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SUMMER INTERNSHIP REPORT
A
PRACTICAL TRAINING REPORT
ON
"CONSTRUCTION OF BUILDING"
(10-05-2018 to 10-07-2018)
TAKEN AT
PUBLIC WORKS DEPARTMENT (PWD) CITY DIVISION
AT R.R.T,I, OPPSITE TO THEHIGH SECURITY JAJL, GHOOGHRA, NEAR KALA BAG,
AJMER, RAJASTHAN 305001
SUBMITTED TO
Rajasthan Technical University (RTU), KOTA
IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE
AWARD OF DEGREE OF
BACHELORE OF TECHNOLOGY (B.TECH)
BY
VED PRAKSH JANGID
15CE57
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

GOVT.ENGINEERING COLLEGE, AJMER
SESSION 2018-19
DEPARTMENT Pagel
OFCIVILENGINEERING
SUMMER INTERNSHIPREPORT
TABLE OF CONTENT
TITLE PAGENO.
CERTIFICATE 4
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 5
ABSTRACT 6
OVERVIEW: P.W.D 7
I. INTRODUCTION TO THE PROJECT 8

I.I .GENERAL ABSTRACT 10
1.2. PLAN & ELEVATION II
2. TYPES OF BULLDINGS 13
3. COMPONENTS OF BUILDING 17
3.1. SUB-STRUCTURE 17
3.2. SUPER STRUCTURE 20
4. MATERIAL USED FOR CONSTRUCTION 22
4.1. CEMENT 22
4.2. AGGREGA TES 24
4.3. RE[NFORCEMENT 26
4.4. \'I ATER 27
4.5. RE!NFORCED CONCRETE 27
5. TESTING OF MATERIALS 28
6. EQUIPMENT USED 39
6.1. BATCHJNG MACHINE 39
6.2. CONCRETE MIXER 39
6.3. TRANSl'ORTATION MACHINE 39
6.4. COMPACTORS 40
7. BRICK MASONRY 43
8. TEMPORARY STRUCTURES 46
8.I. SCAFFOLDING 46
8.2. FORMWORK 46
9. BEAMS AND COLU!VINS 50
JO.ROOFING DETAILS 53
11. WEEKLY PROGRESS REPORT 55
12. CONCLUSION 57
13. REFERENCE 58
DEPARTMENT OFCIVIL ENGINEERING Page 2

SUMMERINTERNSHIPREPORT
TABLE OF FIGURES
FIGURE 1 lOCATION OF S.ITE·-············.............................- ................................_._..................................................8

FIGURE 2 SITE INTOOUCTION (A)................................................................................................................................9
FIGURE l SITE INTODUCTION(8)................................................................................................................................9
FIGURE 4 ELEVATION OFTH£ BUILDING.................................................................................................................11
FIGURES PLAN OF 8UII.OING..................................................................................................................................12
FIGURE 6 INOIVIOUAL FOOTING..............................................................................................................................18
FIGURE 7 CMENTUSED ATSITE..............................................................................................................................l.l
FIGURE 8 FINE AGGEfGAll:................................................................................................,..............................................2S
FIGURE 9 COARSE AGGRIGAT£S................................................................................................................................ 26
FIGURE 10 CONCRETE MlXER...................................,...........................,................................................,...................................39
FIGURE 11 BELT CONVEVE.R.................................................................................................................................. 40
FIGURE 12 VIBRATORS...........- .................................- .......-.................................................................................... 4l
FIGURE 13 NEEDLE VIBRATOR...................................................................................................................................42
FIGURE 14 FLEMISHBONOOF BRICKS................................................................................................................... 4,5
FIGURE 1S CONSTRUCTION OF BR1CK MASONRY FIGURE 16 BRICKS USED......................................45
FIGURE 17 CENTERING AND STAGING...................................................................................................................49
FIGURE 18 • DETAILING OFBEAM............................................................................................................................50
FIGURE 19· OETAIUNG OFCOLUMN AND FOOTING.............................................................................................51
FIGURE 20 COLUMN ANDCONSTRUCTION OF BEAMS.........................................................................................S2
FIGURE ll·DETAILING OFSLA8REINFORCEMENT.................................................................................................53
FIGURE 22 ROOFREINFORctMENTWrTHSERVICE POINT....................................................................,..............S.3
FIGURE 23• REINFORCEMENT FOR ROOF.................................................................................................................54
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL Pagc3

ENGINEERING
CERTIFICATE
A.nnoxuro•XXlll(P) 1.
PRACTICAL TRAINING RATING SHEET \
lsm;lr,g a.noct11umm1utses th aue,,smentof thee:t1.1den:'& profoi.:11i0-l'lolpe"onalityc.
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F-.etor,,I m.-n,:-
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l. J-JtorM)u m:nttMorigin.al nbo hM:lod ovor to I.he:i! anl. ifr Wrcd, bul0photocopy
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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL Pagc4

ENGINEERING
ACKNO\\'LEDG EMENT
I take this opportunity 10 ex1cn1 my gratitude 10 PUBLIC WORK DEPAR,\1ENT, AJMER

for having provided me with o.n unbelievable pruclical learning experience during
summer training .it was indeed apleasure to be a pan of suchorganization.
First and foremost. I would like 10 thank Mr. INDER MURJHANI (A.En.). for providing me
the op1>ortunity ro work under 1hcir guidllncc 1111d close supervision.
Secondly, I am also gnucful 10 other employees and member or11te department for their kind
co opemtionand spontaneous response.
Lasl but not the least: I express my gratitude toward Mr. PRADEEP KUMAR
GOYAL. HEAD OF DEPARTMENT Civil Engineering Goven1mcn1 Engineering
College. AJMER and various other l'flculty members ordc1>anmem of civil engineering
GECA 10 give me 1he chance to work with this prestigious orgnniza1.ion.
SUBMITTED BY:-
VED PRAKASH JANGID
Gov1. Engineering college, Ajmcr
DEPARTMENT OFCIVIL ENGINEERING Page S

ABSTRACT
Industrial tniining offered by public works dcpartmcn1 Ajmcr was fortumllc opportunily ror
me. during my fourth year of under graduation it helped me to apply my theoretical
knowledge gained during1heunivcrsily academic programme intoreal world indus1ria)
based execution nnd experience professional construc1ion process ii helped me 10 enhance
my skill and 10 enrich my indus1rial knowledge by keeping me upc.Ul1c wi1h the
h11es11cchnologies this opportunity is extremely helped me to expose into and cnvironmcm
where I could think as a civil engineer.
I hod my training experience from I0th muy 10 I0th July 2018 al P.IV.D. Ajmcr
This repon documents con1ains 1hc knowledge and experience i have gained through my
industrial training at PWD Ajmcr.
DEPARTMENT OFCIVIL ENGINEERING Pagc6

PUBLIC \VORK DEPARTMENT OVERVIEW
The Public \Vorks Department has a glorious history in the dcvclopmcn1 of 1.hc suue
since prc•indcpcndencc. The department is mainly entrusted with construction and
maintenance of Roads. Bridges and Govt. buildings. The de1>nnmcnt also ac1s as
Technical Advisor 10 the Staie Oovemmenl in these matters.
The Public Works Dcparuner11 being the oldcs1engineering dcpanmcm of lln: Suue. has
its well woven network even below 1cnsile level \Vhich enables the P,\V,D. to ensure the
execution of a v:iricty or jobs/tasks anywhere in thestate.
Tomi rood length being maintained by the dcpanmcnt is more than 20I064 KM. 11,c
Dcpanmem :ilso maintains Srnte buildings nil over Rajas1h.an & outside. The current
:innual budget allocation to 1hc dcpanmcm for cons1n1c1ion & mainicnancc ac1ivi1ics isover
Rs 1000 Crorcs.
Main Functions: -
• Design, Construction. Maintennncc & Repairof'Govcmment buildings.

• Design, Cons1n1c1ion, Maintennnce & RcpnirofRoads & Bridges.
• Undertaking Deposit Contribu1ion works of various Dcpar1mcn1s. Local Bodies & 01hcr
• Relief works in lhc event of Noturol calamities like famine, Oood, earthquakes Cl al.
• D.R.D.A. Works like Employment Assurance Scheme(EAS) etc.
• Assessments of rent of J>rivmc premises requisitioned for housing Govt offices.
• Oesign. construction, maintenance and repairs of runway relating 10 theStaie Government.
• Dcvclopmcn1 and n1aintenonce or Public Parks and Gardens in importon1 Public Buildings.
• Up keepingof Govt. Rest Hou.se undCircui1Houses.
• To pcm1it construction of appronchc.-s on both sides of rouds to priv.stc individual,
other institutions. factories. Petrol Pumps etc.

I. INTRODUCTION TO TlfE PROJECT
THE PROJECT WAS TO CONSTRUCT 10 ROOMS AN02 STORE ROOMS AT

RRTI AJMER, FOR INSTITUTIONAL PURPOSE.
I. CLIENT: - PUOLIC \VORKS DEPARTMENT. AJMER.
2. CONTRACTOR: - SHREE YAOAV CONSTRUCTION COMPANY
3. CONTRCTOR NAME:- MR. l'RAVEEN YAOAV
4. OVERALL COST OF PROJECT: - THE OVERALL COST OF PROJECT IS

142.00 LAKH.
5. SITE LOCATION: - REVENUE RESEARCH AND TRAINING INSTITUTE, OPP.

I IIGII SECURITY JAIL. GHOOGIIRA. AJMER
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DEPARTMENT OFCIVIL ENGINEERING Pages
SITE 11\<IAGES:-
Flgute Zshei1nodi»ctlon (a)
n ,
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Figure3 shelntodi.ctl.on(b)
DEPARTMENT OFCIVIL ENGINEERING Pagc9

I.I GENERAL ABSTRACT
'tlf10floa,,&2..._e1RRT1
GENERAL ABSTRACT
On,uadFlo«
Fin,tFloor l2'36774 00
TOTAL 8829054.00
Add for12½% 10786:12,00
Eleiciific:ition AddA.C. 50000000
10Noss(fi:50000/ Add 2!!0000.00
Furniture US 1802000.00
Add for D ·dapm1.'l1t Wark
TOTAL 12259886,00
Add2½¾QC & Co111i11g<rwlcsCh:tl')!1."S 30649200
TOTAL 126$S178.00
Add 13% l'roruluC1"lrg•s

• 3.00
TOTAi. AMOUNT (IIS,I
14199781.00
Sly Rs. 142.00 Laci
P- WOCi1ySIii>0n V
0£PARTMENTOFCIVIL ENGINEERING Page 10

1.2 PLAN, ELEVATION OF THE BULLDING
Flsurc:4 fiEVATIONOFlME BUILDING

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Fleur• s PLANOFBUILOI.NG

2. TYPES OF BUILDINGS
BUILDlNG: • Pcnnanenl or temporary s1ruc1ure enclosed within e:xccrior wnlls and a roof.
and including nll attached ap1>aratus, equipment, and fixtures that cannot be removed
without cutting i1110 ceiling. floors. or wolls.
Buildings are divided as following types by irucmmionnl building code -
I. Assembly Buildings
2. Business Buildings
3. Educational Buildings
4. Fac1ory Buildings
5. Hazardous Building
6. lnstitutionnl Buildings
7. Mercanlilc Building.,
S. Residential Buildings
9. S1oragc Buildings
10. U1ili1y & Miscellaneous
I. Assembly Buildings
In this,ype of buildings people gnther forsome reason. TI1ese reasons cnn be any types.
Such as social J)urposc. religious purpose,pairiotic purpose or simply recreation purpose,.
his 1ypc of buildings is-
Rcs1ouran1
Cinema hall
1"hc.ntrc
Gymnasium
Swimming 1>00I
Prnycr hall.etc.

2 Business Building
This type of buildings is used for providing various types of services. Below are this type of
buildings -
Dank
Dispcnsari 'S and clinic
Librnrics
Insurance agencies
Fire station
Police s1a1ion, c1c.
3 Educational Buildings
This type of buildings constructed for various activ·ilies in primary. secondary or college level
educational sys1cm. ExamJ>le of this type of buildings are -
School
College
Training ins1itutc,
Daycare centre., etc.
4 Eac1orv Buildings
In 1his 1ype ol' buildings. productsnre assembled or processed or fobrica1cd or repaired. For
example-
Ga.splant
Power plom
Refineries
Dairies
Laundries etc.

5 Hazardous Buildings
This type of buildings is used to produce or storage highly n:unmablc or 1oxic ma1cri:1ls
(Don·t be confused wi1h fac1ory building). Such as fireworks. hydrogen peroxide, cyanide.
CIC.
6 lnstituliom,I Buildings
Alt..hough this type of buildings provide facility of sleeping accommodation these are not
included in residential buildings. lnsti1Utional buildings are those where people are
ph)18ically unable 10 le.ave wilhout ussismnce.
Followings arc lhc inst..itutionol buildings-
Hospi1als
Infants care
homes Old homes
Nursing homes
Prisons. etc.
7 Mercantile Buildines
In d1is type of buildings goods or ma1crials arc displayed or sold.

Following are 1his type ofbuildini;s-
Shopping mall
Grocery S1orc
Dcpanmcntal store
8 Residential buildings
All those buildings with sleeping uccommoda1ion facility arc called rcsidcntiol buildings.
Following arc example of residential buildings -
Apanment5
Flats
Hotels
Hos1els
Private Houses
DEPARTMENT OFCIVIL ENGINEERING Page IS

9 Storage Buildings
This1ype of buildings are used for storing goods, animal or vehicles.

1"he storage materials should1101be haz:irdous. Such types of buildings are
Garage
\Varehousc
Cold storage
Trnnsit sheds
Perking. etc

3. CO!VLPONENTS OF BULLDING
Cons1ruction of the building is done in al leas1 twosteps. \Vhich are following:

• Sub Strucrnro
• Super Structure
3.1 SUB STRUCTURE
Founda1ion is a pan of the subs1n1c1urc. Subsrrucrnrc is cons1n1ctcd accordi11g 10 soil
qualitya, thot site, IJsoil hnvc good bearingcapaci1y1han we use sht1llow IOundotion in
constniclion. And if the bearing capacity of thesoil is nol good or suitable than we use.deep
foundation al thatsite.Sub slruclUrc is a load bearing structure and it is designed for load
bearing.
3.1.1 FOUNDATION
A foundation is the element of anystructure which connects it 10 the ground, and 1ransfors
loads from the structure 10 1hc ground. Foundmions ore gcncmlly considered ci1hcrshallow
or deep.
The low artificially buill pan of a structure which tmnsmi1s 1hc load or1hc stniclurc to the
ground is called foundation.
Foundation is a load be.aring!iitnicture which bears all loads coming on the building or
uny strucmre. Foundation is generally of Lwo tyJ)es:
A. Shallow l'oundation.
B. Deep Foundation.
Generally, foundation in building construction is Shallow foundation (Ran Foundution).
And in our building shallow foundation is used.
3.1.1.1 SHALL0\\ 1 FOUNDATl ON:

Shallow foundations arc also called spread footings or open footings. Thu 'open' refers10
the fact that the foundntions arc mndc by first cxcnvtuing all the eanh till the bollom of the
footing, and then cons1ruc1ing the fooling. During the early s1agcs of work. I.he entire
footing is visible10 the eye.and is therefore called an open foundation. The idea is dun each
lboting rnkes 1hc concen1n11cd load or 1hc column and spreads it our over a large aren. so
thnt the
ac1ual weight on the soil docs 1101exceed the safe bearingcupuci1.y of Lhe soil.
II includes some types ofshallow foundotion such as:

3. L 1.1 INDIVIDUAL FOOTINGS:
Individual footings are one or the 1110s1 si1111,le and common typesof foundations. These are
used when 1hc load oflhe building is oarTicd by columns. Usually. each column will have its
uwn fooling. 1l1c lboting is just a square or rectangular pad of toncrc1c on which the column
sits.To get o very rough idcu of the size of the footing, the engineer will takethe totul loud on
1he column and divide i1 by1he safe bearingcnpnci1y (SBC) of 1hc soil. for exa1111>le, if a
column has a vertical load of IOT. and 1he S13C of the soil is IOT/m2, 1hen the area of1he
footing will be 1m2. In practice, the designer will look 01 many 01hcr foctors before prcpnring
u cons1nic1ion design for the footing.
Individual footings nre usually connected by a plinth beam. a horizontal be-am 1h01 is buih a1
ground or below ground level.
3.Ll.2 STRrP FOOTINGS:

Strip footings urc commonly found in load-bearing masonry construction, and ncl as a long
strip that supports the weigh!of an entire wall. TI1esc arc used where tl1c building loads arc
can-ied by entire walls r:.11her 1han isolated columns. such as in older buildings made of
masonry.

3. Ll.3 RAFf OR MAT FOUN.DATION:

Rafi Foundations! alsocalk."<1Mui Foundn1ions. arc: most oflcn used when bt1scmcn1s arc to
be constnictcd. In a raft, the enlire basement noorslab acts as the foundation: Lhc weight of
the building is spread evenly over the entire footprint of the building. It is called a raft
because the building is like a vessel tluu 'Ooats' in a sea of soil.
Mat Founda1ions are used where thesoil is week, and therefore building loads have10 be
sprc:i.d overa large urea. or where columns are closely spaced. which means 1ha1 if
individual
footings were used. they would touch each other.
3.1.2 .DEEP FOUNDATION:

A deep found.r11ion is a type offoundu1ion which uonsrers building loads10 1he earth fitnher
down from the surface than n shallow foundu1ion docs. 10 a subsurfi1cc laycrorn range of
depths.
3.l.2.1 PILE FOUNDATION:
A pile is basically a long.cylinder of astrong ma1crial such as concre1c LIHH is pushed into
the ground so 1hal slmcturcs can be supported on top of it
Pile foundations arc used in the following situiuions:
I) \Vhen there is a layer of weak soil at 1hc surface. This layer cannot sup1>ort lhc
weight of the building. so the loads of the building have to by)>llss this layer and be
transferred to the layer ofstronger soil or rock that is below t11c weak layer.
2) \Vhen a building hns very heavy, concentrated load!i:, such -as in a high rise
stnicture. Pile foundations are capable ofuiking higher loads than spre.ad Foo1ings.
There ,ire two types of pile foundmions, coch of which works in i1s own wny,
End Bc.:oring Piles:

In end bearing piles. the bottom end of the pile rcs1s on a layer of especially strong soil or
rock. The load of the building is transferred through the pile onto the strong layer. In a sense.
this pile acts like a column.111c key1>rinci1>lc is that the bouom end rests on the surface
which is 1he in1crscc1ion of a weak and strong layer. The load 1hcrcforc bypasses the weak
layer and is safely1rnnsfcrred 101he strong layer.

Friction Piles:
Friction piles work on a different principle. The pile transfer,; tho loud of the building to the
soil across the full height of the pile, by friction. l1l other words. the entire surface of1he pile.
which is cylindrical in shape. works10 transfer the forces10 the soil.
To \lisualise hO\Y this works. imagine you are pushing a solid metal rod ofsay4min
diameter intoa tub of frozen ice<:ream. Once you have pushed it in, it is strong enough to
support some load. The greater the cmbl."<lmcnt depth in the ice cream, the more loud it
con suppor1. This is very similar to how a friction pile works. In a friction pile, the amount
of load a pile can sup1,ort is direclly proponionntc 10 iL,; length.
3.2 SUPER STRUCTURE:

Su1,er-s1n1c1urc is a pan of structure that is above i,linth level (P.L). Generally, columns
and walls are consrn,cted in super structure. F'ollowing are 1he impo,·1an11>arts orsupcr-
su·ucrurc.
I) Floor
2) Roof
3) lintel
4) l'orn1>ct
S) Sun Shade
6) Door,; & Windows
FLOOR:
Floor is that part of n buildingon which furniture. household, commercial. industrial or any
01her lype of items are stored. floor is used for walking around .
Flool' sc1>armcs the different levels ofa building. Building is also named wilh reference 10
noor. Like Ground floor, rirs1 noor. or a floor1ha1 is below ground level like basement floor.
ROOF:
Roof is made to cover room from upper face. Different types of roofs arc used in building
dependingon lhe location and weather.Sloping roofs are generally considered belier in
mountain areas. While in plan areas Oat roofs arc preferred.
LINTEL:
Lintel is cons1ructcd obove doors. windows c1c.10suppor1 load of woll on openings. Linicl
beam is gencrnlly made as reinforced cemenl concrete member. \Vhilc. in residential houses
sometime lintel is made by usingconcrete and blicks.

Breadth of lintel isgenerally equals to the breadth of wall. In case of metric unit. it is
nommlly cqunls to I0cm, 15cm, 20cm etc. \Vhilc, in tasc of FPS system it isconsider as61".
9''. 12·• etc.
Thickness of lintel should not be less than I0cm (4.5'') and ma imu111thickness of
lintel should not be more rhun i1s bre1:1d1h.
SUN SHADE:
Sun shade isa slob that iscast on the top of doors and windows. Sun shade protects doors and
windows from sun and rain. Sun shade iscast monolithicallywith the lintel.
DOORS AND \\'INDO\VS:
A dOOI' isa moving stl'\lc1urc used to block ofl and nllow access10, 911 entrance 10 OI'
wiihin on enclosed space.such as a building or vehicle. Dool'S nonnolly consist oro panel
thnt swings on hinges on the edge, but there arc also doors that slide or spin inside of a
spncc.
A window is an opening ina wall.door, roof or vehicle that allows the pali;s.agc oflight
and. if not closed or sealed, air and sound.

4. MATERlALS USED FOR CONSTRUCTION
They also lcll me abom the material used in constmction of first noor of our building like w/c
ratio in concrete, grade of concrete which was u. ed for consrmction work, types of bricks etc
asfollowing.
4.1 CEi\lliNT:
Cemeni was lirsidiscovered by an English brick layer nnmcd Joseph Aspdin in 1824. He
called ii Ponland cement for the reason that the cement he discovcn:d resembled the
lime litonc found in Ponl:md. There are many other types of cement. 1"he approximate
composition of Pon land cement is given below
nuucrinl Composition
I. Lime (Cao) 60-70%
2. Silica (Si02) 20-25%
3. Ferric Oxide (Fc203) 2-3%
4. Alumina (Al203) 5-10%
Table• Composi1ion of Pon land cement
The t\lnction of cement is to combine with water and to fonn ccmen1paste. This pnste first
sets i.e. it becomes fi,•msi\lld1hen hardens due10 chemical reaction. called hydrntion.
be1wccn 1hc cement and water. On scuing & hardening. the cement binds the aggregate
1ogcthcr in10 a Slone like hard mass & 1hus provides strcn,gth. dur.tbilily & water•Lighten
to the concrete. Quality of cement is based on grndc of cement. There arc diITer-:nt types
of
Grade which use in construction work. These are given below.
• 33 Gmde ore is used for general constn1ction works like plastering and finishing
works in normal environmcn1nl condi1ions. However. hs use is vinunlly phased ou1
1odny.
• Coming 10 the 43 Grade OPC. it is the most commonly used grade for
home cons1n1ction. h hos its applications in plnstcring. finishing works. preen.st
DEPARTMENT OFCIVIL ENGINEERING Pagt'!

22
items.
DEPARTMENT OFCIVIL ENGINEERING Pagt'!

22
foundations., brick work. und compound wall and so on. It has morestrength
development than ll1c 33 Gmdc cement.
• 53 Gmde OPC develops strength very fast. High rise building constructions use
53 grade cement. This is applicable for usein s1n1ctures where high-Grade concrete is
required.
We used Portlond cement of 43 gmdcs (JK LAXMI CEMENT) ut the

construction site RRTI, AJMER, detail of this ccmenl is
1"he cos1of cement per beg• 285 rupees
Theinitial scuing time or ccmen1 e. 30 minutes (1/2 hr)
The final scning1in,c of cement= IOhrs.
\Ve used 1his cement in different works al site like plastering., brick nrnsonry. finishing
work, foundation work etc.
Fl"Cure1 cm.emusedat s.ite
DEPARTMENT OFCIVIL ENGINEERING Page23

4.2 AGGREGATE:
Aggreg:ttes are small 1>ieccs of broken stones: in irregular size and shapes. Neat ce1nent is
very rnrely used in cons1n1c1ion works since it is liable 10shrink 100 much and
become cracks on.scning, Mor,-ovcr, it will be costly 10 use neut ccmcn1 in
cons1ruc1.ion wol'k. Therefore ccmcn1 is mixed with some incn strong & durable
hard materials.
They also reduce ll1c cost of concrete because tJ1cy arc comparative much cheaper us
cement. There are two types of aggregates
I .Fine Aggrcga1e
2. Coarse Aggl'cga1c
4.Z.I FlNE AGGREGATE (SAND):
The a_ggrcgate. which pass through 4. 75 mm. I.S. sieveand en1ircly retain on 75 micron
(.07Smm) I.S. sieve is known as fine aggrcgalc.
FUNCTION OF FlNE AGGREGATE:

The fimction of using fine uggrcgatc in a concrete mix is to fill up the voids exis.ting in 1he
coarse aggregate ond to obtain a dense and strong concrete with less quantity of cement and
increase the workability of the concrc.tc mix.
DEPARTMENT OFCIVIL ENGINEERING Pagil 24

4.2.2 COARSE AGGREGATE:

The aggregate, which pass through 75 mm I.S. sieveand entirely retain on 4.75 I.S. sieve is
known as coarse nggrcg:ncs.).
FUNCTION OF COARSE AGGREGATE:

The coarse agg:rcgrHcs arc used in mixing of coacrcrc. It is mixed cement. sand with
wutc.r. These aggregates increuse the strength orbonding in aggreglllcs. Coarse aggregates
arc used in con.scmction of phm cement concrete (PCC), founda1ion. beams and columns
etc.
At 1hc site con1rac1or usedcoarse aggrcga1e of size I Omni & 20mm which wns
grndcd and checked th..:ir strength and f.lackfocss index etc. and many tests pcrfom1.;.'(( on
nggrcg-atcs for size,shape. texture, strength. and m:my other tests like los angclcs, impact
v:tlue test,specific gravity etc. were1>erfom1ed.
y;}i.J.
1/YZ.. I.
• ·
• . •
• ;t;: ,(.
"'i t':
• ft
'•~or.
1 ·,-
' ,,
•
'
figure 9 Con nagrlg.ite:1
GRADING OF CONCRETE:
Concrete forcons1ruc1ion work is defined by difictenl gmdcs as the rotio of cement:sand:
coarse oggrega1e.
The principle of gntding is that the smaller particles will fill up the voids between
largt.:. particles. This results in the mosl economical use of cement paste for filling the
voids & binding together the aggregate in the prcpatation of concrete.
Thus proper grading of line & coarse aggregate in concrete mix: produces a dense
concre1e wi1.h less quumity of cement,
At our construction site the grade of concrete which was used in R.C.C
slnb, Column, Beams was M20. Ra1io forccmem : sand: coarse aggregate was I:1.5:3
.
REINFORCEMENT:
The nuuerittl ,\1hich is used 10 develops ll good bond with concrc1c in order 10 incrcosc its
tensilestrength is known as rcinlbrccment. Steel bars nre highly strong in tension,

shcur. bending moment rorsion. So steel burs arc used as reinforcement.

FUNCTION OF REINFORCEMENT:
Reinforcement works as a tension member because concrete is strong in compression ond
week in tension so reinforcement resists 1hc1cnsilc stresses in 1he concrete members.
A1 the si1e<:<m1ro.::1or was using1he high s1rcngth steel bars and T.M.T. (Thcnno
Mcchunicully Treated) bars of diameter S mm, IO mm,12mm. 16 mm & 25 mm ilS J>Cr
requiremem of design in column, beams. slabs.
4.3 \YATER:
h is an important ingrcdiem of concrete because il combines with cement and fonns o
binding paste. The paste thus formed fills up the voids of the sand and coorsc aggregate
bringing them into close adhesion. We should check pH value of water, TDS, sodium
potassium carbonate and bicarbonates, chloride.content, c::ilciurn chloride. sodium s-ulphide.
sodium hydroxide and should be pcrfonn various 1cs1s before using i1 in constn1c1ion work.
In our project source of wo1er is o 1ubc well which is already there in construc1ion
site.llte quality or water is good for purpose of constmction work and can be useU for
drinking purpose ulso.
4.4 R.C.C.
Though plain cement concrCh! has high compressive s1rcng1h and its 1cnsilc SLrcngth is
relatively low. Nonnnlly, the tensile strcngd1of a concrete is about I0% to 15% of ils
compressive strength. Hence if a beam is made up of plain cement concrete. it hns a very low
load carrying capacity. So there is need 10 use reinforced concrete which have more tensile
strc11g1h than plain concrete. And plnin concre1e's behaviour is brittle bu1 reinforced concrete
is ductile in behaviour so i1sserviceabili<y is good. So R.C.C is proforn.'d for co11s1ruc1io11
work. In our prOj(.-C•t we nlso u.sed reinforced concrete thon plain concrete in construction
of beams. columns. und slabs.

5. l\1ATERIAL TESTING
5.1 TESTS OF AGGREGATES:

Below arc some or the im1>0rtan1 1es1 which are 1>erlOrm onaggrcg_mes a1everycons1n1c1ion
sitl.l tO ch1.--ck the quality oflhc aggregate forbcner cons1ruc1ion and folfil therequirement of
the client
I. Cmshing Tc.st
2. lmpacl Tes,
3. I.OS Angles Abrasion Test
4. Shupe Test
5. Wotcr Absorption Test.
5.1.1CRUSHING STRENGTH TEST:

Srnndnrd: IS: 2386 (Pan IV)-1963 Methods of1cs1for aggregate lor concrete Pnn
IV Mechanical Propenics.
Equipment used:
• Steel Cylinder
• Sieves(l2.5mm,10mm)
• Cylindric.al me1al measure
• Tamping Rod
• Bulnnce (0· 10kg)
• Oven(3000c)
• Coll\pression 1es1ing Machine (2000KN) .
Procedure:
I. The cylindrical s1cel cup is filled with 3 cc1uol layers ofnggregme andeach layer is
tnmped 25 strokes by therounded endof tamping rodand the surplus aggregu1c struck
on:using the tamping rod as a straight edge.

2 .Thenet weight of aggregate in 1he cylindrical steel cup is dctcnnincd to thenearest gram (\
VA) and this weight of aggregate isused for 1he du1>lica1e.1cs1on the same mate.rial.
3. 17,e cup is fixed ftnnly in position on the base of themachine and the whole or the1cs1
sample isudd1.'d in 1hirds1 Cuch thirdbeing subjected to 25stokcs from IOmping rod.
4. The surface islevelednnd theplunger is inserted so that it rests horizontnJly on the surface.

SUMMERINTERNSHIP REPORT
The wholeassembly is then placed between the platens of testing machine ond londed
ot n unifonn rate so as to reach a load of 40 tones in 10 minutes.
5. The load is 1he11 released and all aggreg,ue is removed from 1he cup and sie,,ed on
2.36 mm.
IS sieve u111l1 no fur1hcr significant amount passes in one minu1c.
6.11,e fr'Jction passing thesieve is weighed to anaccumcy of 0.1g(WB).
Aggregate C,·ushing Vuluc: (\Vl!/\VA) *100
S.1.2 IMl'ACT TEST:

S1uodord: IS: 2386 (Pan IV)-1963
Equipment's u.scd:
The equipment's as per IS: 2386 {Part IV)- 1963 consists of:
t. A te aing machine weighing 45 to 60kg and having a metal base with a painted lower
surfoce of not less than 30 cir1in diameter. It is supponed on level andpln.ne concrete noor
of minimum 45 cm thickness. The machine should also hove provisions for nxing its
base.
2. A cylindrical s1col cup or iillcnwl diameter I02 mm. dcp1h SO min and mininiurn
Thickness 6.3 mm.
3. A mcmJ hammer or top weighing 13.5 to 14.0 kg the lowc-r end beingcylindrical in
shape, 50 mm long. I00.0 mm in dinmctcr, wilh a 2 mm chamfer at1he loweredge and
case hardened. The hammer sbould slide freely between vcnical guides and beconcentric
wi1h 1he cup. free foll of hammer should be wi1hin 380:t:S nun.
4. Acylindrical mclUI measure having in1cmul diamc1c.r 75 mm and depth 501111n
5. For measuring aggregates.
6. Tam1>ing rod IO mm in diameter and 230 mm long, rounded at one e.nd.
7. A balanceof capacity 1101 less than500g.readable and accurn1e up10 0.1 g.
Procedure:
The1cs1sample consists of11ggreg,11cs siz(.'() 10.0mm 12.5 mm. Aggregates may be dried
by heating 01I 00-110° C for a period of 4 hours andcooled.
(i) Sieve them:.iterial through 12.5 mm:md I0.0111111 IS sieves. The aggregates
Passing through 12.5mm sieve and retained on 10.0mm sieve comprises1he test material.
(II) Pour the aggregates 10 fill abo111just 1/3 rd depth of measuringcylinder.
(Ill) Compact 1he material by gi"ing 25 gentle blows with the rounded end of the 1umping
rod.
DEPARTMENTOFCtVIL ENGINEERING Page30

(i") Add 1wo more layers insimilar manner.so that cylinder is full.

(v) S1rike off the surplus aggrega1es.

(vi) De1cm1inc the net wcighl of the aggregates to the nearest gram{W).
(vii) Bring the impact nrnchine to rest wi1hou1 wedgingor pncking upon the level
1>late, block or floor. so that it is rigid and 1hc hammer guide columns arc venical.
(,•iii) Fix 1hc cup finnly in position on 1he base of mnchinc and place whole of the test
sample in il and compact by giving 25 gentlestrokes wi1h tamping rod.
(ix) Raise the hammer un1jl its lower face is 380 mm above the surface of
aggregatesample in the cup 3od allow it to fall freely on tho agg:rcg:ue sample.Give 15
such blows at :m interval of not less 1hun one second between successive falls.
(x) Remove the crushed oggrcgate from the cupand sieve ii lluough 2.36 nun IS sieves un1il
no further signiricanl amount passes in one minute. Weigh the fraction passing1hcsieve to an
accuracy of I gm. Also, weigh the frnc1ion rc1nincd in the sieve.
Ohser\•ntions:
Description Samplcl Samplc2
To1al weigjll of dry sample ( WI gm)
Wcigh1 of por1io11 passing 2.36 nun sieve (W2 gn1)
Aggregate Impact Value (percent)= W2 / \VIX JOO
S.t.J LOS ANGLES AURATION VALUE:

S1andnrd: IS: 2386 (Pan IV)- 1963
E<1uipment's u.sed:
The apparatus us per JS; 2386 (Par! IV)- 1963 consis1s of:
(i) Los Angeles Machine: 11consislSof• hollow steel cylinder, closed at bo1h theends wi1h
on internal diamerer of 700 mm and length 500 mm and capableof ro1a1ing about its
horizonL1l axis. A removnble s1eel shan projeeting radially 88 mm intocylinder nnd
cx1cnding full length (i.e.500 nun) is moun1cd finnlyon the interior of cylinder. The shelf
is placed at a distuncc 1250 mm minimum from the opening in the direction of rotaiion.
(ii) Abrasive charge: Cast iron or steel bulls. approximately 48mm in diameter
nnd Each weighing between 390 to 44Sg; six to twelve balls are required.
(iii) Sieve: I.70, 2.36.4.75,6.3,10,12.5,20,25,40,50,63,80 mm JS Sieves.
(iv) Balance of ca11aeity 5kg or I0kg
(v) Dryingoven
(,•i) Miscellaneous like tmy

Procedure:
The test sampleconsistsof clean aggrcgotc.s dried in oven at J05° - 110°C. 111csample
should confom110 any of the grading shown in table I.
(i) Sclec1 the grading 10 beused in the test such that it conforms10 1hc grading to be
used in cous1nic1ion. 10 themuximurn cx1cn1possible.
(ii) Tukc Skg of sample ror gmding A. 8. C & D und IO kg for gradingE. F & G.
(iii) Choose thenbrasivc charge usper Table 2 depending ongrndingof nggreg_mcs.
(iv) Place the aggregates and abrasive charge on the cylinder and fix the cover.
(v) Rotate the machine m a speed of 30 - 33 revolutions per minute. The number or
revolutions is 500 for grading A, 8, C & D and 1000 for gradb1g E, F & G. Tbe
muchinc should bebalanced anddriven such that there is uniform peripheral speed.
(vi) 1l1c machine isstopped after thedesired number ofrevolutionsand motcrfal
is discharged to a tray.
(vii) The entire stone dust issieved on I.70 111111 IS sieve.
(\•iii) l11e materiol coarser than 1.7mm siie is weighed corTCCI 10 one gram.
Observol:ions:
• Original weight of agi,'l'cgatc sample= \VI g
• Weight of aggregate sample rcmined = W2 g
• Weight pnssing I.7mm IS sieve =s WI - \V2 g
Abrasion Value• (WI - W2 ) /WI X I 00
5.1.4 SHAPE TEST:

F.quipment s used:
• Thickness/Flakiness Jndex Gauge

• Length/Elongation lnde-x Gauge
• Aggregate sn.mplc tobe tested
Shope of particle:
I. Rounded (river gravel)
2. Flaky (lominatC<Irock)
3. Elongated
4. Angular( cmshcd rock)

Flaky:
• A naky particle is the one. whose least dimension (thickness) is than 0.6 times the
• mean size.
• TI1cse arc 1he materials of which the 1hickness is small as compared to the other two
• dimensions.
• Limit of Oaky paniclcs in the mixes is 30%. lf1he nnky p,1nicles are greater than 30%
• then the aggrega1c is considered undesirable lbr the imcndcd tise.
Fl:okincss Index:
II is the pcrccn1ogc by weigh, of flaky particles in• sample.
• Procedure for Flakiness Index:
• Pcrfonn the sieve analysis on 1he g.ivcn uggreg-utc sample
• The aggregates arc then ammgcd i111hc into u number of closely limited particle size
• groups •stored on the test sieves intoa number of closely limited paniclc size groups
- 2½'•-2•·, I ½•'-¾"&1/2"-3/81•
• Each group (fraction) is weighed and tested for thickness on npproprfate openingof
• the thickness gauge by possing each pnniclc through slot of spcciticd thickness along
• least dimension.
• TI1c weight of puniclcs pas.,;ing 1hc thickness gauge is recorded for each frnc1ion. This
• is the weight of naky paniclcs.
• 111c flakiness index is calculated by expressing the weight of lluky particles as a
• percentage of total weight of the sample.
Elongation:
These are the particles having length considerably larger thnn the other two dimensions and
it is the particle whose greater dimension is 1.S1imes its mean size.
Limh ofclonga1cd particles in the 111ixcs is 45%. Thus. if the elongated paniclcs arc greater
tlllln 45%. then the.tggrcgmc is considered undcsiroble for the intended use.
Elongation lndoJ:
II is the percentage by weight of elongated particles in a sample. Tiui Elongated index is
calculated by expressing the weight of Elongated particles as percentage of total wcighr of the
s•m1>lc.

5.1.5 \VATER ABSORJ'TION TEST:

Standard: IS: 2386 (Purl 3)- I963- Mc 1od of test for aggregates for concrete (Part
I} 1>a.nicle size and shape.
E<111ipmcnfs used:
• Wire basket
• Oven (3000c)
• Conuiincr for filling water and suspending tltc basket
• An uir 1igh1 container
• Baltmcc[0-10 kg)
• Shallow tray & absorbent clothes.
P,·ocedure:
• bout 2kg of the uggrcg-ute sample is washed thoroughly to remove lines. drained and
then
• placed in 1he wire basketand immersed in dis1illccl water al a 1cin1>craturc between 22
10
• J20C with a cover of ot least 50 mm or water abo,,c the top or the basket
• Immediately uftcr the immersion the cntnippcd air is removed trom the sample
by lifting
• the basket containing it 25 mm above the base of the tank and allowing it to drop
25 times
• at the raic of about one drop 1>er sc-cond. The basket and 1he aggregate
• should remain complc-tely immersed in wa1cr fora period of24±0.5 hours afterwards.
• Tbe boskct imd the sample arc then weighed while suspended in water a1 o
temperature of
• 22 to 320C. TI1c weight is noted whilesuspended in water{WI) g.
• 111c basket and the aggregate are then removed from water and allowed to drain for
a few
• minutes. aOer which the aggregates nre1ransferrcd to one of the dry absorbent clo1hes.
• The empty basket is then rc1unted 10 the1ank ofwate.r,jolled 25 1imes and wcighis in
• 1va1er (1112) g.
• ll1c aggregmcs placed in the dry absorbent clothes arc surface dried till nofur1hcr
• moisture could be removed by this clothe.

• 1l1cn the aggregate is tronsfcrrcd to 1hc second dry cloth spread in n single luyer.
covered
• and allowed to dry for at le 1s1 IOminutesuntil lhe oggrcgatcs are completely surface
dry.
• I() 10 60minu1es dryingmay beneeded. The surface dried aggregate is then weighed
• W3g.
• 11,c aggregate is placed In ashallow Lmy and kepi in no oven mainmincd at a
tcmpcrotun:
• of I IOOC for 24 hours. fl is then removed from the oven cooled in air tight
container and
• weighed W4 g.
• Weight of saturated aggreg.11e suspended in water with basket • \VI g
• Weight of basket suspended in water• W2 g
• Weight of smunncd aggregate in wa1cr = (\VI -\V2)g= \Vs g
• Weight of scnumtcd surface dry oggrcgmc i11air= \V4 g
• Weight of wutcr equal 10 tJ1c volume of the ngg.rcgatc = (W3-\Vs) g
5.2 TESTS OF CONCRETE:

Below arc some or the concrete test which are perform on concrete at site and labomtory.
I. Compressive Sirength TesL

2. Permeability Test.
3. Shrmp Test.
4. Flcxuml Strength Test
5.2.1 COMPRE:SSIVESTRENCTH TEST:

Standard: IS: 516-1959 - Methods of tests for strength of concrete.
Equipment's used:
• Compression testing machine (2000 KN)
• Curing tank/Ac-cclermcd curing tank
• Balance (0-1O Kg)
Reprcsenuuivc smnplcs of concrc1e shall be taken nnd used for cas1ing cubes 15
cm x 15cm·" IScm or cylindrical specimens of 15 cm dit1. x JOcm long.

Procedure:
I. The concreteshall be filled into the moulds in lnyers approxima1cly 5 cm deep. It would
be distributed evenly and cornpac1ed either by vibration or by hnnd tamping. After 1he1op
layer has been com1>acted. 1hc surfoce of concrete shnll be finished level with 1hc 101> of
the mould using A 1rowcl: and covered with a gloss phatc 10 prevent evaporation.
2. 11,c specimen shall be stored at site for 24+ ½ h under damp mauing or sack. AIler thn1.
1hc smnplos shull be stored in clean water al 27+20C; until the time of lest. The ends of nil
cylindrical specimens1..ha1 are not plane within 0.05 mm shall be capped.
3. Jus1 prior to testing. the cylindrical spcei,ncn shall be cap11cd with Sulphur mix1urc
comprising 3 p11r1s Sulphur 10 I p,;1n ofi11cn filler such as fire clay.
4. Specimen shall be tested immediately on removal from wotcr and while they arc still
in wet condi1ion.
5. The bearingsurface of the testing specimen shall be wiped clean and any loose material
removed from the surface. In 1he case of cubes. 1he specimen shall be placed in the
machine in such a manner that the lond cube as cast. that is. not to the IOJ> 011d bouom.
6. Align1hc axis oflhe specimen with 1he steel plntcs1 do not use ar1y packing.
7. The load shall be applied slowly withou1 shock and increased con1inuously at a rate
of approximately 140 kg/sq.cm/min until the resistance of the specimen to the increased
load breaks down and no greater load can be susmined. The maximum load ap1>licd to
1hc specimen shall 1hen be recorded and any un\1sual features noted at the time
oCfoilure brou,gh1 out in the report.
8. Compr<'Ssive s1rengll1 (kg/cm2) = \Vf / A
S.2.2 PEftMEABILITY TEST:

E<111i1uncnt's used:
A concre1e penncnmetcr np1>anuus consisting of the following basic comp<>nenis.
• A pem,camcu:r c.ell which can main1ain As.cul over the circumference of a s1uunucd
• cylindrical concret\!specimen and which is eopablc of opcra1ing effec1i\1Cly under
• pressures of up 10 IOOOkPa.
• A means of supplying dc..aired water 10 the lop surface of the concretespecimen
• contained within tho pem1eamctcr cell al o constant pressure head of up to IOOOkPn.
• MAIN ROADS Wcs1em Australia Water Perme-Jbility of Hardened Concrc1c Page I
• of 7 nwn625_1.rtfTest Method 71/10/625.1 Issue I 10/98 Pavemenis & S1n,c1ures
DEPARTMENT OFCIVIL ENGINEERING Page 3S

• A pressure gauge to measure input pressure and a thcnnom 1er to measure ambient
• tcmpcrnturc.
• Duta acquisition equipment 10 record, ut suitable intervals of time. the pressure,
• volumetric now of water intoand out of the concre1c specimen and the ambient
• temperature
1. Diamond cut saw.

2. Balance of suitnble capncity readable 100.1g with a limit of 1>e.rformnnce or1101 more
1han 0.6g 011hc 99% confidence level.
3. Supply of de-aired wa1cr.
4. Vacuum pump.
5. Vernier cnllipcrs.
6. Diamond corer drill.
7. 100mm diameter concrete mould complying wi1h AS 1012.8.
8. Workshcc1 (op1ionul), A graphical rcprcscn101ionof the dnto, i11cludin& the
culculution of theD' Arey Coefficient of Pcnncability is suitublc.
Procedure:
1. Obtain s1ltn1')les of hardened concrete of ap11ro1')riate diameter from existing structures
by diaJnond core drillingor from moulded specimens. The specimensshall be 1>rcparcd in
ttccordancc wi1h AS IO12. Usinga diamond sow cu1 u sc.-c1ion orthe sample10 ullow
:1pproximmcly 2mm clearance al c.ach end ofLhc Room Temperature Vulcanizing (RTV)
silicone nibbcr scaJ. The tc-st sample should have a minimum length o1'2.5 times the
maximum aggregate size.1"he cut section will be the test sample-.
2. . Condi1ion 1he1csi sample in accordance wi1h AASMTO T277 lo a Snluroled Surfoce Ory
s1a1e. delc1ing the section referring IO 1hc use of epoxy resins.
3. fill thevoids that arc 2mm or greater in diamc1cr that occur on the sides of the
tcSI sample with plasticine or a similar nrntcrial.
4. Measure a.nd record ,he mas-s of the Lest s-ample to tho nearest 0.1g 1md the diameter (D)
and leng1h (L) of1he sample10 the nearest I mrn.
5. Seal 1he tcs1 sample within the pcm1eame1cr cell.
6. Ensure thal the pcnncnmctcr ap1>armus is completely filled wi1h de-aired water
and contriins no air pockets or bubbles.
7. Ap1>ly n constant pressure hend of water to the innow side of 1he pcnneamcter c.ell and

continuously monitor the pressure throughout the durntion of the test.

8. Continuously monilor and r<...--cord the volumetric inOowand ou1flow of water.
9. Continuously monitor and record the ambient temperature, to1he nearest 0.1°C.
En.sure rh:111he temperature is maimained within n range or2110 25°C.
10. Aflcrsteady s101c now through 1hc sample hns been achieved. monitor aud plot
volume now (Q) as1.,ins1time (l) until the slope of1hc inflow and outflow lines can
be:ichicvcd. Calculate the 1>cm1cability by taking the mean oflhc innow and ou11low
plots within the steadystate flow rnnge. NOTE: This test isdesigned todetem1inc the
order of rn:tgnitude forconcrc1e pcnneabil ity. A vnria1ion between the inflow and
outflow slopes of up10 2()(1/4 will1101 signiftc,mtly nIT'ect 1hc ou1cornc.
11. Remove1hc1cs1 sample from the appannus and measure and record1hc mass
of1hc1cs1 sumpie to the nearest 0.1g.
5.2.3 SLUMPTEST:
E<1uipment's used:
• Slump cone.
• Scale for measurement.
• Tempingrod (s1ccl)
Procedure:
I. The mold forthc slump 1cs1 is a frustum of a cone. 300 mm ( 12 in) of heigh!.
The base is 200 mm (Sin) in diameter and ii has a smaller opening m the top of 100
nuu (4 in).
2. The base is placed on asmoo1h surracc and 1hc comaincr is filled with concrete
in three layers. whose work.nbilily is to be1esh:d .
J. Each layer is icmpcd 25 limes wi1h asiandard 16 mm (5/8 in) diamc1cr s1ecl rod,
rounded at the end.
4. When the mold is completely tilled with concrete. the1op surfuce is stmck off
(leveled wi1h mould tOJ) 01>ening) by mc.a11s of screening nnd rolling motion of the
temping rod.
S. The mould mus1be firmly held ngainst its base during the entire operation so
1h01 it could not move due to the pouring of concrete and this can be done by
means of handles or foot - rests brazed 10 the mould.
6. lmmedialely after filling iscompleted and the concrete is leveled, the cone isslowly

and carefully lined vertically. an unsupported concrete will now slump.

7. The decrease in the height of the center of the slumped concrc1c is called slump.
8·.n1e slump is measured by pl3cing1he cone just besides the slump concrete and the
temping rod is plac.cd over the cone so thnt h should also come over the area of
slumped concrete.
9. 11,c decrease in hcig.h1of concrete 10 that of mould is 1101cd with sc.alc. (Usuully
measured lo the m.>urest 5 mm (1/4 in).
5.2.4 FLEXURAL STRENGTH TEST:

S1aodard: IS: 516: Mc1hods of 1es1s for Streng1h of Concre1c
Apparot.us:
Flcxuml Strength Machine.
Procedurt-:
• rake put specimen for curing iank, Clean i1 with Water
• Moke a 5cm Mark vc11icallyt on SJ>Ccimcn on either ends.
• Specimen shall be placed in machine such a way1ha11hc load shall be applied 10 1he
• upper mos1surface os c.ast in mould.
• 1l1t:axis of the sp1.-cim¢n shall be curcfully nligned with the oxis of the loadingdevice
• Load shall be applied continuously and withoul shock.
• The load shall be increased until the specimen foils and load apJ>lied is recorded n1 1hc
• failure.

6. EQUIPMENTS USED FOR CONSTRUCTION

After telling us ubout the material nnd their ratio used in c:onstnic.tion work we get
information about the equipment used their uses. De1ail about the equipment mostly used in
constniclion work is given following.
6.1 8ATCHlNG J\1ACl:UNE:

The measurement of materials for making concrc1c is kaowu as batching. The machines
whieh used for batching is known as batching machine.
6.2 CONCRETE MIXER:

This is u power mechanicallyopcmtcd machine which is used to mix t.heconcrete. ll
consists a hollow cylindrical part with innerside wings. Jn which cement. s.and. aggregates
and water is mix properly.
6.3 TRANSPORTATION:
The process of carrying Liteconcrete mix from the pk1cc of it's mixing to final position of
deposition is tcnned as trnnsponation of concrete. There arc many methods of
trnnsportmion as mentioned below•
Tn:111spor1 of concrc1e by pans
Transpon of concrete by wheel bMrows
Transpon of concrete by tipping Lorries
Trnnsport of concrete by pumps
Transpon of concrete by beltconveyors
Al this sile belt conveyors ,verc used.
DEPARTMENT OFCIVIL ENGINEERING Pag•39

6.4 COMPACTORS:
\Vhcn lhc concrete hos beenplaced. it shows a very loose s1ruc1ure. \Veused dense
concrc1e for constn1ction work, because i1have more strength 1han loose concrete so
compaction afier placing of concre1e is necess:lry. Mence, it must be compacted 10remove
the t1ir bubbles and voids so as to make it denseandsolid concrete to obtain a high su-
ength. There are two method• of compnction.
1. Manuol compaction
2. Mcchanica.1 compaction

There are four types ormechanical vibr.notS whichur used in concre1c con\paclion
Types of Concrete Vibrators
1. Immersion or needle vibrator

2. Extended or shutter vibrator
3. Surface Vibrator
4. Vlbratlng table

Generally in large projccls mechanical compac1ors arc used . There are various mechanical
compnclors which uses according10 requircmcm as m.-cdlc andscreed vibralorsneeded to
compact the column nnd noor respcc1ivcly.
A1 our construction site mainly 2 vibrators arc used forcompuction which was
needle vibnuor andsurface vibnnor.

7. BRICK MASONRY
MORTAR:-
h's:, plas1i, building material (such11s;- mixtureofccnH:111. Jimc, or gypsum plusrcr
with snnd and water) thut hMdcns nnd is used in masoory or plo.stering.
Type-s of Mortar as llindlng material:

Monars arc classified into the following fi\'Ctegories:
I. Cement Mormr
2. Lime Mortar
3. Surkhi Monur
4. Guugcd Mortar
5. Mud Monar
At work site cement monar is used:rnd I:6 rntios are used to prepare cemeni monar.
CLASS OF BRICKS: -
On 1he bnsis or quali1y and 1>erfonnance of brick is classified in 1hree 1)ar1s
CLASS A
CLASS B
CLASS C
Class A bricks were used at site for wall masonry
work. Typl'S- of bond in brick masonry:•
There are four types bond which are used in wall ma onry work
I. S1re1cher bond
2. Header bond
3. English bond
4. Flemish bond

In our project stretcher bond is used insingle brick wall and Flemish bond is used in double
brick wall which arc dcscrib<:d below.
I. Streicher bond
Longer narrow face of 1hc brick is cnJlcd as s1re1chcr BSshown in the eleva1ion of figure
below. Streicher bond, alsocnllcd ns runningbond. is cre:ned when bricks arc laid with only
theirst-rctchcrs showing. overlapping. midway wi1h the courses of bricks below and above.
4
3
2
1
A B
(a) EleYallon 1, 3, s...Courses
(bl Plan
2. Flemish Bond
Flemish bond. also known as Du1ch bond. is crcaicd by laying ullcma1c headers and
stretchers in a single course. The next course of brick is Jnid such 1h:11 header lies in the
middle of I.he stretcher in the course below, i.e. I.he altcmotc hc:1ders of ench course arc
centered on the stretcher of course below. Every ahenrnre course of Flemish bond slarts with
header at 1hc comer.

Ftcure 14 flemlstl bondof bfkks
Flgu 1S conuiuction ot brld ma nry Ffaure-16 Br1tkiW-Cld
DEPARTMENT OFCIVIL ENGINEERING Pag• 45

8. TEr>1PORARY STRUCTURES
8.1 SCAFFOLDING
The scaffolding is a tcmpor.try structure which is used in building operations to support
platfom1s for workmen . structural material and appliances required during construction at
raised heights nonnally more 1han l.5 mCl'cr .This lemporary fonn work is useful in
building
cons1n1c1ion. demoli1ion. maintenance and repair works. Scaftblding is erec1ed either on one
or both sides orthe wnll. For ordinary work scaffolding muy be erected on one side only but
for all superior quality works it must be provided on b-Oth sides of wall. The height of the
scaffolding con be adjusted with the progress of the work. Mostly timber scaflblding is
used due to economy.
Types of scaffolding or scaffold-
Single scanolding
Donblc scaffolding
Ladder scaffolding
Cantilever scolTolding
Steel scalToldiog
Suspended scalToldins
Trc-.tle scaffolding
Wooden gantries
8.2. FORM\VORK
formwork is temporary or per1111mc111 moulds into which concrete or similar materials arc
poured. In the conte,',I of concrete construction. the folse work SUJ>pon.s the shuuering
moulds.
Requirements of Good Fomlwork:

a) It should be carefully designed. so as to be strong enough to resist the
pre,sure of fresh concrete and the super.imposed loads due 10 men, materials
and Equipmcnl c1c.
b) It should be rigid enough t0 reUlin its original shopc wi1hot11 undue defonmuion
which is nonrnllly resLrictcd co lf300 th ofspnn in nomull casc.-s.
DEPARTMENTOFCtVIL ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENTOFCtVIL ENGINEERING
c) ll should be tight t:nough so as nol lo allow cement and other materials to

leak through the joints.
d) Tile 1brn1work should 001 wnrp. bulge, bend or sink and should remain 1rue to
. 1he designed size.
c}111c inner surface of1hc fom1work shouldbe smooth sons10 givepleasing
appearance to 1he finished surface. The inner surface is alsoapplied with
mould oil to facililalc its removal.
SHUTTERING:
Shuttering or fonn work is the tcnn used for 1cmpornry timber, plywood. metal or other
material used to provide support to wet concrete mix till il gets strength for self support. h
provides suppons to horizontal. vertical and inclined surfaces or also provides support to cast
concrete according to required shape and size.The fonn work also produces desired fini h
concrc1esurface.
Shuucring or fonn work should be strong enough 10 suppon the weight of wet concrete mix
and the pressure for placing 3nd compacting concrete inside or on lh..: top of fom1
work/shuttering. Itshould be rigid to prevent any dcnection in surface after laying cement
concrete and be also suffi-cieru tight to prevcnl loss ofwa1cr and monar fom, cement
concre1e. Shm1ering should be easy in handlin£. erection at si1c and easy10 remove
when ccmcn1 concrete is sullicicnt hard.
Gcnemlly there arc !Ince types of shuttering.
I. $reel Shunering
2. Wooden Planks Shuucring
3. Tcmpomry Brick Masonry Shuucring
Steel shuttering
Steel shut!ering pla1c is the best t)1>e of shuttering because this is wa1er tigh1 shuttering which
can bear the load of cement concrete placed on it This shunering can be used for horizontal.
vertical or any other shopc required for the work. It gives levelled surfi1ce which has good
appearance. 111is shuttering gives good appcamncc and pauem work according 10

arohitccturnl drawings. If the plaster is required. the thickness of plaster will be less. B ing
water 1ight shuHcring_. t11e strength ofconcrete withsteel shuttering is compamtivcly higher.
\Voodcn Plunk Shu1tcring

Generally wooden 1>hmks shuncring is used by con1rac1ors because 1his shunering is
cheap und cosily available. But this type of shuncring cITccts the strcng1h of concrete and
have some disadvanwges which urc givenbelow.
Recommended Period for Rcnioval orShuncring

• 48 hours forsides of foundations. columns, beams and walls.
• 7 duys for underside of slabup10 4.5 me1er span
• 14 dt1ys forunderside of slnb. beams. arches ttbove4.5 meter up to6 meterspan.
• 21days for undl.!rsidc or beams nrchcs above6 meter span and up to9 meter span.
• 28 days for underside ofbl·ams arches above9 meter span
CENTERING:
is a type of folsework the temporary strucrnrc upon which the sloncs of an arch or vault
are laid during construction. Unril the keystone is inserted an arch has no strength and
needs the cciuring 10 keep the voussoirs in 1hcir COITCCI relative positions. A simple
cen1ering wilhout a trnss is called u common centering. The cross piece connc.-c1ing ccn1cring
Ii-tunes are called a Ing.
The centring is normi1lly mnde of wood timbers. which was a rclnrivc.ly straig_htforward
structure in u simple arch or vault. but with more com1,lex shapes, involving double
curvuwrc. such as a small dome or 1hc bolllC•shupcd Ouc.-s of the ki1chc.ns of some
Nonnun· period houses: clay or stmdboundby u weak limemortarmix could be usl.'tl.
STAGING:
Materials such as wooden buHicsi pipc.-s. props. jacks which support both shuttering &
centering nreknown as Staging.

Fizurc U wntcring11ndm)ling
DEPARTMENT OFCIVIL ENGINEERING Pag• 49

9. BEAl"1S AND COLUMNS
BEAMS: -
i1is n s1ruc1ural member cons1n1c1cd to 1ransfer 1he loads from slab to column it serves
as a com1cc1or lO save the column from sliding ounvnrds. Basically beams are rigid
structural members designed lo c1\ny and transfer the tronsvcrse loads ( londs pcrpendiculor
to ils longitudin11I ax:is) across space 10 supporting elcmcn1s. Reinforced concrete beams
arc commonly used in construction as it provide extra tensile strength, and J>ro\les lo be
economical.
,,, Uli'R
Rsurc,l8•do1.1lhn.aofbum
Detailing. of bcom rt.:inforccmcnt•

25mm main reinforcement with 10mm shear rcinforcemem @6'' C/C spacing..
20mm reinforcement with8mm shear reinforcement @6"' CIC spacing.
Types of beam
a) Jois1-Whcn provided in buildings to support roofs, tl1cy :ire called joists.
b) Girder• a large beam supponing a number of joists.
DEPARTMENT OFCIVIL ENGINEERING Page SO

c) Spandrels• cx1crior beams at lloor level of building. which carry port of the lloor load and
that of the exterior wall arc called spandrels.
d) Purlins- beam which carry roof load in trusses.
e) Lintels- which su1>pon the loads from 1he masonry over the openings.
COLUMN:-
Column i.s a supponing pillar and a structural elemenl which transfer the upcoming load and
il•s self-weight to the hard soil through lbundation or a column is defined as a venical
compression member which is moinly subjeetcd 10 oxial loads nnd 1hc cffecLive Ieng.lb or
which exceeds three times its lrncral dimension. Failure occurs when the stresses due to
direct axial loads exceeds the compressive strength of the material avnilablc in the cross
section. On the other hand, an eccentric Jond can produce bending and results in uneven
distribution of stress.
...
•4•..,_
•
·•- ..-... ...-
.
•r
.,..,..
D
('nhu"
ll_t.1 r
..,
•:-
•-- -.. ::I" 0
1 GI:i,JeOICanuc-.o t,t20 1 1.S 3

2 &. fe-'15 HVSO
- ·-~. -.. .-..- -.

3.Nom,n,,1Cover tootillO 2' Cobnot I '
.....
Dlta11t of t•o,0"10::.
'" ., I
b
r S l
'• ·
• ·-~
,,_.
·-..... ,:
"
Ffaure19,.dttaHJnc orcolllmnand footlfll
Conslniction process..
STEP..l grid lines arc drawn to dimensions ( to dclcnninc the where !he column would be
placed).
STEJ>-2 layout work is then carried ou,.
DEPARTMENT OFCIVIL ENGINEERING Page Sl

STEP·3 masonry or bars arc introduced wi1h mortar.

STEP.-1 wooden planks ore then placed as the
fom1work
STEPS AND STAIRS

A s1e1> usually consis1s of a 1hrcad and riser sup1>orted by s1rings. A siair is a s1mc1urc
consisting of number of steps and is provided to anord the me;ins of ascent und descent
bclwecn the floors and landings which is t.,>asiest and quickest service possible to building.
The palace in building where st.air is located is called stair case and the space occupied by it
is called a stair way. Oiffel'cnt kinds of s1ain; arc used in buildings such as 1imbcr1 bricks,
stones. steel. plain or rcioforccd ccmcm concrete ,ind co01bi,1tuion of different motcrlals.
Selection of mo1crial to be used for cons1.ruc1io11depend s u1>0n funds availoblc, a,•ailabili1y
of materials: and type of buildings.. In detention center plain cement concrete stairs arc used
with kota stone flooring with straight pattcm.
n1urelO column nd cons1rucclon of beams

10. DETAIL O.F ROOFING
Reinforcemcnl dcwil.s in slobs-

1. Main rcinfol'ccmcn1-
101111n dia. bars of·c415 Grade of MYSD s1ccl rcinforcc111cn1@6'' CIC spacing.
2. Secondary rcinlbrcement -
8mm diu.bars of Fe 415 Grade of MYSD s1ccl reinforccmcm @ 6'' CICspacing.
• • • I
..
Plucingof rcinforccmcn1for roof:-
Fl1u1 Z2.Roof Relflfo-rc:ementwithS4!/'Vkepo!IH

Ffsure 2J..reinfortt:ment forroof

I I.\VEEKLY PROGRESS REPORT
Wcck(I)
hnroduction with nssis1nn1 cngim.-.cr Mr. lndcr Murjhtrni, He 1old me about our \
Vorksi1c. This was Revenue research und Tmining Institute, Ajmcr.
Training is assigned nl RRTI Ajmcr, a research and training institute for revenue board.
Blue prinl. plan and elevation were given 10 me.
l111roduction willl the comractor Shree Praveen Yad.av.
Till the joining dntc the work orground lloar was co111plc1cd and the brick masonry on P'
floor was going on.
Introduction with the equipments. material, tcsl pcrfonncd ond nbout the work completed
before joining.
Week (2)
\Ve saw the details of the columns which were previously cons1n1c1cd.
• Brick mnsoory work like:consLruction of roorn wall was in progress.
\Ve snw the temporary stn1cturcs like scaffolding
\Vcck (3)
Brick masonry was still in progress
Gain prac1ical knowledge abou1types of brick. bond used in 1nasonry and monar e1c.
Limels were consin1c1cd n1the s1aning of the week.
Weck (4)
The brick masonry work completed for the wnlls.
Curing of walls look place for the entire week.
Cons1mc1ion of smircasc is sinned andreinforcement was laid.
Weck (5)
We saw thebeam details of theproposed rooms & stores a, RRTI cun,pus.
\Vork.s:likeShuucring, ccn1cring andstuging were started.

\Yeck (6)
Shuttering. centering and sraging work were completed in1his week.

Aflcrcen1cring andshullering the reinforcing of steel done with TMT bars for1he beams.
.Placing of 1hc reinforcement of slab started.
Service poinlS were gjven.
\Yeck (7 & 8)
Placing of reinforcement for slabs wns
completed. Additional work like site clearance
for parking.
Additional masonry was in progress.
DEPARTMENT OFCIVIL ENGINEERING Page

SG
12. CONCLUSION
We studied differcm 1hings at 1roining time, These arc given as foll0\\ ing.
1
• The general1crms of c:onsLn1c1ion arc included in thiss1udy.

• Different components ofbuilding.c;.,
• Different types of Bonds in brick masonry arc also studied in this report.
• Different lastings for mmcriols are studied.
• Rcinforccmcm details of beam, column, and mofarc studied prnotic:illy.
• Nominal covers of beam. slnbs. columns etc.
A$ per my trnining rcpon I have conclude 1hat, during lns160 days I am familiar
with the construction of brick masonry & mortar prcparution and ol11er works
under a Public works department's project. Brick masonry is provided to transfer
the load of stnicture to foundation. All though maximum load of building comes on
columns and beams.
Various things which couldn'1 luwc been possible 1hoorc1iC'ally were possible to
be lea.ml.
Interaction with workers and and local public was alsoa grcal experience
DEPARTMENT OFCIVIL ENGINEERING Page S7

13. REFERENCES
• RCC- 1$(456)2000
• STEEL-IS(S00)2007
• BASIC INFORMATIONS- WIKIPEDIA
• TYPE OF WALLS· BUILDING CONSTRUCTION, DHANPAT RAI
PUBLICATION
• BRICK MASONRY-WIKIPEDIA
• BEAM AND COLUMN- STEEL STRUCTURES. S.K.DUGGAL

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SUMMER INTERNSHIP REPORT

BACHELORE OF TECHNOLOGY (B.TECH)

VED PRAKSH JANGID

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

I. INTRODUCTION TO THE PROJECT 8

DEPARTMENT OFCIVIL ENGINEERING Page 2

FIGURE 1 lOCATION OF S.ITE·-············.............................- ................................_._..................................................8

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL Pagc3

: (A) ,P!::RSONALITY TRAILS

(ill) Sho:t(:0'7'1"9,if nny --- ----.....:=------- --- t

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL Pagc4

I take this opportunity 10 ex1cn1 my gratitude 10 PUBLIC WORK DEPAR,\1ENT, AJMER

DEPARTMENT OFCIVIL ENGINEERING Page S

DEPARTMENT OFCIVIL ENGINEERING Pagc6

PUBLIC \VORK DEPARTMENT OVERVIEW

• Design, Construction. Maintennncc & Repairof'Govcmment buildings.

DEPARTMENT OFCIVIL ENGINEERING Page 7

I. INTRODUCTION TO TlfE PROJECT

THE PROJECT WAS TO CONSTRUCT 10 ROOMS AN02 STORE ROOMS AT

I. CLIENT: - PUOLIC \VORKS DEPARTMENT. AJMER.

2. CONTRACTOR: - SHREE YAOAV CONSTRUCTION COMPANY

3. CONTRCTOR NAME:- MR. l'RAVEEN YAOAV

4. OVERALL COST OF PROJECT: - THE OVERALL COST OF PROJECT IS

5. SITE LOCATION: - REVENUE RESEARCH AND TRAINING INSTITUTE, OPP.

Flgute Zshei1nodi»ctlon (a)

DEPARTMENT OFCIVIL ENGINEERING Pagc9

I.I GENERAL ABSTRACT

Add for12½% 10786:12,00

Eleiciific:ition AddA.C. 50000000

10Noss(fi:50000/ Add 2!!0000.00

Add for D ·dapm1.'l1t Wark

Add2½¾QC & Co111i11g<rwlcsCh:tl')!1."S 30649200

Add 13% l'roruluC1"lrg•s

Sly Rs. 142.00 Laci

0£PARTMENTOFCIVIL ENGINEERING Page 10

1.2 PLAN, ELEVATION OF THE BULLDING

Flsurc:4 fiEVATIONOFlME BUILDING

DEPARTMENT OFCIVIL ENGINEERING Page 11

DEPARTMENT OFCIVIL ENGINEERING Page 12

Buildings are divided as following types by irucmmionnl building code -

DEPARTMENT OFCIVIL ENGINEERING Page 13

DEPARTMENT OFCIVIL ENGINEERING Page 14

In d1is type of buildings goods or ma1crials arc displayed or sold.

DEPARTMENT OFCIVIL ENGINEERING Page IS

This1ype of buildings are used for storing goods, animal or vehicles.

DEPARTMENT OFCIVIL ENGINEERING Page 16

Cons1ruction of the building is done in al leas1 twosteps. \Vhich are following:

3.1.1.1 SHALL0\\ 1 FOUNDATl ON:

DEPARTMENT OFCIVIL ENGINEERING Page 17

3. L 1.1 INDIVIDUAL FOOTINGS:

u cons1nic1ion design for the footing.

3.Ll.2 STRrP FOOTINGS:

DEPARTMENT OFCIVIL ENGINEERING Page 18

3. Ll.3 RAFf OR MAT FOUN.DATION:

3.1.2 .DEEP FOUNDATION:

End Bc.:oring Piles:

DEPARTMENT OFCIVIL ENGINEERING Page 19

3.2 SUPER STRUCTURE:

DEPARTMENT OFCIVIL ENGINEERING Page 20