Index

Introduction.................................................................................................................................2
Figurative language......................................................................................................................3
Types of Figurative Language:....................................................................................................4
Figurative Language Activity.........................................................................................................5
Narrative Text..........................................................................................................................5
Narrative elements...................................................................................................................5
Narrative structure.......................................................................................................................5
Elements of storytelling...............................................................................................................6
Past Participle:..............................................................................................................................6
Verb Tense Complement:.........................................................................................................6
Adjectives:....................................................................................................................................6
The Present Continuous...........................................................................................................6
In affirmative sentences, use contractions:..................................................................................7
In negative sentences, contractions are also common:..............................................................7
Past Participles in Participle Phrases............................................................................................7
Examples of Past Participles Used as Adjectives.....................................................................7
Forming the Past Participle (Regular Verbs).................................................................................8
Add "ed" to most verbs:...........................................................................................................8
Forming the Past Participle (Irregular Verbs)...............................................................................8
Bibliography.................................................................................................................................9
Conclusion..................................................................................................................................10

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Introduction
Figurative language expresses meaning through figures of style (such as simile,
metaphor, and personification); Figurative language is a literary tool that conveys
meanings interpreted imaginatively rather than literally. and can also point out a pocuco
in the past participle and present continuous tense

The past participle is a verb form in the past tense that is part of verb tenses such as the
past perfect and the present perfect. It serves as an adjective when dealing with the state
or condition of something or someone. Present tenses are the verb tense that
encompasses the situations that are happening at the time of speech. It deals with
occasions that are in continuity in the present tense. Narrative text type of text to tell a
story. This type of text is composed of prose, that is, a fluid text without a metrical
structure or concern with sonority, unlike poetry.

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Figurative language is a form of linguistic expression that goes beyond the literal
meaning of words. She uses figures of speech to create more complex or powerful
effects. There are several types of figures of speech, such as metaphor, comparison,
personification, and hyperbole. These figures make language more interesting, vivid,
and memorable than purely literal language.
Personification is a stylistic device in which human characteristics are attributed to
non-human beings, such as animals or inanimate objects. This figure of speech is often
used in short stories, even in advertising.
 Example: when we say, "The day woke up happy" or "The wind whistled this
morning when the sky wept," we are personifying the day and the wind,
attributing to them human qualities. It's a creative way to make the community.
Onomatopoeia is a figure of speech that attempts to imitate sounds through words. It
aims to phonetically reproduce noises, animal voices, natural phenomena and other
sounds, bringing the written language closer to the sound universe that we perceive in
everyday life. A classic example of onomatopoeia is the sound of the clock, represented
by "tick-tock". Similarly, the sound of a drum beat can be described as "boom," and a
dog's bark as "wow."
 Example: the sound we describe as "cocoricó" for rooster crowing in
Portuguese is "cock-a-doodle-doo" in English and "cocorico" in French.
Oxymoron is a figure of speech that combines opposing or contradictory terms,
creating an effect of surprise, contrast, or irony. This figure of speech is widely used in
literature, poetry and rhetoric to convey an idea in a more impactful way.
 Example: expressions such as "innocent guilt," "deafening silence," and "sweet
poison" are examples of oxymorons.
Simile is a figure of speech that is based on the explicit comparison between two things
that resemble each other. When we use simile, we are establishing a similarity between
different elements or objects, highlighting common characteristics. This comparison is
made through connectives such as "like", "as It.
Examples:
 The girl was as delicate as a rose.
 Her hair was as dark as the veil of night.
 He was smart as well as a genius of science.

Types of Figurative Language:

a) There are several types of figurative language, but the most common are:
1. Simile;
2. Metaphor;
3. Personification;
4. Symbolism;
5. Hyperbole;
6. Images;
7. Oxymoron;
8. Paradox;

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 9. Onomatopoeia;
10. Apostrophe;
A simile

is a comparison between two different things using the words "like" or "like." It's a way
to establish a connection between two ideas or things and create a deeper level of
meaning for the reader.
Symbolism

Symbolism uses objects, characters, and motifs to create a pattern of deeper meaning
that stands out in the reader's mind. He typically uses something physical to represent a
broader, more abstract idea.
Hyperbole

The literal meaning of hyperbole is: "An obvious exaggeration or exaggeration to make
a point." It's not meant to be taken seriously, and usually, when explored, reveals a
deeper meaning. Hyperbole occurs most often in poetry, but it also appears in clichés or
common sayings.
Images

Images tap into all of the reader's senses to create powerful mental experiences and a
clearer picture of characters and events, as well as emotional responses to those events.
oxymoron

An oxymoron combines two contradictory words or ideas into one sentence to highlight
a problematic idea or connection to the reader.
Paradox

A paradox is a statement that contains two seemingly contradictory ideas, but is true
nonetheless. It is a stronger version of an oxymoron, as it leads the reader to see both
sides of a truth at the same time.
Onomatopoeia

1. Example of Onomatopoeia

Onomatopoeia are words that mimic sounds of spoken language. Onomatopoeias are
primarily used in poetry and are often used to create imagery, symbolism, or repetition,
which often point to the theme or message of the poem.
Apostrophe: An apostrophe, in figurative language, is the direct address to an absent
person, object, or abstract idea. An apostrophe is often used to begin a poem to establish
the primary subject or mood.

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Figurative Language Activity
Identifying figurative language is an important skill that students must acquire and use
in order to understand and appreciate the layers of meaning that an author will establish
for a short story, novel, or poem.
Narrative Text is a type of text that tells the actions of characters in a specific time and
space. As its name suggests, the main purpose of the narrative text is to narrate some
facts and events. It is important to know whether this text is real or fictitious.

Narrative elements
Thus, in general, the narrative text comprises basic elements:
 Space;
 Time;
 Character;
 Plot;
 Narrator person (Who is in the light of the narrative that tells the story;
Space is the place where the characters' actions take place.
Time and duration of the event. It can be chronological or psychological.

Characters are all people who take direct or indirect actions in the narrative story.
Plot and story itself means the events that happen to the characters in time and space.
Narrator is the person who tells the story.

Narrative structure

Presentation - also called introduction, in this initial part the author of the text
introduces the characters, the place and the time in which the plot will develop.
Development - here much of the story is developed with a focus on the actions of the
characters.
Climax - part of the development of the story, the climax designates the most exciting
moment of the narrative.
Outcome - also called the conclusion, it is determined by the final part of the narrative,
where from the events of the narrative.

Elements of storytelling

Narrator - is the one who narrates the story. They are divided into: observer narrator,
character narrator, and omniscient narrator.
Plot - this is the structure of the narrative, that is, the plot in which the actions unfold.
They are classified into: linear plot and non-linear plot.

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Characters - are those that make up the narrative, being classified into: main characters
(protagonist and antagonist) and secondary characters (supporting or supporting
characters).
Time - is related.

Past Participle:

The past participle is a verb form used in various tenses, including the present perfect
and past perfect. It is typically formed by adding “-ed” to regular verbs (e.g., “talked,”
“played”) or following irregular patterns (e.g., “gone,” “written”).

 Example: “She has talked to him.” (present perfect)

past participle is a verb form used in several ways in English:
Verb Tense Complement: It’s part of some verb tenses, especially the Perfect tenses:
Present Perfect: “My parents have been to Italy three times.”
 Past Perfect: “You had changed your clothes before the end of the
party.”
 Future Perfect: “I will have read the book by the end of the week.”
Modal Verbs: With modal verbs, the past participle is used with the auxiliary verb
“have” to express past actions:
Example: “You could have bought it earlier.”
Passive Voice: The passive voice also uses verbs in the past participle form:
 Example: “The Tower of London was built in 1078.”
Adjectives: Past participles can also function as adjectives:
Example: “That city doesn’t have paved streets.”
Example: “You can’t drive if you’re drunk.”
The Present Continuous (also known as Present Progressive) is a verb tense used to
describe actions that are currently happening or in progress at the moment of speaking.
Here are some key points about the Present Continuous:
Formation:

 It consists of the auxiliary verb “to be” in the Simple Present (e.g., “am,” “is,”
“are”) followed by the main verb with the suffix “-ing.”
Example: “She is watching TV.”
Negative Form:

a) Add “not” after the auxiliary verb “to be.”

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Example: “She is not watching TV.”
1. Interrogative Form:
b) Begin the sentence with the auxiliary verb “to be.”
Example: “Is she watching TV?”
Contractions:

In affirmative sentences, use contractions:

1. I am → I’m.
2. You are → You’re.
3. He/She/It is → He’s/She’s/It’s.
1. In negative sentences, contractions are also common:
1. She is not → She isn’t.
2. He is not → He isn’t.

Past Participles in Participle Phrases

Past participles can be found in participle sentences. A participle phrase functions as an
adjective. In the examples below, participle phrases are shaded and past participles are
bolded:
The boy taken to the hospital recovered.

(The participle phrase "taken to the hospital" describes "the boy.")

My heart is filled with sadness.
Examples of Past Participles Used as Adjectives
Here are some examples of past participles being used as adjectives in sentences:
1. Here is a laminated copy to replace your torn one.
Stuffed deer heads on walls are bad enough, but it's worse when they have streamers in
their antlers because then you know they were enjoying themselves when they were
shot. (TV host Ellen DeGeneres).
Example:
I. A torn jacket is soon mended, but hard words bruise the heart of a child.

Forming the Past Participle (Regular Verbs)

If it's a regular verb, the past participle is the same as the simple past tense. In other
words, it is formed like this:
Add "ed" to most verbs:
 Jump- jumped
 paint - painted

2. If a verb of one syllable ends [consonant-vowel-consonant], double the final

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 consonant and add "ed":
 chat - chatted
 stop - stopped
If the final consonant is "w," "x," or "y," don't double it:
 sew -sewed
 play -played
 fix -fixed
If last syllable of a longer verb is stressed.

Forming the Past Participle (Irregular Verbs)

1. If it's an irregular verb, the past participle is formed in all sorts of different ways.
Here are some examples:
 arise – arisen;
 catch – caught;
 choose- chosen;
 know – known.
You just have to learn them. Read more about irregular verbs (includes a list of the most
common irregular verbs).

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Bibliography
https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=44120bdd221e570dJmltdHM9M
https://www.todamateria.com.br/present-continuous/EducaMaBrasil
https://www.grammarly.com/blog/past-continuous-tense/ 2024 © Grammarly Inc.

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Conclusion
At this point, it is important to point out that Figurative language refers to language that
contains figures of speech12. It includes techniques such as metaphors, similes, and
personification. Imagery, although vivid and descriptive, is not considered a type of
figurative language. Figurative language leads the reader to delve deeper into the theme
of the work, without the author having to explicitly expose the theme to the reader. It is
a way for the reader to enter the words with their minds and emotions, rather than
simply comprehending a story or poem.

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