Marvel Cinematic Universe

The Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) is an American

Marvel Cinematic Universe
media franchise and shared universe centered on a series of
superhero films produced by Marvel Studios. The films are
based on characters that appear in American comic books
published by Marvel Comics. The franchise also includes
television series, short films, digital series, and literature. The
shared universe, much like the original Marvel Universe in
comic books, was established by crossing over common plot
Marvel Cinematic Universe intertitle
elements, settings, cast, and characters.
from Marvel Studios: Assembling a
Marvel Studios releases its films in groups called "Phases", Universe (2014)
with the first three phases collectively known as "The Infinity Created by Marvel Studios
Saga" and the following three phases as "The Multiverse
Saga". The first MCU film, Iron Man (2008), began Phase Original Iron Man (2008)
One, which culminated in the 2012 crossover film The work
Avengers. Phase Two began with Iron Man 3 (2013) and Owner The Walt Disney
concluded with Ant-Man (2015). Phase Three began with Company
Captain America: Civil War (2016) and concluded with
Years 2008–present
Spider-Man: Far From Home (2019). Phase Four began with
Black Widow (2021) and will conclude with Black Panther: Print publications
Wakanda Forever (2022). Ant-Man and the Wasp: Book(s) Marvel Cinematic
Quantumania (2023) will begin Phase Five, which will end Universe books
with Thunderbolts (2024), and Phase Six begins with Fantastic
Four (2024). Phase Six and "The Multiverse Saga" will Comics Marvel Cinematic
conclude with Avengers: The Kang Dynasty (2025) and Universe
Avengers: Secret Wars (2025). tie-in comics
Films and television
Marvel Television expanded the universe to network television
with Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. on ABC in 2013 before further Film(s) Marvel Cinematic
expanding to streaming television on Netflix and Hulu and to Universe films
cable television on Freeform. They also produced the digital Short film(s) Marvel One-Shots
series Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.: Slingshot. Marvel Studios began
Television Marvel Cinematic
producing their own television series for streaming on Disney+,
starting with WandaVision in 2021 as the beginning of Phase series Universe television
Four. The MCU also includes tie-in comics published by series
Marvel Comics, a series of direct-to-video short films called Web series Marvel Cinematic
Marvel One-Shots, and viral marketing campaigns for the films Universe digital series
featuring the faux news programs WHIH Newsfront and The
Television Marvel Cinematic
Daily Bugle.
special(s) Universe television
The franchise has been commercially successful and generally specials
received positive reviews. It has inspired other film and Games
television studios to attempt similar shared universes, and has
also inspired several themed attractions, an art exhibit, Video Marvel Cinematic
television specials, guidebooks for each film, multiple tie-in game(s) Universe video game
video games, and commercials. tie-ins
 Audio
Original Music of the Marvel
Contents
music Cinematic Universe
Development Miscellaneous
Films and Disney+ series
Theme park Marvel-themed
Marvel Television
attraction(s) attractions
Other media expansion
Business practices
Feature films
The Infinity Saga
The Multiverse Saga
Television series
Marvel Television series
Marvel Studios series
Short films
Marvel One-Shots
I Am Groot
Other media
Digital series
Comic books
Books
Music
Timeline
As depicted in the MCU
Codifying attempts
Multiverse
Recurring cast and characters
Reception
Cultural impact
Other studios
Academia
Outside media
Avengers Campus
Disney Wish
Other live attractions
Live-action television specials
Documentary series
Guide books
Video game tie-ins
A Mini Marvel
The Good, the Bart, and the Loki
See also
Notes
References
External links

Development

Films and Disney+ series

By 2005, Marvel Entertainment had begun planning to produce its "It's never been done before
own films independently and distribute them through Paramount and that's kind of the spirit
Pictures.[2] Previously, Marvel had co-produced several superhero everybody's taking it in. The
films with Columbia Pictures, New Line Cinema and others, other filmmakers aren't used to
including a seven-year development deal with 20th Century Fox.[3] getting actors from other
Marvel made relatively little profit from its licensing deals with other movies that other filmmakers
studios and wanted to get more money out of its films while have cast, certain plot lines that
maintaining artistic control of the projects and distribution.[4] Avi are connected or certain
Arad, head of Marvel's film division, was pleased with Sam Raimi's locations that are connected,
Spider-Man films at Sony Pictures, but was less pleased with others. but I think ... everyone was on
As a result, Arad decided to form Marvel Studios, Hollywood's first board for it and thinks that it's
major independent film studio since DreamWorks. Kevin Feige, fun. Primarily because we've
Arad's second-in-command,[5] realized that unlike Spider-Man and always remained consistent
the X-Men, whose film rights were licensed to Sony and Fox, saying that the movie that we
respectively, Marvel still owned the rights to the core members of the are making comes first. All of
Avengers. Feige, a self-described "fanboy", envisioned creating a the connective tissue, all of that
shared universe, just as creators Stan Lee and Jack Kirby had done stuff is fun and is going to be
with their comic books in the early 1960s.[6] very important if you want it to
be. If the fans want to look
To raise capital, the studio secured funding from a seven-year, further and find connections,
$525 million revolving credit facility with Merrill Lynch.[4] Marvel's then they're there. There are a
plan was to release individual films for their main characters and few big ones obviously, that
then merge them in a crossover film.[7] Arad doubted the strategy, hopefully the mainstream
but insisted that it was his reputation that helped secure the initial audience will able to follow as
financing. He resigned the following year.[5][8] In 2007, at 33 years well. But ... the reason that all
old, Feige was named studio chief. In order to preserve its artistic the filmmakers are on board is
integrity, Marvel Studios formed a creative committee of six people that their movies need to stand
familiar with its comic book lore: Feige, Marvel Studios co-president on their own. They need to
Louis D'Esposito, Marvel Comics' president of publishing Dan have a fresh vision, a unique
Buckley, Marvel's chief creative officer Joe Quesada, writer Brian tone, and the fact that they can
Michael Bendis, and Marvel Entertainment president Alan Fine, interconnect if you want to
who oversaw the committee.[5] Feige initially referred to the shared follow those breadcrumbs is a
narrative continuity of these films as the "Marvel Cinema bonus."
Universe",[9] but later used the term "Marvel Cinematic
Universe".[10] Since the franchise expanded to other media, this —Kevin Feige, President of
phrase has been used by some to refer to the feature films only.[11] Production for Marvel Studios,
on constructing a shared film
In October 2014, Marvel Studios held a press event to announce the
titles of their Phase Three films.[12] By September 2015, after universe.[1]
Marvel Studios was integrated into Walt Disney Studios with Feige
reporting to Walt Disney Studios chairman Alan Horn instead of
Marvel Entertainment CEO Isaac Perlmutter,[13] the studios' creative committee had "nominal" input on the
films moving forward, though they continued to consult on Marvel Television productions, which remained
under Perlmutter's control.[14][15] All key film decisions going forward were to be made by Feige,
D'Esposito and Victoria Alonso.[14] Feige mentioned that Avengers: Endgame (2019) would provide "a
definitive end" to the films and storylines preceding it, with the franchise having "two distinct periods.
Everything before [Endgame] and everything after".[16] He later said Phase Three would conclude "The
Infinity Saga".[17]

By November 2017, Disney was looking to develop a new Marvel

television series for their streaming service Disney+.[18] In July 2018, Feige
noted discussions had begun with Disney regarding any potential
involvement Marvel Studios could have with the streaming service, since
Feige felt the service was "an important thing for the company".[19] In
September 2018, it was reported that Marvel Studios was developing
several limited series centered on "second-tier" characters from the MCU
films who had not and were unlikely to star in their own films. Each series
was expected to be six to eight episodes, and would be produced by
Marvel Studios rather than Marvel Television, with Feige taking a "hands-
Kevin Feige helped on role" in each series' development.[20] Feige noted the series being
conceive of a shared media developed for the streaming service would "tell stories... that we wouldn't
universe of Marvel be able to tell in a theatrical experience – a longer-form narrative".[21] He
properties. also added that being asked by Disney to create these series "energized
everyone creatively" within Marvel Studios, since they "could play in a
new medium and throw the rules out the window in terms of structure and
format".[22]

In July 2019, Feige announced the Phase Four slate at San Diego Comic-Con, consisting of films and, for
the first time, television event series on Disney+.[23] The Phase Four slate includes What If...?, the first
animated series from Marvel Studios, and by July 2021 the studio was creating an "animation branch and
mini studio" to focus on more animated content beyond What If...?.[24] In April 2022, Feige said he and
Marvel Studios were on a creative retreat to plan and discuss the MCU films for the following 10 years.[25]
That July, Feige announced some of the films and series for Phase Five and Phase Six at San Diego Comic-
Con, revealing that the second three Phases were collectively known as "The Multiverse Saga".[26] Feige
explained that Marvel Studios realized during development on Phase Four that it would be different from
the first three phases, with more projects over a shorter period of time. This also came after the "creative
experience" of ending Phase Three and "The Infinity Saga" with Avengers: Infinity War (2018) and
Avengers: Endgame. Therefore, instead of "culminat[ing] every 10 months in an Avengers movie" they
decided to leave that culmination until the end of "The Multiverse Saga", with the second three phases all
building to Avengers: The Kang Dynasty and Avengers: Secret Wars (2025).[27]

In December 2017, the Walt Disney Company agreed to acquire assets from 21st Century Fox, including
20th Century Fox.[28] The transaction officially closed on March 19, 2019.[29] The acquisition saw the
return of the film rights of Deadpool, the X-Men characters, and the Fantastic Four characters to Marvel
Studios, which would "create richer, more complex worlds of inter-related characters and stories".[28] Some
of the first elements previously controlled by 20th Century Fox to be integrated into the MCU were the
organization S.W.O.R.D. in the Disney+ series WandaVision and the fictional country Madripoor in the
series The Falcon and the Winter Soldier.[30][31] Additionally, Patrick Stewart appeared as Earth-838
Professor Charles Xavier in Doctor Strange in the Multiverse of Madness (2022), portraying a different
version of the character that he previously played in 20th Century Fox's X-Men film series,[32] while
Kamala Khan was revealed to have a genetic mutation in Ms. Marvel,[33] with star Iman Vellani confirming
she was the first mutant in the MCU.[34]
Marvel Television

In June 2010, Marvel Television was launched with Jeph Loeb as head.[35]
By July 2012, Marvel Television had entered into discussions with ABC to
create a show set in the MCU;[36] the network ultimately created the series
Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D., Agent Carter,[37] and Inhumans, which was a co-
production with IMAX Corporation.[38][39][40] In November 2013, Disney
was set to provide Netflix with the live-action series Daredevil, Jessica
Jones, Luke Cage, and Iron Fist, leading up to the miniseries The
Defenders.[41] In April 2016, Netflix ordered The Punisher, a spin-off of
Daredevil.[42] By February 2019, Netflix had cancelled all of its Marvel
series.[43] In April 2016, the Disney-owned cable network Freeform
announced Cloak & Dagger.[44] In May 2017, Marvel announced that
Runaways had received a series order from Hulu.[45] In May 2019, Marvel Former Head of Marvel
announced that Helstrom had been greenlit for Hulu.[46] Television Jeph Loeb served
as executive producer of
In October 2019, further corporate restructuring saw Feige named Chief every television series on
Creative Officer of Marvel Entertainment, with Marvel Television ABC, Netflix, Hulu, and
becoming part of Marvel Studios and executives of Marvel Television Freeform.
reporting to Feige.[47] In December 2019, Marvel Television was folded
into Marvel Studios, with Marvel Studios taking over production of the
current series at the time; no further series from Marvel Television were being considered for
development.[48] In January 2021, Feige said "never say never" to potentially reviving the Netflix series,
but noted Marvel Studios was focused on their new Disney+ series announced at that time.[49] In May
2022, it was revealed that Marvel Studios was developing a new Daredevil series for Disney+,[50] which
was announced in July as Daredevil: Born Again.[26]

Other media expansion

In 2008, the first tie-in comic was released.[51] Quesada noted the comics would be set within the
continuity of the films, but were not intended to be direct adaptions. Rather, they would explore "something
that happened off screen" or flesh out something briefly mentioned. Feige was involved with the creation of
the comics, with the film's screenwriters sometimes as well.[52] Marvel Comics worked with Brad
Winderbaum, Jeremy Latcham, and Will Corona Pilgrim at Marvel Studios to decide which concepts
should be carried over from the Marvel Comics Universe to the Marvel Cinematic Universe, what to show
in the tie-in comics, and what to leave for the films.[53] Marvel has clarified which of the tie-in comics are
considered canonical MCU stories, with the rest merely inspired by the MCU, "where we get to show off
all the characters from the film in costume and in comic form".[54]

In August 2011, Marvel announced a series of direct-to-video short films called Marvel One-Shots,[55] the
name derived from the label used by Marvel Comics for their one-shot comics.[56] Co-producer Brad
Winderbaum called the short films "a fun way to experiment with new characters and ideas" and to expand
the MCU.[55] Each short film is designed to be a self-contained story that provides more backstory for
characters or events introduced in the films.[57]

In March 2015, Marvel's Vice President of Animation Development and Production, Cort Lane, stated that
animated tie-ins to the MCU were "in the works".[58] That July, Marvel Studios partnered with Google to
produce the faux news program WHIH Newsfront with Christine Everhart, a series of in-universe YouTube
videos serving as the center of a viral marketing campaign to promote the films and universe.[59] In
December 2016, a six-part web series, Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.: Slingshot, was revealed, which debuted on
ABC.com on December 13, 2016. It follows Elena "Yo-Yo" Rodriguez on a secret mission, shortly before
the start of Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.'s fourth season, with Natalia Cordova-Buckley reprising her role.[60] In
September 2019, Sony created a real version of the fictional The Daily Bugle website as part of a viral
marketing campaign to promote the home media release of Spider-Man: Far From Home (2019). Inspired
by real-world "conspiracy-pushing" websites such as that of Alex Jones, the website features J. K.
Simmons reprising his role as J. Jonah Jameson in a video where he speaks out against Spider-Man before
asking viewers to "like and subscribe".[61][62] In December 2020, Marvel Studios announced I Am Groot,
a series of photorealistic animated shorts starring Baby Groot for Disney+.[63][64][65]

Business practices

Marvel Studios often puts together a "lookbook" of influences from the

comics and art by Marvel's visual development department, to create a
visual template for a project. These are put together at company retreats,
which the studio holds every "18 months or so" to plan out and develop the
phases of the MCU. These lookbooks are not always shown to directors,
though, with Marvel sometimes preferring to let the director offer their own
ideas first.[66] When choosing a director for a project, Marvel Studios looks
for filmmakers to hire who are able to guide a film,[67] with some of their
choices considered "out-of-left-field", given a director's previous work.
Feige remarked, "You don't have to have directed a big, giant visual-effects
movie to do a big, giant visual-effects movie for us. You just have to have
done something singularly sort of awesome."[68] Joss Whedon was a
significant contributor to
The studio ensures directors are open to the idea of the shared universe and Phase Two, offering creative
are willing to include connective material, such as Kenneth Branagh and insight to all its films and
Joe Johnston needing to include Avengers set-up scenes in Thor and launching the first MCU
Captain America: The First Avenger, respectively.[6] Marvel Studios television series, Agents of
usually has a big idea they would like to explore or build to in a project, S.H.I.E.L.D., while writing
such as Hydra infiltrating S.H.I.E.L.D. in Captain America: The Winter and directing Avengers: Age
Soldier, with it up to the filmmakers to interpret and "improv a little bit" to of Ultron.
get there.[69] After these ideas have been developed, the creative team then
begins to explore ideas happening in other future projects to see how to
make any larger universe connections.[70] There was large amount of collaboration between the Russo
brothers and writers Christopher Markus and Stephen McFeely with the other Phase Three directors and
writers to make sure "everything line[d] up right" for the MCU's "culmination" in Avengers: Infinity War
and Avengers: Endgame.[71]

Marvel Studios also began contracting their actors for multiple films, including signing actor Samuel L.
Jackson to a then "unprecedented" nine-movie contract.[72] Feige said the studio has all actors sign
contracts for multiple films, with the norm being for 3 or more, and the 9 or 12 film deals "more rare".[73]
Actor's contracts also feature clauses that allows Marvel to use up to three minutes of an actor's
performance from one film in another, which Marvel describes as "bridging material".[15] By the start of
Phase Four, Marvel Studios was no longer contracting actors for a large number of projects, with deal
lengths varying for each actor and project. Feige said the studio was looking for actors who were excited to
join the franchise and appear in multiple projects without being locked into contractual obligations. He also
noted that they were starting to include theme park attractions in actors' deals.[74]

In August 2012, Marvel signed Joss Whedon to an exclusive contract through June 2015 for film and
television. With the deal, Whedon would "contribute creatively" on Phase Two of the MCU and develop
the first television series set in the universe.[75] In April 2017, James Gunn revealed he would be working
with Marvel "to help design where [the Guardians of the Galaxy characters'] stories go, and make sure the
future of the Marvel Cosmic Universe is as special and authentic and magical as what we have created so
far".[76] By December 2020, because of the impact COVID-19 had on theaters and film studios shifting
away from theatrical releases, Marvel Studios began exploring updated contracts for actors, writers,
directors, and producers to receive adjusted compensation in the event a film had to debut on Disney+
instead of in theaters. TheWrap reported it was believed the new contracts would only apply to films about
to enter production, and was unclear if any adjustments would be made to contracts for films already
completed but not yet released.[77]

For Marvel Television, Loeb explained that they saw themselves as producers providing support to the
showrunner: "we're involved in every aspect of the production—whether it's being in the writers' room,
editing on set, casting—every step of the production goes through the Marvel team to tell the best story that
we can." He added that the studio is able to work on so many series across different networks and
platforms because all they needed was one person from the studio working on each series to help "guide
the process".[78] Actors appearing in Marvel Television series, such as Charlie Cox (Matt Murdock /
Daredevil in Daredevil) and Adrianne Palicki (Bobbi Morse / Mockingbird in Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.),
were contractually obliged to appear in a Marvel film if asked.[79][80] When developing the crossover
miniseries The Defenders, showrunner Marco Ramirez consulted with the creators of all the individual
Marvel Netflix series, having them read each of the scripts for The Defenders and provide insight into
individual characters' worlds.[81] In December 2021, Feige confirmed that Cox would reprise the role of
Daredevil in Marvel Studios MCU productions,[82] with Cox first reprising the role in the film Spider-Man:
No Way Home (2021). Additionally, D'Onofrio first reprises his role as Kingpin in the Disney+ series
Hawkeye (2021).[83]

Feature films
Marvel Studios releases its films in groups called "Phases".[84][85]

The Infinity Saga

The first three phases are collectively known as "The Infinity Saga".[17] Phase One consists of Iron Man
(2008), The Incredible Hulk (2008), Iron Man 2 (2010), Thor (2011), and Captain America: The First
Avenger (2011), and concludes with the crossover film The Avengers (2012).[85][86] Phase Two comprises
Iron Man 3 (2013), Thor: The Dark World (2013), Captain America: The Winter Soldier (2014),
Guardians of the Galaxy (2014), Avengers: Age of Ultron (2015), and Ant-Man (2015).[85] Captain
America: Civil War (2016) is the first film of Phase Three, and is followed by Doctor Strange (2016),
Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 (2017), Spider-Man: Homecoming (2017), Thor: Ragnarok (2017), Black
Panther (2018), Avengers: Infinity War (2018), Ant-Man and the Wasp (2018), Captain Marvel (2019),
Avengers: Endgame (2019), and Spider-Man: Far From Home (2019).[85]

The Multiverse Saga

The second three phases are collectively known as "The Multiverse Saga", and include television series on
Disney+.[26] Phase Four includes Black Widow (2021), Shang-Chi and the Legend of the Ten Rings
(2021), Eternals (2021), Spider-Man: No Way Home (2021), Doctor Strange in the Multiverse of Madness
(2022), Thor: Love and Thunder (2022), and Black Panther: Wakanda Forever (2022).[87] Phase Five
begins with Ant-Man and the Wasp: Quantumania (2023), followed by Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3
(2023), The Marvels (2023), Blade (2023), Captain America: New World Order (2024), and Thunderbolts
(2024). Phase Six begins with Fantastic Four (2024), and will conclude with Avengers: The Kang Dynasty
(2025) and Avengers: Secret Wars (2025).[26]

Television series

Marvel Television series

Marvel Television produced multiple television series set in the MCU across broadcast, streaming, and
cable. The "Marvel Heroes" series–Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. (2013–2020), Agent Carter (2015–2016), and
Inhumans (2017)–aired on ABC; the "Marvel Knights" series–Daredevil (2015–2018), Jessica Jones
(2015–2019), Luke Cage (2016–2018), Iron Fist (2017–2018), the crossover miniseries The Defenders
(2017), and The Punisher (2017–2019)–streamed on Netflix; young adult series included Runaways
(2017–2019) streaming on Hulu and Cloak & Dagger (2018–2019) airing on Freeform; and the Hulu
series Helstrom (2020) was originally intended to be the start of a planned "Adventure into Fear"
franchise.[88]

Marvel Studios series

Beginning with Phase Four, television series, which released on Disney+, were included as part of the
Phases. Phase Four includes the series WandaVision (2021), The Falcon and the Winter Soldier (2021), the
first season of Loki (2021), the first season of the animated series What If...? (2021), Hawkeye (2021),
Moon Knight (2022), Ms. Marvel (2022), and She-Hulk: Attorney at Law (2022). An untitled Halloween
special (2022) and The Guardians of the Galaxy Holiday Special (2022) will also be included in the phase,
in addition to seven feature films.[87][89] Phase Five includes the second season of What If...? (2023),
Secret Invasion (2023), Echo (2023), the second season of Loki (2023), Ironheart (2023), Agatha: Coven
of Chaos (2023/2024), and Daredevil: Born Again (2024).[26]

Short films

Marvel One-Shots

Marvel One-Shots are a series of direct-to-video short films that are included as special features in the MCU
films' Blu-ray and digital distribution releases. The films included The Consultant (2011), A Funny Thing
Happened on the Way to Thor's Hammer (2011),[55] Item 47 (2012),[90] Agent Carter (2013),[91] and All
Hail the King (2014).[92]

Following the One-Shots becoming available on Disney+ in January 2022, Marvel classified the Team
Thor mockumentary shorts as One-Shots.[93][94][95] Team Thor is a series of direct-to-video mockumentary
short films that were released from 2016 to 2018, consisting of Team Thor, Team Thor: Part 2, and Team
Darryl, all written and directed by Taika Waititi.[96][97][98]

I Am Groot

I Am Groot is a series of photorealistic animated short films for Disney+ starring Baby Groot going on
adventures with new and unusual characters.[63][64][65] Vin Diesel reprises his role, with five shorts
releasing on August 10, 2022.[99] An additional five shorts are in development.[100]
Other media

Digital series

WHIH Newsfront (2015–16) is an in-universe current affairs show that serves as a viral marketing
campaign for some of the MCU films, created in partnership with Google for YouTube.[59][101] The
campaign is an extension of the fictional news network WHIH World News, which is seen reporting on
major events in many MCU films and television series.[102] Leslie Bibb reprises her role as Christine
Everhart from the Iron Man films.[101]

Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.: Slingshot (2016) is a digital series created for ABC.com and produced by Marvel
Television that is a supplement to Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D., with the main cast reprising their roles.[60]

The first two seasons of The Daily Bugle (2019–present) are an in-universe current affairs show serving as
viral marketing campaign for the films Spider-Man: Far From Home and Spider-Man: No Way Home,
with the videos released on YouTube and TikTok. It is based on the fictional sensationalist news outlet of
the same name that appears in the MCU—itself based on the fictional newspaper agency of the same name
appearing in several Marvel Comics publications. J. K. Simmons and Angourie Rice reprise their roles as J.
Jonah Jameson and Betty Brant from the Spider-Man films.[103]

Comic books

Multiple limited series or one-shot comics have been published by Marvel Comics that tie-into the MCU
films and television series. They are intended to tell additional stories about existing characters, or to make
connections between MCU projects, without necessarily expanding the universe or introducing new
concepts or characters.[53][104]

Books

The Wakanda Files: A Technological Exploration of the Avengers and Beyond is "a collection of papers,
articles, blueprints, and notes amassed throughout history by Wakanda's War Dogs" at the request of Shuri.
It is organized by areas of study and covers the technological advancements throughout the Marvel
Cinematic Universe. The book, which exists in-universe, was written by Troy Benjamin and published by
Epic Ink and Quarto Publishing Group. The Wakanda Files has content printed with UV ink that can be
viewed with Kimoyo bead–shaped UV lights included with the book. It was released on October 20,
2020.[105]

Music

Various composers have created the film and television scores of the MCU films, television series, One-
Shots, and other related projects of the MCU. Original songs have also been created specifically for use in
the franchise, while Brian Tyler and Michael Giacchino have both scored fanfares for the Marvel Studios
logo.[106][107]

Timeline
As depicted in the MCU

During Phase One of the MCU, Marvel Studios lined up some of their films' stories with references to one
another, though they had no long-term plan for the shared universe's timeline at that point.[144] Iron Man 2
is set six months after the events of Iron Man,[145] and around the same time as Thor according to
comments made by Nick Fury.[144] Several of Marvel's One-Shot films also occur around the events of
Phase One films, including The Consultant (set after the events of Iron Man 2 and The Incredible Hulk), A
Funny Thing Happened on the Way to Thor's Hammer (set before the events of Thor),[55] Item 47 (set after
The Avengers),[90] and Agent Carter (set one year after the events of Captain America: The First
Avenger).[91]

Wanting to simplify the in-universe timeline,[144] the Phase Two films were set roughly in real time relating
to The Avengers: Iron Man 3 takes place about six months later, during Christmas;[146][119] Thor: The
Dark World is set one year later;[147] and Captain America: The Winter Soldier is two years after.[119]
Avengers: Age of Ultron and Ant-Man ended the phase in 2015,[148][149] with several months passing
between those films in-universe as in real life.[123] The One-Shot All Hail the King is set after the events of
Iron Man 3.[92]

For Phase Three, directors the Russo brothers wanted to continue using real time, and so Captain America:
Civil War begins a year after Age of Ultron,[124] with Avengers: Infinity War set two years after that.[133]
Producer Brad Winderbaum said the Phase Three films would actually "happen on top of each other" while
being less "interlocked" as the Phase One films were,[150] with Black Panther and Spider-Man:
Homecoming respectively beginning a week and several months after Civil War;[126][127] Thor: Ragnarok
beginning four years after The Dark World and two years after Age of Ultron,[130][131] around the same
time as Civil War and Homecoming;[150] Doctor Strange taking place over a whole year and ending "up to
date with the rest of the MCU";[129] Ant-Man and the Wasp also set two years after Civil War and shortly
before Infinity War;[132] and both Guardians of the Galaxy and its sequel Vol. 2 being explicitly set in
2014,[120][122] which Feige believed would create a four-year gap between Vol. 2 and Infinity War, though
the other MCU films up to that point do not specify years onscreen.[151] Following Infinity War, the Russo
brothers said future films would not necessarily be set according to real time as there are "a lot of very
inventive ways of where the story can go from here", with both Ant-Man and the Wasp and Captain
Marvel set earlier in the timeline;[152] the latter is set in 1995.[116] Avengers: Endgame begins shortly after
Infinity War and ends in 2023 after a five-year time jump.[134] It confirms dates for several of the other
films, including The Avengers in 2012, Thor: The Dark World in 2013, Guardians of the Galaxy in
2014,[118] Doctor Strange around 2017,[128] and Ant-Man and the Wasp in 2018 before Infinity War.
Spider-Man: Far From Home begins eight months after Endgame in 2024.[140]

With Phase Four, Marvel Studios expanded into television series, which have greater interconnectivity with
the MCU feature films than the series from Marvel Television.[153] Many of the properties in the Phase are
set after the events of Avengers: Endgame. WandaVision is set three weeks after the events of that film,[135]
and directly sets up Doctor Strange in the Multiverse of Madness;[22] The first season of Loki continues
from the 2012 events seen in Endgame, but much of the series exists outside of time and space given the
introduction of the Time Variance Authority;[108] it also ties in with Multiverse of Madness.[154] What If...?
is set after Loki's first season finale, exploring the various branching timelines of the newly created
multiverse in which major moments from the MCU films occur differently.[155][109] The Falcon and the
Winter Soldier is set six months after Endgame.[136] Eternals takes place around the same time as The
Falcon and the Winter Soldier and Spider-Man: Far From Home, six to eight months after Endgame in
2024,[139][138] while Spider-Man: No Way Home begins immediately after Far From Home, and continues
over late 2024.[141] Shang-Chi and the Legend of the Ten Rings is also set after Endgame,[156] with She-
Hulk: Attorney at Law set "a relatively short amount of time" after Shang-Chi.[157][114] Hawkeye takes
 Marvel Cinematic Universe timeline
(as of She-Hulk: Attorney at Law)[a]

1943–1945 The First Avenger[112]

1946 Agent Carter[91]
1947–1994
1995 Captain Marvel[116]
1996–2009
2010 Iron Man[117][112]

Iron Man 2[117][112]

The Incredible Hulk [117]
2011 A Funny Thing... [117][55]
Thor[117]
The Consultant [117][55]
The Avengers [118]
2012 Item 47[90]
Iron Man 3[112][119]
All Hail the King[92]
2013
The Dark World[118]
The Winter Soldier[112][119]
Guardians of the Galaxy [120]
2014 I Am Groot ep. 1[121]
Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2[122]
I Am Groot eps. 2–5[121]
Age of Ultron[112]
2015
Ant-Man[112][123]
Civil War[112][124]
Black Widow[125]
2016 Black Panther[126]
Homecoming[127]
Doctor Strange (into 2017)[128][129]
2017 Ragnarok [130][131]

Ant-Man and the Wasp[132]

2018
Infinity War[133][134]
2019–2022

Endgame[134]
2023
WandaVision[135]
The Falcon and the Winter Soldier[136]
Shang-Chi[137]
Eternals [138][139]
2024 Far From Home[140]
No Way Home[141]
Multiverse of Madness [142]
Hawkeye[143]
Moon Knight [113]
2025 She-Hulk [114]
Ms. Marvel[115]
place one year after Endgame, during the 2024 Christmas season.[143][158] Moon Knight is set after
Hawkeye in early 2025,[113][159] while Multiverse of Madness is set after Spider-Man: No Way
Home.[160][142] Ms. Marvel is set after Moon Knight, one to two years after Endgame.[115] Thor: Love and
Thunder is also set after Endgame,[161] eight and a half years after Thor broke up with Jane, which had
occurred by Ragnarok.[162] Black Widow is set between Civil War and Infinity War, mostly taking place
between the main plot of Civil War and its final scene.[125] The I Am Groot shorts are set between the end
of Guardians of the Galaxy and the start of Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 (2017), and the end of Vol. 2
and its mid-credits scene.[121]

In Phase Five, Secret Invasion is set after the events of Far From Home.[163]

Codifying attempts
External image
The official canon tie-in comic Fury's Big Week confirmed that
The Phase One Timeline (http:// The Incredible Hulk, Iron Man 2, and Thor all took place within a
i.annihil.us/u/prod/marvel/i/mg/5/40/ week, a year before the crossover film The Avengers. Writers
4fbaad4f8d5ea.jpg) infographic Christopher Yost and Eric Pearson tried to follow the logic of the
released by Marvel in May 2012[117] films' timeline when plotting the comic, and received "the seal of
approval" from Feige and Marvel Studios on the final
timeline.[164] As promotion for The Avengers, Marvel released an
official infographic detailing this timeline in May 2012.[117]

When Spider-Man: Homecoming was being developed, director and co-writer Jon Watts was shown a
scroll detailing the MCU timeline that was created by co-producer Eric Carroll when he first began
working for Marvel Studios. Watts said the scroll included both where the continuity of the films lined-up
and did not lineup, and when fully unfurled it extended beyond the length of a long conference table. This
scroll was used as the basis to weave the continuity of Homecoming into the previous films, such as The
Avengers.[165] This was labeled in the film with a title card stating that eight years pass between the end of
The Avengers and the events of Civil War, which was widely criticized as a continuity error that broke the
established MCU timeline, in which only four years should have passed.[166][167] Additionally, dialogue in
Civil War indicates that eight years pass between the end of Iron Man and the events of that film, despite
the established continuity being closer to five or six years.[168][169] Infinity War co-director Joe Russo
described the Homecoming eight years time jump as "very incorrect",[170] and the mistake was ignored in
Infinity War which specified that its events were taking place only six years after The Avengers.[169] The
public response to the Homecoming mistake inspired Marvel Studios to release a new timeline for all three
phases,[167] and in November 2018, a timeline, specifying dates for the events in each film released to that
point, was included as part of the sourcebook Marvel Studios: The First 10 Years, celebrating the 10-year
anniversary of the MCU.[171]
 Marvel Studios: The First 10 Years timeline from November 2018[171]

Year(s) Feature films[b]

1943–
Captain America: The First Avenger
1945
2010 Iron Man
2011 Iron Man 2, Thor
2012 The Avengers, Iron Man 3
2013 Thor: The Dark World
Captain America: The Winter Soldier, Guardians of the
2014
Galaxy, Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2
2015 Avengers: Age of Ultron, Ant-Man
2016 Captain America: Civil War
2016–
Doctor Strange
2017
2017 Black Panther, Thor: Ragnarok, Avengers: Infinity War

This timeline ignores the two "eight-year" continuity errors, but also contradicts the events of Black
Panther and Infinity War by placing them in 2017. Despite the latter apparent mistakes, Thomas Bacon of
Screen Rant described the timeline as "the closest Marvel has yet come to making an official statement on
just when the different MCU events are set", bringing "some sense of balance to the MCU continuity".[112]

In October 2020, the Marvel section of Disney+ was restructured to include groupings of the films by
phase, as well as a grouping that put the films in timeline order.[172] Bacon felt the placement of Thor: The
Dark World between The Avengers and Iron Man 3 and Black Panther after Captain America: Civil War in
this timeline corrected "previous issues" with their placement in the November 2018 First 10 Years
timeline, and was glad Disney and Marvel "recognize[d] it's possible to watch these movies in anything
other than release order", "legitimiz[ing]" this viewing experience. The Incredible Hulk, Spider-Man:
Homecoming, and Spider-Man: Far From Home were excluded since Disney did not have their
distribution rights, but Bacon felt The Incredible Hulk could be viewed after Iron Man 2 since it is
simultaneous with that film, Homecoming could come after Black Panther, and Far From Home could be
viewed after Avengers: Endgame.[173] Julia Alexander at The Verge agreed with Bacon that it "seems like
Disney finally understands how [some viewers] want to watch Marvel movies".[172] In June 2022,
Homecoming became available on Disney+ in the United Kingdom and Australia,[174][175] while Far
From Home became available on Disney+ in Japan the following month;[176] both were added to the
Disney+ timeline in those territories.[177][176][178] By August 2022, The Incredible Hulk was added to the
Disney+ timeline in territories it was available in such as Spain and Japan.[178]

As of She-Hulk: Attorney at Law, the Disney+ timeline order is Captain America: The First Avenger,
Agent Carter, Captain Marvel, Iron Man, Iron Man 2, The Incredible Hulk,[c] A Funny Thing Happened
on the Way to Thor's Hammer, Thor, The Consultant, The Avengers, Item 47, Thor: The Dark World, Iron
Man 3, All Hail the King, Captain America: The Winter Soldier, Guardians of the Galaxy, I Am Groot
episode 1, Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2, I Am Groot episodes 2–5, Avengers: Age of Ultron, Ant-Man,
Captain America: Civil War, Black Widow, Black Panther, Spider-Man: Homecoming,[c] Doctor Strange,
Thor: Ragnarok, Ant-Man and the Wasp, Avengers: Infinity War, Avengers: Endgame, Loki, What If...?,
WandaVision, The Falcon and the Winter Soldier, Spider-Man: Far From Home,[c] Shang-Chi and the
Legend of the Ten Rings, Eternals, Doctor Strange in the Multiverse of Madness, Hawkeye, Moon Knight,
She-Hulk: Attorney at Law and Ms. Marvel.[179][180]
Multiverse
The Official Handbook of the Marvel Universe A to Z, Vol. 5, published in 2008, designated the Marvel
Cinematic Universe as Earth-199999 within the continuity of Marvel's comic multiverse, a collection of
fictional alternate universes.[181] The television series Loki and What If...? were the first to explore the
concept of the multiverse within the MCU,[108][109] as well as the film Spider-Man: No Way Home, which
connected the MCU to other Spider-Man film franchises by featuring characters from Sam Raimi's Spider-
Man trilogy, Marc Webb's The Amazing Spider-Man films, and Sony's Spider-Man Universe
(SSU).[182][183] The SSU film Venom: Let There Be Carnage briefly featured the main universe of the
MCU as well.[183] In Doctor Strange in the Multiverse of Madness, the main universe of MCU events was
designated as Earth-616 (a designation first referenced in Spider-Man: Far From Home), sharing the name
of the main Marvel Comics universe, while another universe was designated as Earth-838.[184] Phases
Four, Five, and Six will comprise "The Multiverse Saga".[26]

Recurring cast and characters

List indicator(s)

This section includes characters who will appear or have appeared in at least three MCU films/series and
received main billing credit in at least two franchises.

A dark grey cell indicates the character was not in the media, or that the character's
presence has not yet been confirmed.

A P indicates an appearance in onscreen photographs.

A V indicates a voice-only role.
 Television Digital
Character Feature films Short films Animation
series series

Ayo Florence Kasumba[185][186]

Bruce Edward Norton[187]

Banner Lou FerrignoV[188]
Mark Ruffalo[190][191] Mark Ruffalo[192]
Hulk / Smart
Hulk Mark Ruffalo[189]
James
"Bucky"
Barnes Sebastian
Sebastian Stan[193][194]
Winter Stan[192]
Soldier /
White Wolf

Clint Jeremy
Barton Jeremy Renner[195][196]
Renner[192]
Hawkeye

Luke Cage Mike Colter[197]

Peggy Hayley
Hayley Atwell[198]
Carter Atwell[192]
Sharon
Carter Emily
Emily VanCamp[199][196]
Agent 13 / VanCamp[200]
Power Broker

Phil
Clark Gregg[201][202][200]
Coulson
Carol
Danvers Alexandra
Brie Larson[203][204]
Captain Daniels[205]
Marvel

Drax the Fred

Dave Bautista[206][207]
Destroyer Tatasciore[208]

Wilson Fisk Vincent

Kingpin D'Onofrio[209][210]
Samuel L.
Nick Fury Samuel L. Jackson[211]
Jackson[192]
Cynthia
Gamora Zoe Saldaña[212][207]
McWilliams[213]

Groot Vin DieselV[214]

Heimdall Idris Elba[215][216]

Cobie
Maria Hill Cobie Smulders[217][218]
Smulders[200]
Harold
"Happy" Jon Favreau[219][220] Jon Favreau[200]
Hogan
Mercedes Simone
"Misty"
Missick[221]
Knight
Djimon
Korath Djimon Hounsou[222]
Hounsou[222]
Scott Lang Paul Rudd[223] Paul Rudd[224][192]
Ant-Man

Darcy Kat
Kat Dennings[225][226]
Lewis Dennings[200]
Tom
Loki Tom Hiddleston[227][228]
Hiddleston[192]

Mantis Pom Klementieff[229][207]

Wanda
Maximoff Elizabeth Olsen[230][194]
Scarlet Witch

Matt
Murdock Charlie Cox[83] Charlie Cox[231]
Daredevil

Nebula Karen Gillan[232][207] Karen Gillan[192]

Franklin Elden
"Foggy"
Henson[233]
Nelson

Okoye Danai Gurira[234][235][236] Danai Gurira[200]

Deborah Ann
Karen Page
Woll[233]
Peter Tom Hudson
Parker Tom Holland[237][238]
Holland[239] Thames[240]
Spider-Man

Virginia Gwyneth
"Pepper" Beth Hoyt[243]
Paltrow[241][242]
Potts

Peter Quill Brian T.

Chris Pratt[244][207]
Star-Lord Delaney[208]

Akira Akbar[245] Teyonah

Monica
Rambeau Parris[247]
Teyonah Parris[246]
Danny
Rand Finn Jones[233]
Iron Fist

James
"Rhodey" Terrence Howard[248]
Rhodes Don Cheadle[250] Don Cheadle[200]
War Machine / Don Cheadle[249]
Iron Patriot

Rocket Bradley CooperV[251][207][100]

Steve
Rogers
Chris Evans[252][253] Josh Keaton[254]
Captain
America

Natasha Scarlett
Romanoff Lake Bell[257]
Johansson[255][256]
Black Widow

Thaddeus
William Hurt[258] Mike McGill[205]
Ross
Erik Selvig Stellan
 Skarsgård[259]
Jaimie
Sif Jaimie Alexander[260][261][262]
Alexander[263]

Trevor Ben
Ben Kingsley[264]
Slattery Kingsley[264]

Gerard SandersP[265]
Howard Dominic
John Slattery[266] Dominic Cooper[268][269]
Stark Cooper[192]
Dominic Cooper[267]

Tony Stark Robert Downey

Mick Wingert[271]
Iron Man Jr.[270]

Dr. Stephen Benedict Benedict

Strange Cumberbatch[272][273] Cumberbatch[200]

Talos Ben Mendelsohn[274][250]

T'Challa Chadwick Chadwick

Black Panther Boseman[275] Boseman[192]

Claire Rosario
Temple Dawson[233]
Chris Chris
Thor Chris Hemsworth[276]
Hemsworth[191] Hemsworth[192]
Vision
Paul Bettany[277][278][194] Paul Bettany[200]
J.A.R.V.I.S.
Sam
Wilson
Falcon / Anthony Mackie[279][194]
Captain
America

Colleen Jessica
Wing Henwick[233]
Benedict
Wong Benedict Wong[280][281][282]
Wong[200]

Additionally, Paul Bettany was the first actor to portray two main characters within the universe, voicing
Tony Stark's artificial intelligence J.A.R.V.I.S. in the Iron Man and Avengers films, and portraying Vision
in Avengers films, Captain America: Civil War, and the miniseries WandaVision.[283][284][273][194] J. K.
Simmons became the first actor to reprise a non-MCU role in the MCU when he appeared as J. Jonah
Jameson (a role he played in Sam Raimi's Spider-Man trilogy from 2002 to 2007) in Spider-Man: Far
From Home.[285]

Prior to his death in 2018, Stan Lee, creator or co-creator of many of the characters seen in the MCU, made
cameo appearances in all of the feature films and television series except Inhumans. In Iron Fist, it is
revealed his on-set photograph cameo in the Marvel Netflix series is as NYPD Captain Irving Forbush.[286]
His cameo in Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 sees Lee appearing as an informant to the Watchers,
discussing previous adventures that include Lee's cameos in other MCU films; he specifically mentions his
time as a FedEx delivery man, referring to Lee's cameo in Captain America: Civil War.[287] This
acknowledged the fan theory that Lee may be portraying the same character in all his cameos,[288] with
writer and director James Gunn noting that "people thought Stan Lee is [Uatu the Watcher] and that all of
these cameos are part of him being a Watcher. So, Stan Lee as a guy who is working for the Watchers was
something that I thought was fun for the MCU."[287][288] Feige added that Lee "clearly exists, you know,
above and apart from the reality of all the films. So the notion that he could be sitting there on a cosmic pit
stop during the jump gate sequence in Guardians...really says, so wait a minute, he's this same character
who's popped up in all these films?"[289] Following Lee's death, Marvel Studios chose not to create any
new Lee cameos in future projects.[290] NY1 news anchor Pat Kiernan has also appeared in multiple MCU
films and television series as himself.[291]

Reception
Early on, the shared universe element of the Marvel Cinematic Universe was criticized by some journalists.
Around the release of The Avengers in 2012, Jim Vorel of Herald & Review called the Marvel Cinematic
Universe "complicated" and "impressive", but said, "As more and more heroes get their own film
adaptations, the overall universe becomes increasingly confusing."[292] Kofi Outlaw of Screen Rant stated
that while The Avengers was a success, "Marvel Studios still has room to improve their approach to
building a shared movie universe".[293] Some reviewers criticized the fact that the desire to create a shared
universe led to films that did not hold as well on their own. In his review of Thor: The Dark World, Forbes
critic Scott Mendelson likened the MCU to "a glorified television series", with The Dark World being a
"'stand-alone' episode that contains little long-range mythology".[294] Collider's Matt Goldberg considered
that while Iron Man 2, Thor and Captain America: The First Avenger were quality productions, "they have
never really been their own movies", feeling that the plot detours to S.H.I.E.L.D. or lead-ups to The
Avengers dragged down the films' narratives.[295]

The metaphor of the MCU as "the world's biggest TV show" was discussed again, after the release of
Captain America: Civil War, by Emily VanDerWerff of Vox, who felt that film in particular highlighted
Marvel's success with the model, saying, "Viewed in complete isolation, the plot of Captain America: Civil
War makes little to no sense ... [but] when you think about where [Captain America] has been in earlier
Marvel films ... his leeriness about being subject to oversight makes a lot more sense." VanDerWerff
continued that when thinking about the MCU as a television series, many "common criticisms people tend
to level at it take on a new context" such as complaints that the films are formulaic, lack "visual spark", or
"shoehorn in story elements" that "are necessary to set up future films", all characteristics that "are fairly
typical on television, where a director's influence is much lower than that of the showrunner", in this case,
Feige. Comparing the films to the series Game of Thrones specifically, VanDerWerff noted that each solo
film checks "in on various characters and their individual side stories, before bringing everyone together in
the finale (or, rather, an Avengers film)", with Guardians of the Galaxy being equivalent to the character
Daenerys Targaryen—"both separated by long distances from everybody else". She noted that this format
was an extension of early "TV-like" film franchises such as Star Wars, as well as the format of the comics
upon which the films are based. "I say all of this not to suggest that film franchises resembling TV series is
necessarily a good trend", VanDerWerff concluded, "For as much as I generally enjoy the Marvel movies,
I'm disheartened by the possibility that their particular form might take over the film industry ... But I also
don't think it's the end of the world if Marvel continues on ... there's a reason TV has stolen so much of the
cultural conversation over the past few decades. There's something legitimately exciting about the way the
medium tells stories when it's good, and if nothing else, Marvel's success shows the film world could learn
from that."[296]

Following the conclusion of season one of Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D., Mary McNamara at the Los Angeles
Times praised the connections between that series and the films, stating that "never before has television
been literally married to film, charged with filling in the back story and creating the connective tissue of an
ongoing film franchise ... [Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.] is now not only a very good show in its own right, it's
part of Marvel's multiplatform city-state. It faces a future of perpetual re-invention, and that puts it in the
exhilarating first car of television's roller-coaster ride toward possible world domination."[297] Terri
Schwartz of Zap2it agreed with this sentiment, stating that "the fact that [Captain America: The Winter
Soldier] so influenced the show is game-changing in terms of how the mediums of film and television can
be interwoven", though "the fault there seems to be that Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. had to bide time until The
Winter Soldier's release", which led to much criticism.[298]

In January 2015, Michael Doran of Newsarama and Graeme McMillian of The Hollywood Reporter had a
"point-counterpoint" debate in response to the first Ant-Man trailer. Doran stated, "Marvel has raised the bar
sooo high that as opposed to just allowing another film to finish under the [MCU] bar, we're all overly and
perhaps even eager to overreact to the first thing that doesn't clear it". McMillian responded, "at this point,
Marvel's brand is such that I'm not sure it can offer up something like [the trailer] without it seeming like a
crushing disappointment ... part of Marvel's brand is that it doesn't offer the kind of run-of-the-mill
superhero movie that you're talking about, that it's ... at least different enough to tweak and play with the
genre somehow ... The fact that there's such upset about this trailer being ... well, okay ... suggests to me
that the audience is expecting something to knock their socks off." Doran concluded, "That does seem to
be the point here—the expectations fans now have for everything Marvel Studios ... [and] Marvel is going
to eventually falter."[299]

After seeing the portrayal of Yellowjacket in Ant-Man, the antagonist of the film, McMillian noted,

It's hardly a secret that Marvel Studios has a bit of a problem when it comes to offering up
exciting characters for their heroes to fight against ... [their] villains generally fall into one of
two camps. There's the Unstoppable Monster ... or there's the Professional White Guy In A
Suit With An Ego ... No matter which of the groups the above villains fall into, they share one
common purpose: evil. The motivations for evil likely differ—although, invariably, they fall
under the umbrella of 'misguided belief in a greater good that doesn't exist'—but that really
doesn't matter, because without fail, there will be so little time in the movie to actually properly
explore those motivations, meaning that to all intents and purposes, the villain is being evil for
reasons of plot necessity and little else ... The strange thing about this is that Marvel's comic
books offer a number of wonderful, colorful bad guys who could step outside the above
parameters and offer an alternative to the formulaic villains audiences have gotten used to (and
arguably bored with) ... In future movies, we can only hope [they are] treated in such a way
that their freak flags are allowed to fly free.[300]

Following the release of Jessica Jones, David Priest at CNET wrote about how the series rescues "Marvel
from itself ... Jessica Jones takes big steps forward in terms of theme, craft and diversity. It's a good story
first, and a superhero show second. And for the first time, the MCU seems like it matters. Our culture needs
stories like this. Here's hoping Marvel keeps them coming."[301] For Paul Tassi and Erik Kain of Forbes,
watching the series made them question the MCU, with Kain feeling that the "morally complex, violent,
dark world of Jessica Jones has no place in the MCU ... right now, the MCU is holding back shows like
Jessica Jones and Daredevil, while those shows are contributing absolutely nothing to the MCU."[302]
Tassi went so far as to wonder what "the point of the Marvel Cinematic Universe" is, lamenting the lack of
major crossovers in the franchise since the Winter Soldier reveal on Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D., and saying that
Jessica Jones is "so far removed from the world of The Avengers, it might as well not be in the same
universe at all ... [I] really don't understand the point of [the MCU] if they're going to keep everything
within it separated off in these little boxes".[303] Conversely, Eric Francisco of Inverse called Jessica
Jones's lack of overt connections to the MCU "the show's chief advantage. Besides demonstrating how
physically wide open the MCU's scope really is, Jessica Jones also proves the MCU's thematic
durability."[304]
In April 2016, Marvel Studios revealed that Alfre Woodard would appear in Captain America: Civil War,
having already been cast as Mariah Dillard in Luke Cage the previous year.[305] This "raised hopes that
Marvel could be uniting its film and Netflix universes",[306] with "one of the first and strongest
connections" between the two.[305] Civil War writers Christopher Markus and Stephen McFeely revealed
that Woodard would instead be portraying Miriam Sharpe in the film, explaining that she had been cast on
the suggestion of Robert Downey, Jr., and they had not learned of her casting in Luke Cage until
afterwards.[305] This was not the first instance of actors being cast in multiple roles in the MCU, but this
casting was called more "significant", and seen by many as a "disappointing" indication of "the growing
divide" and "lack of more satisfying cooperation" between Marvel Studios and Marvel Television
following the September 2015 corporate reshuffling of Marvel Entertainment.[305][307]

Speaking to the 1990s setting of Captain Marvel, "the MCU's first full period piece since Phase One's
Captain America: The First Avenger in 2011", Richard Newby of The Hollywood Reporter felt the return
of younger versions of some characters introduced and killed in earlier films "open[ed] up the MCU in a
whole new way and broaden[ed] the franchise's mantra of 'it's all connected' ". Speaking specifically to
Clark Gregg's appearance as Agent Phil Coulson in the film, Newby noted the appearance "doesn't exactly
mend fences between Marvel's film and TV divisions, [but] it does strengthen the connective tissue and the
sense that these characters still matter in the grand scheme of Marvel's film plans". He also hoped that
continuity from Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. would be maintained in Captain Marvel, especially since Coulson
has dealt with the Kree in the series. Newby also added that shifting to different time periods would help
Marvel Studios "sustain this cinematic universe for the next 10 years" by allowing them to repeat some of
the genres previously used, as they could then feel "fresh" and have "different rules and different
restraints," as well as allow them to build upon material established in the television series such as Agent
Carter. He concluded,

Marvel Studios has an entire sandbox to play in, but, for necessary reasons, has largely chosen
to remain in a small corner in order to ground audiences in these concepts. Now that the basis
has been laid, the opportunity for exploration in both film and television lies ahead, with
Captain Marvel leading the way. Wherever Marvel Studios plans to take the MCU in the
future, it's refreshing to know that its past is expansive and filled with infinite possibilities.[308]

Likewise, in his review of Avengers: Endgame, Joe Morgenstern of The Wall Street Journal acknowledged
the unique achievement that the Marvel Cinematic Universe had accomplished:

These are difficult times for big-screen entertainment. As the medium declines and TV grows
ascendant, authentic spectacles—as opposed to lavish embellishments of smallish ideas—
threaten to become a thing of the fabled past. All the more reason, then, to cherish what
Marvel has achieved, even though befuddling stumbles have occurred along the way. The
studio has kept the faith by smartening up most of its films, not dumbing them down, by
banking on, and raking in profits from, the audience's appetite for surprise, its capacity for
complexity. When the final battle comes at the end of Avengers: Endgame, it's inevitably
unwieldy—every Marvel character you can think of from the past decade shows up for one
more assault on cosmic evil—but thrilling all the same, and followed by a delicate coda. So
many stories. So many adventures. So much to sort out before the next cycle starts.[309]

Many famous filmmakers expressed different views both on the success and quality of MCU. In October
2019, filmmaker Martin Scorsese openly criticized Marvel films in an interview and during a David Lean
lecture in London, later expanded in an op-ed in The New York Times, asserting that these films are not
cinema, but are instead the equivalent of theme park rides that lack "mystery, revelation or genuine
emotional danger".[310][311][312] He also stated that such films are corporation products that have been
"market-researched, audience-tested, vetted, modified, revetted and remodified until they're ready for
consumption", and that the invasion of such "theme park" films in theaters crowded out films by other
directors.[313] Scorsese's remarks were dismissed by directors of MCU films such as Joss Whedon and
James Gunn,[310] while they were defended by Francis Ford Coppola, who described the potential effect of
Marvel films in the film industry as "despicable".[314] In September 2021, director Denis Villeneuve noted
that Marvel films "are nothing more than a 'cut and paste' of others" that have "turned us into zombies a
bit".[315] In February 2022, director Roland Emmerich felt large blockbuster films such as the MCU and
Star Wars films were "ruining our industry a little", since "nobody does anything original anymore".[316]
Conversely, George Miller stated, "To me, it's all cinema. I don't think you can ghettoize it and say, oh this
is cinema or that is cinema. It applies to all the arts, to literature, the performing arts, painting and music, in
all its form. It's such a broad spectrum, a wide range and to say that anyone is more significant or more
important than the other, is missing the point. It's one big mosaic and each bit of work fits into it."[317]

Marvel's audience was studied by Morning Consult, which found that only 9% of Marvel's fan base is Gen
Z, 64% of fans are White adults, and 42% of fans live in suburban areas.[318]

Cultural impact

Other studios

After the release of The Avengers in May 2012, Tom Russo of Boston.com noted that aside from the
occasional "novelty" such as Alien vs. Predator (2004), the idea of a shared universe was virtually unheard
of in Hollywood.[6] Since that time, the shared universe model created by Marvel Studios has begun to be
replicated by other film studios that held rights to other comic book characters. In April 2014, Tuna Amobi,
a media analyst for Standard & Poor's Equity Research Services, stated that in the previous three to five
years, Hollywood studios began planning "megafranchises" for years to come, opposed to working one
blockbuster at a time. Amobi added, "A lot of these superhero characters were just being left there to gather
dust. Disney has proved that this [approach and genre] can be a gold mine."[319] With more studios now
"playing the megafranchise game", Doug Creutz, media analyst for Cowen and Company, feels the allure
will eventually die for audiences: "If Marvel's going to make two or three films a year, and Warner Brothers
is going to do at least a film every year, and Sony's going to do a film every year, and Fox [is] going to do a
film every year, can everyone do well in that scenario? I'm not sure they can."[319]

In March 2018, Patrick Shanley of The Hollywood Reporter opined that "the key differences between a
regular franchise, such as The Fast and the Furious or Pitch Perfect films, and a shared universe is the
amount of planning and interweaving that goes into each individual film. Its all too easy to make a film that
exists solely for the purpose of setting up future installments and expanding a world, rather than a film that
stands on its own merits while deftly hinting or winking at its place in the larger mythos. In that, the MCU
has flourished." He felt that Iron Man "itself was aimed at being an enjoyable stand-alone experience, not
as an overall advertisement for 17 subsequent movies. That mentality has persisted through most of the
MCU films over the past decade, which is all the more impressive as its roster of heroes now exceeds the
two-dozen mark."[320]

DC Entertainment and Warner Bros. Pictures

In October 2012, following its legal victory over Joe Shuster's estate for the rights to Superman, Warner
Bros. Pictures announced that it planned to move ahead with its long-awaited Justice League film, uniting
such DC Comics superheroes as Batman, Superman, and Wonder Woman. The company was expected to
take the opposite approach to Marvel, releasing individual films for the characters after they have appeared
in a team-up film.[321] The release of Man of Steel in 2013 was intended to be the start of a new shared
universe for DC, "laying the groundwork for the future slate of films based on DC Comics".[322] In 2014,
Warner Bros. announced that slate of films, similarly to Disney and Marvel claiming dates for films years in
advance.[323] That year, DC CCO Geoff Johns stated that the television series Arrow and The Flash were
set in a separate universe from the new film one,[324] later clarifying that "We look at it as the multiverse.
We have our TV universe and our film universe, but they all co-exist. For us, creatively, it's about allowing
everyone to make the best possible product, to tell the best story, to do the best world. Everyone has a
vision and you really want to let the visions shine through ... It's just a different approach [to
Marvel's]."[325]

Discussing the apparent failure of the cinematic universe's first team-up film, Batman v Superman: Dawn
of Justice, to establish a successful equivalent to the MCU, Emily VanDerWerff noted that where the MCU
has a television-like "showrunner" in Feige, "the visionary behind Marvel's entire slate", the DCEU has
director Zack Snyder, whose DC films "seemingly start from the assumption that people have come not to
see an individual story but a long series of teases for other ones. It's like he knows what he needs to do but
can't focus on the task at hand. TV certainly isn't immune to that problem, but shows that get caught up in
high-concept premises and big-picture thinking before doing the necessary legwork to establish characters
and their relationships tend to be canceled."[296] Subsequently, in May 2016, Warner Bros. gave oversight
of the DCEU to Johns and executive Jon Berg in an attempt to "unify the disparate elements of the DC
movies" and emulate Marvel's success. The two were made producers on the Justice League films, on top
of Johns' involvement in several "solo" films, such as the post-production process of Suicide Squad or the
writing process of a standalone Batman film.[326] After the successful release of Wonder Woman in June
2017, DC decided to begin deemphasizing the shared nature of their films, with DC Entertainment
president Diane Nelson stating, "Our intention, certainly, moving forward is using the continuity to help
make sure nothing is diverging in a way that doesn't make sense, but there's no insistence upon an overall
story line or interconnectivity in that universe... Moving forward, you'll see the DC movie universe being a
universe, but one that comes from the heart of the filmmaker who's creating them." Additionally, DC began
focusing on films "completely separate from everything else, set entirely outside" the DCEU as part of a
new label, with the first film centered on the Joker.[327] In August 2022, Warner Bros. Discovery CEO
David Zaslav announced a 10-year plan for the DC Extended Universe similar to the one that Horn and
Iger employed with Feige for the MCU.[328]

20th Century Fox

In November 2012, 20th Century Fox announced plans to create their own shared universe, consisting of
Marvel properties that it holds the rights to including the Fantastic Four and X-Men, with the hiring of
Mark Millar as supervising producer. Millar said, "Fox are thinking, 'We're sitting on some really awesome
things here. There is another side of the Marvel Universe. Let's try and get some cohesiveness going.' So
they brought me in to oversee that really. To meet with the writers and directors to suggest new ways we
could take this stuff and new properties that could spin out of it."[329] X-Men: Days of Future Past,
released in 2014, was Fox's first step towards expanding their stable of Marvel properties and creating this
universe,[330] ahead of the release of a Fantastic Four reboot film the next year.[331] In May 2014, Days of
Future Past and Fantastic Four screenwriter Simon Kinberg stated that the latter film would not take place
in the same universe as the X-Men films, explaining that "none of the X-Men movies have acknowledged
the notion of a sort of superhero team—the Fantastic Four. And the Fantastic Four acquire powers, so for
them to live in a world where mutants are prevalent is kind of complicated, because you're like, 'Oh, you're
just a mutant.' Like, 'What's so fantastic about you?' ... they live in discrete universes."[331] In July 2015, X-
Men director Bryan Singer said that there was still potential for a crossover between the X-Men and
Fantastic Four franchises, if reaction to Fantastic Four and X-Men: Apocalypse warranted it.[332]
Feeling that Singer's efforts in Apocalypse to establish a larger world, similar to the MCU, did not meet the
standards established by Marvel, VanDerWerff noted that unlike Feige's ability to serve as "pseudo-
showrunner", Singer is instead "steeped in film and the way movie stories have always been told", so
"when it comes time to have Apocalypse dovetail with story threads from the earlier X-Men: First Class
[directed by Matthew Vaughn], both Singer's direction and Simon Kinberg's script rely on hackneyed
devices and clumsy storytelling", indicating a lack of "the kind of big-picture thinking this sort of mega
franchise requires".[296] In his review of Dark Phoenix, Joe Morgenstern of The Wall Street Journal
characterized the entire X-Men film series as being a "notoriously erratic franchise."[333] In March 2019,
the film rights of Deadpool, the X-Men characters, and the Fantastic Four characters returned to Marvel
Studios following the Walt Disney Company's acquisition of 21st Century Fox.[28][29]

Sony Pictures

In November 2013, Sony Pictures Entertainment Co-Chairman Amy Pascal announced that the studio
intended to expand their universe created within the Marc Webb Amazing Spider-Man series, with spin-off
adventures for supporting characters, in an attempt to replicate Marvel and Disney's model.[330] The next
month, Sony announced Venom and Sinister Six films, both set in the Amazing Spider-Man universe. With
this announcement, IGN stated that the spin-offs are "the latest example of what we can refer to as "the
Avengers effect" in Hollywood, as studios work to build interlocking movie universes."[334] Sony chose
not to replicate the Marvel Studios model of introducing individual characters first before bringing them
together in a team-up film, instead making the Spider-Man adversaries the stars of future films.[319] In
February 2015, Sony Pictures and Marvel Studios announced that the Spider-Man franchise would be
retooled, with a new film co-produced by Feige and Pascal being released in July 2017, and the character
being integrated into the MCU. Sony Pictures would continue to finance, distribute, own, and have final
creative control of the Spider-Man films.[335] With this announcement, sequels to The Amazing Spider-Man
2 were canceled,[336] and by November 2015 the Venom and Sinister Six films, as well as spin-offs based
on female characters in the Spider-Man universe, were no longer moving forward.[336][337] By March
2016, the Venom film had itself been retooled, to start its own franchise unrelated to the MCU Spider-
Man.[338] A year later, Sony officially announced the Venom film to be in development, for an October 5,
2018, release,[339] along with a film centered on the characters Silver Sable and Black Cat known as Silver
& Black.[340] Both projects were not intended to be a part of the MCU nor spin-offs to Spider-Man:
Homecoming, but rather part of an intended separate shared universe known as the Sony's Spider-Man
Universe.[340][341][342] The mid-credits scene of Venom: Let There Be Carnage (2021) hinted at Eddie
Brock / Venom joining the MCU.[343]

After Sony canceled their shared universe plans and started sharing the Spider-Man character with Marvel
Studios, multiple critics discussed their failure at replicating the MCU. Scott Meslow of The Week noted the
perceived flaws of the first Amazing Spider-Man film, outside of its lead performances, and how the sequel
"doubles down on all the missteps of the original while adding a few of its own. …We now have a
textbook example of how not to reboot a superhero franchise, and if Sony and Marvel are wise, they'll take
virtually all those lessons to heart as they chart Spider-Man's next course."[344] Scott Mendelson noted that
The Amazing Spider-Man 2 "was sold as less a sequel to The Amazing Spider-Man than a backdoor pilot
for Spider-Man vs. the Sinister Six. …Had Sony stuck with the original plan of a scaled-down superhero
franchise, one that really was rooted in romantic drama, they would have at least stuck out in a crowded
field of superhero franchises. When every superhero film is now going bigger, Amazing Spider-Man could
have distinguished itself by going small and intimate." This would have saved Sony "a boatload of
money", and potentially reversed the film's relative financial failure.[345]

Academia
In September 2014, the University of Baltimore announced a course beginning in the 2015 spring semester
revolving around the Marvel Cinematic Universe, to be taught by Arnold T. Blumberg. "Media Genres:
Media Marvels" examines "how Marvel's series of interconnected films and television shows, plus related
media and comic book sources and Joseph Campbell's monomyth of the 'hero's journey', offer important
insights into modern culture" as well as Marvel's efforts "to establish a viable universe of plotlines,
characters, and backstories."[346][347]

Outside media

Avengers Campus

After the acquisition by Disney in 2009, Marvel films began to be marketed at the Innoventions attraction
in Tomorrowland at Disneyland. For Iron Man 3, the exhibit, entitled "Iron Man Tech Presented by Stark
Industries", featured the same armor display that was shown at the 2012 San Diego Comic-Con, with the
Marks I-VII and the new Mark XLII. In addition, there was a simulator game, titled "Become Iron Man",
that used Kinect-like technology to allow the viewer to be encased in an animated Mark XLII armor and
take part in a series of "tests," in which you fire repulsor rays and fly through Tony Stark's workshop. The
game was guided by J.A.R.V.I.S., who is voiced again by Paul Bettany. The exhibit also had smaller
displays that included helmets and chest pieces from the earlier films and the gauntlet and boot from an
action sequence in Iron Man 3.[348] The exhibit for Thor: The Dark World was called "Thor: Treasures of
Asgard", and featured displays of Asgardian relics and transports guests to Odin's throne room, where they
were greeted by Thor.[349] Captain America: The Winter Soldier's exhibit, "Captain America: The Living
Legend and Symbol of Courage", featured a meet and greet experience.[350]

From May to September 2017, Disneyland Resort featured the "Summer of Heroes", which sees members
of the Guardians and Avengers making appearances throughout the Disneyland Resort. Additionally, the
Guardians of the Galaxy: Awesome Dance Off event was featured, which involved Peter Quill / Star-Lord
blasting music from his boombox, along with the Avengers Training Initiative, a limited experience where
Black Widow and Hawkeye "assemble a group of young recruits to see if they have what it takes to be an
Avenger." Marvel-related food and merchandise was also available throughout Hollywood Land at Disney
California Adventure during the "Summer of Heroes".[351]

In March 2018, the Walt Disney Company announced three new Marvel-themed areas inspired by the
MCU to Disney California Adventure, Walt Disney Studios Paris, and Hong Kong Disneyland. The
developments will be designed by Walt Disney Imagineering in collaboration with Marvel Studios and
Marvel Themed Entertainment.[352] As was established with Guardians of the Galaxy – Mission:
Breakout!, Avengers Campus exists in its own theme park universe that is inspired by the MCU.[353][354]
Being in the MCU multiverse, Avengers Campus has a shared history with the MCU proper, with a few
notable exceptions being the Blip from Avengers: Infinity War did not occur, and some characters who died,
such as Tony Stark, are still alive.[354]

Hong Kong Disneyland

In October 2013, the Iron Man Experience attraction was announced for Hong Kong Disneyland.[355] It is
set in the Tomorrowland section of the park,[356] with the area built to look like a new Stark Expo created
by Tony Stark after the 2010 one, as seen in Iron Man 2,[357] with various exhibit halls that include the
Mark III armor from the films.[356][358] The area also has Iron Man and Marvel-themed merchandise items
and memorabilia, plus an interactive game where guests can have the chance to try on Iron Man's
armor.[359] Iron Man Experience sees guests assist Iron Man in defeating Hydra throughout Hong
Kong,[356] and opened on January 11, 2017.[359]

In March 2018, the Walt Disney Company announced a new Marvel-themed area inspired by the MCU to
Hong Kong Disneyland and a new attraction where guests team up with Ant-Man and the Wasp, to join
Iron Man Experience.[352][360] Inspired by Ant-Man and the Wasp,[361] Ant-Man and The Wasp: Nano
Battle! is an enclosed interactive dark ride that sees guests use laser powered weapons to team up with Ant-
Man and the Wasp to defeat Arnim Zola and his army of Hydra swarm bots.[361][362] Ant Man and the
Wasp: Nano Battle! replaces the Buzz Lightyear Astro Blasters ride,[361] and opened on March 31,
2019.[363]

Disney California Adventure

By San Diego Comic-Con 2016, the Tower of Terror at Disney California Adventure was set to be
replaced by a new attraction, Guardians of the Galaxy – Mission: Breakout!. Chris Pratt, Zoe Saldaña,
Dave Bautista and Benicio del Toro all filmed exclusive footage for the attraction, reprising their roles as
Peter Quill / Star-Lord, Gamora, Drax and Taneleer Tivan / The Collector, respectively.[364][365] James
Gunn, director of Guardians of the Galaxy and its sequel, directed footage for the attraction and consulted
on all aspects of it.[366] Guardians of the Galaxy – Mission: Breakout! sees visitors assisting Rocket to
rescue the other Guardians from the Collector's fortress, while the attraction features randomized events
during the experience and music inspired by the Awesome Mix Vol. 1 soundtrack. The attraction opened on
May 27, 2017.[351]

In March 2018, the Walt Disney Company announced a new Marvel-themed area inspired by the MCU at
Disney California Adventure, anchored by Mission: Breakout!, that sees characters from the MCU such as
Iron Man and Spider-Man join the Guardians of the Galaxy in a "completely immersive superhero
universe." The area replaced the "A Bug's Land" area, which closed in mid-2018 to start construction on
the Marvel area.[352][360] Tom Holland reprises his role as Peter Parker / Spider-Man in the attraction Web
Slingers: A Spider-Man Adventure, in which Parker has set up W.E.B. (the Worldwide Engineers Brigade)
to inspire a new generation to use technology to save the world. Riders are recruited by Spider-Man into
the initiative to stop his malfunctioning Spider-Bots.[367] Web Slingers was directed by Spider-Man
director Jon Watts along with Brett Strong, and was written by Steven Spiegel and featured visual effects
by Framestore.[368]

Walt Disney Studios Park

In March 2018, the Walt Disney Company announced a new Marvel-themed area inspired by the MCU to
Disneyland Paris' Walt Disney Studios Park. The area includes a reimagined attraction where riders team
up with Iron Man and other Avengers on a "hyper-kinetic adventure" on July 20, 2022.[352][369] The park
also hosted the "Summer of Super Heroes" live-action stage show from June–September 2018.[352][360]

Disney Wish

In July 2021, the immersive family dining experience "Avengers: Quantum Encounter" at the Worlds of
Marvel restaurant on the Disney Wish cruise line was announced, which debuted when the cruise began
voyages on July 14, 2022.[370][371] The experience takes place during dinner with interactive elements and
a full CGI recreation of the Wish's upper decks.[372] Paul Rudd, Evangeline Lilly, Anthony Mackie, Brie
Larson, Kerry Condon, and Iman Vellani reprised their MCU roles,[373][374] while Ross Marquand voiced
Ultron after previously doing so in What If...?, in which he replaced James Spader.[373] Chris Waitt
directed Rudd and Lilly's content, which was written by Steven Spiegel and featured visual effects by
Framestore.[375][376]

Other live attractions

Avengers S.T.A.T.I.O.N.

In May 2014, the Avengers S.T.A.T.I.O.N. (Scientific Training and Tactical Intelligence Operative
Network) exhibit opened at the Discovery Times Square center. The exhibit features replica set pieces, as
well as actual props from the films, mixed with interactive technology and information, crafted through a
partnership with NASA and other scientists. Titus Welliver also provides a "debrief" to visitors, reprising
his role as S.H.I.E.L.D. agent Felix Blake. Created by Victory Hill Exhibits, Avengers S.T.A.T.I.O.N. cost
$7.5 million to create,[377][378] and ran through early September 2015.[379]

The exhibit also opened in South Korea at the War Memorial of Korea in April 2015,[380][381] in Paris,
France, at Esplanade de La Défense a year later, and in Las Vegas at the Treasure Island Hotel and Casino
in June 2016.[381] The Las Vegas version of the exhibit featured updated character details and
corresponding science to incorporate the Marvel films that have released since the original exhibit in New
York. Additionally, the Las Vegas version features Cobie Smulders reprising her role as Maria Hill to
"debrief" visitors, replacing Welliver.[382]

GOMA exhibit

An art exhibit, titled Marvel: Creating the Cinematic Universe, was displayed exclusively at the
Queensland Gallery of Modern Art (GOMA) from May to September 2017. The exhibit, which included
"300 plus objects, films, costumes, drawings and other ephemera", featured content "from the collection of
Marvel Studios and Marvel Entertainment and private collections" with "significant focus [given] to the
creative artists who translate the drawn narrative to the screen through production design and
storyboarding, costume and prop design, and special effects and post-production". Marvel: Creating the
Cinematic Universe was also extended to GOMA's Australian Cinémathèque with a retrospective of the
MCU films.[383]

Avengers: Damage Control

In October 2019, Marvel Studios and ILMxLAB announced the virtual reality experience Avengers:
Damage Control. The experience would be available for a limited time starting in mid-October 2019 at
select Void VR locations. Avengers: Damage Control sees players taking control of one of Shuri's
Emergency Response Suits–which combine Wakandan and Stark Industries technologies–to defeat a threat
alongside Doctor Strange, Ant-Man, and the Wasp. Letitia Wright, Benedict Cumberbatch, Paul Rudd, and
Evangeline Lilly all reprise their MCU roles,[384] while Ross Marquand voices Ultron, replacing James
Spader.[385] The experience was extended to the end of 2019.[386]

Live-action television specials

Marvel Studios: Assembling a Universe (2014)

On March 18, 2014, ABC aired a one-hour television special titled Marvel Studios: Assembling a
Universe, which documented the history of Marvel Studios and the development of the Marvel Cinematic
Universe and included exclusive interviews and behind-the-scenes footage from all of the films, One-Shots,
and Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D., and sneak peeks of Avengers: Age of Ultron, Captain America: The Winter
Soldier, Guardians of the Galaxy, unaired episodes of Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.,[387] and Ant-Man.[388]
Brian Lowry of Variety felt the special, "contains a pretty interesting business and creative story. While it
might all make sense in hindsight, there was appreciable audacity in Marvel's plan to release five loosely
connected movies from the same hero-filled world, beginning with the cinematically unproven Iron Man
and culminating with superhero team The Avengers. As such, this fast-moving hour qualifies as more than
just a cut-and-paste job from electronic press kits, although there's an element of that, certainly."[389] The
special was released on September 9, 2014, on the home media for Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. season 1.[390]

Marvel 75 Years: From Pulp to Pop! (2014)

In September 2014, Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. executive producer Jeffrey Bell stated that in order to meet
production demands and avoid having to air repeat episodes, ABC would likely air a Marvel special in
place of a regular installment at some point during the first ten episodes of Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.'s second
season.[391] In October, the special was revealed to be Marvel 75 Years: From Pulp to Pop!, which was
hosted by Emily VanCamp, who portrays Agent 13 in Captain America: The Winter Soldier, and aired on
November 4, 2014.[392] The special features behind the scenes footage from Avengers: Age of Ultron and
Ant-Man, as well as footage from the Agent Carter television series previously screened at New York
Comic-Con.[393] Brian Lowry of Variety felt an hour for the special did not "do the topic justice" adding,
"For anyone who has seen more than one Marvel movie but would shrug perplexedly at the mention of
Jack Kirby or Steve Ditko, Marvel 75 Years: From Pulp To Pop! should probably be required viewing.
Fun, fast-paced and encompassing many of the company's highlights along with a few lowlights, it's a solid
primer on Marvel's history, while weaving in inevitable self-promotion and synergistic plugs."[394] Eric
Goldman of IGN also wished the special had been longer, adding, "Understandably, the more you already
know about Marvel, the less you'll be surprised by Marvel 75 Years: From Pulp to Pop!, but it's important
to remember who this special is really made for – a mainstream audience who have embraced the Marvel
characters, via the hugely successful movies, in a way no one could have imagined."[393]

Marvel Studios: Expanding the Universe (2019)

In November 2019, Disney+ announced that the streaming platform would include Expanding the
Universe, a special that features a look at the original MCU TV series for Disney+, with interviews and
concept art.[395]

Bilibili New Year's Gala (2020)

A Marvel-themed orchestra performance of an extended version of Brian Tyler's Marvel Studios theme and
Alan Silvestri's theme from The Avengers took place during China's Bilibili New Year's Gala on December
31, 2020, to promote the 2021 Marvel Studios film releases.[396][397]

Marvel Studios' 2021 Disney+ Day Special (2021)

A special titled Marvel Studios' 2021 Disney+ Day Special, which looked at the future of the MCU on
Disney+, was released on the service on November 12, 2021, as part of its "Disney+ Day"
celebration.[398][399]
Documentary series

Marvel Studios: Legends (2021)

Announced in December 2020, this series examines individual heroes, villains, moments, and objects from
the Marvel Cinematic Universe and how they connect, in anticipation of the upcoming stories that will
feature them in Phase Four.[400][401] Marvel Studios: Legends premiered on Disney+ on January 8, 2021,
with the release of the first two episodes.[400] Additional episodes were released ahead of a character and
objects' appearances in Disney+ series and films.[400][402]

Marvel Studios: Assembled (2021)

Announced in February 2021, each special of the documentary series goes behind the scenes of the making
of the MCU films and television series with cast members and additional creatives. Marvel Studios:
Assembled premiered on Disney+ on March 12, 2021, with the release of the first special, followed by
additional specials.[403]

Super Women of the MCU

In June 2021, Marvel Studios released a casting call for fans of "Marvel's strong women" to be a part of an
upcoming Disney+ documentary series showcasing the women who create the MCU in front of and behind
the camera.[404]

Guide books

In September 2015, Marvel announced the Guidebook to the Marvel Cinematic Universe, named as a nod
to the Official Handbook of the Marvel Universe. Each guidebook is compiled by Mike O'Sullivan and the
Official Handbook of the Marvel Universe team, with cover art from Mike del Mundo and Pascal Campion,
and features facts about the MCU films, film-to-comic comparisons, and production stills. Guidebook to the
Marvel Cinematic Universe: Marvel's Iron Man, Guidebook to the Marvel Cinematic Universe: Marvel's
Incredible Hulk / Marvel's Iron Man 2,[405] Guidebook to the Marvel Cinematic Universe: Marvel's
Thor,[406] and Guidebook to the Marvel Cinematic Universe: Marvel's Captain America: The First
Avenger[407] released each month from October 2015 to January 2016, respectively.

In November 2018, Marvel and Titan Publishing Group released Marvel Studios: The First Ten Years to
celebrate the first ten years of the Marvel Cinematic Universe which featured cast interviews, in-depth
sections on each film, and an Easter egg guide.[408] In October 2021, a two-volume book The Story of
Marvel Studios: The Making of the Marvel Cinematic Universe was released, written by Tara Bennett and
Paul Terry. This collection features a look at the evolution of Marvel Studios, personal stories from the 23-
film "Infinity Saga", and interviews with cast and crew members.[409]

Video game tie-ins

 U.S. release
Title Publisher Developer Platforms
date

Secret Level[413] PlayStation 3, Xbox 360

Artificial Mind and PlayStation 2, Wii, Microsoft

Iron Man May 2, 2008 Movement[413] Windows, Nintendo DS,
PlayStation Portable
Hands-On
Mobile[414] Various mobile devices

Edge of
PlayStation 2, PlayStation 3,
Reality[415][411]
Xbox 360, Microsoft
Windows, Wii
The Incredible Amaze
June 5, 2008 Sega
Hulk [410][411][412] Entertainment[416] Nintendo DS
Hands-On Various mobile devices
Mobile[417]
Sega Studios San
Francisco[412]
PlayStation 3, Xbox 360
High Voltage
Wii, PlayStation Portable
Iron Man 2 May 4, 2010 Software[418]
Nintendo DS
Griptonite
Games[419]

Gameloft[420][421] iOS, BlackBerry

Liquid
Entertainment PlayStation 3, Xbox 360
Thor: God of
May 3, 2011 Red Fly Studio Wii, Nintendo 3DS
Thunder
WayForward Nintendo DS
Technologies
Sega[422][423]
Next Level
Games PlayStation 3, Xbox 360
Captain America:
July 19, 2011 High Voltage Wii, Nintendo 3DS
Super Soldier
Software
Nintendo DS
Graphite Games
The Avengers:
The Mobile May 2, 2012 iOS, Android, Blackberry
Game
Iron Man 3: The
April 25, 2013
Official Game
Thor: The Dark iOS, Android
World Gameloft[424][425][426][427]
October 31, 2013
– The Official
Game
Captain America:
The Winter iOS, Android, Windows
March 27, 2014
Soldier – The Phone
Official Game
Other games
Lego Marvel's January 26, 2016 Warner Bros. TT Games PlayStation 4, Xbox One,
 Avengers March 10, 2016 Interactive Microsoft Windows,
Entertainment[428] PlayStation 3, Xbox 360, Wii
U, Nintendo 3DS, PlayStation
Feral Vita
Interactive[429]
macOS
Spider-Man:
Homecoming
June 30, 2017
– Virtual Reality
Experience Sony Pictures
Virtual PlayStation VR, HTC Vive,
Spider-Man: Far CreateVR
Oculus Rift
From Reality[430][431]
Home – Virtual June 25, 2019
Reality
Experience

A Mini Marvel

In February 2016, a commercial for Coca-Cola mini cans aired during Super Bowl 50. A Mini Marvel was
created by Wieden+Kennedy for Coca-Cola through a partnership with Marvel, and was directed by the
Russo brothers.[432][433] In the ad, Ant-Man (voiced by Paul Rudd, reprising his role) and the Hulk first
fight, and then bond, over a Coke mini can.[432] Luma Pictures provided visual effects for the spot, having
worked previously with the two characters in MCU films. For the Hulk, Luma redefined its previous
muscular system and simulation process to create and render the character, while Ant-Man received new
motion capture.[433] The Super Bowl campaign extended to "limited-edition Coke mini cans [six packs]
that are emblazoned with images of Marvel characters, including Hulk, Ant-Man, Black Widow, [Falcon,
Iron Man] and Captain America." Consumers had the opportunity to purchase the cans by finding hidden
clues in the commercial, though "if the program goes well, Coke will consider making the cans available in
stores."[432] The ad had the third most social media activity of all the film-related trailers that aired during
the game,[434] and was nominated for Outstanding Visual Effects in a Commercial at the 15th Visual
Effects Society Awards.[435]

The Good, the Bart, and the Loki

In June 2021, The Simpsons short film The Good, the Bart, and the Loki was announced, which released
alongside "Journey into Mystery", the fifth episode of Loki on Disney+. The short sees Loki teaming up
with Bart Simpson in a crossover that pays homage to the heroes and villains of the MCU. Hiddleston
reprises his role as Loki in the short.[436]

See also
Features of the Marvel Cinematic Universe

Notes
a. Loki and What If...? are excluded from the diagram because they occur outside of the main
timeline.[108][109] Disney+'s timeline order places Loki and What If...? between Avengers:
Endgame and WandaVision.[110][111]
b. The Incredible Hulk, Spider-Man: Homecoming, and Ant-Man and the Wasp are discussed
in the Marvel Studios: The First 10 Years sourcebook, but their events are not included in the
 timeline.[171]
c. The Incredible Hulk,[178] Homecoming,[177] and Far From Home appearing on the Disney+
timeline is dependent on their availability.[176]

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External links
Marvel Cinematic Universe Wiki
MCU timeline: How to watch all 23 Marvel movies in the perfect order (https://www.cnet.com/
how-to/mcu-timeline-how-to-watch-all-23-marvel-movies-in-the-perfect-order/)
 Marvel Cinematic Universe (https://community.fandom.com/wiki/w:c:marvel:Marvel_Cinemati
c_Universe) on Marvel Database (https://community.fandom.com/wiki/w:c:marvel), a Marvel
Comics wiki

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