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Life Science Cheat Sheet

Life Sciences (UCT Online High School)

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CHAPTER I on eat the

Dr[ERLNGUJNDO fo instructure of
mariabasisofalife
monomer: a for the
building block

RNA DNA ->..estide:amonomerwhich

Ribose sugar Deoxyribose sugar Location:Nucleus DNA Replication [Interphase I Phosphate
↑ GrOUP
single stranded Double helix +
coiled Cnuclear DNA)

uracil Thumine Mitochondrial or

DNA Near DNAfoundinanine, cytosine e
Nitrogenous
Nucleus, ribosomes
and cytoplasm
nucleus or eoroplastic
and
ribose nucleic acid
-> carries
base

Rosalina genetic sugar molecule

own code for protein synthesis

raison oce:
-
I strands joined together and twisted spirally.... Double helix

+RNAfound freely in the cytoplasm and crick. Franklin controls functioning ofthe cells.
URNA
found in the ribosomes
mRNA
found in nucleus and attaches to a and Maurice. Regulate functioning of genes.
88888884328888
↑Pribosome. Wilkins. ·Pass on hereditary characteristics. 1)Transcription

Eni nucleicacia

2
c Adenine, Gracil, guanine, cytosine

mRNAcarries code for protein synthesis

·
Double helix

Double-stranded
DNAunwinds.

C
·
DNAunzips to form two separate strands.

single stranded ↓
from

URNA
forms
DNA->Ribosome.
ribosomes:site for protein
③8 EUBTNOL One strand is used as a template

structure:tRNA to theentries somes to form the protein. to form

A

DNA
eI :Weak hydrogen bonds between the complementary nitrogen bases break. using

The
free RNAnucleotides

mRNA is
from the nucleoplasm.

Profiling 2. The two DNA strands unwinds and forms a ladderlike structure. complementary to the DNA.

Es.
Identifying deceased bodies which are beyond Controlled by enzymes. mRNAnow has the coded message for protein synthesis.

recognition.
-

G C-
Matching tissue for organ transplants. 4. Each original strand ofDNAacts as a template on which 2) Translation
-
A

Identification disorders. the original ofDNA is built. ·Each carries

tRNA specific amino acid.

Paternity
of

testing.
genetic
I s free
strands

butnucleotides are presentin the nucleoplasm which moves when the anticodon on
a

the +RNA

Identify criminal suspects. along the separate strands of the DNA. When the nucleotides reach matches with the codon on the mRNA

the complimentary nitrogen bases, the nucleotides combine with then +RNAbrings the required amino acids to the ribosome.

the complimentary nitrogen bases. ·Amino acids become attached to each other by peptide bonds

6. New complimentary strand forms on the original strands to form the protein.
required
eI =*I 7. The result is a
genetically identical DNAmolecules.

= E8. The new DNAs wind up again to form a

mix
Ifthe incorrect attaches to the original
nitrogen base strand.

ERRORS sequence ofbases

changes on the new DNA
molecule.
mutations
gene in the structure.
resulting change in a
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importance of meiosis: crossing over

exchanges genetic material.
Genetic variation for natural selection.
Production -> no longer purely maternal
are
of gametes. (nn)

I Halving
remains constant
ofthe chromosome

from
number

generation to
so thatthe

generation
chromosome

within a species.
number

them
and paternal. They contain a mix
of maternal. Not genetically identical.

crossing
called
one chromatic
over occours

chiasmata.
atpoints

of each chromosome crosses over

·
Genetic variation:crossing over and random arrangement at equator. with a chromatic the
of homologous partner.

I
prophase
Nuclear membrane and nucleolus disappears.

centrosome splits, 2 centricles move Prophase II

apart forming spindle fibres. Nuclear membrane and nucleolus disappears.

chromatin network condenses into individual centrosome split into (centricles and a spindle forms.

,
Metaphase 1
chromosomes

chromosomes lie

Homologous
and

nextto
pairs ofhomologous

each other

chromosomes
forming

move to the
a bivalent.

equator.
-"wem in
centrosomes are not in pairs.

Random alignment/arrangement of chromosomes. Metaphase II

variation for natural selection.

genetic
"single
- ⑭
each chromosome

attached

centromere.
to a
in the pair

spindle thread by
becomes

the
·

ren"in"n"
fibre

Anaphase I

one whole chromosome from

baatuousinbonesene
Anaphase II

Te l o p h a s e I
-

aniromeresos. isromain
e

Telophase

New nuclear membrane forms around

mai..
, group

Nucleolus
of chromosomes

Yakinesissplits
returns

mother
at each pole.

cell inthe

sem ruieurmembraneformaree
Cytokinesis

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chromosomes atthe equator of the cell chromosomes line atthe equator of the cell
arrange up individually
in homologous pairs.

whole chromosomes move to chromatics move to of the cell.

opposite poles ofthe opposite poles

cell

·occours in Anaphas 1 or Anaphase II

Two cells are formed atthe end the

of division four cells are formed atthe end of this division. Anaphase 1:non-disjunction of homologous chromosomes into separate chromosomes.

Anaphase non-disjunction
11: of chromosomes into single-stranded daughter chromosomes

The chromosome number is halved during meiosis the chromosome number remains the same
during meiosis I Ifthere is non-disjunction of chromosome pairs in humans leads to formation ofan abnormal gamete with an extra
copy

of chromosome 21.

crossing over takes place. Crossing over does not take place. Ifa normal gamete fuses with an abnormal gamete, a
zygote with Down syndrome is formed.

occours in body cells occours in sex organs

Both and Both karyokinesis and cytokinesis occours twice.

Karyokinesis cytokinesis ofcours

once.

Two cells are formed. four daughter cells are formed

daughter

Daughter cells are

genetically identical to daughter cells are
genetically different from each

one another and to the parentcell. other and from the parentcell.

chromosome number remains constant chromosome number is halved

crossing over does not occour. crossing over occurs.

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functions of seminal fluid

stimulates motility of sperm.

Provides energy for sperm to move

Neutralizes acidity in the urethra of the male and vagina

of the female.

was deferens transports sperm from the was deferens each joined by
seminal vesicle
Seminal vesicles produces alkaline fluid
I epididymis to the urethra In secrete thick, yellow fluid,
to neutralize vaginal acids which · exposed to mechanical injury. Containing fructose.
would kill sperm. Energy for sperm for movement.

!
Te st i s Develop in abdominal
Grethra transports urine

Prostate gland produces and semen outofthe cavity and descend into scrotum before
body.

-Fir..........aws
nutrient-rich fluid that

My
provides for the sperm mportant for normal development
energy
and survival of sperm
Cells. Cells.
cowper's lands
produces

the movement
mucus that helps

sperm
of cells.
with
initi connective tissue contain

I
Te s t e s produce sperm cells and testosterone Seminiferous tubules long, thin, coiled
scrotum protects the testes
nourishes spermatics
and holds the testes "outside" ·
Development of the male

the
body, at 2 lower than body temp. I secondary sexual characteristics.

puberty ·
stimulating the maturation of sperm cells
temporarily until matured.

the orum be aigesting membrane surround then it

Influenced

Increased muscle development

by testosterone
1. Occours in seminiferous tubules.
we rsume,penetrates

Influenced by testosterone.

E
2.

Enlargementof voice box middle piece with mitochondria provides energy for swimming

. Diploid Cen) cells undergo meiosis to produce a haploid sperm cells.

Hair growth on face, armpits, chest

cells nourished cells
4. Sperm by sertoli
thing
I fail facilitates and by propelling the sperm forward.
and in public area
3.
Move to epididymis for storage. whiplash movements from side to side propelling the sperm.

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in
-

iirurus,ruenr r r r nebra"mini"
and
restrogen.

intercourse; the

vulva protects
birth canal;

the entrance
passage

of the
for menstrual

vagina.
blood.
4
3.

3.
Every

outof the

The
28 days, ASH stimulates one follicle.

4 haploid cells produced, only

3 other cells will degenerate.

inrelie
Only one cell

one cell will

inside

survive
ofthat

to form
follicle enlarges and go through meiosis.

a mature orum.

follicle cells
puberty -

restrogen

Growth ofhair

The
and

Growth of hair around

progester one produced.

in the

hips become wider

below the skin.

vulva

armpits

and fat is deposited

-

n
immerse u c l e u s c ai n s c au tos ome s S

cytoplasm nourishes the egg

Layer ofjelly provides protection

fertilised egg.
and oneseycurameen

for the
early development stages ofthe

Developmentof breasts.

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1.FSHstimulates a
primary follicle to become a Gratian follicle

which contains a mature orum. Graatian follicle

i was
.
⑧ ⑧

Endometrium

growing ovarian follicle. Day I

2. As the Graafian follicle develops, itproduces destrogen, increasing the levels in the blood. 1. Endometrium breaks down and is released.
restrogen
3. Around day in, the Graatian follicle ruptures and releases an ovum in ovulation. 2. Destrogen stimulates endometrium to become thicker and develop more blood vessels and glands.

stimulated by Internising Hormone which is released the Progesterone stimulates the endometrium to become even thicker and develop more blood
by pituitary gland. 3.

vessels and glands. I

happens in preparation for possible implantation the
of fertilised ovum.

4. If fertilisation does nottake place, the endometrium tears away resulting in menstruation.

·
Seeabearin secretes progesterone

levels in blood.
increasing progesterone

the

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flow diagram

Pituitary gland RELEASEs, fSH Stimulates, Development of primary follicle > Graafian follicle
responsible for ovulation and

gland restrogen
follicle stimulating
hormone stimulates the
High
hormone
amounts

is released.
of Lutenising
secreted when egg
formation of corpus lyteum. corpens

luteum orairone nixitsstand pituitary

in corpusluteum:

development of the follicle t

... progesterone
primary
to

follicle, to
W
secondary follicle
to Graatian follicle.
-
endometrium and

unfertilised orum released

through vagina as blood.

ovulation
corpus
14teum W
primary
follicle

progesterone... (H and SSH are no longer

follicle
secondary creation inhibited. Produced
follicle
Graafian follicle corpus Inteum degenerating, no fertilisation, of fertilisation occurred: by pituitary gland.
follicle burst releases egg
...cycle begins again.
determinetrium Corpus luteum will not degenerate and
·

PRODUCTS produces
lining thickness, will will continue to produce
L progesterone
decrease.
b
which will

continue to thicken the endometrium

lining.
&
⑰
-Mike
I

Contine
~

Endometrium
menstruation Endometrium
lining
lining becoming
more thicker, more
vascular, more grandular
for implantation.

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forms approximately 5 days after ovum is fertilised.

blastocyst a

mitosis

000000000 Implanted

pointof attachment ofthe foetus to the mother.

Allows for diffusion ofnutrients from the mother to the foetus

inningin
Allows for the diffusion of O2 from mother to foetus, CO2 from foetus to mother (gas exchange)
·
Allows the diffusion ofwaste products from foetus to mother.

·After 12 weeks, the placenta secretes progesterone to maintain the

pregnancy.

it
-
placenta

oxygenated blood, nutrients, water

interestblastoinstsecrete,enzymein
6000000000
88888888 Blastocystlinks into softed area and outer r

layers develop into amnion and chorion.

>extend chorionic villi

into endometrium and forms

ofthe placenta which secretes

part

progesterone.

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Co-ordination: the ability to link various systems and their activities so thatthe body can function as

a whole.

Internal: hunger, thirst, pain Irritability: capacity to respond to both external

Stimuli and internal stimuli.

External: heat, cold, light, sound. Requirements for an organism to

respond to internal and

external stimuliD. 1.A

means ofdetecting stimuli.

VHS
cerebrum Allows unnecessary stimuli to be filtered analyses incoming information
background

j)(Y)Za
controls voluntary actions. OUT. Stimulus recieved is followed by an
appropriate response.

Responsiblesornigmertumam corpuscallosum Channel impulses so thatthe reactions are integrated means of acting on information.

processes (memory, reasoning] right and lefthemispheres together. and become part oflearning and memory.

S-
]Ys),"
perception ofall senses prevents overstimulation of membranes in the neurons.

(sight,-
SYNAPSE
in one
sound] Impulse can only move
on!!!
·Ter minal swelling ofthe axon have many mitochondria
Has on the
grey matter
·

synaptic vesicles with a chemical neurotransmitter formed.

outside and white matter
BBSATE
impulse at the end of the axon causes synaptic vesicles to move towards pre-synaptic membrane (neurotransmitter released]
on the inside. Hypothalamus
molecules attached to specific sites on post-synaptic membrane.
Spinal chord has white Responsible for:

·New wave of impulse transmitted along nextneuron. Nervous

neurotransmitter receptor system
matter on outside

grey matter on
and

inside.
Body temperature

Blood pressure

Sleep
· ·
Cerebellum

co-ordinates
Responsible
a
Mary
for balance and
actions

equilibrium
dendrite
·

·
Responsible

Responses

Pathway:neurons
for

are
nervous

rapid.
co-ordination.

and impulses are electro-chemical.

mily
Appetite Responsible for ·

Responsible for muscle tone.

STRUCTUREAND FUNCTIONING OF A
NERVE
breathing, heart rate.

⑤ epineurium

Reflex arc:path impulse takes from a receptor to an effector.

:
blood vessels
dorsal rootofspinal nerve
Reflex action: is an automatic, involuntary rapid response
to

"runnerinterpretanacenainsuctions
a stimulus.

Motor neuron brain/spinal chord to effectors.

examples:coughing, sneezing, knee jerk, blinking.

B
dendrite

- ventral roof significance ofa reflexare cell membrane E nucleus

cell membrane cell body

&
connector

increa
cytoplasm cutoplasm
Is fast, nerve impulse cuts all paths to brain and the time v

neincreate
"Y to musclestoreso e nucleus

neuron
to stimulus.

involves neurons: a short cutis

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the person from harm.
taken to protect
to
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somatic systems

voluntary actions

·
12 pairs ofcranial nerves

31 pairs of spinal nerves.

Receptors and sense organs pick up change from the environment

sensory nerves carry impulses to CNS.

Motor nerves carry impulses back to effectors thatrespond to the stimulus.

Adisease of the brain thatis characterised by memory loss and confusion.

sumptoms
Autonomic nervous system
memory loss, lack of judgement,confusion, Disorientation.
involuntary actions

Sympathetic and parasympathetic systems ofthe

disorder ofthe
A nervous system thatis characterised by the break down myelin sheath
function in opposition of each other. Cantagonistic] of neurons.

Each organ is inverated by a set of nerves.

double Symptoms
<Double inveration Vision loss, speech difficulties, muscle weakness, bladder and bowl problems, fatique, pain, 'pins and

needles feeling'

sympathetic system Parasympathetic system

Brings aboutthe action and stimulates slows down the parts of the body.
the Downloaded by Ciara Chimanga ([email protected])
body. I