This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles

for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

Designation: A1030/A1030M − 21

Standard Practice for

Measuring Flatness Characteristics of Steel Sheet Products1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation A1030/A1030M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last
reapproval. A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.

1. Scope* A568/A568M Specification for Steel, Sheet, Carbon,

1.1 This practice covers definitions and procedures for Structural, and High-Strength, Low-Alloy, Hot-Rolled and
measuring flatness characteristics of uncoated steel sheet and Cold-Rolled, General Requirements for
nonmetallic and metallic-coated steel sheet. The methods A924/A924M Specification for General Requirements for
described are designed and intended to be used in mill Steel Sheet, Metallic-Coated by the Hot-Dip Process
situations and environments. 3. Significance and Use
1.2 The sheet shall conform to all the requirements of the 3.1 This practice provides definitions and procedures com-
appropriate specifications as follows: Specifications A568/ monly used for measuring flatness characteristics of steel sheet
A568M or A924/A924M. products under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committees A01 and
1.3 Quantitative limits are not addressed and are established A05 and their subcommittees as designated by a purchaser in
in the general requirements, or individual product a purchase order or contract.
specifications, or both; or when applicable, as agreed to 3.2 Sheet flatness is affected by mill process factors plus the
between supplier and user. grade, thickness, and width of the material supplied. These
1.4 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch- measuring methods provide purchasers and suppliers with
pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The common definitions and procedures for flatness characteristics.
values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equiva- The intention of these definitions and measuring methods is not
lents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each to provide dimensional specifications for flatness
system shall be used independently of the other, and values characteristics, but rather common procedures for quantifying
from the two systems shall not be combined. flatness anomalies. For determining compliance with flatness
specifications, references are provided to appropriate ASTM
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
standards.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- 3.3 This practice may be used by other ASTM Committees
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter- and other standards writing bodies for the purpose of measur-
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. ing flatness characteristics of metal sheet products.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accor- 4. Interferences
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the 4.1 Measurement of flatness often has been subjective, at
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom- best. Successful measurement of various flatness anomalies on
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical quantitative terms requires recognition of several factors that
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee. can interfere with accurate measurements.
4.1.1 Flat surfaces are required. Measurement of several
2. Referenced Documents anomalies requires laying of a cut sheet sample, or a sheet area
2.1 ASTM Standards:2 still attached to a coil, on a recognized flat surface. In most
cases, laying of a cut sheet sample, or a sheet area still attached
to a coil, on a floor will produce satisfactory results, as long as
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A05 on Metallic- the floor is recognized as being flat. The flatness of sheet areas
Coated Iron and Steel Products and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee still attached to a coil is also measured on the flat tables of coil
A05.07 on Methods of Testing.
Current edition approved May 1, 2021. Published May 2021. Originally processing lines, with the sheet line tension released. If the
approved in 2003. Last previous edition approved in 2016 as A1030/A1030M – 16. measuring surface is not recognized as being flat, a machined
DOI: 10.1520/A1030_A1030M-21.
2
flat surface is recommended.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at [email protected]. For Annual Book of ASTM
4.1.2 Stepblock gauges or tapered gauges should be
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on checked regularly with a calibrated hand micrometer. Wear or
the ASTM website. dirt build up will affect accuracy.

*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard

Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States

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 A1030/A1030M − 21

NOTE 1—Stepblock gauge for all thicknesses and sizes of cut sheets.
NOTE 2—Dimensions given are approximate overall dimensions.
FIG. 1 Flatness Stepblock Gauge

4.1.3 The flat tables of shape gauges capable of measuring and the readings from 6.1.2.1, determine the I-Unit and %
flatness characteristics must be clean and the sensors must be Steepness values, first using the distance between the two
in good condition. highest peaks, and second using the distance between two
4.1.4 The sheet sample must be damage free. adjacent peaks. The highest I-Unit and % Steepness values
obtained from these two situations shall be used to determine
5. Apparatus if the specification has been met.
5.1 Appropriate tools to measure flatness anomalies are 6.1.3.3 If the I-Unit and % Steepness values are supplied
described along with drawings as indicated. directly using a shape gauge, determine if the results are within
5.1.1 Flat Surfaces—Accurate measurements of flatness the maximum specified values.
anomalies require a flat surface, machined flat preferred. 6.2 Ridge Buckle, Quarter Buckle, Center Buckle (see Fig.
5.1.2 Machined Stepblock Gauge—See Fig. 1. Typically 4):
steps are in 1⁄16 in. [1 mm] increments.
6.2.1 Definition—Buckles are continuous deviations from a
5.1.3 Tapered Gauge—See Fig. 2.
recognized flat surface, having a height (H) and a measurable
5.1.4 Standard Ruler or Tape Measure.
cycle (L), and usually occur in narrow width areas parallel to
5.1.5 Hand Micrometer.
the rolling direction other than at the sheet edges.
5.1.6 Lightweight Straightedge—Rigid, but light enough not
to affect the test result. 6.2.2 Measuring Methods:
6.2.2.1 With a cut sheet sample, or sheet area still attached
6. Procedure to a coil, of at least 4 ft [1.2 m] by coil width resting on a
6.1 Wavy Edge (see Fig. 3): recognized flat surface, place a lightweight straightedge on the
6.1.1 Definition—A series of rolling direction edge devia- highest portion of a buckle and on the highest portion of the
tions or undulations of the sheet from a recognized flat surface, next repeating buckle. Measure the height (H) between the
having a height (H) and a measurable cycle length (L). straightedge and the sheet using a ruler, tape measure, tapered
6.1.2 Measuring Methods: gauge, or stepblock gauge. Measure the cycle length (L) from
6.1.2.1 With a cut sheet sample, or sheet area still attached peak to peak of each buckle with a ruler or tape measure.
to a coil, of at least 4 ft [1.2 m] in length by coil width on a 6.2.2.2 In the case of a cut sheet sample, it is permissible to
recognized flat surface, measure the height (H) at the peak shear through the centerline of the flatness anomaly and
point of each wave from the recognized flat surface with a measure as an edge wave (see 6.1.2.1) using a ruler, tape
ruler, tape measure, tapered gauge, or stepblock gauge. Also measure, tapered gauge, or stepblock gauge.
measure the cycle length (L) from peak to peak of each wave 6.2.3 Permissible Variations
with a ruler or tape measure. 6.2.3.1 The height (H) of the highest peak measured in
6.1.3 Permissible Variations accordance with 6.2.2.1 or 6.2.2.2 shall comply with applicable
6.1.3.1 The height (H) of the highest peak measured in limits, such as found in the tables on flatness tolerances of
accordance with 6.1.2.1 shall comply with applicable limits, Specifications A568/A568M or A924/A924M. Note that the
such as found in the tables on flatness tolerances of Specifica- referenced tables apply to cut sheet that has received adequate
tions A568/A568M or A924/A924M. Note that the referenced flattening. While buckle height evident in a sheet area still
tables apply to cut sheet that has received adequate flattening. attached to a coil is a reasonable indication of flatness, it is not
While wavy edge height evident in a sheet area still attached to bound by the limits of the referenced tables.
a coil is a reasonable indication of flatness, it is not bound by 6.2.3.2 As stated in the section on flatness tolerances of
the limits of the referenced tables. Specifications A568/A568M or A924/A924M, I-Unit and %
6.1.3.2 As stated in the section on flatness tolerances of Steepness rejection limits are subject to agreement between
Specifications A568/A568M or A924/A924M, I-Unit and % producer and purchaser. Using the procedures of Appendix X1,
Steepness rejection limits are subject to agreement between and the readings from 6.2.2.1 or 6.2.2.2, determine the I-Unit
producer and purchaser. Using the procedures of Appendix X1, and % Steepness values, first using the distance between the

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 A1030/A1030M − 21

NOTE 1—Tapered gauge for all thicknesses and sizes of cut sheets.
FIG. 2 Flatness Tapered Gauge

FIG. 3 Wavy Edge

FIG. 4 Ridge Buckle, Quarter Buckle, Center Buckle

two highest peaks, and second using the distance between two cycle length (L) from peak to peak of a full center region with
adjacent peaks. The highest I-Unit and % Steepness values a ruler or tape measure.
obtained from these two situations shall be used to determine 6.3.2.2 In the case of a cut sheet sample, it is permissible to
if the specification has been met. shear through the centerline of the flatness anomaly and
6.2.3.3 If the I-Unit and % Steepness values are supplied measure as an edge wave (see 6.1.2.1) using a ruler, tape
directly using a shape gauge, determine if the results are within measure, tapered gauge, or stepblock gauge.
the maximum specified values. 6.3.3 Permissible Variations
6.3 Full Center (see Fig. 5): 6.3.3.1 The height (H) of the highest peak measured in
6.3.1 Definition—Any overall deviation of a sheet from a accordance with 6.3.2.1 or 6.3.2.2 shall comply with applicable
recognized flat surface, having a height (H) and a measurable limits, such as found in the tables on flatness tolerances of
cycle (L), and occurring over a major portion of the sheet width Specifications A568/A568M and A924/A924M. Note that the
parallel to the rolling direction other than at the sheet edges. referenced tables apply to cut sheet that has received adequate
6.3.2 Measuring Methods: flattening. While buckle height evident in a sheet area still
6.3.2.1 With a cut sheet sample, or a sheet area still attached attached to a coil is a reasonable indication of flatness, it is not
to a coil, of at least 4 ft [1.2 m] by coil width resting on a bound by the limits of the referenced tables.
recognized flat surface, place a lightweight straightedge on the 6.3.3.2 As stated in the section on flatness tolerances of
highest portion of a full center region and on the highest Specifications A568/A568M or A924/A924M, I-Unit and %
portion of the next repeating region of full center. Measure the Steepness rejection limits are subject to agreement between
height (H) between the straightedge and the sheet using a ruler, producer and purchaser. Using the procedures of Appendix X1,
tape measure, tapered gauge, or stepblock gauge. Measure the and the readings from 6.3.2.1 or 6.3.2.2, determine the I-Unit

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 A1030/A1030M − 21

FIG. 5 Full Center

and % Steepness values, first using the distance between the the center portion of the sheet. The degree of cross bow is
two highest peaks, and second using the distance between two determined in a horizontal position on a recognized flat
adjacent peaks. The highest I-Unit and % Steepness values surface.
obtained from these two situations shall be used to determine 6.5.2 Measuring Methods:
if the specification has been met. 6.5.2.1 For crossbow, place an adequately leveled cut sheet
6.3.3.3 If the I-Unit and % Steepness values are supplied sample, or sheet area still attached to a coil, of approximately
directly using a shape gauge, determine if the results are within 4 ft [1.2 m] by coil width on a recognized flat surface. Measure
the maximum specified values. the highest rise (H) of the center of the sheet from the flat
6.4 Coil Set and Reverse Coil Set (see Fig. 6): surface. Use a ruler accurate to 1⁄16 in. [1 mm].
6.4.1 Definition—A bow condition in the sheet, parallel with 6.5.2.2 For reverse crossbow, place an adequately leveled
the rolling direction, as measured from a recognized flat cut sheet sample, or sheet area still attached to a coil, of
surface. Coil set (also known as positive coil set) curves approximately 4 ft [1.2 m] by coil width on a recognized flat
downward in the same direction as the upper outside lap of an surface. Measure the highest rise (H) of the edges of the sheet
overwound coil. Reverse coil set (also known as negative coil from the flat surface. Use a ruler accurate to 1⁄16 in. [1 mm] or
set) curves upward, opposite to the curvature of the upper a lightweight straightedge as required.
outside lap of an overwound coil. 6.5.3 Permissible Variations
6.4.2 Measuring Methods: 6.5.3.1 The height (H) of the highest deviation measured in
6.4.2.1 For coil set, place an adequately leveled cut sheet accordance with 6.5.2.1 or 6.5.2.2 shall comply with applicable
sample of approximately 4 ft [1.2 m] by coil width on a limits, such as found in the tables on flatness tolerances of
recognized flat surface. Measure the highest rise (H) of the Specifications A568/A568M or A924/A924M, or a value
sheet edges from the flat surface. Use a ruler accurate to 1⁄16 in. agreed upon between the producer and purchaser.
[1 mm]. 6.6 Camber (see Fig. 8):
6.4.2.2 For reverse coil set, place an adequately leveled cut 6.6.1 Definition—The greatest deviation of a coil edge from
sheet sample of approximately 4 ft [1.2 m] by coil width on a a straight line. The measurement is taken on the concave side
recognized flat surface. Measure the highest rise (H) of the cut and is the perpendicular distance from a straight line to the
end(s) of the sheet from the flat surface. Use a ruler accurate to point of maximum deviation (A).
1⁄16 in. [1 mm].
6.6.2 Measuring Methods:
6.4.3 Permissible Variations 6.6.2.1 Lay a cut sheet sample of at least 20 ft [6 m] next to
6.4.3.1 The height (H) of the highest deviation measured in recognized straightedge. The perpendicular distance (A) is
accordance with 6.4.2.1 or 6.4.2.2 shall comply with applicable measured using a ruler accurate to 1⁄16 in. [1 mm].
limits, such as found in the tables on flatness tolerances of 6.6.2.2 Cut two 20 ft [6 m] consecutive cut sheets from the
Specifications A568/A568M or A924/A924M, or a value master coil. Butt together the sections lengthwise with the
agreed upon between the producer and purchaser. same edges together. At a 10 ft [3 m] distance from the end,
6.5 Crossbow and Reverse Crossbow (see Fig. 7): measure the distance between the two edges. Divide this
6.5.1 Definition—A bow condition in the sheet, perpendicu- measurement in half to determine the actual camber (A).
lar to the rolling direction as measured from a recognized flat 6.6.3 Permissible Variations
surface. Crossbow (also known as positive crossbow) curves 6.6.3.1 The maximum deviation (A) measured in accor-
downward, with the center portion of the sheet raised a dance with 6.6.2.1 or 6.6.2.2 shall comply with applicable
measurable amount (H) above the sheet edges. Reverse cross- limits of the table on camber tolerances of Specifications
bow (also known as negative crossbow) curves upward, with A568/A568M or A924/A924M, or a value agreed upon be-
the edges of the sheet raised a measurable amount (H) above tween the producer and purchaser.

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 A1030/A1030M − 21

FIG. 6 Coil Set and Reverse Coil Set

7. I-Unit Calculation are an acceptable method of measuring flatness. While the

7.1 This calculation assumes that flatness irregularities most operation of such devices is beyond the scope of this practice,
closely conform to sinusoidal waveforms and uses the flatness the information they supply can be compared with the results
wavelength and height for the calculation. An alternate ap- obtained using this practice. I-Unit values obtained from such
proach is to use I-Unit or % Steepness as a measure of the in-line measuring devices will not necessarily agree with those
severity of flatness anomalies. Refer to Appendix X1 for a obtained using this practice.
complete discussion of I-Units.
7.2 Steel sheet processing units such as temper mills are 8. Keywords
sometimes equipped with sensor rolls and detection systems 8.1 flatness; steel sheet; steel sheet—metallic-coated
that directly measure flatness in terms of I-Units. These devices

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 A1030/A1030M − 21

FIG. 7 Crossbow and Reverse Crossbow

FIG. 8 Camber

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 A1030/A1030M − 21
APPENDIX

(Nonmandatory Information)

X1. ALTERNATIVE METHODS FOR EXPRESSING FLATNESS

X1.1 Introduction and Definitions : X1.1.4.1 Fig. X1.2 provides I-unit values based on the
sinusoidal approximation for wave heights up to 1⁄2 in. [10 mm]
X1.1.1 In addition to the conventional expression of
(increments of 1⁄32 in. [0.5 mm]) and intervals between 10 and
flatness, the “maximum deviation from a horizontal flat 40 in. [250 and 1000 mm] (increments of 1 in. [25 mm]).
surface,” at least two other flatness parameters have been Mathematical relationships between the three representations
developed and are in use for characterizing sheet with longi- of flatness described here are given in Table X1.1; these
tudinal waves or buckles. These are Steepness Index and relationships can be used to convert between I-unit, %
Flatness Index (or I-Unit), which are illustrated using the steepness, and wave height values (see examples in Table
example in Fig. X1.1. X1.1).
X1.1.2 Steepness Index—Fig. X1.1 (a) shows a representa- X1.2 Flatness Evaluation Example and Determination of
tion of a sheet sample exhibiting edge waves of height H and I-Unit or % Steepness Value:
interval L. The steepness index value for this sample is defined
X1.2.1 While the sheet is on an inspection table, find the
as follows:
locations on the sheet that are not lying flat on the table. If no
H flatness deviation can be found, that portion of the coil
steepness index 5 (X1.1)
L (head/middle/tail) can be described as flat (that is, zero I-unit or

% steepness 5 S 5 S D H
L
3 100 (X1.2)
zero % steepness).
X1.2.2 If the sheet is not totally flat, the height of the
deviation must be determined and recorded. If the sheet has
X1.1.3 I-Units—Making a series of lengthwise cuts to the
edge waves, a step gauge (incremented in intervals of 1⁄16 or 1⁄32
sample in Fig. X1.1 (a) relaxes elastic stresses present in the
in. [1 or 0.5 mm]) can be inserted under a wave to determine
sheet and results in narrow strips of differing lengths, as shown
the height. If the sheet exhibits flatness deviation in the center
in Fig. X1.1 (b). Using the length of the shortest strip as a
of the strip, a lightweight straightedge can be placed on the
reference ( Lref), the I-unit value (I) for an individual strip is
highest portion of the buckle and on the highest portion of the
defined as follows:
next repeating buckle. The height can then be determined by
I5 S D
∆L
L ref
3 105 (X1.3)
inserting a step gauge between the straightedge and the strip.
X1.2.3 Along with the height, the wave period or wave
where interval must also be determined. The wave interval can be
∆L = difference between the length of a given strip and the obtained by using a standard tape measure or straightedge to
reference strip. measure the distance between the highest point of one flatness
deviation to the highest point of the next repeating flatness
X1.1.4 For the special case of waves/buckles that are deviation.
perfectly sinusoidal in character, the following relationship X1.2.4 After determining the height and wave interval,
applies: either the I-unit or % steepness value can be obtained. To
I F S DS D G
π
2
H
L
2
3 105 (X1.4)
determine the I-unit flatness, locate the appropriate height and
wave interval in Fig. X1.2 and read the I-unit value at the
intersection of the two measurements. To determine %
or steepness, divide the height by the wave interval and multiply
I 5 24.7S 2 (X1.5) the result by 100.

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 A1030/A1030M − 21

FIG. X1.1 Representation of Sheet Sample with Edge Waves (a) and Strips of Differing Length Which Result from Making Longitudinal
Cuts Along the Sample (b)

FIG. X1.2 Unit Conversion Chart

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 A1030/A1030M − 21
TABLE X1.1 Flatness Conversion FactorsA,B
I-Unit Height % Steepness
I-Unit 1
2L 2
I 1025 I 1021
π œ πœ

(100&#10
Height, H, peak to peak 1
S D
Hπ
2L
2
105

(LS)
% Steepness, S 2.5 (π S)2 1
100

A
L = wave interval as defined in Fig. X1.1 (a).
B
Examples:
(1) Assume % steepness is given as 1.5 and the corresponding I-unit value is desired. From Table X1.1, I = 2.5(π S)2 = 2.5[(3.14)(1.5)]2 = 55.5.
1 1
(2) Assume an I-unit value of 25 is given and the corresponding % steepness is desired. From Table X1.1, S = 2 ⁄π (I × 10 -1) = 2 ⁄3.14(25×10 -1) = 1.0.
2 2

SUMMARY OF CHANGES

Committee A05 has identified the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue
(A1030/A1030M – 16) that may impact the use of this standard. (May 1, 2021.)

(1) Revised Section 1 (Scope) to move some language into

Section 3 (Significance and Use).
(2) Revised Section 3 (Significance and Use) to comply with
the requirements of Form and Style, Section C23 (Practices
and Guides).

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