Contains Nonbinding Recommendations

Food Labeling: Nutrient Content Claims;

Alpha-Linolenic Acid, Eicosapentaenoic
Acid, and Docosahexaenoic Acid Omega-3
Fatty Acids; Guidance for Industry
Small Entity Compliance Guide
Additional copies are available from:
Office of Nutrition and Food Labeling
Nutrition Programs Staff, HFS-830
Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition
Food and Drug Administration
5001 Campus Drive
College Park, MD 20740
(Tel) 240-402-1450
http://www.fda.gov//FoodGuidances

You may submit electronic or written comments regarding this guidance at any time. Submit
electronic comments to http://www.regulations.gov. Submit written comments to the Division of
Dockets Management (HFA-305), Food and Drug Administration, 5630 Fishers Lane, Rm. 1061,
Rockville, MD 20852. All comments should be identified with the docket number listed in the
notice of availability that publishes in the Federal Register.

For questions regarding this document contact the Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition
(CFSAN) at 240-402-1450.

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services

Food and Drug Administration
Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition
February 2016
 Contains Nonbinding Recommendations

Table of Contents

I. Introduction

II. Who is Subject to the Rule?

A. What are "Nutrient Content Claims?"

B. Where are Nutrient Content Claims defined?
C. Which Statute Established a Notification Process for Nutrition
Content Claims?
D. What are the Requirements for Submitting a Notification for a
Prospective Nutrient Content Claim?
E. Who can provide an authoritative statement that identifies the
nutrient level to which the Nutrient Content Claim refers?

III. What Types of Nutrient Content Claims are Prohibited by the

Rule?

A. Why Are Nutrient Content Claims for DHA and EPA Prohibited
by the Rule?
B. Why Are Nutrient Content Claims for ALA Based on a
Population-Weighted Approach Prohibited by the Rule?
C. Which Nutrient Content Claims for ALA Are Allowed to Remain
on the Market?

IV. When Did the Rule Become Effective?

2
Food Labeling: Nutrient Content Claims;
Alpha-Linolenic Acid, Eicosapentaenoic
Acid, and Docosahexaenoic Acid Omega-3
Fatty Acids; Guidance for Industry1
Small Entity Compliance Guide
This guidance represents the current thinking of the Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA or
we) on this topic. It does not establish any rights for any person and is not binding on FDA or
the public. You can use an alternative approach if it satisfies the requirements of the applicable
statutes and regulations. To discuss an alternative approach, contact the FDA staff responsible
for this guidance as listed on the title page.

I. Introduction
In the Federal Register of April 28, 2014 (79 FR 23262), the Food and Drug Administration
(FDA or we) issued a final rule entitled “Food Labeling: Nutrient Content Claims; Alpha-
Linolenic Acid, Eicosapentaenoic Acid, and Docosahexaenoic Acid Omega-3 Fatty Acids” (“the
rule”). The rule prohibits certain nutrient content claims for foods, including conventional foods
and dietary supplements, that contain omega-3 fatty acids based on our determination that such
nutrient content claims do not meet the requirements of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic
Act (FD&C Act).

We issued the rule in response to three notifications submitted to us. One notification
concerning nutrient content claims for Alpha-Linolenic Acid (ALA), Docosahexaenoic Acid
(DHA), and Eicosapentaenoic Acid (EPA) was submitted collectively by Alaska General
Seafoods, Ocean Beauty Seafoods, Inc., and Trans-Ocean Products, Inc. (the seafood processors
notification); a second notification concerning nutrient content claims for ALA, DHA, and EPA
was submitted by Martek Biosciences Corp. (the Martek notification); and a third notification
concerning nutrient content claims for DHA and EPA was submitted by Ocean Nutrition Canada,
Ltd. (the Ocean Nutrition notification). The rule prohibits the nutrient content claims for DHA
and EPA set forth in the three notifications and the nutrient content claims for ALA set forth in
the seafood processors notification. We did not take regulatory action with respect to the
nutrient content claims for ALA set forth in the Martek notification and, therefore, these claims
will be allowed to remain on the market (79 FR 23262).

This rule is effective January 1, 2016.

1
This guidance has been prepared by the Office of Nutrition and Food Labeling in the Center for Food Safety and
Applied Nutrition at the U.S. Food and Drug Administration.

3
We have prepared this Small Entity Compliance Guide in accordance with section 212 of the
Small Business Regulatory Enforcement Fairness Act (Public Law 104-121, as amended by
Public Law 110-28). This guidance document restates in plain language the legal requirements
set forth in the rule, and is intended to assist small entities in complying with the rule (21 CFR
101.8). The rule is binding and has the full force and effect of law.

FDA’s guidance documents, including this guidance, do not establish legally enforceable
responsibilities. Instead, guidances describe our current thinking on a topic and should be
viewed only as recommendations, unless specific regulatory or statutory requirements are cited.
The use of the word should in our guidances means that something is suggested or
recommended, but not required.

In the remainder of this guidance, “you” refers to individuals and entities making nutrient
content claims that are subject to the rule.

II. Who is Subject to the Rule?

You may be subject to the rule if you make a nutrient content claim for DHA and EPA, and
certain nutrient content claims for ALA.

A. What are “Nutrient Content Claims?”

“Nutrient content claims'' are labeling claims that characterize the level of a nutrient in a food
(see section 403(r)(1)(A) of the FD&C Act).

B. Where are Nutrient Content Claims subject to this rule defined?

The nutrient content claims subject to this rule are defined in § 101.54. "High'' is defined as 20
percent or more of the Reference Daily Intake (RDI) or the Daily Reference Value (DRV) per
reference amount customarily consumed (RACC) (§ 101.54(b)). "Good source"' is defined as 10
to19 percent of the RDI or DRV per RACC (§ 101.54(c)). "More"' is defined as at least 10
percent more of the RDI or DRV per RACC than an appropriate reference food (§ 101.54(e)).
Synonyms for each of these terms also are set forth in our regulations; for example, the terms
"rich in"' and "excellent source of"' are considered to be equivalent to the term "high" (§
101.54(b)) (79 FR 23262 at 23263, footnote 1).

C. Which Statute Established a Notification Process for Nutrition

Content Claims?

The Food and Drug Administration Modernization Act of 1997 (FDAMA) (Pub. L. 105-115)
amended the FD&C Act to provide, among other things, for the filing of notifications as an
alternative to the petition process for nutrient content claims set forth in section 403(r)(4) of the
FD&C Act (21 U.S.C. 343(r)(4)) (see section 403(r)(2)(G) of the FD&C Act (21 U.S.C.
343(r)(2)(G)).

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 D. What are the Requirements for Submitting a Notification for a
Prospective Nutrient Content Claim?

Section 403(r)(2)(G) of the FD&C Act requires that a notification for a prospective nutrient
content claim be submitted to FDA at least 120 days before a food bearing the claim may be
introduced into interstate commerce. The notification must contain specific information
including: (1) The exact wording of the prospective nutrient content claim, (2) a concise
description of the basis upon which the notifier relied for determining that the requirements for
an authoritative statement in section 403(r)(2)(G)(i) of the FD&C Act have been satisfied, (3) a
copy of the authoritative statement that serves as the basis for the claim, and (4) a balanced
representation of the scientific literature relating to the nutrient level for the claim. The claim
must be an accurate representation of the authoritative statement and must be stated in a manner
that enables the public to comprehend the information provided by the claim and to understand
the relative significance of such information in the context of the total daily diet. Furthermore,
the authoritative statement that is the basis for the nutrient content claim must be currently in
effect and identify the nutrient level to which the claim refers (section 403(r)(2)(G) of the FD&C
Act).

E. Who can provide an authoritative statement that identifies the

nutrient level to which the Nutrient Content Claim refers?

According to section 403(r)(2)(G)(i) of the FD&C Act, an authoritative statement that identifies
the nutrient level to which the claim refers can be provided by a scientific body of the U.S.
Government with official responsibility for public health protection or research directly relating
to human nutrition, or by the National Academy of Sciences or any of its subdivisions, such as
the Institute of Medicine.

III. What Types of Nutrient Content Claims are Prohibited by the

Rule?

The rule prohibits the nutrient content claims for DHA and EPA set forth in the seafood
processors, Martek, and Ocean Nutrition notifications (the three notifications) and nutrient
content claims for ALA based on a population-weighted approach set forth in the seafood
processors notification.

In brief, the seafood processors notification set forth "high" nutrient content claims for both
DHA and EPA, whereas the Martek notification set forth a "high" nutrient content claim only for
DHA and the Ocean Nutrition notification set forth a "high'' nutrient content claim for DHA and
EPA combined. In addition, the seafood processors notification set forth “high,” “good source,”
and “more” claims for ALA (79 FR 23262 at 23263).

The prohibited nutrient content claims are as follows:

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 • The seafood processors notification specified that one of the following two statements
would accompany “high” nutrient content claims for DHA or EPA:
“Contains _ mg of [DHA/EPA] per serving, which is _ % of the Daily Value for
[DHA/EPA] (130 mg).”
“Contains _ % of the Daily Value for [DHA/EPA] per serving. The Daily Value
for [DHA/EPA] is 130 mg.” As indicated in the notification, use of [DHA/EPA]
is intended to mean that either EPA or DHA would be used as the subject of the
claim.

• The Martek notification proposed the following exact wording for “high” nutrient content
claims for DHA:
“ ‘Excellent source of DHA.’ (‘High in DHA,’ ‘Rich in DHA’) Contains _ mg of
DHA per serving, which is _ % of the 160 mg Daily Value for DHA.” [Products
would need to contain at least 32 mg of DHA per RACC to qualify for the claim.]

• The Ocean Nutrition notification proposed the following exact words for “high” nutrient
content claims for DHA and EPA combined:
“ ‘Excellent source of Omega-3 EPA and DHA.’ (‘High in Omega-3 EPA and
DHA;’ ‘Rich in Omega-3 EPA and DHA’). Contains _ mg of EPA and DHA
combined per serving, which is _ % of the 160 mg Daily Value for a combination
of EPA and DHA.”

• The seafood processors notification specified that one of the following two statements
would accompany “high” and “good source” claims for ALA:
“Contains _ mg of ALA per serving, which is _ % of the Daily Value for ALA
(1.3 g).”
“Contains _ % of the Daily Value for ALA per serving. The Daily Value for
ALA is 1.3 g.”

A. Why Are the Nutrient Content Claims for DHA and EPA Prohibited
by the Rule?

We are prohibiting the nutrient content claims for DHA and EPA set forth in the three
notifications because they are not based on an authoritative statement that identifies a nutrient
level to which the claims refer, as required by the FD&C Act.

The notifications referenced statements from the report entitled “Dietary Reference Intakes for
Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein and Amino Acids” from the
Institute of Medicine (IOM) of the National Academy of Sciences. We found that the IOM
statements do not reflect a recommended or defined intake level of DHA and/or EPA that could
serve as a basis for setting a Daily Value (DV) that could be used to characterize a given level of
DHA and/or EPA (79 FR 23262 at 23265).

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 B. Why Are Nutrient Content Claims for ALA Based on a Population-
Weighted Approach Prohibited By the Rule?

We are prohibiting the nutrient claims for ALA set forth in the seafood processors notification
because the claims were based on a reference value that was determined by a different approach
than reference values already established for other nutrients (i.e., DVs). The FD&C Act requires
that a claim based on an authoritative statement have a nutrient level identified in the statement
and be stated in a manner that enables the public to comprehend the information provided and to
understand the relative significance of such information in the context of the daily diet (section
403(r)(2)(G)(iv) of the FD&C Act). There were two different approaches to set a reference value
in the notifications for ALA (i.e., the population-weighted approach 2 used in the seafood
processors notification and the population-coverage approach 3 used in the Martek notification).
We determined that using two different approaches to set a reference value for ALA would result
in inconsistent and conflicting nutrient content claims on food labels. Such inconsistencies make
meaningful product-to-product comparisons impossible. To enable the public to comprehend the
information provided in nutrient content claims and to understand the relative significance of that
information in the context of the daily diet, as required by section 403(4)(2)(G)(iv) of the FD&C
Act, qualifying ALA levels for nutrient content claims in food labeling must be based on a single
nutrient value determined using the same approach for reference values for other nutrients, which
is currently the population-coverage approach established in the 1993 final rule for determining
DVs (58 FR 2206, January 6, 1993). Therefore, to prevent inconsistent and conflicting claims on
food labels, we are not taking regulatory action with respect to ALA claims based on the
population-coverage approach, but are prohibiting claims based on the population-weighted
approach.

C. Which Nutrient Content Claims for ALA Are Allowed to Remain on

the Market?

The rule explained that FDA is taking no regulatory action with respect to the nutrient content
claims for ALA based on the population-coverage approach set forth in the Martek notification.4
2
This approach looked at the various adequate intake levels (AIs) that the IOM identified for different age and
gender groups (excluding children under 4 years of age and pregnant and lactating women) and averaged out all of
those numbers taking into account the predominance of the various groups within the population, to arrive at their
label reference value (79 FR 23262 at 23263).
3
This approach used the highest Recommended Daily Allowance (RDA) or AI for adults and children 4 or more
years of age (excluding values for pregnant and lactating women) to serve as the label reference value (79 FR 23262
at 23263).
4
The Martek notification proposed ‘‘high,’’ ‘‘good source,’’ and ‘‘more’’ claims for ALA. The notification
proposed the following exact words for these claims:
‘‘ ‘Excellent source of ALA.’ (‘High in ALA,’ ‘Rich in ALA’) Contains l mg of ALA per serving, which is
l % of the 1.6 g Daily Value for ALA.’’ [Products would need to contain at least 320 mg of ALA per
RACC to qualify for the claim.]
‘‘ ‘Good source of ALA.’ (‘Contains ALA,’‘Provides ALA’) Contains l mg of ALA per serving,
which is l % of the 1.6 g Daily Value for ALA’’ [Products would need to contain at least 160 mg of
ALA per RACC to qualify for the claim.]

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Therefore, those claims will be allowed to remain on the market (see Table 1)(79 FR 23262 at
23269).

Table 1 – Nutrient Claims

Nutrient Content Claim for ALA Conditions for Making the Claim 5
High ≥ 320 mg of ALA per RACC (≥ 20% of 1.6 g/day)
Good Source ≥ 160 mg of ALA per RACC (≥ 10% of 1.6 g/day)
More ≥ 160 mg of ALA more per RACC than an appropriate
reference food (≥ 10% of 1.6 g/day)

IV. When Did the Rule Become Effective?

The rule became effective January 1, 2016.

‘‘ ‘More ALA.’ (‘Fortified with ALA,’ ‘Enriched with ALA,’ ‘Added ALA,’ ‘Extra ALA,’ ‘Plus ALA’)
Contains l % more of the Daily Value for ALA per serving than [reference food]. This product contains
l mg of ALA which is l % of the Daily Value for ALA (1.6 g).’’ [Products would need to contain at
least 160 mg or more ALA per RACC than an appropriate reference food and would comply with
the requirements for relative claims found at § 101.13(j).]
5
Nutrient content claims must comply with all applicable FDA regulations regarding the making of such claims (79
FR 23262 at 23269).