Wars

Stinger misslies were given to Pakistan in Afghan WAR

5.7 million jews were killed in WW2
Sino-Indian war was fought in 1962
Johar town blast is related to FATF and Hafiz Saeed

Lakes/Doabs/Rivers/Barrages/Dams of Pakistan
Satpara Lake is in Gilgit-Baltistan
Kalabagh dam is located in Punjab
Indus the longest river of Pakistan
Gomal, Dasht, and Zhob rivers flow in Balchistan
Keti Bandar is in Sindh
Sutlej, Jehlum, and Chenan are rivers of Punjab
Manchar is the largest lake of Pakistan
Kanchura lake is situated in Skardu
The Largest earth filled dam is Tarbela
Tarbela dam is in Swabi
Hingol river is in Balochistan
Banjusa lake is situated in AJK which is an artificial lake
Chaj Doab lies between Chenab and Jehlum
Rachna Doab lies between Ravi and Chenab
Singh Sagar Doab lies between Indus and Jehlum
Bari Doab lies between Bias,Ravi, and Sutlej

Geography of Pakistan
Alpine forests are found in Chitral, Dir,Swat
Sakesar - salt range
Tahkt-e-Sulaiman- Koh-e-Sulaiman
Kirthar is located in the south of Pakistan
Sakran-Koh-e-Sufaid
K2/Godwin Austen is the world’s second highest peak and the highest peak of Pakistan and it lies in
the Karakorum range. Its height is 8611 m
Nanga Parbat is the world’s 9th largest peak and Pakistan’s second largest peak. Its height is 8126m
and it lies in Himalayas.
Highest peak of Hindukash is Tirich Mir. Its height is 7,690 m.
Balochistan Plateau lies in west of Koh Kirthar and Sulaiman Range
Sakesar peak is in the Salt range. Its height is 1525.

Oceans/Seas/Lakes/Rivers of the world

Ladoga lake is the largest lake in the world in the Europe
The largest artificial lake in the world is Kariba lake
Mariana trench is the deepest trench in the world and it is in Indian Ocean
Rhine river passes through six borders
The largest river in the world is Amazon
Geography
The time taken by the sunlight to reach the Earth is 8 min and 20 seconds
Cyclone is basically violently column of air
Weather is the state of the atmosphere at a particular place and time.
Alpine glacier is also known as valley glacier
Demography is the study of population including birth and death
Phases of the moon occur because we can only see that part of the earth which reflects light towards
us
The Himalayas, Alps,Andes, and Rockies are examples of Fold mountains
The highest volcano in Asia is Mount Damavand
The largest volcano of the world is Mauna Loa

Types of rocks and their examples

There are three main types of rocks: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. Here are examples of
each:
Igneous Rocks: Granite,Basalt,Rhyolite
Sedimentary Rocks:Sandstone,Limestone,Shale,Gypsum
Metamorphic Rocks:Marble,Slate,Schist,Gneis,Quartzite
These rocks form through different processes and have distinct characteristics that make them
identifiable.
Definition: Igneous rocks are formed from the solidification of molten magma or lava. They can be
intrusive (formed inside the Earth's crust) or extrusive (formed on the Earth's surface).
Example: Granite is an example of an intrusive igneous rock, while basalt is an example of an extrusive
igneous rock.
Definition: Sedimentary rocks are formed from the accumulation and compaction of sediments
(particles of minerals, rocks, or organic materials) over time. They often contain fossils and layers
called strata.
Example: Sandstone is a common example of a sedimentary rock formed from compacted sand
grains.
Definition: Metamorphic rocks are formed from pre-existing rocks (igneous, sedimentary, or other
metamorphic rocks) that undergo high temperature, pressure, or chemical changes, leading to the
formation of new minerals and textures.
Example: Marble is a metamorphic rock formed from the recrystallization of limestone or dolomite
under heat and pressure.

Mountains
Gangkhar Puensum, the highest peak which is not climbed, located in Bhutun
Mount Vesuvius is located in Italy

Sports
Baseball has 9 players, Ice Hockey has 6 players, Rugby has 15, waterpolo has 7, cricket and Football
have 11 players, polo has 4 players, basketball has 5 players.
Cuttign, Bolting and bearing associated with billiard
France has won the FIFA world cup two times
Icc t20 wor;d cup 2021 was won by 2021
2022 icc world cup was won by England , between pakistan and england
Dyer test is used to test the fitness players

2019- PSL won by Quetta Gladiators

2020- Karachi Kings
2021-Multan Sultans
2022- Lahore Qalenders
2023- Lahore Qalenders
2016,2018,2024- Islamabad United

In 2006, Waqar Yonus was the bowling coach

Pak-India jointly hosted world cup in 1987

Jahangir Khan was associated with Squash
Double faut is associated with tennis
Summer Olympics:
First 1924 - Paris, France
2016 - Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
2020 - Tokyo, Japan (postponed to 2021 due to COVID-19)- OSAKA NAOMI - TORCHBEARER
2024 - Paris, France
2028 - Los Angeles, United States
Winter Olympics:
1924 - Chamonix, France (first Winter Olympics)
2010 - Vancouver, Canada
2014 - Sochi, Russia
2018 - PyeongChang, South Korea
2022 - Beijing, China

World Knowledge/Affairs
 Qatar held its first election in Qatar 2021
 Myanmar got independence in 194. Myanmmar name changed into Burma in 1989
 Trade would progress in South Asia when Kashmir issue is resolved

Doha Agreement 2020-US-Afghanistan
Soviet Union invaded Afganistan in 24 Dec 1979 - 15 Feb 1989
Lut desert in Iran.
Sykos-Picot( Minor agreement) agreement was signed in 1916 between Uk and France for control of
Ottomon empire.
Iraq invaded Kuwait in August 1990
US adds Pakistan and Turkey into the chils protection act.
Taiwan (also known as Republic of China) separated from China in 1949
China joined World trade Organization in 2001
Afghanisatan is a landlocked country
American forces entered Afghanistan in 30th august 2001
Yemen crisis started in 2011
China also known as Mainland China, 1971-UN membership
Grand Mosque of Sultan Qaboos is located in Oman
BRI- Belt and road initiative in 2018, 6 projects
Globalization concept -P5
Kanchenjauga is the third highest mountain in the world
Notre Dame is in Paris
Martin Cooper invented mobile phones
Arab League changed African and Midlle East regimes

Volga is the main river of Russia

Turkey proposed to take over the Kabul airport security after US withdrawal.
Iran targeted US security forces in Iraq on 8th Jan 2020, Operation Martyr Soleimani
Current foreign minister of KSA, Faisal bin Farhan Al-Saud
Wall Street is in New York, famous for Stock Exchange

A New Deal for Asia book written by Mahathir Muhammad

Sahara Desert is the second hottest desert of the world, and the world's number 1 hottest desert is
8 states are recognized nuclear states.
smallest population is of Vatican City.
UNCTAD releases report from the great lockdown to the great meltdown
In 1992, Open Skies treaty was signed in 1992 in Helsinki, Finland, effective in 2002


 The highest award of film is Oscar.
 Norwary a Scandinavian country, is a contitutional Monarchy.
 no medals in Tokyo Olympics 2021
Capital oF Poland is Warsaw, Lisbon is the capital of Portugal, Athens is the capital of Greece

 Hawaii is the last state to join USA, it is the 50th state to join USA.
 Hagia Sophia was built by Romans in 537 AD, church from 360 AD-1204, it served as a mosque
from 1435 till 1935 when it became a museum. In 2020, it again became a mosque.
 Taliban opened office in Qatar in 2013.

China has the largest army in the world, USA has the world's strongest army, Russia has the second
strongest army


World Organizations
SAARC, permanenet sectariat is in Kathmandu, founded on 8 Dec 1985.
WHO officially declared covid-19 as virus
The International monetary fund was founded in 1944 and it became operational in 1945.
Dec 8, 1985 SAARC- south asian countries organization
Organization for drug abuse is United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime
The International Telecommunication Union is the specialized United Nations Agency for information
and communication
ASEAN1- 10 members , HQ in Indonesia
World Trade Organization was founded in 1995
56 members of Commonwealth
Presidency of UN security council
Croatio becae the full member of EU on January 2023
EU- 27 members
ASEAN- south east asian organization
RCD established in 1964 renamed as ECO in 1985 in Tehran
World trade organization has 167 members
HQ of PLO is located at RamaALLAH
Afghanistan joined WTO in 2007 and left in 2016
Arab League was established in 1945 at Cairo in Egypt and it has 22 members
African Union was established in 2002
Montenegro joined UNO in 2006
HQ of International Labour organization is in Geneva
China is the not member of NATO
The HQ of OIC is in Jeddah
NATO was created in 1949.
HQ of UNICEF is located at New York

EU has 27 memebers
ICJ founded on 26th June 1945, HQ in Hague, Netherlands, 15 Judges for 9 years,
UNO founded on 24 Oct 1945
The president of United Nations General Assembly in 1962-63 was Muhammad Zafar Ullah Khan
UN Secretary General term of office is 5 years.
UN Convention- to reduce emission of Carbon dioxide

Everyday Science
 When the object moves with the speed of light , its mass would be infinity
 One thick vessels are called capillaries
 Cobalt-60 emit gamma rays, used for the treatment of Cancer
 Sugar is the most soluble in water
 When pressure of gas is increased, the volume of cylinder is decreased
 CFCS are used in cooling refrigerators.
 Light can reach a depth of 200m in the oceans
 Blood is thicker than the water
 Coronovirus was first identified in animals in 1920s
 The average heartbeat per minute in a man is 70-80 times
 The packge of enzymes bounded by membrane is called Golgi apparatus
 4 stages of covid
 The number of bones in a new born is 300
 Light travels fastest in solids, then in liquids followed by gas
 Theory of relativity by Einstein
 1956, DNA polymerase was discovered from the cell of E.coli
 Brass gets discolored due to Hydrogen Sulfide

 The study of insects is called Entomology
 Laws of motion and gravity by Newton
 Non-flowering plants are called cryptograms
 Laws of Magnetic induction by Faraday
 Euclid -father of geometry
 Most metals at room temperature is in the form of solid
 Hydrogen and Methane are combustibel
 Fats have the highest calorific value
 Law of attraction or repulsion was discovered by Coloumb
 The element present in largest amount in the body is Oxygen
 who said microbes are animalcule - Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
 Solar panel consists of Photovoltaic cell
 The amount of oxygen required to store your body to its normal resting level of metabolic
function is EPOC
 Blood pressure measured 10/60 mmHg
 The boiling point of water depends on atmospheric pressure
 Laws of planetary motion was Kepler
 Hudrogen is the first ellement in the periodic table

 the sum of three angles is 180 degree

 Plato has snow-capped mountains
 Transistor replaced vacuum tubes
 The rate at which temperature decreases with increasing altitude is also known as Lapse rate.
 A normal man respires 14-18 per minutes
 1 km = 1000cm
 1m= 100cm
 1km = 1000000cm
 Zika virus identified in Uganda
 Horticulture is the study of plants and animals
 Our brain demands most glucose
 SI unit of temperature is Kelvin
 Enzymes are made up of protein
 The basic photosynthetic pigment is chlorophyll-a
 Atmospheric pressure is measured with a Barometer
 Red Blood cells carry oxygen throughout the body
 Xerophytes live in dry climate
 Water is called universal solvent because of Polar nature and Hydrogen bonding
 Solvay process is used for the manufacture of Sodium Carbonate
 Liquid hydrocarbons can be converted into gaseous hydrocarbons using cracking
 Margarine is made from the process the hydrogenation
 The total capacity of lungs is about 6 liters
 Photocopier machine produces Ozone
 Left Atrium receieves Oxygenated blood
 Anthracite is used on mega scale
 Pencillin was discovered by Alexander fleming
 Louis Pasteur
 Edward Jenner -

 Scietific name of frog is Rana Tigrina
 Centrosomes found in spindle
 Most abundant element in the earth's crust is oxygen,second abundant element in the earth's
crust is Silicon
 Most abundant metal in the earth's crust is Aluminum (7%), .second abundant metal in the
earth's crust is iron.
 Maximum sound in solids followed by Liquids and Gas
 electron was discovered by J..J Thomson
Water-soluble vitamins dissolve in water and are not stored in the body in significant amounts. They
need to be consumed regularly as they are excreted in urine and not stored in fat tissues. Examples of
water-soluble vitamins include:B,C
Methane is a green gas
Pasteurization of milk depends on time and temperature
Bleaching powder contains chlorine

Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid): Found in fruits like oranges, strawberries, and kiwi, as well as in vegetables
like bell peppers and broccoli.
B Vitamins (B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, B7, B9, B12):
B1 (Thiamine): Found in whole grains, pork, and legumes.
B2 (Riboflavin): Found in dairy products, leafy greens, and fortified cereals.
B3 (Niacin): Found in meat, fish, and whole grains.
B5 (Pantothenic Acid): Found in animal products, legumes, and whole grains.
B6 (Pyridoxine): Found in poultry, fish, bananas, and potatoes.
B7 (Biotin): Found in eggs, nuts, and certain vegetables.
B9 (Folate): Found in leafy greens, legumes, and fortified grains.
B12 (Cobalamin): Found in animal products like meat, fish, eggs, and dairy.

Fat-soluble vitamins, on the other hand, dissolve in fats and are stored in the body's fatty tissues and
liver. They can be stored for longer periods, and excessive intake can lead to toxicity. Examples of fat-
soluble vitamins include: A,D,E,K

Vitamin A: Found in liver, fish oils, dairy products, and orange and yellow fruits and vegetables.
Vitamin D: Synthesized by the skin in response to sunlight and also found in fatty fish, fortified foods,
and supplements.
Vitamin E: Found in nuts, seeds, vegetable oils, and leafy greens.
Vitamin K: Found in leafy greens, broccoli, Brussels sprouts, and certain oils.

Concave mirror is used in the headlight of cars.
Nichrome, the heating element which is the most effective.
Nitrogen/CO2 is used in fire extinguisher.
Rate of change of displacement is called velocity
Temperature decreases as we move to th poles.
Water related to refraction
Cardiorespiratory Fitness is checked by Harvard step test

Islamiat
 Qiblah changed in 2 Hijri at the time of Zuhar prayer, 17 months after hijrat
 Ahmed appeared in the Quran one time
 Muhammad appeared in the Holy Quran 4 times
 Hazrat Ibrahim was born in Iraq
 Firwan was king during Hazrat Musa’s Era
 Masjid-e-Zarar was ordered to demolish by Allah
 Hazrat Yonas remained in the abdon of the fish for 40 days
 Literals meaning of Saum is to stop
 Bait e Rizwan took place in 6 hijri
 29 Surahs of the Holy Quran start from the brokern letters
Hazrat Umar started Hijri calender, islamic calender starting is related to Hijarat medina
Imam Hussain was born in 4 A.H
Holy Prophet (PBUH) was born in 570 AD
Hazrat zaid bin haris name occurred in Surah AL-ahzab
In Surah Nmal, Bismillah Is added twice
Conquest of Makkha occurred in 8 A.H
Treaty of Hudddaybia occurred in 6 A.H
Battle of Badr 2 A.H

Allah promised to protect the holy Quran in Surah Al-Hujrat

Social Boycott of Banu Hashim took place in 7-10th Nabvi.
 Taraweeh means to rest
 There are 8 masarif of Zakat in the Holy Quran
 10 years - treaty of huddaybiyah
 banu Abbas Khilafat ended in 656 Hijri
Sariyya is the battle in which Holy Prophet did not participate, they were total 56
 Longest ayat of Surah-al Baqrah Is 286
Imam Hassan was born in 3 A.H
The first Ghazwa of Islam is Abwa, first Ghzwa in which Muslim fought is Badar.
hazrat Jafar recited verses from Surah Maryam (49) at the presence of the Holy Prophet and Najjashi
Hz Usman did not participate in Ghazwa Badar

Media
The main role in the Drama Waris is played by Mehoob Alam
Umrao Jao Ada is written by Mirza Hadi

English
 churlish means uncivilized
 in the lieu means instead of
 Ecstasy
 Kick the bucket- to die
 Prick up your ears- listen carefully

 adumbrate means outline
To put up- To tolerate
 To put out-Extinguish
 Cluctches at straw means desperate
Vituperate means abuse
Grisly means horrible
A place where many people leave is known as settlement

Transitive Verbs: These verbs require an object to complete their meaning. In other words, they act
on something or someone. For example:
"She ate (transitive verb) an apple (object)."
"He wrote (transitive verb) a letter (object)."
"They built (transitive verb) a house (object)."
Intransitive Verbs: These verbs do not require an object to complete their meaning. They express an
action or state that does not transfer to an object. For example:
"She slept (intransitive verb)."
"He ran (intransitive verb)."
"The sun shines (intransitive verb)."
In some cases, a verb can be both transitive and intransitive depending on how it is used in a
sentence:

Transitive: "She opened (transitive verb) the door (object)."

Intransitive: "The door opened (intransitive verb)."

Pakistan Affairs
 Muslim League in Balochistan was established in 1939 and in Sindh in 1943
Balochi tribe 29 June 1947
After 1988 , Benazair formed govt in Sindh and KPK
Partition of Bengal occurred due to Administrative issues
Objective Resolution was presented by Liaqat Ali Khan on 12 March 1949
Indian Council Act was passed in 1861
ALML- First session at Karachi
Hussain Shaheed Suharwardy was the first prime minister of Pakistan to China
East India Company established in 1600
EBDO and PODO were promulgated by Ayub Khan
Raja Dogra purchased Kashmir in 1846 for 7.5 millio
Alml session in September 1906 held at Lucknow
HQ of ALML held at Lucknow
The Mughal era is from 1526-1857
Battle of Plassey fought in 1757- Robert Clive vs Siraj-u-daula
Bhadur Shah zafar was exiled to Rangoon
Qazi Isa, the father of Qazi faiz Isa was the President of Balochistan Muslim League
66 NA directly elected , 60 women, 10 minorities
 Zulfiqar ali bhutto started his career during iskander mirza
 Sheikh Sirhindhi stood against ShaWaliUllah
 Kargil war ended through Washington agreement
 Birbal Accepted dilehelahi
 Emblem of Pakistan, crescent represents progress, star represents knowledge,wisdom, and
courage
 Pak-China border signed in 1963
 Siachin conflict started between Pakistan and India in 1984
 Balochistan became province in 1970
 General Pervaz Musharaf elected through referndrum in April 30,2002. He was the 10th president

 All parties conference for freedom of United India against British took place in 1928.
 Hazrat Noah was declared adam sani.
 Kashmir Issue was taken to the United Nations in 1948
Baba Farid belongs to Chistia
 Jinnah joined Indian National Congress in 1906
 Unjust Radcliffe Award - Gurdaspur(in support of KASHMIR), Pathankot
 Total Princely states are 562, 13 acceded to Pakistan
 Pakistan joined OIC in 1969
 In 1937, AIML Govt in Bengal , won 428 seats
 National bird is Chakor
 Haji Shariatullah started Farazi Movement
 National Animal is Markhor
 Rawalpindi was the former capital of Pakistan
 Tipu Sultan has dilomatic relations with Napolean
 Rule BAkshi was incharge of military affairs
 Akbar the great was the contemporary of queen elizabeth 1
 Lord Canning was the first viceroy of India
 The battle of Karnal was fought between Nadir Shah and Auregzeb
 Constitutional accord was signed in 1972
 Zia promised to hold elections in 90 days



 Working with Zia written by K.M Arif
 4 organs are required to form a state
 state bank of Pakistan inaugurated by Qaid-e-Azam on 1st July 1949
 Independence Act 1947 everyone agreed
 Cento The Central Treaty Organization, formerly known as the Middle East Treaty Organization and also known as the
Baghdad Pact, was a military alliance of the Cold War. It was formed on 24 February 1955 by Iran, Iraq, Pakistan, Turkey, and
the United Kingdom. Pak left in 1973.
 Pak joined seato in 1954, and cento in 1955.
Article 25 of the Pakistani constitution ensures equality before irrespective of the gender
 Shah Jeha’s tomb is located in Agra.
 Orangi Pilot Project , was initiated by Akhtar Hameed Khan, in 1980
There are 6.5 Billion Tons salt reserves in Khewra mines.
Making of Pakistan by K.K Aziz
The Basic Democracies system set up was a five tier system
Central National Muhammadan Organization Ameer Ali organization - 1877
Pakistan china border agreement signed in 1963
ZA bhutto started his career during Isikandar Mirza regime
Germany remains in allies from 1945-1952
1965 war started on September 6th 1965, Operation Gilbtar, a 17 year war
Jinnah Creator of Pakistan by Hector Bolitho
Ayub Khan Become president in 1958
Ahmed shah Abdali launched his attacks against Mughals
In 1846, British sold Kashmir to Dogra for 75 Lacs.
Kashmir issue taken to the United Nation on January 1st 1948

Anjum Himayat-e-Islam was founded in 1884

First capital of Pakistan is Karachi

Sindh Assembly passed resolution in favour of partition of India in 1938

Kirthar range is located in south of Pakistan
Sikandaer Sultan Raja is the current chied election commisioner of Pakistan
Iran first accepted Pakistan
Pakistan conducted nuclear tests on 28 May 1998
delhi captured in three days
Provincial Autonomy in Subcontinent- Government of India Act 1935
Noor Mahal was built by Nawab Sadiq IV
Kandhkot Gas Field is located in Sindh , founded in 1987
Liaqat Ali khan joind Muslim League in 1923, Iqbal joined in 1908, Anwar Ali in 1908
Syed Mehdi Ali was real name of Mohsin ul Mulk.
Babar is the founder of the Mughal Emperor
Mahmud Ghazni attacked India 17 times in the 11th century
4 governor general ruled over Pakistan
Nawab Waqar ul became the secretary of Aligarh Institute in 1907
Pakistan withdraw from seato(Manila Pact) in 1973 and from cento(Baghdad Pact) in 1979
One nautical mile = 1.853
Jhelum and Indus meet at Head Trimmu (JIT) , Ravi, Beas, Chenab, Sutlej meet at Punjand

 First chaiman of the senate was Habib Ullah Khan

 Longest serving chairman of the senate was Wasim Sajjad
 civil disobedience movement in 1930
 hindi-Urdu started in 1867
 Pervaiz Musharaf replaces Jahangir Karamat as army chief
1965 continued for 17 days 6 sep-23 sep , end by Tashkent declaration on 10 January 1966

Wagha border attached with Amritsar.
Pakistan Resolution, presented on 23rd March 1940, Passes on 24th March 1940 at the 37th session
of AIML.
Rohtas Fort Neat Kuhan river, on the west side of GT road
Nawab Saleem Ullah Khan was the leader of Muslims in East Bengal at the time of partition of Bengal.
Urdu declared the offficial language
Junagarh acceded to Pakistan on August 15th, 1947

The Murder of History, The Pakistani Historian, Britain and Muslim India, Making of Pakistan were
written by Khalid Khursheed Aziz.
Quaid-e-Azam joined Muslim League in 1913
Lord Canning was the first viceory of British India, Warren Hastings was the first GG of Bengal. Total
20 Viceroy from 1858-1997
Yahya Khan abrogated 1962 constitution, 2nd Martial Law 25 March 1969.
First Nuclear test on 28 May 1998.

Sir Syed Ahmed Khan

Asar-Sanadid 1847
risala asbab-e-Baghawat-e-Hind 1858
Khutabta-e-Ahmadia 1809
All India Muhammadan Educational Conference 1886
Knight commander of india in 1888
In the North is China, in the East is India, in the South is Arabian Sea, in the West is Afghanistan, and in
the South-West is Iran.

Army of Pakistan
1st Tikka khan
2nd Yahya Khan
6th Jahangir Karamat
7th Pervaiz Musharaf
11th Asim Munir
Zaheer Ahmed Babar is the current chief of Air Staff

History
Peral of Gandhara Civilization is Taxila

Pakistan’s events (quite recent)

The range of Shaheen III is 2750km
National Command and Operation center was formed on April 2020- March 21ST 2022
Asia Pacific group of UNESCO for the year 2020 was chaired by Moinul ha

Computer Science
 shortcut key for Center Align is Ctrl+E
Outlook is an express client
1GB= 1024 megabytes
We can insert a page number at header in Microsoftwor
Landscape is not a paper size/page view
Computer operators operate the device which input and output data from the computer

System software, application software examples

The second largest measurement of RAM is usually expressed in gigabytes (GB). The largest
measurement is terabytes (TB), followed by gigabytes (GB), megabytes (MB), and then kilobytes (KB).
= is used to execute formulas
The extra space that is added to the binding side of a page to ensure that the contents are not
obstructed by binding is called Gutter in MS Word.
Ctrl + F9 is used to maximize Excel Worksheet
SQL - structured query language
[email protected]
Short key for page break is ctrl+enter
CTRL + 5 is used to add line spacing to 1.5
Primary key will prevent the entry of duplicate rows
Yyyy/mm/dd - formate menu
Edi>delete delete selected cells
Getting data from a cell located in a different sheet is called referencing
Computer hard disk was first introduced in IBM
=A1+A2 (example of a formula)
Decrease font size Ctrl + Shift + =
Free software is also called public domain software.
Cyber technology involves Network security
Desktop computer is a portable device
The printed output from a computer is called hardcopy
Default page orientation is portrait in MS word.
The headquaters of OIC in Jeddah
F7 is used for spellcheck
CTRL SHIFT ALT - MODIFIER KEYS
DNS stands for domain name system

MS Excel displays the address of the active cell in the Formula bar.
Name bar- Address
CTRL+A is the used to select the whole document
romal numeral for number thousand is M
Total 10 FUNCTIONS in excel,
SUM: Adds up a range of cells, automatically adds a column or row of values
AVERAGE: Calculates the average of a range of cells.
MAX: Returns the largest value in a range of cells.
MIN: Returns the smallest value in a range of cells.
COUNT: Counts the number of cells that contain numbers in a range.
IF: Performs a logical test and returns one value if the test is true and another value if the
test is false.
VLOOKUP: Searches for a value in the first column of a table and returns a value in the same
row from another column.
CONCATENATE: Joins two or more text strings into one string.
DATE: Returns the current date.
ROUND: Rounds a number to a specified number of digits.
CTRL+T is used to open new tab in internet explorer.
Glitch-bug
CTRL + Z is used for undo
CTRL+ S FOR SAVE
CTRL + C FOR COPY
CTRL + V for paste
CTRL+ U for underline
 CTRL+x for cut
Light pen is an optical input device

CTRL + Y is used for redo

CTRL + K is used for hyperlink
CTRL + is used for itlaic
Subscript key shortcut CTRL+=

Next slide in PowerPoint- enter,space,mouse

In Email, we can attach Audio,Video, and Text.
Laser is used in compact disk to store data
Source program is in High Level.
RAM- Random acess memory,that temprorily stores the files you are working on, volatile
ROM- Read only memory , permanent stores instructions even when switched off, non-volatile
 Errors in the Computer hardware and software can be removed by debugging
 8 and 72, smallest and largest font size respectively
 Ctrl+S is used to save the document in MS office word,
 Ctrl+B for bold
Computer can read and write from Hard disk, Flash drive, RAM
 Print layout is the default view of MS word
 Ctrl+N for new document
 Ctrl+C for copy
 Ctrl+V for paste
 Ctrl+W for close
 Range of cells in MS Excel using Alt+
 HTTPS provides a secure communication over computer network.
 the crime that involves uses of computer and Internet is known as cybercrime.
 World Wide Web is a information Storing Service, Information Deleting Service, and
Innformation system.



Political Science
Ibn-e- Khaldun died in 1406
President of Pakistan is elected by National Assembly, Provincial Assembly, and Senate

Events
The Cyber Harassament helpline was launched on December 1st , 2016.
Ukraini Airplane was sho down by Irani missile- Human error
Southern Asian plan also known as Colombo plan
First Nuclear bomb was tested in new Mexico

Gulf/Straits
The gulf of Bothnia is situated between Finland and Denmark.
Red Sea is connected to the gulf of Aden Bab-el-Mandeb
Strait of Malacca is the narrowest strait of the world
Strait of Malacca is located between Indoensia and Malaysia, trade route channel between Indian and
Pacfic Oceans
USA
North American free trade agreement (nafta)
USA Launches space force unit in South Korea
The fifth fleet of USA is in Bahrain
Barack Obama did not visit Pakistan
Diego Garcia is a US military base in Indian Ocean
US won maximum number of Olympic titles
Franklin Roosevelt and Winston Churchchill signed Atlantic charter in August 1941

Pakistan
Share of Urban Settlements in Pakistan is 32%
National flower of Pakistan is Jasmine
Pakistan happiness index 2023, 2024-------------
The main export of Pakistan is Textile
The deposits of copper,gold,silver have been discovered at Saindak
National Bird of Pakistan is Chakor
National animal of Pakistan is Markhor
Pakistan exports 108%, Imports 65%
Wazir Khan Masjid is located at Lahore
The share of Industries in GDP of Pakistan after partition is 8%
Makli graveyard is located near Thatta
Bara Bagh cemetery is located at Balochistan
Punjab University is the oldest university of Pakistan
Largest cities in order; 1) Karachi 2) Lahore 3)Faisalabad
4.9% of Pakistan is covered with forests
The national language of Pakistan is Urdu
Pakistan share border with four countries
The percentage of Kashmir under Pakistan is 30%

China
Wang yaping is famous to walk in space
Sun yat sen was the father of the nation of China
15% of Kashmir is under China

KSA
Muhammad bin Salman is the current prime minister KSA

Afghanistan
Current head of state----------
Achievements of Pakistanis
The title of Allam’s Iqbal thesis of was The development of metaphyiscs in Persia
Nobel Peace Prize was awarded to Dr Abdus Salam in 1979

Currencies
Iran’s new currency is Toman.

Palestine-Israel
6 day 1967 war won by Israel

India
India has announced new Kashmir Domicile lae April 1st , 2020
August 5, 2019 abrogate 35 A-370
1984, Indhira Gandhi was assinated
Lord Canning was the first vicroy of India
55% of Kashmir is under India
Lord Mountbatten was the last viceroy of India
During the Indo-Pak War, Lal Bahdur Shastari was the prime minister of India

Facts
Blue Lagoon (geothermal spa) is located in Iceland.
The country with the longest coastline in the world is Canada
Largest Coral reef(Great Barrier reef) is in Australia
Nobel prize is not awarded in Astronomy
The city constructed on the bank of river tigris is Baghdad
The Nobel Prize has been awarded in 6 fields
Second Islamic Summit was held in Lahore
In 2012, Pakistan hosted most refugees
Siam Paragon is a shopping mall in BanThailand
Brain virus created by Pakistani Brothers
Founder of Nawai waqat news was Hameed Niazmi
Azan Pathan kot will be built on Jhelum
Cloud gate is located in Chicago

CN tower is in Toronto
Krygyztan Revolution is also known as Tulip Revolution
Taj Mahal is located in Agra
Waterloo is located in Belgium
Official residence of French President is called Elysee Palace
Amazon founded in 1994
Copacabana beach is located in Brazil in South America
Varadero beach is located in Cuba

UK
The predecessor of British Prime Minister Rishi Sunak was Liz Truss, sit in 10 Downing street
Capitals
Capital of Kenya is Nariobi
Capital of Eqypt is Cairo
Capital of Somalia is Mogadishu
Baku is the capital of Azerbaijan
Ashgabat is the capital of Turkmenistan
Liabon is the capital of Portugal
Laos is the capital of Vientiane
Dushanbe is the capital of Tajikistan

Middlle East
Arab Spring started from Tunisia
Israel captured East Jerusalem in 1967

Africa
Berber tribes were resident of Africa

Books
Brief history is written by Stephan Hawking
Sikander Hayat wrote The Charismatic leader: Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali JINNAH and the creation
of Pakistan
Pakistan’s foreign policy dilemma was written by Shamshad Ahmed

Ahmed bin Shoaib wrote Sunan Al-Nisai

The emergence of Pakistan was written by Ch.Muhammad Ali
The making of Pakistan by K.K.Aziz
Pride and Prejudice written by Jane Austen
Animal Farm written by Geoge Orwell
Jinnah:The sole spokesman is written by Ayesha Jalal

Oliver Twist was written by Charles Dickens

The Old man and Sea was written by Earnest Hemingway
Stanley Wolpert books
"Jinnah of Pakistan"
"Gandhi's Passion: The Life and Legacy of Mahatma Gandhi"
"India"
"A New History of India"
"Shameful Flight: The Last Years of the British Empire in India"
"Nehru: A Tryst with Destiny"
"Zulfi Bhutto of Pakistan: His Life and Times

Constitutions
Father of Indian Constitution is B.R Ambedkar
10 seats reserved for minorities in Pakistani constitution
Retirement age of judges of Supreme Court is 65
Affairs of Zakat related to article of 31 in Pakistan
18th Amendent Bill was passed in April 8th,2010
Doctrine of necessity was first time used in Pakistan in1954 by Chief Justice Munir
Article 184(3) gives Suo Motu powers
Pak-Article 41- President is the head of the state
Pak-Article 47- Removal of president
The Bundestag is the lower house of Germany
Majlis is the name of the parliament of Iran

Borders
Ganda Singh connects Kasur with Ferozpur
Length of Pakistan-China border is 599 km.

Personalities
Anwar Saadat was the leader of Egypt
Max Weber was a famous Sociologist
Queen Elizabeth II died on September 8TH 2022
Khawaja Nizam u din was the second governor general of Pakistan
Baba Bullah Shah was a famous Punajbi poet.
PASTO poet- Rehman baba
Waris Shah was the author of Heer Ranjha
Omar Khayyam was the first develop the binomial theorem
Robert Bunsen invented Bunsen Burner
Anna Molka Ahmed famous for painting
Arish Fatima is the youngest female certified professional
Arooba Faridi is the youngest female aerospace engineer
At the age of 9, Arfa Karim became the youngest Microsoft certified professional expert
Martin Cooper invented the phone 1973
Graham invented the telephone
Allama Shibli Nomani died in November 18, 1914
Zahid Hussainn was the first governor of State Bank of Pakistan
Shaukat Aziz was the prime minister
Syed Ali Shah Gillani died in September 2021
Faiz Ahmed Faiz got Lenin prize
Dr.Abdul Qadir Khan died on October 10, 2021
Bushra Rehman was a novelist
Hazrat Usman Ali Hajveri was a sufi saint of Punjab
Ayesha.A.Malik has been appointed as the first female judge of Supreme Court
Maulana Madudi is the founder of Jamait-ul-Islami
Ahmed Shah Patras Buhkari was a famous writer of Urdu
Vin Cerf was the father of Internet
Shakir Shuja Abadi is a Saraiki poet
Tunku Abdur Rehman worked for the freedom of Malaysia from british
Rehman Baba belongs to KPK
Habba Khatoon is the famous poetess of Kashmiri Language
Mir Gul Khan Nasir was a friend of Faiz Ahmed Faiz
Jabir bin Hayat died in 815 AD.
Jack Ma founded Ali baba in 1999

Festivals
Shandur Polo festivals is to be held in July

Terminologies
Cold war strategy is named as deterrence
Transnational actors and transnational governance introduced in Cold war
MICR- Magnetic Ink character Recognition

Treaties
Internation North-South Transport Corridor is between India, Iran,Russia, Azerbaijan
Doha agreement was signed between US and Afghanistan in 29 Feb 2020

World days
World ozone day is celebrated every year on 16 September