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Management Science Dr. Catherine L.
Guia, CPA
Agenda Overview of Management Science
System of Linear Equations &
Inequalities
8/12-16,2024 PRESENTATION TITLE 2

Overview of
Management Science
Management Science Overview
• It is an approach to decision making based on the scientific method,

using quantitative analysis.
• Also known as operations research and decision science.
Reference:
8/12-16, 2024 PRESENTATION TITLE 4

Historical Background
• Early 1900s: Initiated by Frederic W. Taylor’s scientific management

revolution.
• World War II: Modern management science research began with military
teams solving strategic and tactical problems using the scientific method .
Post-War Developments:
• Research Advances: Continued research led to significant methodological

developments, such as George Dantzig’s simplex method for solving linear
programming problems in 1947.
• Computing Power: The rise of digital computers enabled the application of
these methods to a wide range of problems.
Reference:

Quantitative Analysis
and Decision Making
8/12-16/2024 PRESENTATION TITLE 6

1.Overview:
1. Quantitative analysis starts once a problem has been structured.
2. It involves transforming a general problem description into a well-defined
problem suitable for quantitative approaches.
3. Imagination, teamwork, and effort are essential during this process.
2. Involvement of the Analyst:

1. The more involved the analyst is in structuring the problem, the more
impactful the subsequent quantitative analysis will be.
2. Analysts play a crucial role in shaping the problem definition.
Reference:

3. Collaboration with Decision Makers:

1. Management scientists (analysts) must closely collaborate with managers
or end-users.
2. Once both parties agree that the problem is adequately structured, they
proceed to develop a mathematical model.
4. Model Development and Solution:

1. The quantitative analysis process involves creating and solving
mathematical models.
2. Solution procedures are applied to find the best solution for the model.
3. This best solution becomes a recommendation for decision-makers.
Reference:

Model Development
Models are representations of real objects or situations and can be presented in various forms
Iconic Models Analog Models Mathematical Models
• Physical replicas • Includes models that are Includes representations of a

physical in form but do not problem by a system of
Example:
have the same physical symbols and mathematical
1. A scale model of an airplane appearance as the object relationships or expressions.
is a representation of real being modeled
airplane
Example: Example:
2. A child’s toy truck is a model
1.Speedometer of an automobile; the The total profit from the sale
of a real truck. position of the needle on the dial of a product can be determined by
represents the speed of the multiplying the profit per unit by the
automobile. quantity sold. Assuming the profit is P
2. A thermometer is another analog 10 per unit, then, the mathematical
model representing temperature model is:
8/12-16,2024 PRESENTATION TITLE P = 10x 11

1. Types of system of Linear
System of Linear Equations
2. Methods of Solving System of
Equations & Inequalities Linear Equations
3. Properties and Types of
Inequality
4. Graphing Linear Inequality
5. System of Linear Inequalities
Types of System of Linear Equations
Linear Equation – an algebraic equation in which each term is either a
constant or a product of a constant and (the first power of) a single variable,
mathematically it is represented by:
ax + by = c where, a, b, and c are constant, while

x and y are the unknown variables.
System of Linear Equations – two or more linear equations grouped

together. SLE is the common point (ordered pair) of any two given linear
equation.
a1x + b1y = c1 First equation
a2x + b2y = c2 Second equation
Types of System of Linear Equations
Standard Equation – an equation in the form, ax + by = c, where a, b ≠ 0

(of the first degree in x and y)
Solutions of a System Equations – finding the values of the variables that

are solutions to both equations or looking for the ordered pairs (x,y) that make
both equations true.
Note: Before proceeding in solving a system of linear equations, we need to identify first
whether it is inconsistent, dependent, or consistent. Proceed only if the system of linear
equations is consistent.

1. INCONSISTENT
– has a solution of an empty set and the graphs consist of two parallel lines with no points are
common.
– can be determined using the ratio test:

2. DEPENDENT
– contains an infinite number of solutions and the graphs are two coincident lines.

3. CONSISTENT
– contains only one solution, and the graphs are two lines, which intersect at one point (or one
common point)

Determine the type of system of linear equations using ratio test and
Example:
plot the graphs;
1. 4x + 2y = 16 and 2x + y = 11
2. 2x + y = 6 and 4x + 2y =12
3. 2x + y = 16 and x + 2y = 11
Solution:
4x + 2y = 16 and 2x + y = 11
4x + 2y =16
If x =0, y= 8 (0,8)
If y =0, x = 4 (4,0)
2x + y =11
If x =0, y= 11 (0,11)
If y =0, x = 5.5 (5.5,0)
Example:
plot the graphs;
Solution:
2x + y = 6 and 4x + 2y =12
2x + y =6
If x =0, y= 6 (0,6)
If y =0, x = 3 (3,0)
4x + 2y =12
If x =0, y= 6 (0,6)
If y =0, x = 3 (3,0)

Example:
plot the graphs;
Solution:
2x + y = 16 and x + 2y = 11
2x + y =16
If x =0, y= 16 (0,16)
If y =0, x = 8 (8,0)
x + 2y =11
If x =0, y= 5.5 (0,5.5)
If y =0, x = 11 (11,0)

Seatwork:
plot the graphs;
1. 7x + 2y = 4 and 5x -3y = 7
2. 2x + 2y = 6 and x + y = 3
3. 2x -3y = 13 and 10x -15y = 68
4. 3x + 4y =15 and 2x + 5y = 10
5. 9x + 6y =12 and 3x + 2y = 15
6. 4x – 7y = 28 and 28x – 49y = 112

Thank you
Dr. Catherine L. Guia, CPA
[email protected]

Inequality
5 Methods of Solving SLE
1.Elimination Method by Addition or Subtraction

1. If the coefficients of the variables we choose to eliminate contain the same coefficient, we
proceed to step 2. In cases where the coefficients are not the same, we multiply one
equations or both by a number, which will make the coefficients of the variables equal.
2. Add or subtract the resulting equations and solve for the value of the remaining variable.
3. Substitute the value obtained in step 2 to get the value of the second variable to any of the
original equations.
4. Check by substituting the values of the variables in the original equations.
2. Substitution Method
1. Choose the simpler equation and solve for one variable in terms of the other.
2. Using the other equation, substitute the expression obtained in step 1 to find the value of
the other variable.
3. Substitute the value obtained in step 2 to get the value of the 2nd variable to any of the
Reference:
original equations.
4. Check by substituting the values of both variables in the original equations.
3. Equivalent Equations
1. Choose one variable and solve for one variable in terms of the other.
2. Form a new equation from the equivalent equations and solve for the unknown.
3. Substitute the value of the first variable in step 2 to get the value of the 2nd variable.
4. Check by substituting the values of both variables obtained in the original equations.
4. Cramer’s Rule
1. Determine the first and second equations.
2. Collect the values of a,b, and c of the two equations.
3. Substitute the values obtained in the formula.
4. Check by substituting the values of the variables in the original equations.
5. Graphical Method
1. Solve the two given equations for x and y values (coordinates).
2. Graph each equation on the same Cartesian Coordinate Plane.
3. Find the point of intersection. The point of intersection is the solution set.
Reference:
4. Check by substituting the obtained values of the variables in the original equations.
Example:
Solve the system of linear equations of 2x + y = 16 and x + 2y = 1 using
the five methods.
1. Using Elimination Method
a. Multiply one equation or both by a number which b. Subtract the 2nd equation in the first equation
will make the coefficients of one variable equal. and solve for the value of the remaining variable.
c. Substitute the value of y in the first equation or in the second equation.
The solution set is (7,2)

8/12-16, 2024 26
2. Using Substitution Method
a. Choose the simpler equation and solve for one b. Using the 2nd equation, substitute the expression
variable in terms of the other variable. 16-2x in the value y of the second equation and
determine the value of x.
c. Substitute the value of x in the first equation to obtain the value of y.
8/12-16, 2024 27
3. Using Equivalent Equations
a. Choose a simpler equation and solve for one b. Equate the given equations and solve for the
variable in terms of the other variable in both unknown.
equations.
8/12-16, 2024 28
3. Using Equivalent Equations
c. Substitute the value of x to obtain the value of y in the

first equation.
8/12-16, 2024 29
4. Using Cramer’s Rule Method
a. Assign the sequence of equations b. Identify the values of a, b, and c.
c. Substitute the values of a, b, and c in the general formula
8/12-16, 2024
The solution set is (7,2) 30
5. Using Graphical Method
2x + y = 16 x + 2y = 11
If x = 0, y = 16 ( 0,16) If x = 0, y = 5.5 ( 0,5.5)
If y =0, x = 8 (8,0) If y= 0, x = 11 (11,0)

8/12-16, 2024 31
Solve the system of linear
equations:
1. 2x + y = 0 and 4x + y = -2 (elimination method)

2. 3x + 5y = -11 and x – 2y = 11 (substitution method and
equivalent equations)
3. 3x – y = 7 and x + y =5 (Cramer’s rule)
4. 5x – 2y = 10 and x – y = -1 (graphical method)

Thank you
[email protected]

Management Science Dr. Catherine L. Guia, CPA
Agenda Overview of Management Science
System of Linear Equations &
Inequalities

Inequality
PROPERTIES and TYPES of INEQUALITY
Inequality
• A statement that one quantity or expression is greater or less than
another quantity or expression.
• Mathematically, for any two real numbers a and b, (a<b) or (b>a) if
and only if (b-a) is a positive number, that is, if and only if b-a > 0.
• The opposite of equality because equality (also called equation)
states that one quantity or expression is exactly equal to another
quantity or expression.
• Inequalities with <, > or ≠, are called strict inequalities.
Reference:

Symbolically, inequalities are written and read as follows:
1. a > b means “a is greater than b”, (or a-b is a positive number).

2. a < b means “a is less than b”, (or a-b is a negative number).
3. a ≥ b means “a is greater than or equal to b”.
4. a ≤ b means “a is less than or equal to b”.
5. a < b < c means “b is greater than a but less than c”.
6. a ≤ b < c means “b is greater than or equal to a but less than c”.
Reference:

Properties of Inequality
1. Trichotomy Property
For any real numbers a and b, exactly one of the following is true:
ab
If (x) isn’t less than 1 and isn’t equal to 1, it can only be greater than 1,
according to the trichotomy law.
Reference:

2. Addition Property
For all real numbers a and b, c:
If a < b, then a ± c b, then a ± c > b ± c
The addition property of inequalities ensures that balance is maintained.

It states that if you add (or subtract) the same value to both sides of an
inequality, the inequality remains valid.
Reference:

3. Multiplication Property
For any real numbers a and b, c:
If a bc.
When you multiply both sides of an inequality, you need to be mindful of the
multiplier: If you multiply both sides by a positive number, the inequality
remains unchanged. When you multiply both sides by a negative number, the
inequality flips direction.
Reference:

4. Division Property
If a b/c.
When you divide both sides of an inequality by a positive number, the

inequality maintains its original direction When you divide both sides by
a negative number, the inequality direction changes.
Reference:

5. Exponential Property
If a bˆc.
When you raise a number to a positive exponent, it amplifies the base value.
When you raise a number to a negative exponent, it reciprocates the base
value. (make things smaller).
Reference:

Types of Inequalities
1. Absolute Inequality
It is a condition where the inequality is true for all values of the
unknown involved.
Example: xˆ2 + 4 > 0
It is an absolute inequality for every value of x ( whether x is positive,

negative, or zero) is true for xˆ2 > -4
Reference:

2. Conditional Inequality
It is a condition where the inequality is true for certain values of the
unknown involved.
2x - 5 + 5 > 7 + 5 Adding 5 to both sides
2x > 7 + 5 Additive inverse property
Example: 2x - 5 > 7
2x > 12 Combine the terms
x >6 Simplify
The above example is a conditional inequality since the inequality is only

true for x > 6
Reference:

Determine the type of inequality
(absolute or conditional)
1.3x – 1 > 4
2.2x + 3 > 0
3.xˆ4 + 6 > 0
4.8x – 1 > 3
5.xˆ3 > 8

GRAPHING INEQUALITIES
• A linear equation with two variables has infinitely many ordered pair
solutions that form a line when graphed.
• On the other hand, a linear inequality with two variables has a
solution set consisting of a region that defines half of the plane.
• The line defines one boundary of the region that is shaded. This
indicates that any ordered pair that is in the shaded region, including
the boundary line, will satisfy the inequality
Reference:

• To test this case, we choose a test point and substitute them into the
inequality.
• The graph of the solution set to a linear inequality is always a region.

• However, the boundary may not always be included in that set. The
line was part of the solution set because of the “or equal to” part of
the inclusive inequality ≤ or ≥. If we have a strict inequality < or >, we
will then use a dashed line to indicate that those points are not
included in the solution set.
• In graphing linear inequalities, we will use the slope-intercept and the

test point in identifying the solution set.

The left figure shows a
straight line that divides the
cartesian coordinate plane
into two-half planes- an
upper half=plane and a
lower half-plane.
To determine the required

half-plane, we will pick any
point lying in one of the half-
planes. Choose the origin
(0,0), if it does not lie on the
line.

Example 1: Sketch the graph of x > 4.
Step 1:
Set the x > 4 to x = 4, then graph it as x = 4.
Step 2:
Cut off the lines to signify that x = 4 is not
included in the graph. Use the origin, (0,0)
as the test point, we shall have 0>4, which
is false. Thus, the test point is not included
in the solution.
Step 3:
Shade the right part of the x = 4 to denote
the “greater-than” part of the problem as
the solution set.
Use a dashed line for inequalities with less than (<) and greater than (>), otherwise use a solid line to
indicate that the line itself is part of the solution ( for “≤” and “≥ “).
8/22-23, 2024 17
Example 2: Sketch the graph of 2x + y ≤ 16.
Step 1:
Change the “less-than-or-equal-to” to equality
for instance, 2x + y = 16
Step 2:
Solve using intercepts. Let x and y equal to
zero. If x=0, y = 16 (0,16). If y =0, x = 8
(8,0)
Step 3:
Pick the coordinate of the origin (0,0) and
substitute in 2x + y ≤ 16.
It shows that 2(0) + 0 ≤ 16 is true.
Since (0,0) satisfies the inequality, the area
of the half-planes where (0,0) is, is the
solution set of the inequality.
8/22-23, 2024 18
Example 3: Sketch the graph of x + 2y ≥ 8.
Step 1:
Change the “greater-than-or equal” to
equality. x + 2y = 8
Step 2:
zero. If x=0, y = 4 (0,4). If y =0, x = 8 (8,0)
Step 3:
Pick the coordinate of the origin (0,0) and
substitute in 2x + y ≤ 16.
It shows that 2(0) + 0 ≤ 16 is true.
Since (0,0) satisfies the inequality, the area
of the half-planes where (0,0) is, is the
solution set of the inequality.
8/22-23, 2024 19
Sketch the graph of the following
inequalities.
1.3x + y > 12
2.7x ≤ 8y + 56
3.3x + y ≤ 9
4.4x – y ≥ 12
5.x – 4y < 8

SYSTEM OF LINEAR INEQUALITIES
• A system of linear inequalities in two variables consists of at least two

linear inequalities in the same variables.
• The solution of a linear inequality is the ordered pair that is a solution

to all inequalities in the system and the graph of the linear inequality
is the graph of all solutions of the system.
• The solution set of linear inequalities is a plane, which is common or

the intersection of the inequalities.
Reference:

Example 1: Find the solution of the inequalities using the graphical
method x + 2y ≥ 4 and 2x + y ≤ 6.
Step 1:
Change the “less-than-or-equal-to” of the first
inequality to equality x + 2y= 4 and the “less
than-or-equal-to” of the second inequality to
equality 2x + y = 6.
Step 2:
zero.
For x + 2y = 4
If x=0, y = 2 (0,2). If y =0, x = 4 (4,0)
For 2x + y = 6.
If x=0, y = 6 (0,6). If y =0, x = 3 (3,0)
Step 3: Plot the points of the coordinates in
a cartesian coordinate system.
The solution is the common area covered by

8/22-23, 2024 22
both inequalities.
Example 2: Find the solution set of the given inequalities using the
graphical method x > 6 and x ≤ 4.
Step 1:
Change the “greater-than” of the first
inequality to equality x = 6 and the “less than-
or-equal-to” of the second inequality to
equality x = 4.
Step 2:
zero.
For x = 4
when y =0, (4,0)
For x = 6.
When y =0, (6,0)
Step 3: Plot the points of the coordinates in The solution does not exist for x > 6 and x ≤ 6 since
a cartesian coordinate system. there is no common shaded region between the two
inequalities.
8/22-23, 2024 23
Sketch the graph of the following
inequalities using x and y
intercepts.
1.3x + 5y ≤ 15 and 5x – 3y ≤ 15
2.x – y < -1 and 2x – y > -5
3.x + y ≤ 6 and 2x – y ≥ 6
4.2x + y ≥ 7 and x – 2y ≥ 6

Thank you
[email protected]

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Management Science Dr. Catherine L.

8/12-16,2024 PRESENTATION TITLE 2

• It is an approach to decision making based on the scientific method,

8/12-16, 2024 PRESENTATION TITLE 4

• Early 1900s: Initiated by Frederic W. Taylor’s scientific management

• Research Advances: Continued research led to significant methodological

8/12-16, 2024 PRESENTATION TITLE 5

8/12-16/2024 PRESENTATION TITLE 6

2. Involvement of the Analyst:

8/12-16, 2024 PRESENTATION TITLE 9

3. Collaboration with Decision Makers:

4. Model Development and Solution:

8/12-16, 2024 PRESENTATION TITLE 10

Iconic Models Analog Models Mathematical Models

• Physical replicas • Includes models that are Includes representations of a

8/12-16,2024 PRESENTATION TITLE P = 10x 11

ax + by = c where, a, b, and c are constant, while

System of Linear Equations – two or more linear equations grouped

Standard Equation – an equation in the form, ax + by = c, where a, b ≠ 0

Solutions of a System Equations – finding the values of the variables that

8/12-16,2024 PRESENTATION TITLE 14

8/12-16/2024 PRESENTATION TITLE 15

8/12-16/2024 PRESENTATION TITLE 16

8/12-16/2024 PRESENTATION TITLE 17

8/12-16/2024 PRESENTATION TITLE 19

8/12-16/2024 PRESENTATION TITLE 20

8/12-16/2024 PRESENTATION TITLE 21

8/12-16,2024 PRESENTATION TITLE 22

1.Elimination Method by Addition or Subtraction

1. Using Elimination Method

c. Substitute the value of y in the first equation or in the second equation.

The solution set is (7,2)

c. Substitute the value of x in the first equation to obtain the value of y.

The solution set is (7,2)

c. Substitute the value of x to obtain the value of y in the

The solution set is (7,2)

a. Assign the sequence of equations b. Identify the values of a, b, and c.

c. Substitute the values of a, b, and c in the general formula

The solution set is (7,2)

1. 2x + y = 0 and 4x + y = -2 (elimination method)

8/12-16/2024 PRESENTATION TITLE 32

8/12-16,2024 PRESENTATION TITLE 33

8/12-16,2024 PRESENTATION TITLE 2

8/22-23, 2024 PRESENTATION TITLE 4

1. a > b means “a is greater than b”, (or a-b is a positive number).

8/22-23, 2024 PRESENTATION TITLE 5

8/22-23, 2024 PRESENTATION TITLE 6

If a < b, then a ± c < b ± c

The addition property of inequalities ensures that balance is maintained.

8/22-23, 2024 PRESENTATION TITLE 7

If a < b and c is positive, then ac < bc.

8/22-23, 2024 PRESENTATION TITLE 8

If a < b and c is positive, then a/c < b/c.

If a < b, and c is negative, then a/c > b/c.

When you divide both sides of an inequality by a positive number, the

8/22-23, 2024 PRESENTATION TITLE 9

If a < b and c is positive, then aˆc < bˆc.

8/22-23, 2024 PRESENTATION TITLE 10

Example: xˆ2 + 4 > 0