficiencies and excesses, and
understand their health implications.
4. Food Sources and Diet Planning:
o Identify common food sources of essential nutrients and understand how to
incorporate them into a balanced diet.
o Develop skills in meal planning and dietary assessment to promote healthy eating
habits.
5. Current Issues and Trends in Nutrition:
o Explore current issues and trends in nutrition, including the impact of processed
foods, dietary supplements, and food security.
o Understand the role of nutrition education and public health initiatives in
promoting healthy eating behaviors.
6. Scientific Research and Evidence-Based Practice:
o Develop critical thinking skills to evaluate scientific research and evidence-based
guidelines related to nutrition and diet.
Chapter 1: Introduction to Human Nutrition
1. Definition and Importance of Nutrition
o Overview of nutrition and its role in health.

o Key nutrients: macronutrients and micronutrients.
2. Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs)
o Recommended dietary allowances (RDAs).

o Adequate intake (AI) and tolerable upper intake level (UL).
Chapter 2: Macronutrients
1. Carbohydrates
o Types of carbohydrates: simple and complex.
o Functions and metabolism.
o Dietary sources and recommendations.
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2. Proteins
o Amino acids: essential and non-essential.
o Protein synthesis and functions.
o Dietary sources and requirements.
3. Week 5: Lipids
o Types of lipids: fats, oils, phospholipids, and sterols.
o Functions and metabolism.
o Dietary sources and recommendations.
Chapter 3: Micronutrients
3.1 Vitamins
o Water-soluble vitamins (B-complex, C).

o Fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K).
o Functions, sources, and deficiency symptoms.
3.2 Minerals
o Major minerals (calcium, phosphorus, potassium, etc.).

o Trace minerals (iron, zinc, copper, etc.).
o Functions, sources, and deficiency symptoms.
Chapter 4: Digestion and Absorption
4.1 The Digestive System
o Anatomy and physiology of the digestive system.

o Processes of digestion and absorption.
4.2 Nutrient Transport and Metabolism
o Transport mechanisms.
o Metabolism of macronutrients and micronutrients.
Chapter 5 Nutrition Throughout the Life Cycle
1. Nutrition During Pregnancy and Lactation
o Nutritional requirements and recommendations.

o Common nutritional concerns.
2. Nutrition in Infancy and Childhood
o Nutritional needs and feeding practices.

o Growth and developmental considerations.
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3. Nutrition for Adolescents and Adults
o Nutritional needs and dietary guidelines.

o Lifestyle and dietary changes.
Chapter 6: Contemporary Nutrition Issues
1. Obesity and Weight Management

o Causes and consequences of obesity.
o Strategies for weight management.
2. Eating Disorders
o Types and symptoms of eating disorders.
o Nutritional management and treatment.
3. Food Safety and Food Security
o Principles of food safety.
o Issues related to food security and malnutrition.
Assessment Methods
Test 1 10%
Test 2 10%
Quiz 5%
Final Exam 50%
Total 100%
References:
1. Textbooks:
o Mahan, L. K., & Raymond, J. L. (2017). Krause's Food & the Nutrition Care
Process. Elsevier.
o Whitney, E., & Rolfes, S. R. (2018). Understanding Nutrition. Cengage Learning.
o Wardlaw, G. M., Smith, A. M., & Collene, A. L. (2018). Contemporary Nutrition:
A Functional Approach. McGraw-Hill Education.
2. Journal Articles:
o Mozaffarian, D., & Ludwig, D. S. (2010). Dietary guidelines in the 21st
century—a time for food. JAMA, 304(6), 681-682.
o Willett, W. C., & Stampfer, M. J. (2013). Current evidence on healthy eating.
Annual Review of Public Health, 34, 77-95.

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Course Outline: Food & Hygiene Safety I
Course Title: Food & Hygiene Safety I
Credits: 3 hr
Course Description:
This course provides an in-depth understanding of the principles and practices of food safety and
hygiene. It covers the importance of maintaining high standards in food preparation, handling,
and storage to prevent foodborne illnesses. The course emphasizes the role of hygiene in the food
industry, focusing on personal hygiene, cleaning and sanitation practices, pest control, and food
safety management systems. Students will explore the regulatory framework governing food
safety and learn about hazard analysis and critical control points (HACCP) and other food safety
protocols.
Course Objectives
By the end of this course, students will be able to:
1. Understand Food Safety Principles: Gain a comprehensive understanding of the

fundamental principles of food safety and hygiene.
2. Identify Foodborne Hazards: Identify different types of foodborne hazards, including
biological, chemical, and physical hazards, and understand how they can be controlled.
3. Implement Hygiene Practices: Demonstrate knowledge of effective personal hygiene
and sanitation practices in food handling and preparation.
4. Apply Food Safety Management Systems: Learn about and apply food safety
management systems, such as HACCP, to ensure food safety in various settings.
5. Understand Regulatory Requirements: Understand the regulatory requirements and
standards for food safety and hygiene, including local and international guidelines.
6. Conduct Risk Assessments: Conduct risk assessments to identify potential hazards in
food production and implement appropriate control measures.
7. Manage Food Safety in Different Environments: Apply food safety principles in
various environments, including commercial kitchens, food processing plants, and retail
settings.
8. Promote Food Safety Awareness: Promote awareness and understanding of food safety
and hygiene practices among colleagues and consumers.
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9. Develop Problem-Solving Skills: Develop problem-solving skills to address food safety
issues and implement corrective actions effectively.
10. Enhance Communication Skills: Enhance communication skills to effectively convey
food safety information to different stakeholders, including employees, customers, and
regulatory authorities
Chapter Outline
1. Introduction to Food Safety and Hygiene
 Definition and importance

 Historical background and evolution of food safety
 Impact of foodborne illnesses on public health
 Key concepts in food hygiene and safety
2. Foodborne Pathogens and Contaminants
 Types of foodborne pathogens (bacteria, viruses, parasites)

 Chemical contaminants (pesticides, heavy metals, food additives)
 Physical contaminants (foreign objects)
 Case studies of foodborne outbreaks
3. Principles of Food Safety Management
 Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP)

 Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points (HACCP)
 Food Safety Management Systems (FSMS)
 Risk assessment and management
4. Food Safety Regulations and Standards
 International food safety standards (Codex Alimentarius)

 National food safety regulations
 Role of regulatory agencies (FDA, EFSA, WHO)
 Food labeling and consumer information
5. Hygiene Practices in Food Handling
 Personal hygiene for food handlers

 Sanitation of food contact surfaces and equipment
 Safe food handling and storage practices
 Preventing cross-contamination
6. Food Safety in Food Production and Processing
 Agricultural practices and food safety
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 Food processing and preservation methods
 Packaging and distribution of safe food
 Food safety in catering and food service establishments
7. Food Safety in the Home
 Safe food handling and preparation at home

 Storing leftovers safely
 Consumer education and awareness
 Role of consumers in food safety
8. Emerging Issues in Food Safety
 Novel foods and food technologies

 Globalization and its impact on food safety
 Climate change and food safety
 Future challenges in food safety
9. Practical Applications and Case Studies
 Real-world case studies of food safety issues

 Practical sessions on food handling and hygiene
 Visits to food production and processing facilities
 Group projects and presentations on food safety topics
Assessment Methods
Test 1 10%
Test 2 10%
Quiz 5%
Final Exam 50%
Total 100%
References
 Motarjemi, Y., & Lelieveld, H. (2014). Food Safety Management: A Practical Guide for
the Food Industry. Academic Press.
 Jay, J. M., Loessner, M. J., & Golden, D. A. (2005). Modern Food Microbiology.
Springer Science & Business Media.
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 Marriott, N. G., & Gravani, R. B. (2006). Principles of Food Sanitation. Springer Science
& Business Media.

Course Outline: Principles of Epidemiology I
Course Title: Principles of Epidemiology I

Course Outline: Principles of Epidemiology I
Course Description:
Principles of Epidemiology I is an introductory course designed to provide students with a

comprehensive understanding of the basic principles and methods used in epidemiology. The
course covers the foundational concepts of epidemiology, including the study of the distribution
and determinants of health-related states and events in populations, and the application of this
study to control health problems. Students will learn about the various types of epidemiologic
studies, measures of disease frequency and association, and the concepts of causality in
epidemiology. The course also introduces students to the use of epidemiologic data in public
health practice, policy-making, and research.
Course Objectives:
1. Understanding Core Concepts:

o To introduce students to the basic concepts and definitions used in epidemiology.
o To explain the importance and role of epidemiology in public health.
2. Types of Epidemiologic Studies:
o To familiarize students with different types of epidemiologic study designs
(descriptive, analytical, and experimental).
o To teach the strengths and limitations of each study design.
3. Measures of Disease Frequency and Association:
o To instruct students on how to calculate and interpret measures of disease
frequency, such as incidence and prevalence.
o To explain measures of association, such as risk ratios, odds ratios, and
attributable risk.
4. Causality in Epidemiology:
o To introduce the concept of causality and criteria for causal inference in
epidemiology.
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oTo discuss the application of causal reasoning in epidemiologic research and
public health practice.
5. Epidemiologic Data and Public Health:
o To demonstrate how epidemiologic data is collected, analyzed, and interpreted.
o To illustrate the use of epidemiologic findings in developing public health
policies, programs, and interventions.
6. Application of Epidemiologic Methods:
o To provide practical experience in applying epidemiologic methods to real-world
public health problems.
o To develop skills in critical thinking and problem-solving through the analysis of
epidemiologic case studies.
7. Ethics and Epidemiology:
o To discuss ethical issues and considerations in the conduct of epidemiologic
research.
o To emphasize the importance of ethical principles in the practice of epidemiology.
8. Communication of Epidemiologic Findings:
o To train students in effectively communicating epidemiologic findings to diverse
audiences, including public health professionals, policymakers, and the general
public
Chapter Outline
1. Introduction to Epidemiology
 Definition and Scope

 History of Epidemiology
 Key Concepts and Terms
 Importance of Epidemiology in Public Health
2. Measures of Disease Frequency
 Incidence and Prevalence

 Morbidity and Mortality Rates
 Standardization of Rates
 Applications in Public Health
3. Measures of Association
 Relative Risk
 Odds Ratio
 Attributable Risk
 Interpretation and Application in Studies
4. Study Designs in Epidemiology
 Descriptive Studies (Case Reports, Case Series, Cross-Sectional Studies)
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 Analytical Studies (Cohort Studies, Case-Control Studies, Randomized Controlled Trials)
 Ecological Studies
 Advantages and Limitations
5. Sources and Types of Epidemiologic Data
 Data Collection Methods

 Sources of Data (Surveillance Systems, Vital Statistics, Health Surveys)
 Data Quality and Reliability
6. Bias, Confounding, and Interaction
 Definition and Types of Bias (Selection Bias, Information Bias)

 Methods to Control Bias
 Confounding Variables and Methods to Control Confounding
 Effect Modification and Interaction
7. Screening for Disease
 Principles of Screening
 Sensitivity, Specificity, Predictive Values
 Applications and Evaluation of Screening Programs
8. Causality in Epidemiology
 Criteria for Causal Inference

 Hill’s Criteria for Causation
 Causal Pathways and Mechanisms
9. Outbreak Investigation
 Steps in Outbreak Investigation

 Case Definition and Case Finding
 Descriptive Epidemiology in Outbreaks
 Hypothesis Generation and Testing
 Control and Prevention Measures
10. Public Health Surveillance
 Purpose and Types of Surveillance

 Components of Surveillance Systems
 Data Interpretation and Action
11. Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases
 Transmission Dynamics
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 Concepts of Herd Immunity
 Vaccination and Disease Prevention
 Epidemiology of Major Infectious Diseases (e.g., HIV/AIDS, Tuberculosis)
12. Epidemiology of Chronic Diseases
 Major Chronic Diseases (e.g., Cardiovascular Diseases, Cancer, Diabetes)

 Risk Factors and Prevention
 Role of Lifestyle and Environmental Factors
13. Environmental and Occupational Epidemiology
 Environmental Exposures and Health Effects

 Occupational Health and Safety
 Epidemiologic Methods in Environmental and Occupational Health
14. Social and Behavioral Epidemiology
 Social Determinants of Health

 Behavioral Risk Factors
 Psychosocial Factors and Health Outcomes
15. Epidemiologic Methods and Tools
 Data Analysis in Epidemiology

 Statistical Methods and Software
 Interpretation of Epidemiologic Research
Assessment Methods
Test 1 10%
Test 2 10%
Quiz 5%
Final Exam 50%
Total 100%
References
 Gordis, L. (2014). Epidemiology. 5th ed. Elsevier
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 Friis, R. H., & Sellers, T. A. (2020). Epidemiology for Public Health Practice. 6th ed.
Jones & Bartlett Learning.
 Aschengrau, A., & Seage III, G. R. (2019). Essentials of Epidemiology in Public
Health. 4th ed. Jones & Bartlett Learning

Course Outline: Biostatistics II
Course Title: Biostatistics II

Course Description:
Biostatistics II focuses on advanced statistical techniques used in biomedical research and

epidemiology. Emphasis is placed on understanding complex statistical models, interpreting
results, and applying these methods to analyze real-world health data.
Course Objectives:
1. Advanced Statistical Techniques: Introduce advanced methods such as multivariate

analysis, survival analysis, longitudinal data analysis, and meta-analysis.
2. Application in Research: Provide practical skills in designing studies, analyzing data
sets, and interpreting results in the context of medical and biological research.
3. Critical Evaluation: Develop the ability to critically evaluate research studies and
understand the statistical methods employed.
4. Software Proficiency: Gain proficiency in statistical software (e.g., R, SAS) to
implement advanced analyses and interpret outputs.
5. Communication of Results: Enhance skills in presenting statistical findings effectively
to healthcare professionals, researchers, and policymakers.
6. Ethical Considerations: Discuss ethical issues related to the use of biostatistics in
research and healthcare, including data privacy and integrity.
7. Problem-Solving: Develop problem-solving skills in addressing complex statistical
challenges encountered in biomedical research.
8. Integration of Knowledge: Integrate knowledge from Biostatistics I with new advanced
techniques to solve practical research problems
Chapter Outline:
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1. Advanced Regression Analysis
o Multiple Linear Regression
o Logistic Regression
o Poisson Regression
o Generalized Linear Models (GLMs)
2. Survival Analysis
o Kaplan-Meier Estimator
o Cox Proportional Hazards Model
o Parametric Survival Models
3. Longitudinal Data Analysis
o Mixed Effects Models (Random Effects Models)
o Generalized Estimating Equations (GEE)
o Hierarchical Linear Models (HLM)
4. Meta-Analysis
o Fixed Effects Models
o Random Effects Models
o Publication Bias and Sensitivity Analysis
5. Machine Learning in Biostatistics
o Introduction to Machine Learning
o Classification and Regression Trees (CART)
o Random Forests
o Support Vector Machines (SVM)
6. Bayesian Methods in Biostatistics
o Introduction to Bayesian Inference
o Bayesian Hierarchical Models
o Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) Methods
7. Statistical Software Applications
o R Programming for Biostatistics
o SAS or SPSS Applications in Biostatistics
o Introduction to Python for Biostatistics
Assessment Methods
Test 1 10%
Test 2 10%
Quiz 5%
Final Exam 50%
Total 100%
References:
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 "Applied Longitudinal Analysis" by Garrett M. Fitzmaurice, Nan M. Laird, James H.
Ware
 "Regression Methods in Biostatistics: Linear, Logistic, Survival, and Repeated
Measures Models" by Eric Vittinghoff, David V. Glidden, Stephen C. Shiboski, Charles
E. McCulloch
 "Statistical Methods for Survival Data Analysis" by Elisa T. Lee, John Wenyu Wang
 "Meta-Analysis in Medical Research: The handbook for the understanding and
practice of meta-analysis" by Gioacchino Leandro, Manuela Santocono

Course Outline: Environmental Pollution and Toxicology
Course Title: Environmental Pollution and Toxicology

Course Description:
Environmental Pollution and Toxicology is a multidisciplinary field that examines the impact of
pollutants on ecosystems, human health, and the environment. The course explores various
sources of pollution, their distribution and fate in the environment, and the toxicological effects
they produce.
Course Objectives:
1. Understanding Pollutants and Sources: Identify different types of pollutants (chemical,

biological, physical) and their primary sources in air, water, soil, and food.
2. Pollution Transport and Fate: Learn about the pathways pollutants take through
environmental compartments (atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere) and understand
their persistence and bioaccumulation.
3. Toxicological Principles: Introduce basic principles of toxicology, including dose-
response relationships, toxicity testing methods, and mechanisms of action of common
pollutants.
4. Environmental Health Impacts: Examine the effects of pollutants on human health and
ecological systems, including acute and chronic health effects, endocrine disruption, and
ecological imbalance.
5. Risk Assessment and Management: Discuss methodologies for assessing and managing
environmental risks associated with pollutants, including regulatory frameworks and
environmental policy implications.
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6. Case Studies and Applications: Analyze real-world case studies of environmental
pollution incidents and their outcomes, emphasizing lessons learned and best practices for
prevention and mitigation.
7. Interdisciplinary Approaches: Appreciate the interdisciplinary nature of environmental
pollution and toxicology by integrating knowledge from chemistry, biology, ecology,
epidemiology, and policy studies.
8. Ethical and Legal Considerations: Explore ethical issues related to environmental
pollution, such as environmental justice, and examine international agreements and
national regulations addressing pollution control.
9. Critical Thinking and Problem Solving: Develop critical thinking skills to evaluate
scientific literature, interpret environmental data, and propose solutions to mitigate
pollution impacts.
10. Future Trends: Discuss emerging issues in environmental pollution and toxicology,
such as climate change impacts, emerging pollutants, and sustainable practices for
pollution prevention
CHAPTER OUTLINE
1. Introduction to Environmental Pollution

o Definition and scope of environmental pollution
o Types and sources of pollutants
o Global and local perspectives on pollution
2. Air Pollution
o Major air pollutants (e.g., particulate matter, ozone, sulfur dioxide)
o Sources of air pollution (industrial, vehicular, biomass burning)
o Effects of air pollution on human health and ecosystems
3. Water Pollution
o Types of water pollutants (e.g., heavy metals, pesticides, pathogens)
o Sources of water pollution (industrial discharges, agricultural runoff, sewage)
o Impact on aquatic ecosystems and public health
4. Soil Pollution
o Common soil contaminants (e.g., heavy metals, pesticides, petroleum
hydrocarbons)
o Sources and pathways of soil contamination
o Effects on soil fertility, crop quality, and groundwater contamination
5. Pollution Monitoring and Control
o Techniques for monitoring pollutants in air, water, and soil
o Regulatory frameworks and environmental standards
o Pollution control strategies and technologies (e.g., waste treatment, emission
controls)
6. Toxicology Basics
o Introduction to toxicology and toxicants
o Routes of exposure and factors influencing toxicity
o Dose-response relationships and toxicity testing methods
7. Environmental Toxicology
o Ecotoxicology: effects of pollutants on ecosystems and biodiversity
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o
Bioaccumulation, biomagnification, and food chain transfer
o
Case studies on environmental disasters and toxicological impacts
8. Risk Assessment and Management
o Principles of risk assessment in environmental health
o Risk communication and public health implications
o Strategies for risk management and policy development
Assessment Methods
Test 1 10%
Test 2 10%
Quiz 5%
Final Exam 50%
Total 100%
References
 "Environmental Chemistry" by Colin Baird and Michael Cann

 "Environmental Pollution and Control" by P. Aarne Vesilind, Ruth F. Weiner, and Travis
P. Wagne

Course Outline: Environmental Pollution and Toxicology
Course Title: Environmental Pollution and Toxicology

Course Description:
Microbiology courses typically cover the following topics:
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 Introduction to Microbiology: Basic principles of microbiology, history, and scope of
the field.
 Microbial Structure and Function: Study of microbial cell structure, metabolism, and
growth.
 Microbial Genetics: Understanding microbial genetics, gene transfer mechanisms, and
genetic engineering.
 Microbial Diversity: Exploration of different types of microorganisms, including
bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites.
 Pathogenic Microbiology: Study of microbial pathogens, host-pathogen interactions,
and mechanisms of disease.
 Microbial Ecology: Examination of microorganisms in natural and engineered
environments, their roles in ecosystems, and environmental microbiology.
 Applied Microbiology: Applications of microbiology in medicine, agriculture,
biotechnology, and industry.
 Microbiological Techniques: Hands-on laboratory skills in culturing, identifying, and
studying microorganisms.
Course Objectives:
1. Understand Microbial Diversity: Identify and describe major groups of microorganisms

and their characteristics.
2. Explore Microbial Structure and Function: Examine the structure, metabolism, and
growth requirements of microorganisms.
3. Examine Microbial Genetics: Understand the principles of microbial genetics, gene
regulation, and genetic manipulation.
4. Learn About Microbial Pathogenesis: Study mechanisms of microbial infection,
disease, and host immune response.
5. Apply Microbiology in Practical Settings: Recognize the applications of microbiology
in health, agriculture, industry, and environmental management.
6. Develop Laboratory Skills: Gain proficiency in basic and advanced microbiological
techniques, including culturing, staining, and molecular biology methods.
7. Discuss Current Issues in Microbiology: Engage with contemporary topics such as
antibiotic resistance, emerging infectious diseases, and biotechnological innovations
Chapter Outline:
1. Introduction to Microbiology
o Definition of microbiology
o Historical perspective
o Scope and importance in various fields
2. Microbial Cell Structure and Function
o Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell structure
o Cell components: membranes, cell wall, cytoplasmic structures
o Cell growth and reproduction
3. Microbial Metabolism
o Energy production: respiration, fermentation
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o
Metabolic pathways: glycolysis, Krebs cycle, etc.
o
Nutritional requirements and growth factors
4. Microbial Genetics
o DNA structure and replication
o RNA synthesis and protein synthesis
o Gene regulation and genetic transfer mechanisms
5. Microbial Diversity
o Bacteria: classification, identification, and characteristics
o Archaea: unique features and ecological significance
o Fungi: structure, reproduction, and importance
6. Microbial Ecology
o Microbial interactions: symbiosis, competition, predation
o Environmental microbiology: roles in nutrient cycling, bioremediation
7. Medical Microbiology
o Pathogenic microorganisms: bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites
o Host-microbe interactions
o Principles of microbial pathogenesis and epidemiology
8. Industrial Microbiology
o Microorganisms in food production, pharmaceuticals, biotechnology
o Fermentation processes and industrial applications
9. Microbial Control
o Principles of sterilization and disinfection
o Antimicrobial agents: antibiotics, antifungals, antivirals
10. Emerging Infectious Diseases
o Factors contributing to emergence
o Case studies of recent outbreaks
Assessment Methods
Test 1 10%
Test 2 10%
Quiz 5%
Final Exam 50%
Total 100%
References
 "Brock Biology of Microorganisms" by Michael T. Madigan, John M. Martinko, David

A. Stahl, David P. Clark
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 "Microbiology: An Introduction" by Gerard J. Tortora, Berdell R. Funke, Christine L.
Case
 "Prescott's Microbiology" by Joanne Willey, Linda Sherwood, Christopher J.
Woolverton
 "Medical Microbiology" by Patrick R. Murray, Ken S. Rosenthal, Michael A. Pfaller

Course Outline: Parasitology I
Course Title: Parasitology I

Course Description: Parasitology I is an introductory course that explores the fundamental

concepts of parasitic organisms and their interactions with human hosts. It covers the taxonomy,
morphology, life cycles, epidemiology, and pathogenesis of various parasites that affect human
health. The course also emphasizes diagnostic techniques, treatment strategies, and preventive
measures against parasitic infections.
Course Objectives:
1. Understanding Parasitic Taxonomy and Morphology: Students will learn to identify

different parasitic organisms based on their taxonomic classification and morphological
characteristics.
2. Knowledge of Parasite Life Cycles: Gain insight into the complex life cycles of
parasites, including their modes of transmission, developmental stages, and host
interactions.
3. Epidemiology of Parasitic Infections: Understand the distribution patterns, risk factors,
and epidemiological dynamics of common parasitic diseases worldwide.
4. Pathogenesis and Clinical Manifestations: Explore how parasites cause diseases in
humans, including the mechanisms of pathogenesis and the spectrum of clinical
manifestations associated with various parasitic infections.
5. Diagnostic Techniques: Familiarize with laboratory methods and diagnostic tools used
to detect and identify parasites in clinical specimens.
6. Treatment and Control Strategies: Learn about pharmacological treatments, preventive
measures, and control strategies aimed at managing and eradicating parasitic infections.
7. Public Health Implications: Appreciate the public health significance of parasitic
diseases, including strategies for surveillance, prevention, and control at community and
global levels.
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8. Research and Innovation: Develop an appreciation for ongoing research and
innovations in parasitology, including new diagnostic tools, therapeutic approaches, and
strategies for parasite control and elimination.
9. Critical Thinking and Problem Solving: Enhance critical thinking skills by analyzing
case studies, interpreting epidemiological data, and proposing solutions to challenges
related to parasitic infections.
10. Ethical and Social Dimensions: Consider the ethical implications and social impacts of
parasitic diseases, including issues related to healthcare access, equity, and stigma
associated with parasitic infections
Course Outline: Parasitology I
1. Introduction to Parasitology
o Definition of parasites and parasitism
o Historical perspectives and major contributions
2. Types of Parasites
o Protozoa: Structure, life cycles, and pathogenicity
o Helminths: Classification, morphology, and life cycles
o Ectoparasites: Characteristics and impact
3. Parasite-Host Interactions
o Mechanisms of infection and transmission
o Host immune responses and evasion strategies
4. Parasitic Diseases
o Major parasitic diseases: Malaria, Amoebiasis, Schistosomiasis, etc.
o Epidemiology, distribution, and global impact
5. Diagnostic Techniques
o Microscopic examination of parasites
o Serological and molecular diagnostic methods
6. Treatment and Control Strategies
o Pharmacological interventions
o Prevention measures and public health strategies
7. Emerging Issues in Parasitology
o Drug resistance and its implications
o Climate change and parasitic diseases
References and Recommended Readings
 Ash, L. R., & Orihel, T. C. (2007). Atlas of Human Parasitology (5th ed.). American
Society for Clinical Pathology Press.
 Roberts, L. S., Janovy Jr, J., & Nadler, S. (2012). Foundations of Parasitology (9th ed.).
McGraw-Hill Education.
 Gillespie, S. H., & Pearson, R. D. (2001). Principles and Practice of Clinical
Parasitology. John Wiley & So
 WHO. (2020). World Malaria Report. World Health Organization
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Second year Semester II

second year second semester
Course Outline: Pharmacology
Course Title: Pharmacology

Course Code: BPH
Course Duration: 16 week
Course Outline: Pharmacology
Course Description:
Pharmacology courses vary depending on the level (undergraduate or graduate) and the
institution offering the course. Generally, a Pharmacology course covers:
1. Fundamentals of Pharmacology: Introduction to basic principles, terminology, and

concepts in pharmacology.
2. Drug Action and Mechanisms: Understanding how drugs work at molecular, cellular,
and systemic levels.
3. Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics: Study of drug absorption, distribution,
metabolism, and excretion, and how these processes affect drug action.
4. Drug Classes: Overview of major drug classes including antibiotics, analgesics,
cardiovascular drugs, etc., their mechanisms of action, therapeutic uses, and adverse
effects.
5. Clinical Applications: Application of pharmacological principles in clinical settings,
including patient care, drug interactions, and therapeutic monitoring.
6. Drug Development: Basic principles of drug discovery, development, and regulation.
Course Objectives:
The objectives of a Pharmacology course typically include:
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1. Understanding Drug Actions: Students should grasp how drugs interact with biological
systems to produce their effects, including receptor binding, enzyme inhibition, and other
mechanisms.
2. Applying Pharmacokinetic Principles: Ability to understand and calculate
pharmacokinetic parameters such as half-life, volume of distribution, and clearance, and
apply this knowledge in clinical scenarios.
3. Analyzing Drug Classes: Knowledge of major drug classes, their mechanisms of action,
therapeutic uses, and adverse effects, enabling informed clinical decision-making.
4. Drug Safety and Monitoring: Understanding the principles of drug safety, adverse
effects, drug interactions, and the importance of therapeutic drug monitoring.
5. Critical Thinking and Problem Solving: Developing skills to critically analyze
pharmacological data, interpret clinical scenarios, and propose appropriate therapeutic
interventions.
6. Ethical and Regulatory Considerations: Awareness of ethical issues related to drug
development, use, and regulation, including patient autonomy, informed consent, and
regulatory frameworks.
7. Integration with Clinical Practice: Bridging pharmacological knowledge with clinical
practice, understanding the role of pharmacotherapy in patient management and
interdisciplinary healthcare team
1. Introduction to Pharmacology
o Definition of pharmacology
o Historical perspectives
o Scope and importance in medicine
2. Drug Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, and Excretion (ADME)
o Routes of drug administration
o Factors affecting drug absorption
o Drug distribution and binding
o Drug metabolism and elimination
3. Pharmacokinetics
o Drug concentration-time relationships
o Clearance concepts
o Pharmacokinetic models
4. Pharmacodynamics
o Drug receptors and mechanisms of drug action
o Dose-response relationships
o Therapeutic index and safety margins
5. Autonomic Nervous System Pharmacology
o Neurotransmitters and receptors
o Sympathomimetics and sympatholytics
o Parasympathomimetics and parasympatholytics
6. Central Nervous System Pharmacology
o Neurotransmission in the CNS
o Anxiolytics, sedatives, and hypnotics
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o
Antidepressants and antipsychotics
7. Cardiovascular Pharmacology
o Cardiac electrophysiology
o Antihypertensives
o Antiarrhythmics and drugs affecting coagulation
8. Chemotherapy and Antimicrobial Pharmacology
o Antibiotics and mechanisms of action
o Antiviral and antifungal agents
o Anticancer drugs and chemotherapy principles
9. Endocrine Pharmacology
o Hormone replacement therapies
o Diabetes pharmacotherapy
o Thyroid and adrenal drugs
10. Toxicology and Adverse Drug Reactions
o Types of toxicities
o Drug interactions and adverse effects
o Pharmacovigilance and safety monitoring
11. Clinical Pharmacology
o Pharmacogenomics and personalized medicine
o Drug development and clinical trials
o Regulatory aspects and drug approval processes
References:
 Rang, H. P., Dale, M. M., Ritter, J. M., & Flower, R. J. (2019). Rang & Dale's
Pharmacology. Elsevier.
 Katzung, B. G., Masters, S. B., & Trevor, A. J. (2021). Basic and Clinical
Pharmacology. McGraw-Hill Education.
 Goodman, L. S., & Gilman, A. G. (2017). Goodman & Gilman's: The Pharmacological
Basis of Therapeutics. McGraw-Hill Education.
 Brunton, L. L., Hilal-Dandan, R., & Knollmann, B. C. (Eds.). (2018). Goodman &
Gilman's: The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. McGraw-Hill Education.

Course Outline: Biochemistry
Course Title: Biochemistry

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Course Description:
Biochemistry explores the chemical basis of life processes at the molecular level. It examines the
structure, function, and interactions of biological molecules such as proteins, carbohydrates,
lipids, and nucleic acids. The course covers enzymatic reactions, metabolic pathways, and the
integration of biochemical principles in cellular functions and organismal physiology.
Course Objectives:
1. Fundamental Concepts: Understand the basic principles of biochemistry including

molecular structure, properties of biological molecules, and cellular organization.
2. Enzymatic Reactions: Explain enzyme catalysis, kinetics, and regulation in biochemical
pathways.
3. Metabolic Pathways: Describe major metabolic pathways such as glycolysis, Krebs
cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation, and their regulation.
4. Integration of Biochemical Processes: Integrate biochemical knowledge into
understanding cellular metabolism, energy production, and storage.
5. Molecular Biology Connections: Relate biochemistry to molecular biology processes
such as DNA replication, transcription, and translation.
6. Applications in Medicine and Biotechnology: Recognize the relevance of biochemistry
in medical diagnostics, drug development, and biotechnological innovations.
7. Critical Thinking and Problem Solving: Apply biochemical principles to analyze and
solve problems related to metabolic disorders, nutrition, and biochemical research.
8. Laboratory Skills: Develop basic laboratory techniques for biochemical analysis,
including spectrophotometry, chromatography, and enzyme assays.
9. Ethical and Societal Issues: Discuss ethical considerations and societal implications of
biochemical research, such as genetic engineering and biotechnology.
10. Integration with Other Disciplines: Understand how biochemistry interfaces with
related fields such as physiology, pharmacology, and molecular genetics
1. Introduction to Biochemistry
o Overview of biomolecules: proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids
o Basic biochemical techniques
2. Biochemical Energetics
o Thermodynamics and bioenergetics
o ATP and energy metabolism
3. Proteins
o Structure and function
o Enzyme kinetics and catalysis
4. Carbohydrates
o Structure and metabolism
o Glycolysis and gluconeogenesis
5. Nucleic Acids
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o DNA structure and replication
o RNA structure and transcription
Semester 2
6. Lipids
o
Structure and metabolism
o
Fatty acid oxidation and biosynthesis
7. Biochemical Regulation and Integration
o Hormonal regulation
o Signal transduction pathways
8. Biochemical Techniques
o Spectroscopy, chromatography, and electrophoresis
o Molecular biology techniques
9. Advanced Topics in Biochemistry
o Metabolic pathways: TCA cycle, pentose phosphate pathway
o Biochemical genetics and genetic disorders
10. Special Topics
o Biochemistry of diseases
o Bioinformatics and computational biology in biochemistry
References:
 Berg, J. M., Tymoczko, J. L., & Stryer, L. (2011). Biochemistry (7th ed.). W. H.
Freeman.
 Voet, D., Voet, J. G., & Pratt, C. W. (2016). Fundamentals of Biochemistry: Life at the
Molecular Level (5th ed.). Wiley.
 Nelson, D. L., & Cox, M. M. (2017). Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry (7th ed.).
W. H. Freeman

Course Outline: : Health Service Management
Course Title: Health Service Management

Course Outline
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Course Description:
Health Service Management courses aim to provide students with a comprehensive

understanding of the principles and practices involved in managing healthcare organizations.
Topics usually covered include healthcare delivery systems, healthcare economics, healthcare
policy and regulation, quality improvement in healthcare, strategic planning, and leadership in
healthcare settings.
Course Objectives:
1. Understand Healthcare Systems: Gain insight into the structure and functioning of
healthcare systems, both nationally and internationally.
2. Healthcare Economics: Learn about the economic aspects of healthcare, including
financing, reimbursement systems, and cost-effectiveness analysis.
3. Health Policy and Regulation: Explore the regulatory frameworks governing healthcare
delivery, including policy development, compliance, and ethical considerations.
4. Quality Improvement: Study methods for assessing and improving healthcare quality,
patient safety, and clinical outcomes.
5. Strategic Planning: Develop skills in strategic management and planning within
healthcare organizations, including goal setting, resource allocation, and organizational
development.
6. Leadership in Healthcare: Understand leadership styles and principles applicable to
healthcare settings, emphasizing effective communication, team-building, and decision-
making.
7. Health Information Systems: Explore the use of information technology and systems in
healthcare management, including electronic health records (EHRs), health informatics,
and data analytics.
8. Healthcare Operations: Learn about operational management in healthcare, covering
areas such as facility management, supply chain logistics, and capacity planning.
9. Ethical and Legal Issues: Address ethical dilemmas and legal considerations specific to
healthcare management, including patient rights, confidentiality, and liability.
10. Emerging Trends: Stay updated on current trends and innovations in healthcare
management, such as telemedicine, population health management, and interdisciplinary
care models
1. Introduction to Health Service Management

o Definition and scope of health service management
o Historical perspective and evolution of healthcare systems
2. Healthcare Organizations and Structure
o Types of healthcare organizations (public, private, non-profit)
o Organizational structures and governance models
3. Healthcare Leadership and Management
o Roles and responsibilities of healthcare managers
o Leadership styles and their application in healthcare
4. Healthcare Policy and Regulation
o Overview of healthcare policies and regulations
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o
Impact of healthcare laws on service delivery
5. Healthcare Quality Management
o Principles of quality improvement in healthcare
o Tools and techniques for quality assurance
6. Healthcare Financial Management
o Budgeting and financial planning in healthcare organizations
o Revenue cycle management and reimbursement systems
7. Health Information Systems
o Importance of health information technology (HIT)
o Electronic health records (EHR) and their implementation
8. Human Resources Management in Healthcare
o Workforce planning and management strategies
o Staff development and training in healthcare settings
9. Healthcare Operations Management
o Facility management and maintenance
o Supply chain management and logistics in healthcare
10. Strategic Planning and Marketing in Healthcare
o Strategic management process in healthcare organizations
o Marketing strategies for healthcare services
11. Ethical and Legal Issues in Healthcare
o Ethical dilemmas in healthcare management
o Legal considerations and risk management
12. Current Issues and Trends in Health Service Management
o Healthcare reform and policy changes
o Emerging trends in healthcare management
References:
 Buchbinder, S. B., & Shanks, N. H. (2016). Introduction to Health Care Management

(3rd ed.). Jones & Bartlett Learning.
 Shi, L., & Singh, D. A. (2017). Delivering Health Care in America: A Systems Approach
(7th ed.). Jones & Bartlett Learning.
 Olden, P. C. (2014). Healthcare Management (3rd ed.). McGraw-Hill Education.
 Fallon, L. F., & McConnell, C. R. (2013). Hospital and Health Care Administration (6th
ed.). Jones & Bartlett Learning

Course Outline: Reproductive Health
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Course Title: Reproductive Health
Course Outline: Reproductive Health
Course Description:
Reproductive Health explores various aspects of human reproduction, focusing on biological,

social, ethical, and legal dimensions. It examines issues related to reproductive systems,
contraception, sexually transmitted infections (STIs), fertility, pregnancy, childbirth, maternal
health, and reproductive rights. The course often discusses global perspectives, policies, and
interventions aimed at improving reproductive health outcomes.
Course Objectives:
1. Understand Reproductive Anatomy and Physiology:

o Explore the structure and function of male and female reproductive systems.
o Learn about hormonal regulation, gametogenesis, and fertilization processes.
2. Examine Reproductive Health Issues:
o Investigate common reproductive health problems, including infertility, STIs, and
reproductive cancers.
o Discuss factors influencing reproductive health disparities across different
populations.
3. Study Contraception and Family Planning:
o Review various contraceptive methods, their mechanisms, efficacy, and ethical
considerations.
o Analyze policies and programs promoting access to family planning services
globally.
4. Explore Pregnancy and Childbirth:
o Understand physiological changes during pregnancy and the stages of labor.
o Discuss maternal health issues, prenatal care, and childbirth practices.
5. Address Reproductive Rights and Ethics:
o Examine human rights frameworks related to reproductive health and rights.
o Debate ethical dilemmas in reproductive medicine, including abortion and
assisted reproduction.
6. Analyze Global Health Perspectives:
o Assess international approaches to improving reproductive health outcomes.
o Explore challenges and successes in implementing reproductive health programs
worldwide.
7. Promote Sexual Health and Education:
o Discuss comprehensive sexuality education, its importance, and controversies.
o Advocate for strategies promoting sexual health, gender equality, and
empowerment.
8. Evaluate Public Health Interventions:
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o
Critically analyze public health policies, interventions, and their impact on
reproductive health.
o Explore community-based approaches and innovations in promoting reproductive
health.
9. Engage in Interdisciplinary Learning:
o Integrate perspectives from medicine, public health, law, ethics, sociology, and
anthropology.
o Foster interdisciplinary dialogue on complex reproductive health issues.
10. Develop Critical Thinking and Advocacy Skills:
o Enhance skills in critical analysis, research, and evidence-based advocacy.
o Prepare to engage in informed discussions and initiatives aimed at improving
reproductive health outcomes locally and globally
1. Introduction to Reproductive Health

o Definition and scope
o Importance of reproductive health
o Key stakeholders and global initiatives
References:
o
World Health Organization (WHO) Reproductive Health Strategy to Accelerate
Progress Towards the Attainment of International Development Goals and
Targets (2004)
o United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) State of World Population Report
(various editions)
2. Sexual and Reproductive Anatomy and Physiology
o Male and female reproductive systems
o Menstrual cycle and ovulation
o Fertilization and conception
References:
o
Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology (13th Edition)
o
Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology by Elaine N. Marieb
3. Sexual and Reproductive Rights
o Overview of human rights related to reproductive health
o Legal and ethical issues in reproductive health
o Access to reproductive health services
References:
o
United Nations International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD)
Programme of Action (1994)
o Guttmacher Institute Reports on Sexual and Reproductive Health Rights
4. Family Planning and Contraception
o Methods of contraception
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o Effectiveness and side effects
o Contraceptive counseling and services
References:
o
Contraceptive Technology by Robert A. Hatcher et al. (21st Edition)
o
World Health Organization (WHO) Family Planning Handbook for Providers
(2018)
5. Reproductive Health Challenges
o Infertility and its management
o Sexually transmitted infections (STIs)
o Reproductive cancers and prevention strategies
References:
o
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Reproductive Health
WHO Global Strategy for Women’s, Children’s and Adolescents’ Health (2016-
o
2030)
6. Pregnancy and Childbirth
o Prenatal care and antenatal services
o Labour and delivery
o Postpartum care and maternal health
References:
o
Williams Obstetrics by Cunningham et al. (25th Edition)
o
WHO Recommendations on Antenatal Care for a Positive Pregnancy Experience
(2016)
7. Adolescent Reproductive Health
o Challenges and issues specific to adolescents
o Sexual education and reproductive health services for adolescents
o Adolescent-friendly health services
References:
o
WHO Global Accelerated Action for the Health of Adolescents (AA-HA!):
Guidance to Support Country Implementation (2017)
o Guttmacher Institute Reports on Adolescent Sexual and Reproductive Health
8. Reproductive Health in Emergencies
o Challenges in humanitarian settings
o Ensuring access to reproductive health services during crises
o Case studies and best practices
References:
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o
Inter-Agency Working Group on Reproductive Health in Crises (IAWG)
Guidelines for Minimum Initial Service Package (MISP) for Reproductive Health
in Crisis Situations (2018)
o UNFPA Humanitarian Response Plan for Reproductive Health
9. Reproductive Health and Public Health
o Role of public health in promoting reproductive health
o Epidemiology of reproductive health issues
o Policy and advocacy in reproductive health
References:
o Global Health: Diseases, Programs, Systems, and Policies by Michael H. Merson

et al. (4th Edition)

Course Outline: Health Economics
Course Title: Health Economics

Course Code: BPH
Health Economics is a field of study that applies economic theories, principles, and methods to
issues related to healthcare delivery, health outcomes, and health policy. Here's a typical course
description and some common course objectives for Health Economics:
Course Description:
Health Economics explores the intersection of economics and healthcare, focusing on the
allocation of healthcare resources, healthcare financing, healthcare markets, and the economic
evaluation of healthcare interventions. The course typically covers topics such as healthcare
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systems, healthcare costs, insurance markets, healthcare quality, and the role of government in
healthcare.
Course Objectives:
1. Understand Economic Concepts in Health: Introduce students to basic economic

concepts and theories as applied to the healthcare sector.
2. Analyze Healthcare Markets: Study the structure and functioning of healthcare
markets, including the roles of consumers, providers, insurers, and government.
3. Examine Healthcare Financing: Explore different methods of financing healthcare,
including public and private insurance systems, and the implications for efficiency and
equity.
4. Evaluate Healthcare Policies: Critically assess healthcare policies and reforms using
economic tools and evidence-based analysis.
5. Assess Healthcare Costs and Outcomes: Learn methods for measuring and analyzing
healthcare costs, cost-effectiveness, and health outcomes.
6. Discuss Health Equity and Access: Analyze issues related to equity in healthcare access
and outcomes, including disparities across socioeconomic groups and geographic regions.
7. Apply Economic Analysis: Apply economic theories and methodologies to real-world
healthcare issues, such as technology adoption, healthcare workforce, and pharmaceutical
pricing.
8. Interdisciplinary Perspective: Understand the interdisciplinary nature of health
economics, incorporating insights from medicine, public health, and social sciences.
9. Policy Implications: Discuss the implications of economic analysis for healthcare policy
decisions at local, national, and international levels.
10. Research Skills: Develop skills in reading, interpreting, and critiquing health economics
research literature, and conducting basic economic analyses in healthcare
1. Introduction to Health Economics

o Definition and scope of health economics
o Basic economic concepts in health
2. Demand for Health and Healthcare
o The demand for healthcare services
o Factors influencing healthcare demand
o Elasticity of demand for healthcare
3. Supply of Health Services
o The supply of healthcare services
o Healthcare providers: hospitals, physicians, and other healthcare professionals
o Production and cost functions in healthcare
4. Health Insurance and Financing
o Role of health insurance in healthcare markets
o Types of health insurance (private, public, social insurance)
o Financing healthcare: taxation, premiums, out-of-pocket payments
5. Economic Evaluation of Health Interventions
o Cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA)
o Cost-utility analysis (CUA)
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o
Cost-benefit analysis (CBA)
o
Quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs)
6. Healthcare Market Failures
o Imperfect information and asymmetric information
o Externalities in healthcare
o Public goods and healthcare
7. Health Policy and Reform
o Healthcare regulation and policy interventions
o Comparative healthcare systems
o The role of government in healthcare provision
8. Healthcare Equity and Access
o Equity in healthcare distribution
o Access to healthcare services
o Health disparities and inequalities
9. Emerging Issues in Health Economics
o Technology and innovation in healthcare
o Aging population and healthcare expenditure
o Global health economics and international comparisons
References and Recommended Readings:
 Folland, S., Goodman, A. C., & Stano, M. (2020). The Economics of Health and Health
Care.
 McGuire, T. G., & Pauly, M. V. (2011). Medical Economics.
 Rice, T. (2013). The Economics of Health Reconsidered.
 Zweifel, P., Breyer, F., & Kifmann, M. (2009). Health Economics

Second year second semester
Course Outline: Disaster Prevention and Preparedness
Course Title: Disaster Prevention and Preparedness

Here's a general outline for a course on Disaster Prevention and Preparedness:
Course Outline: Disaster Prevention and Preparedness

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Course Description:
Disaster Prevention and Preparedness focuses on strategies, policies, and practices aimed at
reducing the impact of natural and man-made disasters. The course explores various disaster
management frameworks, risk assessment methodologies, and emergency response protocols.
Course Objectives:
1. Understanding Disaster Management: Gain a comprehensive understanding of disaster

management principles, including mitigation, preparedness, response, and recovery.
2. Risk Assessment and Analysis: Learn to assess and analyze disaster risks using various
tools and techniques to develop effective mitigation strategies.
3. Emergency Planning and Response: Develop skills in emergency planning, response
coordination, and resource management during disasters.
4. Community and Stakeholder Engagement: Understand the importance of involving
communities and stakeholders in disaster preparedness and response efforts.
5. Legal and Ethical Considerations: Explore legal frameworks, ethical considerations,
and international standards related to disaster prevention and response.
6. Case Studies and Best Practices: Analyze case studies and best practices from different
regions to understand successful disaster management strategies.
7. Policy Development: Gain insights into policy formulation and implementation related
to disaster prevention, preparedness, and resilience building.
8. Interdisciplinary Approach: Foster interdisciplinary collaboration among professionals
from various sectors involved in disaster management.
9. Technological Innovations: Explore the role of technology and innovation in enhancing
disaster preparedness, early warning systems, and communication during emergencies.
10. Evaluation and Improvement: Learn methods for evaluating disaster management
programs and continuous improvement of disaster preparedness strategies
1. Introduction to Disasters
o Definition of disasters
o Types of disasters (natural and man-made)
o Impact of disasters on communities and societies
2. Disaster Risk Assessment
o Risk identification and analysis
o Vulnerability assessment
o Risk mapping and modeling
3. Disaster Mitigation Strategies
o Structural mitigation (engineering solutions)
o Non-structural mitigation (policy, planning, and awareness)
o Land-use planning and zoning regulations
4. Early Warning Systems
o Importance and components of early warning systems
o Case studies of effective early warning systems
o Challenges and improvements in early warning systems
5. Emergency Response Planning
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o
Incident command systems (ICS)
o
Roles and responsibilities of emergency responders
o
Communication and coordination during emergencies
6. Community Preparedness
o Public awareness and education programs
o Community-based disaster risk reduction
o Building resilient communities
7. Disaster Recovery and Rehabilitation
o Phases of disaster recovery
o Post-disaster needs assessment
o Long-term rehabilitation and reconstruction
8. International Cooperation and Disaster Management
o Role of international organizations (UN, WHO, Red Cross)
o International frameworks and agreements
o Case studies of international disaster responses
9. Ethical and Legal Considerations
o Ethical dilemmas in disaster response
o Legal frameworks for disaster management
o Human rights and humanitarian law in disasters
10. Future Trends in Disaster Management
o Innovations in technology for disaster management
o Climate change and its impact on disasters
o Sustainable development goals (SDGs) and disaster resilience
References and Resources
 Cutter, S. L., Barnes, L., Berry, M., Burton, C., Evans, E., Tate, E., & Webb, J. (2008). A
place-based model for understanding community resilience to natural disasters.
Global Environmental Change, 18(4), 598-606.
 Mileti, D. S. (1999). Disasters by design: A reassessment of natural hazards in the
United States. Joseph Henry Press.
 UNISDR. (2009). 2009 UNISDR terminology on disaster risk reduction. United
Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction.
 Alexander, D. (2002). Principles of emergency planning and management. Oxford
University Press

Course Outline: Population and Development
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Course Title: Population and Development
Course Outline: Population and Development
Course Description:
Population and Development explores the relationship between population processes and various
aspects of development, including economic growth, social change, environmental sustainability,
and public policy. The course examines demographic trends, theories, and policies within the
context of global and regional perspectives.
Course Objectives:
1. Understanding Demographic Concepts and Trends:

o Analyzing population growth, fertility, mortality, migration, and aging trends
globally and regionally.
o Exploring demographic transitions and their implications for development.
2. Impact of Population on Development:
o Investigating how population dynamics influence economic development, poverty
alleviation, and income distribution.
o Examining the demographic dividend and its potential benefits for economic
growth.
3. Population Policies and Interventions:
o Critically assessing population policies, family planning programs, and
reproductive health initiatives.
o Evaluating the effectiveness of different strategies in achieving sustainable
development goals.
4. Social and Environmental Dimensions:
o Discussing the social implications of demographic changes, including
urbanization, gender dynamics, and social equity.
o Addressing environmental challenges related to population growth, resource
consumption, and sustainable development.
5. Global and Regional Perspectives:
o Comparing population dynamics and development challenges across different
regions and countries.
o Understanding the role of international organizations and policies in addressing
global population issues.
6. Future Trends and Challenges:
o Forecasting future demographic trends and their potential impact on development
outcomes.
o Identifying emerging issues such as youth bulges, aging populations, and
migration dynamics.
7. Policy Analysis and Recommendations:
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o Formulating evidence-based recommendations for policymakers on integrating
population considerations into development planning and implementation.
o Considering ethical and human rights perspectives in population and development
discourse.
Conclusion:
Population and Development courses aim to equip students with a comprehensive understanding
of how population dynamics shape and are shaped by socio-economic development processes.
By exploring these interconnected themes, students can gain insights into designing effective
policies and interventions that promote sustainable development and human well-being
1. Introduction to Population Studies
 Definition and scope of population studies

 Importance of studying population dynamics in development
2. Theories of Population Change
 Malthusian theory
 Demographic transition theory
 Modernization theory
3. Population Dynamics
 Population growth and decline

 Fertility, mortality, and migration rates
 Population pyramids and age-sex structure
4. Population Policies and Interventions
 Family planning programs

 Population control policies
 Health interventions and their impact on population dynamics
5. Population, Environment, and Sustainability
 Impact of population growth on natural resources

 Sustainable development goals (SDGs) related to population and environment
6. Urbanization and Rural-Urban Migration
 Causes and consequences of urbanization

 Challenges and opportunities in urban planning and management
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7. Gender and Population
 Gender differentials in demographic outcomes

 Women's empowerment and its impact on fertility and development
8. Population and Economic Development
 Relationship between population growth and economic development

 Labor force dynamics and demographic dividend
9. Population Health
 Epidemiological transitions
 Health disparities and access to healthcare services
10. Population Aging and its Implications
 Social and economic implications of aging populations

 Policy responses to population aging
11. Case Studies and Country Experiences
 Examples of successful population policies and interventions

 Challenges faced by different countries in managing population dynamics
12. Future Trends in Population and Development
 Emerging issues and challenges in global population dynamics

 Predictions for future population trends
References
 Haub, C., & Gribble, J. N. (2011). World population data sheet.

 Weeks, J. R. (2015). Population: An introduction to concepts and issues.
 United Nations Population Division. (Various reports).
 Population Reference Bureau. (Various reports and data sheets).
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Third year Semester II
Third year first semester
Course Outline: Health Education
Course Title: Health Education

Course Code: BPH
Course Outline: Health Education
Course Description:
Health Education courses focus on theories, practices, and principles of promoting health and
wellness through education and behavior change interventions. Topics often include health
promotion strategies, disease prevention, public health principles, and community health
education.
Course Objectives:
1. Understand Health Determinants: Analyze the factors influencing health outcomes,

such as lifestyle, environment, genetics, and socioeconomic status.
2. Health Promotion Theories: Explore various theories and models used in health
education and promotion, such as the Health Belief Model, Social Cognitive Theory, and
Transtheoretical Model.
3. Behavioral Change Strategies: Learn effective strategies for promoting healthy
behaviors and preventing risky behaviors among individuals and communities.
4. Public Health Principles: Understand basic principles of public health, including
epidemiology, biostatistics, environmental health, and health policy.
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5. Community Health Education: Develop skills in planning, implementing, and
evaluating health education programs tailored to diverse populations and settings.
6. Communication Skills: Enhance communication skills necessary for effective health
education and advocacy, including health literacy and cultural competence.
7. Ethical and Legal Issues: Discuss ethical considerations and legal aspects related to
health education, confidentiality, and patient rights.
8. Health Education Evaluation: Learn methods for assessing the effectiveness of health
education programs and interventions.
9. Health Education in Practice: Apply knowledge through practical activities, case
studies, and simulations to address real-world health issues and challenges.
10. Current Trends and Challenges: Explore emerging issues in health education, such as
global health disparities, digital health technologies, and health behavior research.
Conclusion:
Health Education courses aim to prepare students to contribute effectively to improving

population health outcomes through education, advocacy, and policy. They provide foundational
knowledge and practical skills essential for careers in public health, community health, health
promotion, and related fields.
1. Introduction to Health Education

o Definition and scope of health education
o Importance of health education in public health
o Key concepts and principles
2. Health Promotion Theories and Models
o Theories of behavior change (e.g., Health Belief Model, Social Cognitive Theory)
o Application of theories in health education programs
3. Health Education Planning and Implementation
o Needs assessment in health education
o Program planning models (e.g., PRECEDE-PROCEED model)
o Designing effective health education interventions
4. Health Communication
o Strategies for effective health communication
o Use of media in health education
o Health literacy and its impact on health communication
5. Community Health Education
o Role of community in health promotion
o Community-based participatory research (CBPR)
o Engaging communities in health education initiatives
6. Public Health Policies and Health Education
o Influence of policies on health education
o Advocacy and lobbying for health education
o Case studies on successful policy-driven health education programs
7. Evaluation and Assessment in Health Education
o Methods of evaluating health education programs
o Outcome assessment and impact evaluation
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o
Continuous improvement in health education initiatives
8. Ethical Issues in Health Education
o Ethical considerations in designing health education interventions
o Informed consent and confidentiality in health education research
o Addressing cultural and social sensitivities
References:
 Green, L. W., Kreuter, M. W., & Deeds, S. G. (1980). Health Education Planning: A
Diagnostic Approach. Mayfield Publishing Company.
 McKenzie, J. F., Neiger, B. L., & Thackeray, R. (2016). Planning, Implementing, &
Evaluating Health Promotion Programs: A Primer (7th ed.). Benjamin Cummings.
 Nutbeam, D., & Harris, E. (Eds.). (2004). Theory in a Nutshell: A Practical Guide to
Health Promotion Theories. McGraw-Hill Education.

Course Outline: Health Informatics
Course Title: Health Informatics

Course Outline for Health Informatics
Course Description:
Health Informatics courses generally cover the following areas:
1. Introduction to Healthcare Systems: Understanding the structure, function, and

challenges of healthcare systems globally.
2. Health Information Systems: Study of electronic health records (EHR), health
information exchange (HIE), telemedicine, and other IT systems used in healthcare.
3. Data Management: Principles of data collection, storage, retrieval, and security in
healthcare settings.
4. Healthcare Analytics: Application of statistical methods and data analysis techniques to
healthcare data for decision-making and improving patient care.
5. Clinical Informatics: Integration of IT with clinical workflows, focusing on usability,
interoperability, and user experience.
6. Public Health Informatics: Use of informatics in public health surveillance,
epidemiology, and disease management.
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7. Legal and Ethical Issues: Discussion on privacy, security, and ethical considerations
related to health information.
Course Objectives:
The objectives of a Health Informatics course typically include:
 Understanding Healthcare IT Systems: Gain knowledge of various information

systems used in healthcare settings, including EHR, HIE, and clinical decision support
systems.
 Data Management Skills: Develop skills in managing healthcare data, including data
collection, storage, and analysis techniques relevant to healthcare.
 Application of Informatics: Learn to apply informatics principles to improve clinical
workflows, patient safety, and healthcare delivery efficiency.
 Interdisciplinary Approach: Understand the collaborative nature of health informatics,
involving healthcare professionals, IT specialists, and administrators.
 Ethical and Legal Considerations: Explore the ethical and legal issues surrounding
health data privacy, security, and patient rights in the context of IT systems.
 Research and Innovation: Encourage innovation in the use of IT to address healthcare
challenges and support medical research.
 Practical Experience: Gain hands-on experience through case studies, projects, and
possibly internships in healthcare settings
1. Introduction to Health Informatics

o Definition, scope, and importance of health informatics
o Historical perspective and evolution of health informatics
o Key concepts and terminology in health informatics
2. Healthcare Information Systems
o Electronic Health Records (EHRs) and Personal Health Records (PHRs)
o Hospital Information Systems (HIS) and Clinical Information Systems (CIS)
o Decision Support Systems (DSS) and Clinical Decision Support Systems (CDSS)
3. Health Information Exchange (HIE)
o Interoperability standards and protocols
o Legal, ethical, and privacy issues in health information exchange
o Challenges and future trends in HIE
4. Telemedicine and Telehealth
o Telemedicine technologies and applications
o Remote patient monitoring and teleconsultation
o Legal and regulatory considerations in telemedicine
5. Healthcare Data Analytics
o Basics of healthcare data analytics
o Data mining and predictive analytics in healthcare
o Big data analytics and its applications in public health
6. Health Informatics Standards and Policies
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o
Health informatics standards (e.g., HL7, DICOM)
o
Health IT policies and regulations (e.g., HIPAA, HITECH Act)
o
Global perspectives on health informatics policies
7. Clinical Informatics
o Role of informatics in clinical practice
o Integration of informatics into nursing and medical practice
o Case studies and practical applications in clinical settings
8. Healthcare Quality and Patient Safety
o Quality improvement methodologies in healthcare
o Patient safety initiatives and informatics solutions
o Measuring and monitoring healthcare quality metrics
9. Health Informatics and Public Health
o Surveillance systems and epidemiology informatics
o Population health management and informatics tools
o Use of informatics in disease prevention and health promotion
10. Health Informatics Project Management
o Project planning and implementation in health informatics
o Risk management and quality assurance in health IT projects
o Case studies and project presentations
References and Resources
 Books:
o "Health Informatics: A Practical Guide" by Robert E. Hoyt and Ann K.
Yoshihashi
o "Biomedical Informatics: Computer Applications in Health Care and
Biomedicine" by Edward H. Shortliffe and James J. Cimino

Course Outline: Research Methods
Course Title: Research Methods

Course Outline: Research Methods
Course Description:
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Research Methods is designed to introduce students to the fundamental principles, techniques,
and ethical considerations involved in conducting research across various disciplines. The course
covers both quantitative and qualitative research methodologies, emphasizing critical thinking,
data analysis, and the interpretation of research findings.
Course Objectives:
1. Introduction to Research: Understand the nature and significance of research in

academic and professional contexts.
2. Research Design: Learn to formulate research questions, hypotheses, and objectives;
understand different research designs (experimental, observational, correlational, etc.).
3. Data Collection Methods: Explore various methods for collecting data, including
surveys, interviews, experiments, and archival research.
4. Data Analysis: Gain proficiency in analyzing research data using appropriate statistical
and qualitative analysis techniques.
5. Ethical Considerations: Understand ethical issues in research, including confidentiality,
informed consent, and the responsible conduct of research.
6. Literature Review: Develop skills in conducting a comprehensive literature review to
situate research within existing scholarly debates and knowledge.
7. Research Proposal: Learn to write a research proposal outlining the research problem,
methodology, and significance of the study.
8. Critical Thinking: Foster critical thinking skills to evaluate research studies, identify
biases, and interpret research findings effectively.
9. Presentation of Findings: Practice presenting research findings in written and oral
formats suitable for academic or professional audiences.
10. Application of Research Skills: Apply acquired research skills to practical research
projects or case studies relevant to the student's field of study or interest.
1. Introduction to Research Methods
 Definition and scope of research

 Types of research (qualitative, quantitative, mixed-methods)
 Ethical considerations in research
References:
 Bryman, A., & Bell, E. (2015). Business research methods. Oxford University Press.
 Creswell, J. W. (2014). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods
approaches. Sage Publications.
2. Research Design
 Formulating research questions and hypotheses

 Experimental vs. non-experimental designs
 Longitudinal and cross-sectional studies
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References:
 Leedy, P. D., & Ormrod, J. E. (2014). Practical research: Planning and design. Pearson
Education Limited.
 Neuman, W. L. (2014). Social research methods: Qualitative and quantitative
approaches. Pearson Education.
3. Sampling Techniques
 Probability and non-probability sampling methods

 Sample size determination
 Sampling bias and its mitigation
References:
 Oppenheim, A. N. (2013). Questionnaire design, interviewing and attitude measurement.

Bloomsbury Publishing.
 Salant, P., & Dillman, D. A. (2015). How to conduct your own survey. John Wiley &
Sons.
4. Data Collection Methods
 Surveys and questionnaires

 Interviews (structured, semi-structured, unstructured)
 Observation and ethnographic methods
References:
 Bernard, H. R. (2017). Research methods in anthropology: Qualitative and quantitative

approaches. Rowman & Littlefield.
 Flick, U. (2014). An introduction to qualitative research. Sage.
5. Data Analysis
 Quantitative data analysis (descriptive and inferential statistics)

 Qualitative data analysis (thematic analysis, content analysis)
 Mixed-methods analysis
References:
 Miles, M. B., Huberman, A. M., & Saldana, J. (2014). Qualitative data analysis: A
methods sourcebook. Sage Publications.
 Field, A. (2013). Discovering statistics using IBM SPSS statistics. Sage.
6. Writing and Presenting Research Findings
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 Structure of a research report
 Academic writing conventions
 Presenting findings in conferences and journals
References:
 Walliman, N. (2017). Research methods: The basics. Routledge.

 Day, R. A., & Gastel, B. (2011). How to write and publish a scientific paper. Greenwood
Publishing Group.
7. Special Topics in Research Methods (optional)
 Meta-analysis and systematic reviews

 Action research and participatory methods
 Advanced statistical techniques
References:
 Petticrew, M., & Roberts, H. (2006). Systematic reviews in the social sciences: A
practical guide. John Wiley & Sons.
 Bazeley, P. (2013). Qualitative data analysis: Practical strategies. Sage.
Recommended Readings:
 Silverman, D. (2016). Qualitative research. Sage.

 Cohen, L., Manion, L., & Morrison, K. (2017). Research methods in education.
Routledge.
 Yin, R. K. (2018). Case study research and applications: Design and methods. Sage
Publications

Third year 1st semester
Course Outline: Clinical Laboratory Methods
Course Title: Clinical Laboratory Methods

Course Code: BPH
Course Outline: Clinical Laboratory Methods
Course Description:
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Clinical Laboratory Methods is designed to provide students with an in-depth understanding of
the various laboratory techniques used in clinical diagnostics. The course focuses on both
theoretical principles and hands-on practical skills necessary for conducting clinical tests and
interpreting results accurately. Topics covered often include biochemical analysis, microbiology,
hematology, immunology, and molecular diagnostics.
Course Objectives:
1. Understand Laboratory Techniques: Gain proficiency in the principles and

methodologies of clinical laboratory techniques.
2. Perform Laboratory Procedures: Develop practical skills in conducting various
clinical tests, including sample preparation, analysis, and interpretation of results.
3. Quality Control and Assurance: Learn about quality control measures and ensure
accuracy and reliability in laboratory testing.
4. Interpret Diagnostic Tests: Acquire the ability to interpret laboratory results and
understand their clinical significance in disease diagnosis and management.
5. Apply Knowledge in Clinical Settings: Prepare students to apply their knowledge and
skills in real-world clinical laboratory environments, adhering to professional standards
and ethical practices.
6. Critical Thinking and Problem-Solving: Develop critical thinking skills to troubleshoot
and resolve issues that may arise during laboratory testing.
7. Communication Skills: Enhance communication skills necessary for interacting with
healthcare professionals, patients, and other stakeholders regarding laboratory results.
8. Current Trends and Technologies: Stay updated on current trends, advancements, and
emerging technologies in clinical laboratory methods.
9. Safety and Regulations: Understand safety protocols and regulatory requirements
governing clinical laboratory practices to ensure a safe working environment.
10. Collaboration and Teamwork: Foster teamwork and collaboration among healthcare
professionals involved in patient care, emphasizing the interdisciplinary nature of clinical
diagnostics.
1. Introduction to Clinical Laboratory Methods

o Definition and scope of clinical laboratory methods
o Importance in healthcare and diagnosis
2. Specimen Collection and Handling
o Techniques for collecting various types of specimens (blood, urine, etc.)
o Importance of proper handling and transport
3. Basic Laboratory Techniques
o Microscopy: Principles and applications
o Centrifugation: Methods and applications
4. Clinical Chemistry
o Principles of biochemical analysis
o Common tests: Blood glucose, lipid profile, liver function tests
o Instrumentation and automation in clinical chemistry
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5. Hematology
o Blood cell morphology and function
o Complete blood count (CBC) and its interpretation
o Hematological disorders and their diagnosis
6. Immunology and Serology
o Principles of immune response
o Serological tests: ELISA, Western blotting
o Autoimmune diseases and diagnostic tests
7. Microbiology
o Basic microbiological techniques
o Identification of bacteria, fungi, and parasites
o Antimicrobial susceptibility testing
8. Molecular Diagnostics
o PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) and its applications
o DNA sequencing and genetic testing
o Applications in infectious diseases and genetic disorders
9. Quality Control and Assurance
o Importance of QC/QA in clinical laboratories
o Regulatory standards and accreditation
10. Laboratory Management
o Inventory management and equipment maintenance
o Personnel management and training
References:
 Bishop, M. L., Fody, E. P., & Schoeff, L. E. (2013). Clinical Chemistry: Principles,
Techniques, Correlations. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
 Turgeon, M. L. (2016). Clinical Hematology: Theory and Procedures. Lippincott
Williams & Wilkins.
 Detrick, B., Hamilton, R. G., & Folds, J. D. (2012). Manual of Molecular and Clinical
Laboratory Immunology. ASM Press.
 Forbes, B. A., Sahm, D. F., & Weissfeld, A. S. (2007). Bailey & Scott's Diagnostic
Microbiology. Mosby.

Third year first semester
Course Outline: Food & Hygiene Safety II
Course Title: Food & Hygiene Safety II

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Course Description of Food & Hygiene Safety II
Food & Hygiene Safety II builds upon the foundational principles introduced in Food & Hygiene
Safety I. This course delves deeper into advanced topics of food safety, focusing on the
implementation of safety protocols, regulatory compliance, and the development of strategies to
prevent foodborne illnesses. Key areas include advanced food microbiology, hazard analysis,
critical control points (HACCP), risk assessment, sanitation practices, and the study of foodborne
pathogens. Students will explore case studies and real-world applications to understand the
complexities of maintaining food safety in various environments, such as industrial kitchens,
food production facilities, and food service establishments.
Course Objectives
1. Advanced Understanding of Foodborne Pathogens:

o Gain an in-depth knowledge of common and emerging foodborne pathogens, their
sources, and mechanisms of contamination.
2. Risk Assessment and Management:
o Learn to conduct comprehensive risk assessments to identify potential hazards in
food production and service environments.
o Develop strategies to manage and mitigate these risks effectively.
3. Implementation of HACCP Principles:
o Understand and apply the principles of Hazard Analysis and Critical Control
Points (HACCP) to various food safety scenarios.
o Create and implement HACCP plans for different types of food operations.
4. Regulatory Compliance:
o Study national and international food safety regulations and standards.
o Learn to ensure compliance with regulatory requirements to avoid legal and
financial penalties.
5. Sanitation and Hygiene Practices:
o Master advanced sanitation techniques and hygiene practices critical for
maintaining food safety.
o Explore the role of sanitation in preventing cross-contamination and ensuring the
overall safety of food products.
6. Food Safety Management Systems:
o Learn about different food safety management systems (FSMS) and their
application in maintaining food safety.
o Study the implementation and monitoring of FSMS in various food industry
sectors.
7. Crisis Management:
o Develop skills for effectively managing food safety crises, including outbreak
investigations and recall procedures.
o Understand the importance of communication and coordination during food safety
emergencies.
8. Case Studies and Practical Applications:
o Analyze real-world case studies to understand the practical challenges and
solutions in food safety.
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oEngage in hands-on projects and simulations to apply theoretical knowledge to
practical situations.
9. Continuous Improvement:
o Emphasize the importance of continuous improvement in food safety practices.
o Learn to use data and feedback to enhance food safety protocols and prevent
future incidents.
Course Outline: Food & Hygiene Safety II
1. Introduction to Food Safety Systems
 Overview of food safety management systems (FSMS)

 Hazard Analysis Critical Control Points (HACCP)
 ISO 22000: Food safety management systems
 References:
o Mortimore, S., & Wallace, C. (2013). HACCP: A Practical Approach. Springer.
o International Organization for Standardization. (2018). ISO 22000:2018 Food
safety management systems.
2. Foodborne Illnesses and Their Prevention
 Common foodborne pathogens (bacteria, viruses, parasites)

 Symptoms and prevention of foodborne illnesses
 References:
o Doyle, M. P., & Beuchat, L. R. (2007). Food Microbiology: Fundamentals and
Frontiers. ASM Press.
o World Health Organization. (2015). Estimates of the global burden of foodborne
diseases.
3. Food Hygiene Practices
 Personal hygiene for food handlers

 Cleaning and sanitizing procedures
 Pest control in food establishments
 References:
o McSwane, D., Rue, N. R., & Linton, R. (2006). Essentials of Food Safety and
Sanitation. Pearson Prentice Hall.
o Campbell-Platt, G. (2011). Food Science and Technology. Wiley-Blackwell.
4. Food Storage and Preservation
 Principles of food preservation

 Methods of food storage (refrigeration, freezing, canning, drying)
 References:
o Fellows, P. (2009). Food Processing Technology: Principles and Practice.
Woodhead Publishing.
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o Potter, N. N., & Hotchkiss, J. H. (1995). Food Science. Springer.
5. Regulatory Standards and Compliance
 National and international food safety regulations

 Role of regulatory agencies (FDA, USDA, EFSA)
 References:
o Hutter, B. M. (2011). Managing Food Safety and Hygiene: Governance and
Regulation as Risk Management. Edward Elgar Publishing.
o U.S. Food and Drug Administration. (2017). Food Code.
6. Risk Assessment and Management in Food Safety
 Identifying and assessing food safety risks

 Risk management strategies
 References:
o Van der Spiegel, M., et al. (2012). Risk Assessment and Risk Management in the
Food Chain. Wageningen Academic Publishers.
o FAO/WHO. (2006). Food Safety Risk Analysis: A Guide for National Food Safety
Authorities.
7. Food Safety Auditing
 Principles and practices of food safety audits

 Conducting internal and external audits
 References:
o Wallace, C. A. (2014). Food Safety for the 21st Century: Managing HACCP and
Food Safety Throughout the Global Supply Chain. Wiley-Blackwell.
o Beumer, R. R. (2010). Quick Reference to Food Safety and Hygiene Audits.
Springer.
8. Emerging Issues in Food Safety
 New foodborne pathogens

 Advances in food safety technology
 References:
o Sofos, J. N. (2013). Advances in Microbial Food Safety. Woodhead Publishing.
o Motarjemi, Y., et al. (2014). Encyclopedia of Food Safety. Academic Press.
9. Food Safety Training and Education
 Developing and implementing food safety training programs

 Evaluating the effectiveness of training
 References:
o Bolton, D. J., & Maunsell, B. (2004). Food Safety: Theory and Practice. Wiley-
Blackwell.
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o Marriott, N. G., & Gravani, R. B. (2006). Principles of Food Sanitation. Springer.

Third Year first semester
Course Outline: Principles of Epidemiology II
Course Title: Principles of Epidemiology II

Course Code: BPH
Course Description: Principles of Epidemiology II
Principles of Epidemiology II is an advanced course designed to expand upon the foundational

concepts covered in Principles of Epidemiology I. This course delves deeper into the
methodologies and applications of epidemiological research. Students will learn advanced
techniques for designing, conducting, and analyzing epidemiological studies. The course covers
topics such as outbreak investigation, advanced statistical methods in epidemiology, chronic
disease epidemiology, and the use of epidemiology in public health policy and practice. Students
will also explore case studies and current issues in epidemiology to understand the real-world
applications of the principles and methods learned.
Course Objectives:
1. Advanced Study Design and Analysis:

o Understand and apply advanced epidemiological study designs, including cohort,
case-control, and cross-sectional studies.
o Utilize advanced statistical methods for data analysis in epidemiological research.
2. Outbreak Investigation:
o Gain skills in conducting and managing outbreak investigations.
o Learn to identify sources, modes of transmission, and control measures for
outbreaks.
3. Chronic Disease Epidemiology:
o Explore the epidemiology of chronic diseases such as cardiovascular diseases,
cancers, and diabetes.
o Understand the risk factors, prevention strategies, and public health implications
of chronic diseases.
4. Epidemiology in Public Health Practice:
o Examine the role of epidemiology in the development and evaluation of public
health policies and programs.
o Apply epidemiological methods to assess the effectiveness of public health
interventions.
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5. Current Issues in Epidemiology:
o Analyze contemporary issues and challenges in epidemiology, including
emerging infectious diseases and global health threats.
o Critically evaluate the epidemiological literature and current research findings.
6. Ethical Considerations in Epidemiology:
o Discuss ethical issues in epidemiological research and practice.
o Understand the importance of ethical conduct and the protection of human
subjects in research.
7. Communication of Epidemiological Findings:
o Develop skills in effectively communicating epidemiological findings to diverse
audiences, including public health professionals, policymakers, and the general
public.
o Learn to write clear and concise epidemiological reports and research papers.
8. Application of Epidemiological Software:
o Gain proficiency in using epidemiological software tools for data management
and analysis.
o Apply software skills to real-world epidemiological datasets
Course Outline: Principles of Epidemiology II
1. Advanced Study of Epidemiological Methods
 Overview of study designs: cohort, case-control, cross-sectional, and randomized

controlled trials.
 Advanced statistical methods in epidemiology: regression models, survival analysis,
meta-analysis.
2. Infectious Disease Epidemiology
 Transmission dynamics of infectious diseases.

 Outbreak investigation and management.
 Vaccines and vaccination strategies.
3. Chronic Disease Epidemiology
 Risk factors and etiology of chronic diseases (e.g., cardiovascular diseases, cancer).
 Prevention and control strategies.
 Epidemiology of aging-related diseases.
4. Environmental Epidemiology
 Impact of environmental exposures (e.g., air pollution, toxins) on health.

 Methods for assessing environmental exposures.
 Policy implications and interventions.
5. Genetic Epidemiology
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 Role of genetics in disease susceptibility.
 Molecular epidemiology techniques.
 Ethical considerations in genetic research.
6. Epidemiology in Public Health Practice
 Role of epidemiology in public health policy and planning.

 Surveillance systems and data management.
 Case studies and real-world applications.
7. Global Health Epidemiology
 Epidemiological transitions in global health.

 Disease burden and disparities across different regions.
 International health regulations and frameworks.
8. Special Topics in Epidemiology
 Emerging infectious diseases.

 Social determinants of health and health equity.
 Epidemiology of specific populations (e.g., children, elderly, marginalized groups).
9. Research Methods in Epidemiology
 Study design and protocol development.

 Data collection, management, and analysis.
 Interpretation and communication of epidemiological findings.
10. Capstone Project or Seminar
 Integration of epidemiological principles into a research project or policy analysis.

 Presentation of findings and critical appraisal of epidemiological literature.
References
 Rothman KJ, Greenland S, Lash TL. Modern Epidemiology. 3rd ed. Philadelphia, PA:
Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2008.
 Gordis L. Epidemiology. 5th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders; 2014.
 Ahrens W, Pigeot I. Handbook of Epidemiology. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Springer; 2014

Third year second semester
Course Outline: Parasitology II
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Course Title: Parasitology II
Course Description:
Parasitology II builds upon the foundational concepts introduced in Parasitology I, focusing on

advanced topics in the study of parasites and their interactions with hosts. The course delves
deeper into the diversity, morphology, life cycles, pathogenesis, and epidemiology of parasitic
organisms affecting humans, animals, and plants. Emphasis is placed on understanding the latest
research developments, diagnostic techniques, treatment modalities, and control measures for
parasitic infections.
Course Objectives:
1. Advanced Knowledge: Gain a comprehensive understanding of the taxonomy,

morphology, and physiology of diverse parasitic organisms.
2. Life Cycles and Transmission: Analyze the life cycles and transmission dynamics of
major parasitic infections, including vectors and intermediate hosts.
3. Pathogenesis: Explore the mechanisms by which parasites cause diseases in hosts,
including immunological responses and host-parasite interactions.
4. Epidemiology: Investigate the epidemiology of parasitic infections, including factors
influencing their distribution, prevalence, and outbreaks.
5. Diagnostic Techniques: Evaluate and apply advanced diagnostic methods for detecting
parasitic infections in clinical and environmental samples.
6. Treatment and Control: Assess therapeutic strategies and public health interventions
aimed at controlling parasitic diseases, including drug resistance and preventive
measures.
7. Research Skills: Develop skills in interpreting and critically analyzing scientific
literature related to parasitology research.
8. Integration: Integrate knowledge from parasitology with related fields such as
microbiology, immunology, and epidemiology to address broader health challenges
1. Introduction to Parasitic Diseases

o Overview of parasitic infections in humans and animals
o Host-parasite relationships
2. Protozoan Parasites
o Malaria: Etiology, epidemiology, life cycle, clinical manifestations, treatment,
and prevention.
o Amoebiasis: Entamoeba histolytica, clinical features, diagnosis, treatment, and
control.
o Giardiasis: Giardia lamblia, transmission, clinical presentation, laboratory
diagnosis, and management.
3. Helminthic Parasites
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o Schistosomiasis: Schistosoma species, life cycle, pathogenesis, clinical
manifestations, diagnosis, treatment, and control.
o Ascariasis: Ascaris lumbricoides, epidemiology, clinical features, diagnosis,
treatment, and prevention.
o Hookworm Infections: Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus,
transmission, clinical aspects, diagnosis, and control measures.
4. Ectoparasites
o Scabies: Sarcoptes scabiei, transmission, clinical presentation, diagnosis,
treatment, and prevention.
o Pediculosis: Head lice (Pediculus humanus capitis) and body lice (Pediculus
humanus corporis), epidemiology, clinical features, management, and control.
5. Emerging and Re-emerging Parasitic Diseases
o Overview of new challenges and trends in parasitic infections.
o Examples might include emerging protozoan and helminthic diseases due to
environmental changes, travel, and migration.
6. Diagnostic Methods in Parasitology
o Laboratory techniques for the identification of parasitic infections.
o Molecular diagnostics and serological methods.
7. Treatment and Control Strategies
o Pharmacological treatments for different parasitic infections.
o Public health measures for prevention and control.
References:
1. Ash, L. R., & Orihel, T. C. (2007). Atlas of Human Parasitology. American Society for
Clinical Pathology Press.
2. Garcia, L. S., & Bruckner, D. A. (2015). Diagnostic Medical Parasitology. ASM Press.
3. Gillespie, S. H., & Pearson, R. D. (2001). Principles and Practice of Clinical
Parasitology. John Wiley & Sons.
4. Roberts, L. S., Janovy Jr, J., & Schmidt, G. D. (2009). Foundations of Parasitology.
5. World Health Organization (WHO). (2018). Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases.
World Health Organization
Third Year Semester II

Course Outline: Introduction to Nursing Art
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Course Title: Introduction to Nursing Art
Course Code: BPH
Course Outline: Introduction to Nursing Art
ourse Description:
Introduction to Nursing Art introduces students to the fundamental concepts, principles, and
practices of nursing. It explores the historical development of nursing as a profession, the roles
and responsibilities of nurses in healthcare settings, and the ethical and legal frameworks that
guide nursing practice. The course also emphasizes the importance of communication, patient
care skills, and critical thinking in nursing.
Course Objectives:
1. Understand Nursing History and Evolution:

o Explore the historical development of nursing and its evolution into a modern
healthcare profession.
o Recognize key figures and events that have shaped nursing practice and
education.
2. Roles and Responsibilities of Nurses:
o Identify the various roles and responsibilities of nurses in different healthcare
settings (e.g., hospitals, clinics, community health).
o Understand the scope of practice and ethical standards that govern nursing.
3. Ethical and Legal Considerations:
o Discuss ethical principles and dilemmas in nursing practice.
o Understand legal regulations and standards relevant to nursing practice.
4. Communication and Interpersonal Skills:
o Develop effective communication skills necessary for interacting with patients,
families, and healthcare teams.
o Explore techniques for therapeutic communication and patient education.
5. Patient Care Skills:
o Learn basic nursing skills such as vital signs measurement, medication
administration, and wound care.
o Practice patient assessment techniques and documentation.
6. Critical Thinking and Problem-Solving:
o Apply critical thinking skills to clinical scenarios and decision-making processes.
o Develop problem-solving strategies for common nursing challenges.
7. Professional Development:
o Reflect on personal and professional growth as a nursing student.
o Explore career pathways and continuing education opportunities in nursing.
8. Cultural Competence and Diversity:
o Recognize the importance of cultural competence in delivering patient-centered
care.
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o Understand how diversity influences nursing practice and healthcare outcomes.
9. Teamwork and Collaboration:
o Discuss the importance of teamwork and collaboration in healthcare delivery.
o Explore interdisciplinary approaches to patient care and healthcare management.
10. Introduction to Evidence-Based Practice:
o Introduce the concept of evidence-based practice and its significance in nursing.
o Identify sources of evidence and tools for integrating research findings into
clinical practice
1. Introduction to Nursing
o Definition and scope of nursing
o Historical overview of nursing profession
o Ethical and legal aspects in nursing
2. Theoretical Foundations
o Nursing theories and their significance
o Application of nursing theories in practice
o Critical thinking in nursing
3. Roles and Responsibilities
o Nurse's role in healthcare delivery
o Interprofessional collaboration
o Patient advocacy and empowerment
4. Basic Nursing Skills
o Patient assessment techniques
o Basic patient care (hygiene, nutrition, mobility)
o Medication administration and management
5. Health Promotion and Disease Prevention
o Principles of health promotion
o Patient education and counseling
o Community health nursing concepts
6. Clinical Practice and Simulation
o Introduction to clinical settings
o Simulation-based learning
o Hands-on training in basic nursing procedures
7. Cultural Competence in Nursing
o Understanding cultural diversity in healthcare
o Cultural competence in nursing practice
o Addressing cultural considerations in patient care
8. Current Trends in Nursing
o Technological advancements in nursing
o Evidence-based practice in nursing
o Global health issues and nursing responses
References and Textbooks
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 Kozier & Erb's Fundamentals of Nursing: Concepts, Process, and Practice (Various
editions)
 Potter & Perry's Fundamentals of Nursing (Various editions)
 Nursing Theories: The Base for Professional Nursing Practice (6th Edition) by Julia B.
George
 Essentials of Nursing Research: Appraising Evidence for Nursing Practice (9th Edition)
by Denise F. Polit, Cheryl Tatano Beck

Course Outline: Physical Diagnosis
Course Title: Physical Diagnosis

Course Code: BPH
Course Description:
Physical Diagnosis is a fundamental course in medical education designed to impart the skills
necessary for comprehensive patient assessment through physical examination techniques. It
emphasizes hands-on learning to develop proficiency in identifying normal and abnormal
findings across various body systems.
Course Objectives:
1. Mastering Examination Techniques: Learn and practice systematic approaches to

examine different body systems, including cardiovascular, respiratory, gastrointestinal,
musculoskeletal, and neurological.
2. Interpreting Clinical Signs: Understand the significance of clinical signs and symptoms
observed during physical examination in the context of patient history and medical
history.
3. Enhancing Communication Skills: Develop effective communication skills to conduct
patient interviews, explain procedures, and convey findings to patients and colleagues.
4. Applying Clinical Reasoning: Apply knowledge of anatomy, physiology, and
pathophysiology to interpret examination findings and formulate differential diagnoses.
5. Understanding Evidence-Based Practice: Integrate evidence-based guidelines and
clinical reasoning in decision-making processes related to patient assessment and
management.
6. Ethical and Professional Conduct: Demonstrate ethical and professional conduct in
patient interactions, respecting patient autonomy, confidentiality, and cultural diversity.
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7. Promoting Continual Learning: Foster a commitment to lifelong learning and
professional development in physical diagnosis techniques and related clinical skills.
1. Itroduction to Physical Diagnosis

o Importance and objectives
o Skills required (observation, palpation, percussion, auscultation)
o Patient communication and ethical considerations
2. General Approach to Patient Assessment
o History-taking techniques
o Physical examination sequence
o Recording findings and documentation
3. Vital Signs and Measurements
o Temperature assessment
o Blood pressure measurement
o Pulse assessment
o Respiratory rate evaluation
4. Head and Neck Examination
o Inspection of head and neck
o Examination of the eyes, ears, nose, and throat
o Cranial nerve assessment
5. Cardiovascular Examination
o Inspection and palpation of precordium
o Heart sounds and murmurs
o Peripheral vascular examination
6. Respiratory Examination
o Inspection of respiratory effort
o Palpation and percussion of the chest
o Auscultation of lung sounds
7. Abdominal Examination
o Inspection and palpation techniques
o Percussion and auscultation of abdomen
o Assessment of liver, spleen, and kidneys
8. Musculoskeletal Examination
o Inspection of posture and gait
o Examination of joints and muscles
o Neurological examination related to motor function
9. Neurological Examination
o Mental status examination
o Cranial nerves assessment
o Motor and sensory examination
10. Dermatological Examination
o Assessment of skin lesions and rashes
o Examination of nails and hair
11. Special Examinations
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o Breast examination
o Genitourinary examination
o Examination of lymph nodes
12. Clinical Reasoning and Differential Diagnosis
o Integration of history and physical findings
o Formulation of differential diagnoses
o Diagnostic decision-making
13. Clinical Skills Practice and Assessment
o Hands-on practice sessions
o Objective Structured Clinical Examinations (OSCEs)
o Feedback and improvement strategies
References:
 Bates' Guide to Physical Examination and History Taking by Bickley L.S.

 Macleod's Clinical Examination by J. Alastair Innes, Anna R Dover, and Karen Fairhurst
 Physical Diagnosis Secrets by Salvatore Mangione

Course Outline: Internal Medicine-I
Course Title: Internal Medicine-I

Course Code: BPH
Internal Medicine I Course Outline
Course Description:
Internal Medicine-I is designed to introduce students to the principles and practice of adult
medicine. The course emphasizes clinical reasoning, differential diagnosis, and evidence-based
management of common medical conditions encountered in primary care and hospital settings.
Course Objectives:
1. Understanding Pathophysiology: Gain knowledge of the pathophysiological basis of

common medical conditions such as cardiovascular diseases, respiratory disorders,
gastrointestinal disorders, renal diseases, and endocrine disorders.
2. Clinical Skills Development: Develop clinical skills in history-taking, physical
examination, and interpretation of diagnostic tests relevant to internal medicine.
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3. Diagnostic Reasoning: Learn systematic approaches to differential diagnosis and
diagnostic reasoning in internal medicine.
4. Management Principles: Understand the principles of medical management including
pharmacotherapy, lifestyle modifications, and patient education.
5. Patient-Centered Care: Emphasize patient-centered care, including communication
skills, ethical considerations, and cultural competence in medical practice.
6. Integration of Knowledge: Integrate knowledge from basic sciences (anatomy,
physiology, biochemistry) with clinical medicine to understand disease processes and
their manifestations.
7. Clinical Decision Making: Practice clinical decision-making skills based on clinical
guidelines, evidence-based medicine, and patient-specific factors.
8. Professionalism and Ethics: Understand the ethical and professional responsibilities in
the practice of internal medicine, including patient confidentiality, informed consent, and
professional conduct.
9. Interprofessional Collaboration: Appreciate the role of various healthcare professionals
in the management of complex medical cases.
10. Critical Thinking and Problem Solving: Develop critical thinking skills to approach
complex medical problems and formulate comprehensive management plans
1. Introduction to Internal Medicine

o Definition and scope of internal medicine
o Historical development and evolution
o Role of internists in healthcare
2. Clinical Skills and Patient Evaluation
o History-taking and patient interview skills
o Physical examination techniques
o Clinical reasoning and differential diagnosis
3. Cardiology
o Overview of cardiovascular system
o Common cardiovascular diseases:
 Hypertension
 Coronary artery disease
 Heart failure
 Arrhythmias
4. Pulmonology
o Structure and function of respiratory system
o Common respiratory diseases:
 Asthma
 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
 Pneumonia
 Pulmonary embolism
5. Gastroenterology
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o Anatomy and physiology of gastrointestinal tract
o Common gastrointestinal diseases:
 Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
 Peptic ulcer disease
 Inflammatory bowel disease (Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis)
 Liver diseases (e.g., hepatitis, cirrhosis)
6. Nephrology
o Structure and function of the kidneys
o Common renal diseases:
 Acute kidney injury
 Chronic kidney disease
 Glomerulonephritis
 Renal calculi
7. Endocrinology
o Overview of the endocrine system
o Common endocrine disorders:
 Diabetes mellitus (type 1 and type 2)
 Thyroid disorders (hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism)
 Adrenal disorders (e.g., Addison's disease, Cushing's syndrome)
 Pituitary disorders
o Principles of infectious diseases
o Common infections:
 Bacterial infections (e.g., sepsis, pneumonia)
 Viral infections (e.g., influenza, HIV/AIDS)
 Fungal and parasitic infections
9. Rheumatology
o Overview of rheumatic diseases
o Common rheumatic conditions:
 Rheumatoid arthritis
 Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
 Osteoarthritis
 Gout
10. Hematology
o Structure and function of blood and hematopoietic system
o Common hematologic disorders:
 Anemia
 Leukemia
 Lymphoma
 Thrombosis and bleeding disorders
11. Neurology
o Structure and function of the nervous system
o Common neurological disorders:
 Stroke
 Epilepsy
 Parkinson's disease
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 Multiple sclerosis
12. Geriatrics
o Principles of geriatric medicine
o Common geriatric syndromes:
 Falls and fractures
 Dementia
 Polypharmacy
References:
 Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine

 Kumar and Clark's Clinical Medicine
 Goldman-Cecil Medicine
 UpToDate (online resource)
 American College of Physicians guidelines and resource

Course Outline: Surgery-I
Course Title: Surgery-I

Surgery-I Course Outline
Course Description:
Surgery-I is an introductory course that covers basic concepts, principles, and techniques in
surgery. It provides students with fundamental knowledge of surgical procedures, patient
management, and surgical ethics. The course often includes both theoretical and practical
components, aiming to prepare students for more advanced surgical training.
Course Objectives:
1. Understanding Surgical Principles: Gain knowledge of surgical principles, including

aseptic techniques, tissue handling, and wound management.
2. Basic Surgical Skills: Develop proficiency in basic surgical skills such as suturing, knot
tying, and instrument handling.
3. Patient Evaluation and Management: Learn how to evaluate surgical patients,
understand indications for surgery, and participate in preoperative and postoperative care.
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4. Introduction to Surgical Procedures: Familiarize with common surgical procedures
across different specialties, including their indications, techniques, and outcomes.
5. Ethical and Professional Issues: Understand ethical considerations in surgery, patient
consent, confidentiality, and professional behavior in surgical practice.
6. Teamwork and Communication: Develop effective communication skills within
surgical teams, including interactions with patients, families, and healthcare
professionals.
7. Critical Thinking and Problem Solving: Enhance critical thinking abilities to approach
surgical challenges and make informed decisions in clinical scenarios.
8. Integration with Other Disciplines: Recognize the multidisciplinary nature of surgical
practice and integrate surgical knowledge with other medical specialties
1. Introduction to Surgery
o Definition, history, and evolution of surgery
o Surgical ethics and professionalism
2. Basic Surgical Skills
o Sterilization and aseptic techniques
o Surgical instruments and their uses
3. Preoperative Evaluation and Preparation
o Patient assessment and optimization
o Informed consent and patient safety
4. Wound Healing and Management
o Principles of wound healing
o Wound classification and management
5. Surgical Infections
o Pathophysiology and classification
o Prophylactic antibiotics and infection control
6. Principles of Anesthesia
o Types of anesthesia and their indications
o Anesthetic complications and management
7. Trauma Surgery
o Evaluation and initial management of trauma patients
o Principles of trauma surgery and resuscitation
8. Gastrointestinal Surgery
o Common abdominal surgeries (appendectomy, cholecystectomy)
o Principles of bowel surgery
9. Orthopedic Surgery
o Fracture management and principles of orthopedic surgery
o Joint surgeries (e.g., arthroplasty)
10. Cardiothoracic Surgery
o Basic concepts and procedures in cardiothoracic surgery
o Management of chest trauma and thoracic surgeries
11. Urologic Surgery
o Common urologic procedures (e.g., nephrectomy, prostatectomy)
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o Principles of urologic surgery
12. Neurosurgery
o Basic concepts in neurosurgery
o Management of head trauma and neurosurgical emergencies
13. Pediatric Surgery
o Surgical conditions in children
o Principles of pediatric surgical care
14. Endocrine Surgery
o Thyroid and parathyroid surgeries
o Adrenal gland surgeries
15. Surgical Oncology
o Principles of oncologic surgery
o Surgical management of common cancers
16. Emerging Trends in Surgery
o Minimally invasive surgery (laparoscopic, robotic)
o Surgical innovations and future directions
References
 Sabiston Textbook of Surgery: The Biological Basis of Modern Surgical Practice

 Schwartz's Principles of Surgery
 Bailey & Love's Short Practice of Surgery
 Current Surgical Diagnosis & Treatment
 Essentials of General Surgery by Lawrence

third year second semester
Course Outline: Pediatrics-I
Course Title: Pediatrics-I

Pediatrics I: Course Outline
Course Description:
Pediatrics-I is an introductory course that covers the fundamental principles of pediatric

medicine. It aims to equip students with the knowledge necessary to understand the unique
aspects of child health and development from infancy through adolescence. The course often
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integrates theoretical concepts with practical clinical scenarios to prepare students for pediatric
practice.
Course Objectives:
1. Understanding Growth and Development: To comprehend the normal growth and

development milestones from birth through adolescence, including physical, cognitive,
and emotional aspects.
2. Recognition of Common Pediatric Disorders: To identify and understand the
pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management of common pediatric
diseases and conditions such as respiratory infections, gastrointestinal disorders, and
developmental delays.
3. Pediatric Examination Skills: To develop proficiency in performing age-appropriate
pediatric physical examinations, including history-taking, growth measurements, and
systematic evaluation of pediatric patients.
4. Preventive Pediatrics: To appreciate the importance of preventive medicine in
pediatrics, including immunizations, anticipatory guidance, and screening for
developmental milestones.
5. Communication Skills: To enhance communication skills necessary for interacting
effectively with pediatric patients and their families, emphasizing empathy, cultural
competence, and patient education.
6. Interprofessional Collaboration: To recognize the importance of collaboration with
other healthcare professionals involved in pediatric care, including nurses, social
workers, and specialists.
7. Ethical and Legal Considerations: To understand the ethical principles and legal
frameworks that govern pediatric practice, including issues related to consent,
confidentiality, and child advocacy.
8. Evidence-Based Practice: To develop the ability to critically appraise pediatric literature
and apply evidence-based guidelines in clinical decision-making.
9. Professionalism and Self-Reflection: To promote professionalism in pediatric practice,
including self-awareness, reflection on personal biases, and commitment to lifelong
learning in the field of pediatrics.
10. Integration of Knowledge: To integrate knowledge from basic sciences, clinical
medicine, and public health to provide comprehensive care to pediatric patients within
the context of their families and communities
1. Introduction to Pediatrics
o Definition and scope of pediatrics
o Historical perspective
o Importance of pediatric care
2. Child Growth and Development
o Principles of growth and development
o Milestones in infancy, childhood, and adolescence
o Factors influencing growth and development
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3. Nutrition in Children
o Nutritional requirements at different ages
o Common nutritional deficiencies and their management
o Breastfeeding vs. formula feeding
4. Common Pediatric Disorders
o Respiratory disorders (e.g., asthma, bronchiolitis)
o Gastrointestinal disorders (e.g., gastroenteritis, constipation)
o Infectious diseases (e.g., measles, chickenpox)
o Allergic disorders (e.g., eczema, food allergies)
5. Childhood Immunization
o Schedule of immunizations
o Vaccine-preventable diseases
o Vaccine safety and controversies
6. Pediatric Emergencies
o Recognition and initial management of pediatric emergencies
o Common emergencies (e.g., febrile seizures, anaphylaxis)
o Pediatric resuscitation
7. Behavioral and Developmental Disorders
o ADHD (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder)
o Autism spectrum disorders
o Learning disabilities
8. Pediatric Examination and Assessment
o Techniques for pediatric examination
o Growth charts and assessment tools
o Developmental screening
9. Ethical and Legal Issues in Pediatrics
o Consent and confidentiality in pediatric care
o End-of-life care in pediatrics
o Child abuse and neglect
References
Include textbooks and authoritative sources relevant to each topic covered in the course outline.
Textbooks like Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics and Rudolph's Pediatrics are commonly used as
references in pediatric courses. Current guidelines from reputable organizations such as the
American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) and the World Health Organization (WHO) should also
be referenced for up-to-date information on vaccinations, growth standards, and management of
pediatric conditions
Obstetrics
bstetrics and Gynecology (often abbreviated as OB/GYN) is a medical specialty that focuses on
women's reproductive health, encompassing both obstetrics (pregnancy, childbirth, and the
postpartum period) and gynecology (female reproductive system health, including disorders and
surgical interventions). Here are typical course objectives and descriptions for Obstetrics and
Gynecology-I:
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Course Outline: Obstetrics and Gynecology-I
Course Title: Obstetrics and Gynecology-I

Course Code: BPH
Course Description:
Obstetrics and Gynecology-I typically covers fundamental concepts in obstetrics and

gynecology, providing a foundational understanding of reproductive health and associated
medical practices. The course often includes theoretical and practical components, aiming to
equip students with the knowledge necessary to understand and manage common reproductive
health issues in women.
Course Objectives:
1. Understanding Reproductive Anatomy and Physiology:

o Learn about the female reproductive system, including its anatomy, physiology,
and hormonal regulation.
2. Pregnancy and Childbirth:
o Study the physiological changes during pregnancy, prenatal care, common
complications, and management strategies.
o Understand the stages of labor, delivery techniques, and postpartum care for both
the mother and newborn.
3. Gynecological Disorders and Health Maintenance:
o Explore common gynecological disorders such as menstrual disorders, pelvic
inflammatory disease, and endometriosis.
o Learn about preventive care, screening methods (like Pap smears and
mammograms), and management of reproductive health issues.
4. Clinical Skills Development:
o Develop essential clinical skills related to obstetrics and gynecology, including
history taking, physical examination techniques, and basic procedural skills.
5. Ethical and Legal Considerations:
o Discuss ethical dilemmas in obstetrics and gynecology, patient autonomy,
informed consent, and legal frameworks guiding reproductive health practices.
6. Interdisciplinary Approach:
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o Understand the interdisciplinary nature of obstetrics and gynecology,
collaborating with other healthcare professionals to provide comprehensive
patient care.
7. Research and Evidence-Based Practice:
o Introduce research methodologies in obstetrics and gynecology, emphasizing
evidence-based practice and critical appraisal of medical literature.
8. Communication and Patient Education:
o Develop effective communication skills for discussing sensitive topics related to
reproductive health with patients.
o Educate patients on preventive measures, healthy lifestyle choices, and family
planning options.
9. Global Health Perspectives:
o Explore global health challenges related to maternal health, reproductive rights,
and access to healthcare services worldwide.
10. Professional Development:
o Foster professionalism, empathy, and cultural competence in providing obstetric
and gynecological care to diverse populations
1. Introduction to Obstetrics
o Definition and scope of obstetrics
o Historical background
2. Anatomy and Physiology
o Female reproductive system
o Anatomy of pregnancy
3. Antenatal Care
o Prenatal visits and screening
o Monitoring fetal development
4. Normal Pregnancy
o Stages of pregnancy
o Maternal adaptations
5. Complications of Pregnancy
o Hyperemesis gravidarum
o Gestational diabetes
o Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy
6. Labor and Delivery
o Stages of labor
o Delivery methods
7. Postpartum Care
o Maternal health after delivery
o Care of the newborn
Gynecology
1. Introduction to Gynecology
o Definition and scope of gynecology
o Historical background
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o Female reproductive system
o Menstrual cycle
3. Common Gynecological Disorders
o Menstrual disorders
o Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)
o Endometriosis
4. Benign Gynecologic Conditions
o Fibroids
o Ovarian cysts
5. Gynecological Oncology
o Cervical cancer
o Ovarian cancer
o Endometrial cancer
6. Family Planning and Contraception
o Contraceptive methods
o Counseling and education
7. Reproductive Endocrinology
o Infertility
o Hormonal disorders
References
 Your course textbook(s) and recommended readings would provide detailed information
on each topic. Some commonly used textbooks include:
o "Williams Obstetrics" by Cunningham et al.
o "Obstetrics and Gynecology" by Beckmann et al.
o "Comprehensive Gynecology" by Lobo et

Course Outline: Dentistry
Course Title: Dentistry

Course Code: BPH
Course Description:
1. Basic Sciences: Foundational courses in anatomy, physiology, biochemistry, and

microbiology relevant to dental practice.
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2. Preclinical Dentistry: Hands-on training in laboratory settings to learn basic dental
procedures, including dental anatomy, restorative techniques, and preclinical
prosthodontics.
3. Clinical Dentistry: Direct patient care under supervision, focusing on comprehensive
dental treatment planning, operative dentistry (fillings), endodontics (root canals),
periodontics (gum diseases), and oral surgery.
4. Dental Specialties: Courses tailored to specific areas like orthodontics (braces), pediatric
dentistry, oral pathology, and maxillofacial surgery.
5. Ethics and Professionalism: Discussions on ethical principles, patient-doctor
relationships, and legal considerations in dentistry.
6. Research: Introduction to dental research methods, critical appraisal of dental literature,
and participation in research projects.
Course Objectives:
1. Clinical Competence: Develop proficiency in diagnosing and treating oral diseases and
disorders, including preventive dental care.
2. Professionalism: Instill ethical behavior, patient-centered care, and effective
communication skills.
3. Critical Thinking: Apply scientific principles to clinical decision-making and problem-
solving in dental practice.
4. Research Skills: Familiarize with research methodologies and evidence-based practices
to enhance patient care.
5. Specialization Preparation: Prepare for advanced training in dental specialties through
foundational knowledge and clinical exposure.
6. Community Health: Understand the role of dentistry in promoting public health and
contributing to community well-being.
1. Introduction to Dentistry
o Overview of dental profession
o Ethics and professionalism in dentistry
o Head and neck anatomy
o Oral cavity anatomy
o Physiology of the oral structures
3. Histology and Embryology
o Histology of oral tissues
o Development of teeth and oral structures
4. Biochemistry and Nutrition
o Biochemical principles in dental health
o Nutritional factors affecting oral health
5. Microbiology and Immunology
o Microorganisms in oral cavity
o Immunological responses related to oral health
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6. Dental Materials
o Types and properties of dental materials
o Use of materials in dental restoration
7. Periodontology
o Anatomy and physiology of periodontium
o Periodontal diseases and their management
8. Endodontics
o Pulp biology and pathology
o Root canal treatment techniques
9. Operative Dentistry
o Principles of cavity preparation
o Dental restorative materials and techniques
10. Prosthodontics
o Removable and fixed prosthodontics
o Implant dentistry
11. Orthodontics
o Malocclusion and its treatment
o Orthodontic appliances and techniques
12. Oral Medicine and Radiology
o Diagnosis and management of oral diseases
o Radiographic techniques in dentistry
13. Oral Surgery
o Minor oral surgery procedures
o Management of dental emergencies
14. Pediatric Dentistry
o Dental care for children
o Behavior management in pediatric patients
15. Public Health Dentistry
o Community oral health programs
o Preventive dentistry and dental public health
16. Research Methodology in Dentistry
o Basics of dental research
o Conducting dental research studies
17. Clinical Training and Practice
o Clinical rotations in various dental specialties
o Hands-on training in patient care
18. Professional Development
o Continuing education in dentistry
o Career opportunities and pathways in dentistry
References:
 Depending on your course materials and textbooks used, specific references can include
standard dental textbooks like:
o "Contemporary Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery" by James R. Hupp
o "Sturdevant's Art and Science of Operative Dentistry" by Harald O. Heymann
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o "Carranza's Clinical Periodontology" by Michael G. Newman
o "Textbook of Endodontology" by Gunnar Bergenholtz et al
Fourth year Semster I

Fourth year first semester
Course Outline: Ophthalmology
Course Title: Ophthalmology

Course Code: BPH
Course Description:
Ophthalmology is a branch of medicine that deals with the anatomy, physiology, and diseases of
the eyes. It includes the study of various parts of the eye, such as the cornea, retina, lens, and
optic nerve. The course covers both medical and surgical aspects of eye care, including
diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of eye disorders.
Course Objectives:
1. Understanding Anatomy and Physiology: To familiarize students with the structure

and function of the eye, including its various components and their roles in vision.
2. Diagnosis of Eye Diseases: To teach students how to diagnose common and rare eye
conditions through clinical examination, imaging techniques, and diagnostic tests.
3. Management of Eye Conditions: To educate students on the medical and surgical
management of eye diseases, including pharmacological treatments, laser procedures, and
surgical interventions.
4. Preventive Eye Care: To emphasize the importance of preventive measures and early
detection of eye disorders to preserve vision and prevent blindness.
5. Patient Communication: To develop effective communication skills in discussing eye
health, treatment options, and prognosis with patients and their families.
6. Research and Innovation: To encourage research in ophthalmology, exploring new
treatments, technologies, and advancements in the field.
7. Ethical and Legal Considerations: To instill an understanding of ethical principles and
legal responsibilities related to eye care practice.
Course Content:
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 Basic Sciences: Anatomy, physiology, and biochemistry of the eye.
 Clinical Examination: Techniques for examining the eye, including slit-lamp
biomicroscopy, ophthalmoscopy, and tonometry.
 Common Eye Diseases: Cataracts, glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy, macular
degeneration, and others.
 Surgical Procedures: Cataract surgery, corneal transplantation, refractive surgery (e.g.,
LASIK), and retinal surgery.
 Emerging Technologies: Use of lasers, imaging modalities (e.g., OCT), and
pharmacological advances in treatment.
 Pediatric Ophthalmology: Special considerations and conditions affecting children's
eyes.
 Global Eye Health: Issues related to blindness prevention, public health strategies, and
international collaborations
1. introduction to Ophthalmology
o Definition, scope, and importance of ophthalmology
o Overview of eye anatomy and physiology
2. Visual Optics
o Refraction of light, lenses, and optics of the eye
o Accommodation and presbyopia
3. Clinical Examination of the Eye
o History taking and physical examination
o Visual acuity testing, refraction, and visual fields
4. Common Eye Disorders
o Refractive errors (myopia, hyperopia, astigmatism)
o Cataracts: types, causes, and management
o Glaucoma: types, pathophysiology, and treatment
o Age-related macular degeneration (AMD)
5. External Eye Diseases
o Conjunctivitis: types, causes, and treatment
o Corneal diseases: keratitis, dystrophies, and degenerations
6. Retinal and Vitreous Diseases
o Diabetic retinopathy: pathophysiology and management
o Retinal detachment: causes, symptoms, and surgical treatment
o Age-related macular degeneration (AMD): types and treatment options
7. Neuro-Ophthalmology
o Optic neuritis and optic neuropathies
o Disorders of cranial nerves affecting vision
8. Pediatric Ophthalmology
o Amblyopia (lazy eye) and strabismus (crossed eyes)
o Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP)
9. Ocular Emergencies
o Acute angle-closure glaucoma
o Chemical burns and traumatic eye injuries
10. Surgical Ophthalmology
o Principles of ophthalmic surgery
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o Common procedures: cataract surgery, refractive surgery
11. Ophthalmic Pharmacology
o Drugs used in the treatment of eye disorders
o Pharmacological management of glaucoma and inflammation
12. Research and Advances in Ophthalmology
o Current trends and developments in the field
o Ongoing research in vision science and eye health
References and Further Reading:
 Kanski, J. J., & Bowling, B. (2019). Clinical Ophthalmology: A Systematic Approach

(8th ed.). Elsevier.
 Yanoff, M., & Duker, J. S. (2018). Ophthalmology (5th ed.). Elsevier.
 American Academy of Ophthalmology. (2021). Basic and Clinical Science Course
(BCSC). American Academy of Ophthalmology

Fourth year first semester
Course Outline: Ear, Nose, and Throat (ENT)
Course Title: Ear, Nose, and Throat (ENT)

Course Code: BPH
Course Description:
The course in Ear, Nose, and Throat (ENT) provides an in-depth study of the anatomy, functions,
common disorders, and medical treatments related to the ear, nose, and throat. It includes both
theoretical knowledge and practical skills necessary for understanding and diagnosing ENT
conditions.
Course Objectives:
1. Anatomy and Physiology: Understand the structure and function of the ear, nose, and
throat, including related structures like the sinuses and larynx.
2. Common Disorders: Identify and describe common ENT disorders such as otitis media,
rhinitis, sinusitis, tonsillitis, hearing loss, and voice disorders.
3. Diagnostic Skills: Develop skills in history-taking and physical examination techniques
specific to ENT conditions. Learn how to use diagnostic tools like otoscopes,
laryngoscopes, and nasal endoscopes.
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4. Medical Management: Understand the principles of medical management for ENT
conditions, including pharmacological treatments and non-surgical interventions.
5. Surgical Interventions: Introduce basic concepts of ENT surgeries, including
indications, techniques, and post-operative care for procedures like tonsillectomy,
septoplasty, and tympanoplasty.
6. Patient Communication: Develop effective communication skills for discussing ENT
diagnoses, treatment options, and patient education regarding preventive measures and
lifestyle modifications.
7. Ethical and Legal Considerations: Discuss ethical issues related to ENT practice,
patient confidentiality, and informed consent.
8. Interdisciplinary Collaboration: Appreciate the importance of interdisciplinary
collaboration with audiologists, speech therapists, and other healthcare professionals in
managing complex ENT cases.
9. Research and Evidence-Based Practice: Explore current research trends and evidence-
based practices in ENT, emphasizing the importance of lifelong learning and professional
development.
10. Public Health Perspective: Consider the impact of ENT disorders on public health,
including preventive strategies, health promotion, and community outreach.
1. Introduction to ENT
o Definition and scope of ENT
o Importance of ENT in medical practice
o Basic anatomy and physiology of the ear, nose, and throat
2. Ear Anatomy and Physiology
o External ear (Pinna, External auditory canal)
o Middle ear (Tympanic membrane, Ossicles)
o Inner ear (Cochlea, Vestibular system)
o Hearing mechanisms
3. Ear Disorders
o Otitis media
o Otosclerosis
o Conductive and sensorineural hearing loss
o Tinnitus and vertigo
4. Nose and Sinus Anatomy and Physiology
o Nasal cavity structure
o Paranasal sinuses
o Functions of the nasal passages
o Sense of smell (Olfactory system)
5. Nasal and Sinus Disorders
o Rhinitis (Allergic, Infectious)
o Sinusitis (Acute, Chronic)
o Nasal polyps
o Epistaxis (Nosebleeds)
6. Throat Anatomy and Physiology
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oPharynx and larynx structure
oVocal cord anatomy and function
oSwallowing mechanisms
7. Throat Disorders
o Pharyngitis
o Laryngitis
o Hoarseness and voice disorders
o Tonsillitis and adenoiditis
8. Common ENT Procedures
o Otoscopy and ear irrigation
o Nasal endoscopy
o Tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy
o Myringotomy and tympanostomy tube placement
9. Emerging Trends and Research in ENT
o Advances in hearing aids and cochlear implants
o Minimally invasive ENT surgeries
o Genetic predispositions in ENT disorders
o Innovations in allergy management related to ENT
For detailed references and further reading, you can consult textbooks such as:
 "Scott-Brown's Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery" edited by J.

Watkinson and R. J. Clarke.
 "Cummings Otolaryngology: Head and Neck Surgery" edited by Paul W. Flint et al.
 "Bailey's Head and Neck Surgery: Otolaryngology" edited by Jonas T. Johnson et al

Fourth year 1st semester
Course Outline: Diagnostic Radiology
Course Title: Diagnostic Radiology

Course Code: BPH
Course Description:
Diagnostic Radiology is a branch of medical science that utilizes imaging techniques such as X-
rays, CT scans, MRI scans, ultrasound, and nuclear medicine to diagnose and treat diseases. It
covers principles of radiographic imaging, interpretation of radiographic studies, and integration
of imaging findings with clinical data.
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Course Objectives:
1. Understanding Imaging Modalities: Gain knowledge of different imaging technologies,

their principles, and their applications in clinical settings.
2. Radiographic Anatomy: Develop a thorough understanding of anatomical structures as
visualized through radiographic imaging techniques.
3. Pathological Conditions: Identify and interpret radiographic signs of various diseases
and conditions, including fractures, tumors, infections, and systemic diseases.
4. Radiation Safety and Protection: Understand the principles of radiation safety for
patients and healthcare providers, including radiation protection measures.
5. Clinical Integration: Learn to integrate radiographic findings with clinical history and
physical examination to formulate accurate diagnostic impressions.
6. Interventional Radiology: Gain insight into the role of radiology in minimally invasive
procedures for therapeutic purposes.
7. Ethical and Legal Considerations: Understand ethical and legal aspects related to
patient care, informed consent, and confidentiality in diagnostic radiology.
8. Research and Innovation: Explore current research trends and technological
advancements in diagnostic radiology.
9. Interdisciplinary Collaboration: Foster collaboration with other healthcare
professionals to optimize patient care through effective communication and consultation.
1. Introduction to Diagnostic Radiology

o Definition and scope
o History and development
o Importance in modern medicine
2. Radiation Physics
o Basics of radiation
o Radiation protection and safety
o Radiologic technology and equipment
3. Imaging Techniques
o X-ray imaging
o Computed Tomography (CT)
o Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
o Ultrasound imaging
o Nuclear medicine imaging (PET, SPECT)
4. Radiographic Anatomy
o Understanding anatomy in radiologic terms
o Normal radiographic appearances
5. Radiologic Pathology
o Recognizing abnormal radiographic findings
o Common pathologies in various body systems
6. Radiologic Procedures
o Image interpretation
o Contrast media and its uses
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o Interventional radiology procedures
7. Radiologic Ethics and Legal Issues
o Patient consent and communication
o Ethical considerations in radiology
o Legal aspects and regulations
8. Radiologic Research and Advancements
o Current research trends
o Emerging technologies in diagnostic imaging
9. Clinical Applications of Radiology
o Radiology in different medical specialties
o Role of radiology in patient management
10. Radiology in Public Health
o Role in screening programs
o Epidemiological studies using radiology
References:
 Bushong, S. C. (2016). Radiologic Science for Technologists: Physics, Biology, and

Protection.
 Sutton, D. (2014). Textbook of Radiology and Imaging.
 Dähnert, W. (2016). Radiology Review Manual

Fourth year second semester
Course Outline: Psychiatry
Course Title: Psychiatry

Course Code: BPH
Course Description:
Psychiatry is the branch of medicine concerned with the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of
mental disorders. This course explores the biological, psychological, and social factors
influencing mental health, emphasizing diagnostic criteria, therapeutic interventions, and ethical
considerations.
Course Objectives:
1. Understanding Mental Disorders: Identify and classify major psychiatric disorders

based on DSM-5 criteria.
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2. Biopsychosocial Approach: Explore the interplay of biological, psychological, and
social factors in the development and manifestation of mental illnesses.
3. Diagnostic Skills: Develop proficiency in conducting psychiatric assessments, including
history taking, mental status examination, and differential diagnosis.
4. Treatment Modalities: Evaluate pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment
options for various psychiatric disorders, considering efficacy, side effects, and patient
preferences.
5. Therapeutic Communication: Enhance skills in therapeutic communication and
building rapport with patients, families, and multidisciplinary teams.
6. Ethical and Legal Issues: Discuss ethical dilemmas and legal considerations in
psychiatric practice, including patient autonomy, confidentiality, and involuntary
treatment.
7. Cultural Competence: Recognize the influence of cultural factors on mental health and
adapt treatment approaches accordingly.
8. Research and Evidence-Based Practice: Critically appraise current research in
psychiatry and apply evidence-based practices in clinical decision-making.
9. Mental Health Promotion and Prevention: Promote mental health awareness and
strategies for preventing mental disorders at individual and community levels.
10. Professional Development: Foster a commitment to lifelong learning, self-reflection,
and ethical conduct in psychiatric practice
Introduction to Psychiatry
 Introduction and History of Psychiatry

 Basic Principles of Psychiatry
 Overview of Mental Health Disorders
Foundations of Psychiatry
 Neurobiology and Psychopathology

 Genetics and Psychiatry
 Psychological Theories in Psychiatry
Clinical Psychiatry
 Clinical Assessment and Diagnosis

 Psychiatric Interview and Mental Status Examination
 Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM) Guidelines
Major Psychiatric Disorders
1. Mood Disorders
o Depression
o Bipolar Disorder
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o Dysthymia
2. Anxiety Disorders
o Generalized Anxiety Disorder
o Panic Disorder
o Phobias
3. Psychotic Disorders
o Schizophrenia
o Schizoaffective Disorder
o Delusional Disorder
4. Personality Disorders
o Borderline Personality Disorder
o Antisocial Personality Disorder
o Narcissistic Personality Disorder
5. Substance-Related and Addictive Disorders
o Substance Abuse
o Alcohol Dependence
o Gambling Disorder
6. Neurodevelopmental Disorders
o Autism Spectrum Disorder
o Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
o Intellectual Disability
7. Eating Disorders
o Anorexia Nervosa
o Bulimia Nervosa
o Binge Eating Disorder
8. Sleep-Wake Disorders
o Insomnia Disorder
o Narcolepsy
o Parasomnias
Treatment Modalities
 Psychopharmacology
 Psychotherapy
 Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)
 Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)
 Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)
 Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT)
 Supportive Therapy
Legal and Ethical Issues in Psychiatry
 Informed Consent
 Mental Health Legislation
 Confidentiality and Privacy
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Special Topics in Psychiatry
 Forensic Psychiatry
 Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
 Geriatric Psychiatry
 Global Mental Health
Research in Psychiatry
 Methods in Psychiatric Research

 Current Research Trends
References
 American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental

disorders (5th ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing.
 Sadock, B. J., Sadock, V. A., & Ruiz, P. (2014). Kaplan and Sadock's synopsis of
psychiatry: Behavioral sciences/clinical psychiatry (11th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Wolters
Kluwer

Course Outline: Internal Medicine-II
Course Title: Internal Medicine-II

Course Code: BPH
Internal Medicine II Course Outline
The course "Internal Medicine-II" typically builds upon foundational knowledge gained in
Internal Medicine-I, focusing on advanced topics and clinical skills necessary for the practice of
internal medicine. The course objectives generally include:
1. Advanced Diagnosis Skills: Enhancing proficiency in diagnosing complex medical

conditions through detailed history-taking, physical examination, and interpretation of
diagnostic tests.
2. Management of Chronic Diseases: Developing strategies for the comprehensive
management of chronic diseases such as diabetes, hypertension, chronic kidney disease,
and others.
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3. Acute Care Management: Learning to manage acute medical emergencies and critical
care situations effectively, including conditions like myocardial infarction, stroke, and
sepsis.
4. Integration of Evidence-Based Medicine: Applying principles of evidence-based
medicine to clinical decision-making, including understanding the latest research and
guidelines relevant to internal medicine.
5. Patient-Centered Care: Emphasizing patient-centered care, communication skills, and
ethical considerations in the treatment of patients with diverse backgrounds and medical
needs.
6. Interdisciplinary Collaboration: Understanding the role of interdisciplinary teams in
managing complex medical cases, including coordination with specialists and allied
health professionals.
7. Professional Development: Fostering professional growth through continuous learning,
ethical practice, and adherence to medical professionalism standards.
8. Clinical Skills Enhancement: Improving procedural skills relevant to internal medicine,
such as advanced cardiac life support (ACLS), bedside ultrasound, and other diagnostic
procedures.
9. Preventive Medicine: Promoting preventive healthcare measures, including screening
protocols, vaccination strategies, and lifestyle counseling to prevent chronic diseases.
10. Research and Critical Appraisal: Introducing principles of research methodology,
critical appraisal of medical literature, and participation in clinical research projects.
1. Cardiology
o Coronary artery disease
o Heart failure
o Arrhythmias
o Valvular heart disease
o Pericardial diseases
2. Pulmonology
o Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
o Asthma
o Interstitial lung diseases
o Pulmonary infections
o Pulmonary hypertension
3. Gastroenterology
o Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
o Peptic ulcer disease
o Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)
o Hepatitis and liver disease
o Pancreatitis
4. Nephrology
o Acute kidney injury
o Chronic kidney disease
o Glomerular diseases
o Electrolyte disorders
o Renal replacement therapies
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5. Endocrinology
o Diabetes mellitus
o Thyroid disorders
o Adrenal disorders
o Pituitary disorders
o Calcium and bone metabolism disorders
6. Rheumatology
o Rheumatoid arthritis
o Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
o Spondyloarthropathies
o Vasculitis
o Crystal arthropathies
o Bacterial infections
o Viral infections
o Fungal infections
o Parasitic infections
o HIV/AIDS management
8. Hematology
o Anemia
o Coagulation disorders
o Leukemias
o Lymphomas
o Myeloproliferative disorders
9. Oncology
o Principles of cancer treatment
o Common solid tumors
o Hematologic malignancies
o Supportive care in oncology
o Palliative care
10. Neurology
o Stroke and transient ischemic attacks (TIAs)
o Epilepsy
o Multiple sclerosis
o Parkinson's disease
o Headache disorders
11. Critical Care Medicine
o Sepsis and septic shock
o Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)
o Shock states (cardiogenic, hypovolemic, septic)
o Organ support in critically ill patients
o ICU management principles
References
 Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine
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 UpToDate Clinical Guidelines
 American College of Physicians (ACP) guidelines
 Specialty-specific journals and research articles

Course Outline: Surgery-II
Course Title: Surgery-II

Course Code: BPH
The course "Surgery-II" typically builds on foundational knowledge from Surgery-I and focuses
on advanced topics and skills in surgical practice. The specific course description and objectives
can vary depending on the curriculum and institution, but here are some general outlines you
might expect:
Course Description:
Surgery-II is an advanced course that delves deeper into various surgical specialties, techniques,
and procedures. It often covers both theoretical aspects and practical training in surgical
interventions.
Course Objectives:
1. Advanced Surgical Techniques: Introduce and practice advanced surgical techniques

relevant to different specialties such as orthopedic surgery, neurosurgery, cardiovascular
surgery, etc.
2. Clinical Decision Making: Develop skills in clinical decision-making in surgical
scenarios, including pre-operative assessment, intra-operative management, and post-
operative care.
3. Patient Management: Understand comprehensive patient management in surgery,
including patient counseling, informed consent, and ethical considerations.
4. Surgical Specialties: Explore specific surgical specialties in-depth, including their
indications, contraindications, and management protocols.
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5. Emergency Surgery: Learn principles and practices of emergency surgery, trauma
management, and critical care in surgical patients.
6. Research and Evidence-based Practice: Promote research skills in surgery,
emphasizing evidence-based practice and critical appraisal of surgical literature.
7. Teamwork and Communication: Enhance teamwork and communication skills in
surgical settings, including interactions with multidisciplinary teams.
8. Professionalism and Ethics: Emphasize professionalism, ethical standards, and legal
aspects in surgical practice.
9. Simulation and Practical Training: Utilize simulation and practical training sessions to
reinforce technical skills and decision-making abilities in controlled environments.
10. Integration with Other Disciplines: Understand the integration of surgical practices
with other medical disciplines such as anesthesia, radiology, and pathology
The course outline for Surgery-II typically covers advanced topics in surgical practice and may
include:
1. General Surgery
o Advanced techniques in abdominal surgery
o Surgical management of gastrointestinal diseases
o Hepatobiliary surgery
o Colorectal surgery
2. Orthopedic Surgery
o Trauma surgery and fracture management
o Joint replacement surgery (arthroplasty)
o Spinal surgery
3. Cardiothoracic Surgery
o Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG)
o Valve replacement and repair
o Thoracic surgery
4. Neurosurgery
o Brain and spine surgery
o Neuro-oncology
o Traumatic brain injury management
5. Urology
o Urological cancers
o Kidney transplantation
o Endourology and minimally invasive procedures
6. Plastic Surgery
o Reconstructive surgery
o Cosmetic surgery
o Burn management
7. Pediatric Surgery
o Pediatric congenital anomalies
o Pediatric oncology surgery
o Neonatal surgery
8. Vascular Surgery
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oPeripheral vascular diseases
oAortic surgery
oEndovascular procedures
9. Surgical Oncology
o Principles of oncological surgery
o Multidisciplinary cancer care
o Palliative care in surgery
References for detailed study and further reading:
 Sabiston Textbook of Surgery: The Biological Basis of Modern Surgical Practice

(Townsend et al.)
 Schwartz's Principles of Surgery (Schwartz et al.)
 Current Diagnosis and Treatment Surgery (Doherty et al.)
 Bailey & Love's Short Practice of Surgery (Williams et al.)
 Oxford Handbook of Clinical Surgery (McGregor et al.)

Course Outline: Pediatrics-II
Course Title: Pediatrics-II

Course Code: BPH
Course Outline: Pediatrics-II
Course Description:
Pediatrics-II is an advanced course in pediatric medicine that delves into the diagnosis,
management, and treatment of pediatric diseases and conditions. It may include clinical
rotations, case studies, and interactive sessions to reinforce learning.
Course Objectives:
1. Advanced Pediatric Conditions: Explore complex pediatric diseases such as congenital

disorders, genetic syndromes, and rare pediatric conditions.
2. Pediatric Emergency Medicine: Understand the principles of emergency care for
children, including resuscitation, trauma management, and acute illnesses.
3. Pediatric Surgery: Gain insights into pediatric surgical procedures, indications, and
post-operative care for children.
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4. Neonatology: Study neonatal care, including prematurity, neonatal infections, respiratory
distress syndrome, and neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) management.
5. Pediatric Subspecialties: Introduce various subspecialties within pediatrics such as
pediatric cardiology, gastroenterology, nephrology, and neurology.
6. Psychosocial Pediatrics: Discuss the psychological and social aspects of pediatric care,
including child development, behavioral disorders, and family-centered care.
7. Ethical and Legal Issues: Address ethical dilemmas and legal considerations in pediatric
practice, including informed consent, child protection, and end-of-life care.
8. Research and Evidence-Based Practice: Develop skills in critically appraising pediatric
literature, understanding research methodologies, and applying evidence-based medicine
in pediatric practice
1. Neonatology
o Neonatal resuscitation
o Neonatal infections
o Neonatal jaundice
o Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (RDS)
o Neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) management
2. Growth and Development
o Growth assessment and monitoring
o Developmental milestones
o Failure to thrive
o Nutrition in infancy and childhood
o Common childhood infections (bacterial, viral, fungal)
o Immunizations and vaccine-preventable diseases
o Management of febrile illnesses in children
o Pediatric HIV/AIDS
4. Respiratory Disorders
o Asthma in children
o Pneumonia and bronchiolitis
o Cystic fibrosis
o Upper respiratory tract infections
5. Gastrointestinal Disorders
o Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
o Diarrheal diseases
o Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in children
o Hepatitis and liver disorders
6. Cardiovascular Disorders
o Congenital heart diseases
o Rheumatic heart disease
o Kawasaki disease
o Hypertension in children
7. Neurologic Disorders
o Seizure disorders in children
o Cerebral palsy
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o Neurodevelopmental disorders (autism, ADHD)
o Headaches in children
8. Genetic Disorders
o Down syndrome
o Cystic fibrosis
o Muscular dystrophy
o Genetic counseling in pediatric practice
9. Endocrine Disorders
o Diabetes mellitus type 1
o Thyroid disorders in children
o Disorders of growth and puberty
o Adrenal disorders
10. Nephrology and Urology
o Acute and chronic kidney diseases
o Urinary tract infections (UTIs)
o Congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT)
o Bedwetting and voiding disorders
References
 Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics by Robert M. Kliegman et al.

 Pediatric Decision-Making Strategies by Albert J. Pomeranz
 Rudolph's Pediatrics by Mark W. Kline et al

Course Outline: Obstetrics and Gynecology II
Course Title: Obstetrics and Gynecology II

Course Code: BPH
Course Description:
Obstetrics and Gynecology II is a continuation of the study of women's health and reproductive
system. It focuses on more advanced topics related to pregnancy, childbirth, and various
gynecological conditions. The course explores both theoretical knowledge and practical skills
necessary for managing obstetric and gynecologic cases.
Course Objectives:
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1. Advanced Obstetrics: Understanding complex obstetric conditions, high-risk
pregnancies, and management strategies.
2. Gynecologic Disorders: Diagnosis and management of various gynecological disorders
such as menstrual disorders, benign gynecological tumors, and infections.
3. Surgical Skills: Developing skills in gynecological surgeries including hysterectomy,
ovarian cystectomy, and other procedures.
4. Reproductive Endocrinology: Understanding hormonal influences on reproductive
health, infertility evaluation, and management.
5. Family Planning: Providing comprehensive knowledge of contraceptive methods and
family planning counseling.
6. Emergencies in Obstetrics and Gynecology: Managing obstetric and gynecological
emergencies such as eclampsia, postpartum hemorrhage, and acute pelvic pain.
7. Ethical and Legal Issues: Exploring ethical dilemmas and legal considerations in
obstetrics and gynecology practice.
8. Patient Communication: Developing effective communication skills with patients
regarding sensitive topics and delivering bad news
Here's a typical course outline for Obstetrics and Gynecology II, structured with key topics and
references:
Obstetrics II
1. Antepartum Care
o Prenatal visits and screening
o Management of common antepartum complications (e.g., gestational diabetes,
hypertension)
o Fetal surveillance and monitoring techniques
2. Intrapartum Care
o Stages of labor and delivery
o Management of normal and abnormal labor
o Pain relief options and techniques
3. Postpartum Care
o Immediate postpartum assessment and management
o Postpartum complications and their management
o Contraception counseling and options
4. Medical Disorders in Pregnancy
o Management of pre-existing medical conditions during pregnancy
o Pregnancy-related conditions (e.g., preeclampsia, gestational diabetes)
Gynecology II
1. Benign Gynecological Conditions

o Evaluation and management of menstrual disorders
o Benign ovarian masses and cysts
o Uterine fibroids and their treatment options
2. Gynecologic Oncology
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oScreening and management of gynecologic cancers (e.g., cervical, endometrial,
ovarian)
o Principles of oncological surgery and adjuvant therapy
3. Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility
o Evaluation and management of infertility
o Hormonal disorders affecting reproduction
o Assisted reproductive technologies (ART)
4. Urogynecology
o Evaluation and management of pelvic floor disorders (e.g., urinary incontinence,
pelvic organ prolapse)
o Surgical and non-surgical treatment options
References:
 Williams Obstetrics, 25th Edition - Cunningham et al.

 Williams Gynecology, 4th Edition - Hoffman et al.
 Comprehensive Gynecology, 7th Edition - Lobo et al.
 Te Linde's Operative Gynecology, 12th Edition - Rock et al.
 Current Diagnosis & Treatment: Obstetrics & Gynecology, 12th Edition -
DeCherney et al
Fourth year Semester II

Course Outline: Entrepreneurship
Course Title: Entrepreneurship

Course Code: BPH
Course Outline: Entrepreneurship
Course Description:
Entrepreneurship courses aim to explore the principles and practices of starting and managing a
business venture. They often cover topics such as opportunity recognition, business planning,
financing, marketing, and managing growth. Emphasis is placed on understanding
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entrepreneurial behavior, innovation, and the challenges and opportunities in different business
environments.
Course Objectives:
1. Introduction to Entrepreneurship:
o Understand the concept of entrepreneurship and its importance in economic
development.
o Explore the entrepreneurial mindset and characteristics of successful
entrepreneurs.
2. Opportunity Recognition and Evaluation:
o Learn how to identify and assess business opportunities.
o Analyze market trends, customer needs, and competitive landscapes.
3. Business Planning and Strategy:
o Develop skills in creating a business plan, including feasibility analysis and
financial projections.
o Understand strategic planning and its role in business sustainability and growth.
4. Marketing and Sales Strategies:
o Explore marketing principles tailored to small businesses and startups.
o Learn how to develop and implement effective sales strategies.
5. Financial Management:
o Gain knowledge of financial statements, budgeting, and financial forecasting.
o Understand sources of funding and financial strategies for startups.
6. Legal and Ethical Issues:
o Identify legal considerations for startups, including intellectual property
protection and regulatory compliance.
o Explore ethical dilemmas and responsible business practices.
7. Entrepreneurial Leadership:
o Develop leadership skills essential for entrepreneurs, including decision-making
and risk management.
o Understand team building and managing organizational culture.
8. Entrepreneurship in Different Contexts:
o Explore entrepreneurship in various sectors, such as technology, social
entrepreneurship, and international markets.
o Understand the impact of entrepreneurship on society and sustainable
development.
9. Practical Application and Case Studies:
o Apply theoretical knowledge through case studies, guest lectures from
entrepreneurs, and practical exercises.
o Develop a business idea or plan as part of the course project.
10. Entrepreneurship Ecosystem:
o Understand the role of support organizations, incubators, accelerators, and
government policies in fostering entrepreneurship.
o Network with entrepreneurs and industry professionals to gain insights and
opportunities
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1. Introduction to Entrepreneurship
 Definition of entrepreneurship
 Importance of entrepreneurship in economic development
 Types of entrepreneurs
2. Opportunity Identification and Evaluation
 Recognizing opportunities
 Idea generation techniques
 Feasibility analysis and evaluation
3. Business Planning
 Components of a business plan

 Market analysis and strategy
 Financial projections and funding sources
4. Legal and Regulatory Issues
 Business structures (sole proprietorship, partnership, corporation, etc.)

 Intellectual property rights
 Regulatory compliance
5. Marketing and Sales
 Market research and segmentation

 Marketing strategies and tactics
 Sales techniques and customer relationship management
6. Financial Management
 Financial statements and analysis

 Budgeting and cash flow management
 Sources of financing and venture capital
7. Operations Management
 Production processes and quality management

 Supply chain management
 Technology and innovation in operations
8. Scaling and Growth Strategies
 Scaling challenges and opportunities

 Franchising and global expansion
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 Managing growth and sustaining competitive advantage
9. Entrepreneurial Leadership
 Leadership styles and qualities

 Team building and organizational culture
 Managing change and adversity
10. Social Entrepreneurship and Sustainability - Social enterprises and impact investing -
Environmental sustainability - Corporate social responsibility
References:
 Hisrich, R. D., Peters, M. P., & Shepherd, D. A. (2017). Entrepreneurship (10th ed.).
 Kuratko, D. F., & Hodgetts, R. M. (2020). Entrepreneurship: Theory, Process, Practice
(11th ed.). Cengage Learning.
 Zimmerer, T. W., Scarborough, N. M., & Wilson, D. (2017). Essentials of
Entrepreneurship and Small Business Management (9th ed.). Pearson.
 Burns, P. (2016). Entrepreneurship and Small Business: Start-up, Growth and Maturity
(4th ed.). Palgrave Macmillan

Course Outline: Community Health Attachment
Course Title: Community Health Attachment

Course Code:
Course Outline for
Course Description:
Community Health Attachment (CHA) is designed to familiarize students with various aspects of
community health practice. It involves practical training in community settings to apply
theoretical knowledge gained in classroom settings.
Course Objectives:
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1. Exposure to Community Health Settings: Provide students with firsthand experience in
community health centers, clinics, or outreach programs.
2. Application of Public Health Principles: Apply public health theories and concepts to
real-world community health issues.
3. Health Promotion and Education: Participate in health promotion activities such as
campaigns, education sessions, and workshops within communities.
4. Understanding Health Systems: Gain insights into how community health services are
organized and delivered within different settings.
5. Interpersonal and Communication Skills: Develop communication skills necessary for
engaging with diverse populations and stakeholders in community health.
6. Data Collection and Analysis: Learn basic skills in data collection, analysis, and
reporting related to community health indicators and outcomes.
7. Teamwork and Collaboration: Collaborate with multidisciplinary teams involved in
community health initiatives.
8. Reflective Practice: Encourage reflection on personal learning and professional
development throughout the attachment.
Practical Components:
 Field Visits: Regular visits to community health centers or outreach sites.

 Health Assessments: Participate in conducting health assessments and screenings.
 Health Education: Assist in designing and delivering health education programs.
 Community Engagement: Engage with community members to understand their health
needs and challenges.
 Documentation: Maintain records and reports related to community health activities.
1. Introduction to Community Health

o Definition and scope of community health
o Importance of community health in public health practice
2. Principles of Community Health
o Principles of primary health care
o Social determinants of health and their impact on communities
3. Community Diagnosis and Needs Assessment
o Methods and tools for community assessment
o Identifying health needs and priorities in communities
4. Health Promotion and Education
o Strategies for health promotion in communities
o Planning and implementing health education programs
5. Community Participation and Empowerment
o Engaging communities in health decision-making
o Building partnerships and collaborations with community stakeholders
6. Epidemiology in Community Health
o Basic epidemiological concepts and measures
o Surveillance and monitoring of community health indicators
7. Maternal and Child Health
o Maternal health services and programs
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o Child health services and immunization programs
8. Nutrition and Food Security
o Assessment of nutritional status in communities
o Interventions for improving food security and nutrition
o Environmental hazards and their health implications
o Community-based environmental health interventions
10. Health Systems and Policy
o Understanding health systems in community settings
o Policy advocacy and health governance at the community level
11. Health Economics and Financing
o Financing mechanisms for community health services
o Economic evaluation of community health interventions
12. Disaster Management and Emergency Response
o Preparedness and response strategies in community disasters
o Role of community health workers in disaster management
References
 World Health Organization (WHO) publications on community health.

 Textbooks such as "Community Health Nursing: Promoting and Protecting the Public's
Health" by Allender, et al.
 Academic journals in public health and community medicine.

Course Outline: Student Research Project
Course Title: Student Research Project

Course Code: BPH
Course Description: The Student Research Project is designed to provide students with an
opportunity to independently explore a specific topic within their field of study. It involves
conducting original research under the guidance of a faculty supervisor. Students are expected to
apply theoretical knowledge gained throughout their program to address a research question or
problem of relevance to their discipline. The project culminates in a written report or thesis and
often includes an oral presentation or defense.
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Course Objectives:
1. Research Skills Development: Enhance students' ability to design and conduct

independent research.
2. Critical Thinking: Develop critical thinking skills through analysis, evaluation, and
interpretation of data and literature.
3. Problem Solving: Apply theoretical knowledge to real-world issues or challenges within
their field.
4. Communication: Improve written and oral communication skills through the preparation
of a research report and presentation.
5. Project Management: Gain experience in planning, organizing, and executing a long-
term academic project.
6. Subject Mastery: Deepen understanding of a specific area within the discipline and
contribute to the body of knowledge through original research.
Typical Components:
 Proposal: Formulate a research question, outline methodology, and establish the

significance of the study.
 Literature Review: Review and synthesize existing literature relevant to the research
topic.
 Data Collection and Analysis: Gather data using appropriate methods and analyze
findings.
 Discussion and Conclusion: Interpret results, discuss implications, and suggest areas for
future research.
 Presentation: Communicate findings through a formal presentation and defend the
research in front of faculty and peers
Title Page
 Title of the Project

 Name of the Student
 Institutional Affiliation
 Date
Abstract
 Brief summary of the project (approximately 150-250 words)

 Objective, methodology, key findings (if available), and conclusion
Table of Contents
1. Introduction
 Background and context of the study

 Statement of the problem or research question
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 Objectives of the study
 Significance or rationale for the study
2. Literature Review
 Review of relevant literature and theoretical framework

 Identification of gaps in existing research
 Theoretical and conceptual framework
3. Methodology
 Research design (qualitative, quantitative, or mixed methods)

 Data collection methods (e.g., interviews, surveys, document analysis)
 Sampling techniques and sample size
 Data analysis methods
4. Findings
 Presentation and analysis of findings

 Use of tables, charts, and graphs as appropriate
 Discussion of key findings in relation to research questions or hypotheses
5. Discussion
 Interpretation of findings
 Comparison with existing literature
 Implications of findings for theory, practice, or policy
 Limitations of the study and suggestions for future research
6. Conclusion
 Summary of the main findings

 Practical implications and recommendations
 Contribution to the field of study
7. References
 List of all sources cited in the project using a consistent citation style (e.g., APA, MLA,
Chicago)
A Comprehensive Qualifying Examination (CQE) typically serves as a milestone assessment in

various academic programs, including doctoral programs in many disciplines. The specifics of a
CQE can vary significantly depending on the institution and the field of study. Here's a
generalized outline that could be adapted for a CQE in various disciplines:
150 | P a g e
The Comprehensive Qualifying Examination (CQE) typically varies by institution and program,
but generally, it serves as a comprehensive assessment designed to evaluate a student's overall
understanding and mastery of the core concepts, theories, and methodologies within their field of
study. Here's a general outline of what you might expect in terms of course description and
objectives:

Course Outline: The Comprehensive Qualifying Examination (CQE)
Course Title: The Comprehensive Qualifying Examination (CQE)

Course Code:
Course Description:
The Comprehensive Qualifying Examination (CQE) is a pivotal assessment in [Your

Program/Department Name] designed to evaluate the breadth and depth of knowledge acquired
throughout the program. It is usually taken after completing most coursework and before
advancing to candidacy for [Degree Level, e.g., PhD].
Course Objectives:
1. Demonstrate Mastery: Display comprehensive understanding of key concepts, theories,

and methodologies relevant to the field of [Your Field/Area of Study].
2. Integrate Knowledge: Synthesize and integrate knowledge from multiple courses and
disciplines within the program.
3. Critical Analysis: Apply critical thinking skills to analyze and evaluate complex
theoretical and practical issues in [Your Field/Area of Study].
4. Communication Skills: Effectively communicate research ideas, methodologies, and
findings both orally and in writing.
5. Preparation for Candidacy: Prepare students for advancing to candidacy for [Degree
Level] by demonstrating readiness to undertake independent research.
Typical Components:
 Written Examinations: Often includes written exams covering major areas of study
within [Your Field/Area of Study], which may be comprehensive or focused on specific
subfields.
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 Oral Examination (Defense): In some programs, a defense of the written exam answers
or a defense of a proposed research topic may be required.
 Research Proposal: Sometimes includes the submission and defense of a research
proposal outlining a potential dissertation or thesis topic.
Evaluation Criteria:
Evaluation is typically based on the depth of understanding, ability to integrate knowledge,

clarity of expression, critical analysis, and overall readiness to pursue independent research.
Comprehensive Qualifying Examination Outline
1. Introduction to the Field

o Overview of the discipline or subject area.
o Historical context and development of key theories.
2. Theory and Conceptual Frameworks
o Major theories and frameworks relevant to the discipline.
o Critical analysis of theoretical perspectives.
3. Research Methods
o Quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods approaches.
o Ethical considerations in research.
4. Core Topics and Subfields
o Detailed examination of core topics within the discipline.
o Exploration of subfields or specialized areas of study.
5. Current Debates and Issues
o Contemporary debates and discussions within the discipline.
o Critical evaluation of current research trends.
6. Integration and Synthesis
o Integration of knowledge across different topics and subfields.
o Synthesis of theoretical and practical insights.
7. Case Studies and Applications
o Analysis of case studies relevant to the discipline.
o Application of theoretical knowledge to real-world scenarios.
8. Future Directions
o Emerging trends and future directions in the field.
o Potential areas for future research and development.
References
 Include a comprehensive list of references covering key textbooks, seminal articles, and
recent scholarly publications relevant to each section of the examination outline
152 | P a g e

Curriculum For Public Health

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STAR INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY

A Curriculum for Bachelor Science Degree Public Health

A Curriculum for Bachelor Science Degree Public Health

Name of the Degree Program: Degree Public Health

Name of the Degree to be awarded: Bachelor Science Degree Public Health

Standard/Regular Period of Study: 4 Academic Years with 8 Semesters

Commencement of the Program: 2025 G.C

Fees / Charges for Students: Tuition fee

2. RATIONALE OF THE PROGRAM ........................................................................................................ 8

3. OBJECTIVES OF THE PROGRAM ....................................................................................................... 9

4. GRADUATES’ PROFILE ........................................................................................................................ 9

6.ADMISSION REQUIREMENT .............................................................................................................. 10

7. DURATION OF THE STUDY............................................................................................................... 10

8. MODE OF DELIVERY .......................................................................................................................... 10

9. DEGREE NOMENCLATURE ............................................................................................................... 10

10. GRADUATION REQUIREMENT ...................................................................................................... 10

11. COURSE STRUCTURE ...................................................................................................................... 10

12. COURSE CODING .............................................................................................................................. 11

13.LIST OF COURSES ................................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.

14. COURSE BREAK DOWN ...................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

15.TEACHING AND LEARNING METHODS ........................................................................................ 11

16.ASSESSMENT POLICIES AND TECHNIQUES ................................................................................ 12

17.GRADING SYSTEM ............................................................................................................................ 12

18. RESOURCE REQUIREMENT ............................................................................................................ 13

19. QUALITY ASSURANCE .................................................................................................................... 14

20. CLASS SIZE ......................................................................................................................................... 15

21. COURSE DESCRIPTION & OUTLINE FOR CORE COURSES ...................................................... 15

THE BALANCED SCORECARD AND ITS FOUR PERSPECTIVES

The Balanced Scorecard Framework

How do we look to our

(Adapted from Kaplan & Norton, 1992.p.72)

The Business Core

Accounting and Internal Learning and

 Marketing  Accounting  Organization in  Information

2. RATIONALE OF THE PROGRAM

Participating in health promotion, prevention and control of diseases

Provide curative and rehabilitative services

Provide early diagnosis, basic treatment and referral of difficult cases

Provide comprehensive outpatient and inpatient services.

Perform minor surgical and obstetric procedures

Perform medical diagnostic and therapeutic procedures

Undertake operational health researches and involve in data management process

3. OBJECTIVES OF THE PROGRAM

 To produce competent Public Health professionals who undertake promotive, preventive,

5. PROFESSIONAL AND PROGRAM PROFILE

7. DURATION OF THE STUDY

 In English – ―Bachelor Degree of Science in PH ‖

10. GRADUATION REQUIREMENT

 A minimum credit hour of 176 hrs.

11. COURSE STRUCTURE

12. COURSE CODING

 BPH represents core courses.

13. TEACHING AND LEARNING METHODS

16. ASSESSMENT POLICIES AND TECHNIQUES

17. GRADING SYSTEM

Exc Status Description

Raw Mark Interval-[100 %]

[80, 85) 3.75 -

[60, 65) 2.5 +