See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.

net/publication/348691024

Evaluation of Bistatic and Monostatic RCS for Simple and Complex Targets in X-
Band

Article in INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MICROWAVE AND OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY · January 2021

CITATIONS READS

2 1,582

3 authors:

Huda Ibrahim Hamd Haraa Raheem Hatem

University of Diyala University of Diyala
15 PUBLICATIONS 33 CITATIONS 22 PUBLICATIONS 62 CITATIONS

SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE

Wurod Qasim Mohamed

University of Diyala
15 PUBLICATIONS 25 CITATIONS

SEE PROFILE

All content following this page was uploaded by Haraa Raheem Hatem on 22 January 2021.

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

 583

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MICROWAVE AND OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY,

VOL.15, NO.6, NOVEMBER 2020

Evaluation of Bistatic and Monostatic RCS for

Simple and Complex Targets in X-Band
Huda I. Hamd1, Haraa R. Hatem2, Wurod Qasim Mohamed3*
1,3
Department of Electronics Engineering, University of Diyala, Diyala, Iraq
2
Department of Communications Engineering, University of Diyala, Diyala, Iraq Email:
[email protected]

Abstract-The most important Radar applications (RCS) measurements, which is a measurement of

are based on cross section of Radar (RCS) factor scattered power from a target in a specific
which indicates the spatial waveform of the direction when it is determined by an incident
returned signal as a signature that comes from the wave. RCS is a normalization of the incident
target (Echo). It can be measured for such physical
wave power density that is applied to the specific
objects such as tanks, aircrafts, and vessels. The
measurements of this signature are expensive and
target such that the distance between the target
sophisticated processes because of using and the illumination source does not impact
instruments of microwave. Due to the ability of measuring RCS. This implies that the negative
microwave instruments to illuminate this object effects of power level of a transmitter and a
with energy adequately, Radar recognizes a reflect distance are removed. Also, illuminating wave
signal from this target. This implies that Radar can reduces in intensity because of inversing the
be considered a noise floor. This paper is used square spherical spreading. Therefore, RCS
Computer Simulation Technology (CST) software distinguishes the target characteristics which
in order to simulate RCS for various simple and does not affect by a transmit power, receive
complex targets at single typical frequency. Two
sensitivity, and distance [1-3].
types of target shapes that are made of iron
material: simple and complex, are modeled and
simulated for analyzing RCS with various angles in In more detail of the RCS, it depends on the radar
two different systems which include a monostatic, a wavelength and polarization, aspect angle, shape
bistatic under assumption of selecting the same and target material properties. Configurations of
frequency for both systems which is 9.4 GHz (X- Radar are classified to a monostatic and a
band frequency). It is proven that truncated cone bistatic. When the receive signal is captured and
target is more easily detected because it has a large next processed at the same transmission position,
magnitude of main lobe means a target it is called a monostatic radar signature. In
imagination is more visible. The RCS calculations contrast, it is called a bistatic radar signature
of various simple and complex targets are better
when the signal is sent and then spread in the
and more different than previous simple targets
calculations due to shape, size, and types of targets
different direction and next captured in the other
and also frequencies and materials that are made different position [4-5]. There are difficulties in
of. Furthermore, simulation results demonstrate interpreting RCS diagrams. Furthermore, the
these measurements and comparisons in more geometry of the object, sometimes, the
detail. techniques that are used to calculate the RCS
cause these difficulties [6]. The coherent
Index Terms- Cross section area, monostatic radar, combining for the cross sections of the simple
Bistatic radar, CST. shapes is normally used to compute a complex
target RCS. Generally, RCS of a complex target
is modeled as a group of individual scattering
I. INTRODUCTION
centers, which is distributed over a specific
target.
The major challenge of developing stealth
technology and Radar is radar cross section

IJMOT-2020-8-61999 © 2020 IAMOT

 584

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MICROWAVE AND OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY,

VOL.15, NO.6, NOVEMBER 2020

In [7], the authors compared the RCS between simple targets results which are different in shape
Proton Exora and Toyota Rush through a LTE and size of targets, types of targets, frequencies,
signal as a sender because of various bistatic and materials that are made of. Moreover, in [5],
angles. The results of [7] showed that the the authors compared RCS of the same simple
difference in shape, size, and angles of plane shape of targets which were made of various
wave and the moving of targets affect the RCS. materials using monostatic and bistatic systems.
Moreover, the largest area RCS of Toyota Rush The results of it showed that the target was made
in 90°, of sending signal had a better outcome of steel material had a significant RCS compared
than that in 59°. with FR4 and wood materials. This research has
compered the RCS of various simple and
While different angle of transmitting signal can complex shapes of targets which are made of the
be given a smaller RCS as in [8]. This small RCS same of material for both monostatic and bistatic
area is caused by reducing the area RCS, which systems.
moves 45 degree depending on the front side
view of Toyota Rush and 135 degree depending The remainder of the paper is organized as
on back side of Toyota Rush. This implies that follows. The principle of Radar Cross Section is
the sensitivity of elevating targets might be introduced in Section II. The simulated analysis
improved with adjusting the received angle of of RCS on CST MWS is presented in Section III.
targets. The [9] used two metallic targets for the Section IV presents simulation results and
RCS measurements in which those targets are a discussion. Finally, conclusions are given in
section of an air-to-air missile and a cylindrical Section V.
body with four square fins. Moreover, the FEKO
simulation software calculated the RCS of
models for these two targets. They obtained an II. RADAR CROSS SECTION
excellent comparison between simulations and
experimental data. The experimental methods is RCS, which is a physical quantity, determines the
used to collect of the RCS data. capability of radar target to scattering
electromagnetic fields. It is dependent on the
In [10], they prepared a simple setup built inside size, material, appearance, and other various
an anechoic chamber to measure a RCS for factors of a target [11]. It is called a RCS
simple targets such as cylinders, sphere, flat monostatic when transmit and receive antennas
plates, dihedral corner reflectors, and Luneberg of a radar are gathered while in a RCS bistatic,
lens. They compared the RCS data, which is transmit and receive antennas of a Radar are
calculated theoretically, in the frequency range 8- split. In general, the cross section refers to the
12GHz. scattering toward the receiver as shown in Fig. 1
[7].
This paper is used CST software in order to
simulate the RCS for various simple and complex
targets, which differs in shapes, for various
angles. RCS analysis is carried out with various
angles in two different systems include a
Monostatic and a bistatic using the same
frequency which is 9.4 GHz, i.e. X-band
frequency. The polar and cartesian forms are
analyzed and simulated in order to observe the
influences on monostaic and bistatic RCS. These
measurements and comparisons of RCS
calculations definitely differ from previous Fig. 1 Radar systems

IJMOT-2020-8-61999 © 2020 IAMOT

 585

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MICROWAVE AND OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY,

VOL.15, NO.6, NOVEMBER 2020

For the bistatic radar, RCS can be involved as These evaluation values are measured in decibels
relative to square meter (dBsm). This paper deals
with simple and complex targets. The simple
targets can be a rectangular, cylindrical, and
truncated cone, and ellipsoid while the complex
Where indicate the power of the targets are composed with many effective simple
received and transmitted signals, respectively. targets. The iron material used of all various
The indicate the gain of the receive and targets and targets were fixed on the rotating
support (figures) and rotated from 00 to 3600.
transmit antennas, respectively. The indicates
the Radar Cross Section (RCS). is a distance
from transmitter to target and is the distance IV. RESULTS
from receiver to target. Under assumption of
employing single transmit and receive antenna, The influences of using various targets, which
the gain and R will be equal to the both sides as differ in shapes and size are presented in RCS
stated in (2). radiation pattern for many different angles at 9.4
GHz. The simulation results are analyzed and
plotted in the form of a polar and a Cartesian for
these two different systems. In Monostatic, it's
Therefore; the monostatic radar range can be required to rotate a sender around a target. This
written (1). means that the sender and the acceptor are
located in the same direction.

A. Rectangular Target

From equation (3), the expression of RCS in a It is the simplest target, it is designed by using
monostatic Radar is CST MWS software with dimensions
for width, length,
and height, respectively, as shown in Fig.2.

It is clear from fourth equation that RCS is a

simpler term. It measures the capacity of
reflecting an incident wave from an object. For
analyzing RCS of a complex geometrical object,
comprehend RCS is firstly modeled as a phasor
net scattering of summing all individual
scattering centers to the total object's RCS [12].

III. CALCULATION OF RCS ON CST MWS Fig. 2 Designed rectangular target

There are various calculations of RCS which are The monostatic and bistatic RCSs’ in cartesian
considered as valid traditional types. CST MWS and polar forms of this target is shown in figures
software is one of these methods. Evaluating 3 and 4.
RCS by CST simulation is in terms of a
Monostatic and a Bistatic RCS employing the
same frequency which is 9.4 GHz for both.

IJMOT-2020-8-61999 © 2020 IAMOT

 586

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MICROWAVE AND OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY,

VOL.15, NO.6, NOVEMBER 2020

B. Cylindrical Target

Other type of simple target is a cylinder. It is

designed by using CST MWS software. There are
two cases of cylindrical targets which include an
elliptical cylinder and a circular cylinder. This
paper are used a circular cylinder target with
dimensions for height and
radius, respectively, as shown in Fig.5.

A. Cartesian

Fig. 5 Designed cylindrical target

B. Polar The monostatic and bistatic RCSs’ in cartesian

and polar forms of this target are shown in
Fig. 3 Monostatic RCS of a rectangular target
figures 6 and 7.

A. Cartesian A. Cartesian

B. Polar B. Polar

Fig. 4 Bistatic RCS of a rectangular target Fig. 6 Monostatic RCS of a cylindrical target

IJMOT-2020-8-61999 © 2020 IAMOT

 587

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MICROWAVE AND OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY,

VOL.15, NO.6, NOVEMBER 2020

A. Cartesian A. Cartesian

B. Polar B. Polar

Fig.7 Bistatic RCS of a cylindrical target Fig. 9 Monostatic RCS of a truncated cone target

C. Truncated Cone Target

It is another type of simple target. It is designed

by using CST MWS software with dimensions
for height and radius,
respectively, as shown in Fig.8.

A. Cartesian

Fig. 8 Designed truncated cone target

The monostatic and bistatic RCSs’ in cartesian B. Polar

and polar forms of this target are shown in Fig. 10 Bistatic RCS of a truncated cone target
figures 9 and 10.

IJMOT-2020-8-61999 © 2020 IAMOT

 588

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MICROWAVE AND OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY,

VOL.15, NO.6, NOVEMBER 2020

D. Ellipsoid Target

The model of the ellipsoid target has been

designed using CST MWS software with
dimensions for radius on
the x-axis and y-axis, respectively. Fig. 11 states
the modeling of the ellipsoid target using CST
MWS software.

A. Cartesian

Fig. 11 Designed ellipsoid target

The monostatic and bistatic RCSs’ in cartesian

and polar forms of this target are shown in B. Polar
figures 12 and 13.
Fig.13 Bistatic RCS of an ellipsoid target

E. Complex Target

The complex targets are composed with many

effective simple targets as shows in Fig. 14.

A. Cartesian

Fig. 14 Designed complex target

B. Polar The monostatic and bistatic RCSs’ in cartesian

and polar forms of this target are shown in
Fig. 12 Monostatic RCS of an ellipsoid target
figures 15 and 16.

IJMOT-2020-8-61999 © 2020 IAMOT

 589

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MICROWAVE AND OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY,

VOL.15, NO.6, NOVEMBER 2020

16, table (1) summarizes the comparison of

bistatic Radar cross section with different value
of the incident angle from (0- 180) degree for the
various targets.

Table 1: Comparison of bistatic RCS in various

shapes of target at angle (phi=90o)

Truncated Complex
A. Cartesian Angle (θ) rectangular cylinder Ellipsoid
Cone target
0 -15 -0.702 -28 -37 -24
30 -41 -25 -28 -30 -25
60 -36 -20 -30 -33 -25.1
90 -38 -29 -60 -35 -22.5
120 -37 -21 -30.1 -33.8 -17
150 -40 -25 -28.1 -30 -13
180 -15 -0.702 -28.1 -36 -27

The obtained results show that the main lobe

magnitude of truncated cone target is larger
compared to other target shapes because large
magnitude of main lobe means a target
B. Polar
imagination is more visible. Therefore, truncated
Fig. 15 Monostatic RCS of a complex target cone target is more easily detected.

Furthermore, table 2 summarizes the RCS

comparison among two previous studies, which
are stated in [1], [5], and [10], and our research.

A. Cartesian

B. Polar

Fig. 16 Bistatic RCS of a complex target

According to the obtained results, which are

presented in figures 3,4,6,7,9,10,12,13,15, and

IJMOT-2020-8-61999 © 2020 IAMOT

 590

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MICROWAVE AND OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY,

VOL.15, NO.6, NOVEMBER 2020

Table 2: Comparative result of the RCS The comparative results clearly show that the
RCS calculations of simple targets at range of
Types
Ref Frequency of Target RCS
frequencies were performed in the previous
target articles, while the current research calculates the
Rectangular RCS of simple and complex targets for a single
Plane 0.7 sqm at 00
Surface
typical frequency. In [1], the RCS of a cylinder is
0.48 m2 at 9 GHz, while in this research, bistatic
Cylinder 0.48 sqm at 00
[1] 2-6 GHz Simple RCS of a cylinder is -0.702 dBm2 at 9.4 GHz.
Also, it uses an iron material for all various
Cone 0.32 sqm at 00
simple and complex targets which differ
Bistatic RCS
from [5] that uses different materials for
Cuboid
46.7 dBm2 at single target which is a cuboid target.
00
target of
Monostaic RCS
steel
is 46.65 dBm2
at 00 V. CONCLUSION
Bistatic RCS
Cuboid 16.2 dBm2 at 00
[5] 9.4GHz simple
target of Monostaic RCS In this paper, the electromagnetic energy
FR4 is 16.3 dBm2 at scattering for various targets, which differ in
00
Bistatic RCS shapes and sizes, is an important concept to study
Cuboid 16.3 dBm2 at 00 RCS phenomena of such target. Using CST
target of Monostaic RCS
WOOD is 16.28 dBm2 at
software, RCS is evaluated for various targets in
00 different incident angles of a bistatic and a
Sphere 0.3 m2 at 9 GHz monostatic Radar with X-band frequency, which
is 9.4GHz. It has compered the RCS of various
[10] 8-12 GHz Simple Flatplate
12.9 m2 at 9 simple and complex shapes of targets which are
GHz
made of the same of material for both monostatic
Dihedral 19 m2 at 9 GHz and bistatic systems. The obtained results, RCS
Bistatic RCS -15 radiation pattern in cartesian and polar forms,
dBm2 at 00 illustrate that the main lobe magnitude of
Rectangular Monostaic RCS
is 16.8 dBm2 at truncated cone target is larger than other target
2700 shapes. Due to the large main lobe magnitude,
Bistatic RCS - imagination of truncated cone target is more
0.702 dBm2 at 00
Cylinder Monostaic RCS visible. Thus, truncated cone target is more easily
is 18 dBm2 at detected. Furthermore, it can be designed more
2700
Bistatic RCS -37
complex targets by CST software then
In this paper

Simple determined the RCS.

dBm2 at 00
and Truncated
9.4 GHz Monostaic RCS
Compl Cone
is 18 dBm2 at
ex
900
Bistatic RCS -28 REFERENCES
dBm2 at 00
Ellipsoid Monostaic RCS
[1] Tuta, Leontin, Roxana Lexutan, and Catalin
is 14.6 dBm2 at
2700 Moraru, “Time-Frequency Domain Radar Cross-
Bistatic RCS -24 Section Analysis of Some Simple Objects and
dBm2 at 00 Shapes”, 10th International Conf. on
Complex Communications (COMM), pp. 1-5, 29th May
Monostaic RCS is
target
-1.52 dBm2 at 2014.
2700 [2] Knott, EF, JF Shaeffer, and MT Tuley, “Radar
Cross Section”, Scitech Publishing, Inc 2004.
[3] Madhan, M Ganesli, AG Sanjeev, and S
Piramasubramanian, “A Comparative Study of

IJMOT-2020-8-61999 © 2020 IAMOT

 591

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MICROWAVE AND OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY,

VOL.15, NO.6, NOVEMBER 2020

Rpg Missile Modeling for Radar Cross Section

Analysis at 10 GHz”, International Conf. on
Applied Electromagnetics, Signal Processing and
Communication (AESPC), Vol.1, pp. 1-5, 22nd
Oct. 2018.
[4] Heidar, Hamid, Naser Moradisoltani, and Omid
Alihemati, “Simulation and Reduction of Radar
Cross Section the Unmanned Aerial Vehicle in X-
Band Using Shaping Technique” Majlesi Journal
of Telecommunication Devices Vol. 1, No. 4, Dec.
2012.
[5] Ahmed, Ahmed Mohammed, Israa H Ali, and
Haraa Raheem Hatem, “Bi and Mono Static Radar
Cross Section Computation for Various Target's
Materials”, International Journal of Engineering
& Technology, No. 1.5, pp. 513-516, 2019.
[6] Algar, María-Jesús, Lorena Lozano, Javier
Moreno, Iván González, and Felipe Cátedra, “An
Efficient Hybrid Technique in Rcs Predictions of
Complex Targets at High Frequencies”, Journal of
Computational Physics 345, pp. 345-357, 15th
Sep. 2017.
[7] Hafizah, AA Noor, MY Haziq Hazwan, AR Nur
Emileen, RA Raja Syamsul Azmir, O Kama
Azura, and S Asem, “Rcs Analysis on Different
Targets and Bistatic Angles Using Lte
Frequency”, 16th International Radar Symposium
(IRS), pp. 658-663, 24th Jan. 2015.
[8] Aziz, Noor Hafizah Abdul, Raja Syamsul Azmir
Raja Abdullah, Nur Emileen Abdul Rashid, and
Fazirulhisyam Hashim, “Rcs Predictions through
Angle of Ground Moving Target Using Lte-Based
Passive Forward Scattering Radar”, Journal of
Telecommunication, Electronic and Computer
Engineering (JTEC) 9, No. 1-4, pp. 129-132, Mar.
2017.
[9] Alves, Mauro Angelo, Inácio M Martin, Marcelo
AS Miacci, and Mirabel C Rezende, “Radar Cross
Section of Simple and Complex Targets in the C-
Band: A Comparison between Anechoic Chamber
Measurements and Simulations”, Piers online,
Vol.4 issue 7, pp. 791-194, 2008.
[10] Marcelo Alexandre Souza Miacci, Evandro Luís
Nohara, Inácio Malmonge Martin, Guilherme
Gomes Peixoto, and Mirabel Cerqueira Rezende,
“Indoor Radar Cross Section Measurements of
Simple Targets”, J.Aerosp,Tech.Manag, Vol.4,
No.1, pp. 25-32, Jan./Mar. 2012.
[11] Jing, Sheng, “Target Identity Recognition Method
Based on Rcs Distribution and Spatial Location”,
Procedia computer science, Vol.147, pp. 632-637,
Jan. 2019.
[12] Alves, Ronny RO, Mauricio HC Dias, and José
CA Santos, “Radar Cross Section of Simple
Objects in the Presence of an Infinite Conducting
Plane”, SBMO/IEEE MTT-S International
Microwave & Optoelectronics Conf. (IMOC), pp.
1-4, Aug. 2013.

IJMOT-2020-8-61999 © 2020 IAMOT

View publication stats