VPC-Subnet

When a bigger network is divided into smaller networks, to maintain security,

then that is known as Subnetting. So, maintenance is easier for smaller
networks. For example, if we consider a class A address, the possible number
of hosts is 224 for each network, it is obvious that it is difficult to maintain
such a huge number of hosts, but it would be quite easier to maintain if we
divide the network into small parts.
Use Cases of Subnetting:
1. Subnetting helps in organizing the network in an efficient way which
helps in expanding the technology for large firms and companies.
2. Subnetting is used for specific staffing structures to reduce traffic
and maintain order and efficiency.
3. Subnetting divides domains of the broadcast so that traffic is routed
efficiently, which helps in improving network performance.
4. Subnetting is used in increasing network security.
The network can be divided into two parts: To divide a network into two
parts, you need to choose one bit for each Subnet from the host ID part.

In the above diagram, there are two Subnets.

Note: It is a class C IP so, there are 24 bits in the network id part and 8 bits in
the host id part.

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Subnetting Work:
The working of subnets starts in such a way that firstly it divides the subnets
into smaller subnets. For communicating between subnets, routers are used.
Each subnet allows its linked devices to communicate with each other.
Subnetting for a network should be done in such a way that it does not affect
the network bits.
In class C the first 3 octets are network bits so it remains as it is.
For Subnet-1:
The first bit which is chosen from the host id part is zero and the range will be
from (193.1.2.00000000 till you get all 1’s in the host ID part i.e,
193.1.2.01111111) except for the first bit which is chosen zero for subnet id
part.
Thus, the range of subnet 1 is: 193.1.2.0 to 193.1.2.127
Subnet id of Subnet-1 is : 193.1.2.0
The direct Broadcast id of Subnet-1 is: 193.1.2.127
The total number of hosts possible is: 126 (Out of 128,
2 id's are used for Subnet id & Direct Broadcast id)
The subnet mask of Subnet- 1 is: 255.255.255.128
For Subnet-2:
The first bit chosen from the host id part is one and the range will be from
(193.1.2.100000000 till you get all 1’s in the host ID part i.e,
193.1.2.11111111).
Thus, the range of subnet-2 is: 193.1.2.128 to 193.1.2.255
Subnet id of Subnet-2 is : 193.1.2.128
The direct Broadcast id of Subnet-2 is: 193.1.2.255
The total number of hosts possible is: 126 (Out of 128,
2 id's are used for Subnet id & Direct Broadcast id)
The subnet mask of Subnet- 2 is: 255.255.255.128
The best way to find out the subnet mask of a subnet
is to set the fixed bit of host-id to 1 and the rest to 0.

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Finally, after using the subnetting the total number of usable hosts is reduced
from 254 to 252.
To divide a network into four (22) parts you need to choose two bits from the
host id part for each subnet i.e, (00, 01, 10, 11).
To divide a network into eight (23) parts you need to choose three bits from
the host id part for each subnet i.e, (000, 001, 010, 011, 100, 101, 110, 111)
and so on.
We can say that if the total number of subnets in a network increases the total
number of usable hosts decreases.
Along with the advantage, there is a small disadvantage to subnetting that is,
before subnetting to find the IP address first the network id is found then the
host id followed by the process id, but after subnetting first network id is found
then the subnet id then host id and finally process id by this the computation
increases.
Advantages of Subnetting:
The advantages of Subnetting are mentioned below:
It provides security to one network from another network.
For example: In an Organisation, the code of the Developer department must
not be accessed by another department.
It may be possible that a particular subnet might need higher network priority
than others.
For example: Sales department needs to host webcasts or video conferences.
In the case of small networks, maintenance is easy.
Disadvantages of Subnetting:
The disadvantages of Subnetting are mentioned below:
In the case of a single network, only three steps are required to reach a Process
i.e., Source Host to Destination Network, Destination Network to Destination
Host, and then Destination Host to Process.

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In the case of a Single Network only two IP addresses are wasted to represent
Network Id and Broadcast address but in the case of Subnetting two IP
addresses are wasted for each Subnet.
The cost of the overall Network also increases. Subnetting requires internal
routers, Switches, Hubs, Bridges, etc. which are very costly.

IP Addressing vs Subnets
Parameters IP Addressing Subnetting

Assign unique
Divide a network into smaller subnetworks for
Purpose identifiers to devices on
better management and performance.
a network.

Assigns unique IP Divides a network into smaller subnets by

Process addresses to devices on borrowing bits from the host portion of the IP
a network. address to create a network portion.

Each device on the The network is broken down into smaller

Result network has a unique IP subnets, each with its own unique network ID
address. and range of IP addresses.

Improves network performance and security

Enables devices to
by reducing network congestion, isolating
Benefits communicate with each
network traffic, and making it easier to
other over the Internet.
manage IP address assignments and security.

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Parameters IP Addressing Subnetting

Types IPv4 and IPv6 CIDR (Classless Inter-Domain Routing)

Dotted decimal
Subnet mask (e.g., 255.255.255.0) or CIDR
Notation notation (e.g.,
notation (e.g., /24)
192.168.0.1)

Variable (depends on the number of bits

32 bits (IPv4) or 128 bits
Length borrowed for the network portion of the IP
(IPv6)
address).

Example 192.168.0.1 192.168.0.0/24

Differences between IPv4 and IPv6 Addresses

Basis for
IPv4 IPv6
differences

Size of IP address IPv4 is a 32-Bit IP Address. IPv6 is 128 Bit IP Address.

IPv6 is an alphanumeric address whose

Addressing IPv4 is a numeric address, and its binary
binary bits are separated by a colon (:). It
method bits are separated by a dot (.)
also contains hexadecimal.

Number of header
12 8
fields

Length of header
20 40
filed

Checksum Has checksum fields Does not have checksum fields

2001:0db8:0000:0000:0000:
Example 12.244.233.165
ff00:0042:7879

Type of Addresses Unicast, broadcast, and multicast. Unicast, multicast, and anycast.

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Basis for
IPv4 IPv6
differences

IPv4 offers five different classes of IP lPv6 allows storing an unlimited number
Number of classes
Address. Class A to E. of IP Address.

Configuration You have to configure a newly installed

In IPv6, the configuration is optional,
system before it can communicate with
depending upon on functions needed.
other systems.

IPv4 support VLSM (Variable Length

VLSM support IPv6 does not offer support for VLSM.
Subnet mask).

Fragmentation is done by sending and

Fragmentation Fragmentation is done by the sender.
forwarding routes.

Routing
RIP is a routing protocol supported by RIP does not support IPv6. It uses static
Information
the routed daemon. routes.
Protocol (RIP)

Networks need to be configured either

manually or with DHCP. IPv4 had several
Network IPv6 support autoconfiguration
overlays to handle Internet growth,
Configuration capabilities.
which require more maintenance
efforts.

Widespread use of NAT (Network

address translation) devices which
allows single NAT address can mask It allows direct addressing because of vast
Best feature thousands of address
non-routable addresses, making end-to- Space.
end
integrity achievable.

Use for the designated network from

Address Mask Not used.
host portion.

SNMP is a protocol used for system

SNMP SNMP does not support IPv6.
management.

Mobility & Relatively constrained network IPv6 provides interoperability and

Interoperability topologies to which move restrict mobility
mobility and interoperability capabilities which are embedded in
capabilities. network devices.

Security Security is dependent on applications – IPSec(Internet Protocol Security) is built

IPv4 was not designed with security in into the IPv6 protocol, usable with
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Basis for
IPv4 IPv6
differences

mind. a proper key infrastructure.

Packet size 576 bytes required, 1208 bytes required without

Packet size
fragmentation optional fragmentation

Packet
Allows from routers and sending host Sending hosts only
fragmentation

Does not identify packet flow for QoS

Packet head contains Flow Label field that
Packet header handling which includes checksum
specifies packet flow for QoS handling
options.

DNS records Address (A) records, maps hostnames Address (AAAA) records, maps hostnames

Stateless address autoconfiguration using

Address
Manual or via DHCP Internet Control Message Protocol version
configuration
6 (ICMPv6) or DHCPv6

IP to MAC
Broadcast ARP Multicast Neighbour Solicitation
resolution

Local subnet
Internet Group Management Protocol
Group Multicast Listener Discovery (MLD)
GMP)
management

Does not have optional fields. But

Optional Fields Has Optional Fields
Extension headers are available.

Internet Protocol Security (IPSec)

Internet Protocol Security (IPSec)
IPSec Concerning network security is
concerning network security is optional
mandatory

Dynamic host Clients have approach DHCS (Dynamic A Client does not have to approach any
configuration Host Configuration server) whenever such server as they are given permanent
Server they want to connect to a network. addresses.

Uses ARP(Address Resolution Protocol) Uses NDP(Neighbour Discovery Protocol)

Mapping
to map to MAC address to map to MAC address

IPv6 address is represented in

IPv4 address uses the dot-decimal
Combability with hexadecimal, colon- separated notation.
notation. That’s why it is not suitable for
mobile devices IPv6 is better suited to mobile
mobile networks.
networks.

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