MINI PROJECT REPORT

Submitted by

KABILAN K 312321105063
KALYAN CHAKRAVARTHI S 312321105065
KAMALESHWARAN K 312321105066
PON NAVEEN ANTO I 312321105105

In partial fulfillment for the award of the degree

of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING

IN

ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

St. JOSEPH’S COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

(An Autonomous Institution) ANNA UNIVERSITY:
CHENNAI 600025

APRIL 2024
 St. JOSEPH’S COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
(An Autonomous Institution)

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

Certified that this project report “CIRCUIT INTEGRITY MONITORING SYSTEM”

is the bonafide work of KABILAN.K (31232105063), KALYAN CHAKRAVARTHI.S
(312321105065), KAMALESHWARAN.K (312321105066), PON NAVEEN ANTO.I
(312321105105) who carried out the project work under my supervision.

Signature Signature

Dr. JAYARAMA PRADEEP M.E.,Ph.D MR. R. ELANTHIRAYAN

PROFESSOR ASST. PROFESSOR
HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT SUPERVISOR
Department of Electrical and Department of Electrical and

Electronics Engineering, Electronics Engineering,

St. Joseph’s College of Engineering St. Joseph’s College of Engineering
OMR, OMR,
Chennai - 600 119. Chennai -600 119.
 CERTIFICATE OF EVALUATION

College Name : St. Joseph’s College of Engineering

Branch Name : Electrical and Electronics Engineering
Semester : 06

S.NO Name of the Student TITLE OF THE SUPERVISOR

PROJECT
1. KABILAN K
(312321105063) CIRCUIT Mr. R. ELANTHIRAYAN
2. KALYAN CHAKRAVARTHI S INTEGRITY M.E
(312321105065) MONITORING Asst.Professor
3. KAMALESHWARAN K SYSTEM
(312321105066)
4. PON NAVEEN ANTO I
(312321105105)

The report of the project work submitted by the above students in partial fulfillment for
the award of Bachelor of Engineering degree in Electrical and Electronics
Engineering of Anna University were evaluated and confirmed to be report of the work
done by the above students.

Submitted for the project viva-voice held on:

INTERNALEXAMINER EXTERNALEXAMINER
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We wish to convey our gratitude to our Chairman

Dr.B.Babu Manoharan M.A, M.B.A, Ph.D and beloved Managing Director
Mrs.B.JessiePriya M.Com and Executive Director Mr.B.ShashiSekar M.Sc
of St.Joseph’s College of Engineering, St. Joseph’s group of institutions for
providing an opportunity to study in their esteemed institution.

We convey our sincere thanks to our beloved and encouraging Principal

Dr.Vaddi Seshagiri Rao M.E., M.B.A., Ph.D St.Joseph’s College of
Engineering for his encouragement throughout the course.

We express our sincere thanks and most heartfelt sense of gratitude to

Dr.Jayarama Pradeep M.E., Ph.D Professor, Head of the Department of
Electrical and Electronics Engineering, for her dedication, commendable
support and encouragement for the completion of the project with perfection.

We wish to express our sincere thanks to our Project Co-ordinator and our
beloved Project supervisor Mr.R.Elanthirayan M.E. Assistant Professor,
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering for their enthusiastic
guidance, wonderful motivation, valuable support and constructive remarks
provided by them till the end of the project.

We thank all the faculty members and non-teaching staff of the Department
of Electrical and Electronics Engineering who rendered their help in our
endeavor.

Our sincere thanks to our parents and friends for their continuous support,
cheer and motivation for the successful completion of the project.
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

S. TITLE OF CONTENT PAGE.NO

No

1. ABSTRACT 1

2. INTRODUCTION 2

3. SUMMARY 3

4. TECHNOLOGY AND LITERATURE SURVEY 4

5. HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS 4

6. BASIC OPERATION 5

7. BLOCK DIAGRAM 5

8. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM 6

9. CIRCUIT EXPLANATION 7

10. HARDWARE DESCRIPTION 9

11. BASIC CONNECTIONS 12

12. WORKING PRINCIPLE 13

13. DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION 14

14. PROGRAM 16

15. COST ESTIMATION 18

16. ADVANTAGES AND LEARNING 19

17. CONCLUSION 20
 ABSTRACT

The three-phase fault detection system is an advanced solution

designed to improve the reliability and safety of power systems. It
continuously monitors voltage and current on each phase of the system
using dedicated sensors to ensure that the electrical network remains
within its normal operating parameters. Any deviation from these
predefined ranges triggers an immediate response from the system,
ensuring the safety and integrity of the power network. One of the key
features of the system is its ability to clearly identify the type of fault
and its location using a user-friendly display.

This display provides real-time information on whether the fault is a

Line-to-Line fault or a Line-to-Ground fault, allowing for focused
repair efforts. By pinpointing the specific location and type of fault,
maintenance personnel can quickly address the issue, minimizing
equipment damage and downtime. In addition to the visual display, the
system is equipped with a loud buzzer that sounds an alert when a fault
is detected. This auditory signal is crucial for grabbing the attention of
nearby personnel and prompting an immediate response.

The combination of clear visual indicators and audible alerts ensures

that faults are addressed swiftly, reducing the risk of safety hazards
and further damage to the power system. By facilitating rapid fault
identification and location, the system helps to minimize the impact of
faults on power delivery infrastructure. This leads to improved safety
for personnel, as well as increased efficiency and reliability in the
power system. Overall, the three-phase fault detection system is a
valuable tool in enhancing the security and stability of power delivery
infrastructure, making it a critical component in the maintenance and
management of modern power systems.

1
 INTRODUCTION

The circuit integrity monitoring system is a critical safeguard for power

systems, designed to detect and respond quickly to electrical malfunctions.
This system utilizes current and voltage sensors to continuously monitor
each phase of the power system, observing real-time data for any
deviations from normal operating conditions. When these deviations occur,
indicating a possible fault, an alarm is triggered to alert operators.

The system provides a visual display that pinpoints the exact location of the
fault, showing the specific line affected. In tandem with the visual display,
an audible buzzer sounds to draw immediate attention, prompting a swift
response to the issue.

This rapid fault detection and clear identification of the faulty line enable
focused and efficient repairs. By minimizing the time it takes to address
faults, the system reduces potential damage to equipment and decreases
downtime. Consequently, the circuit integrity monitoring system plays a
vital role in maintaining the reliability, safety, and overall performance of
power systems.

PROBLEM DESCRIPTION

Three-phase power systems are susceptible to faults, which are

abnormal conditions that disrupt the normal flow of electricity. These
faults can occur between phases (Line-to-Line, LL) or between a
phase and ground (Line-to-Ground, LG). To maintain a good
transmission circuit we must repair the fault as fast as possible or else
it can create several problems such as equipment damage, power
interruptions and safety issues.

2
OBJECTIVES

The objectives of the project are:

● Detect the occurrence of fault as soon as possible by which the

duration of abnormal flow can be minimised.
● Distinguish between different types of faults such as Line-to-
Line (LL), Line-to-Ground (LG) or all three phases faulted
(LLL).
● To trigger an audible alarm to alert personnel about the fault.
● Ideally pinpoint the line in which the fault occurred.

SUMMARY

In power systems, malfunctions known as faults can disrupt electricity

flow. These faults can occur between phases or between a phase and
ground. Left undetected, they can damage equipment, cause outages,
and pose safety hazards. The circuit integrity monitoring system
address this issue. They continuously monitor voltage and current on
each line. If deviations from normal values occur, the system triggers
an immediate response. A display clearly indicates the faulted line
(Line-to-Line or Line-to-Ground) for focused repair.

Simultaneously, a buzzer sounds to grab attention and ensure a swift

response. This rapid fault identification and location minimize
damage, downtime, and safety risks, promoting a reliable and secure
power system.

3
 TECHNOLOGY AND LITERATURE SURVEY

A critical area of power system research involves three-phase fault

detection systems that pinpoint the fault location and provide an
audible alert. Several technologies have been explored in the
literature to achieve this goal. Microcontrollers are prevalent,
analyzing sensor data (current, voltage) for deviations that signify a
fault. The LCD display then indicates the affected line (Line-to-Line,
Line-to-Ground) while a buzzer sounds simultaneously. Research
papers discuss various implementations, with some focusing on cost-
effective Arduino based systems while others explore integrating
Internet-of-Things (IoT) for remote monitoring and fault notification.
This highlights the ongoing development in this field, aiming for
increasingly sophisticated and user-friendly fault detection solutions
for reliable power delivery.

HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS

● Arduino Board (UNO)

● USB –A to micro-USB cable
● On-Off- Switch
● Connecting wires
● Bread board
● LCD Display
● Buzzer
● Soldering iron
● Solder wire

4
SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS
● Arduino IDE

BASIC OPERATION

The basic operations of circuit integrity monitoring system are as

follows:

● Data acquisition to gather information about all the three phases.

● Fault detection by which the type of fault and line in which the
fault is occurred.
● Classification of fault based on nature of the deviation and
algorithm.
● Display and buzz an alarm if fault is detected.

BLOCK DIAGRAM

5
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

6
 CIRCUIT EXPLANATION

The whole Circuit Integrity Monitoring System can be divided

into 2 units: sensing unit and a control unit.

SENSING UNIT:
The heart of sensing in a three-phase fault detection system with
display and buzzer lies in the transformer duo: current transformers
(CTs) and voltage transformers (VTs, also known as potential
transformers or PTs). By continuously monitoring these transformed
current and voltage signals, the system can identify deviations from
normal operating ranges. These deviations become the telltale signs of
a fault on a specific phase, allowing the system to pinpoint the faulty
line and trigger the display and buzzer for a prompt response.

CONTROL UNIT:
The control unit in a three-phase fault detection system acts as the brain
of the operation. It's typically a microcontroller, often an Arduino Uno
in simpler setups, that receives information from current and voltage
transformers on each phase.
These transformers convert high currents and voltages to safer levels

7
the microcontroller can handle. The control unit analyzes this data
using a pre-programmed algorithm. If deviations from normal
operating ranges are detected, the program identifies the fault type
(Line-to-Line, Line-to-Ground) and triggers an immediate response. It
then controls two crucial functions: Display and Buzzer.

CONCEPTS OF THREE PHASE FAULT DETECTION

The three-phase fault detection system operates on the principle of

monitoring electrical parameters and responding to deviations from
standard operating ranges. The system uses dedicated sensors to
monitor voltage and current on each phase continuously. When the
sensors detect deviations in the electrical parameters on any phase, it
signals the presence of a fault. Faults can include Line-to-Line (L-L)
faults, which occur between two lines, or Line-to-Ground (L-G) fault
which occur between a line and the ground. The system is designed to
respond immediately upon detection of a fault. The user-friendly
interface clearly displays the type of fault and the specific line
affected, facilitating focused repair efforts.

8
 Simultaneously, a loud buzzer alerts operators to the fault, prompting
a swift response to minimize equipment damage and safety risks. This
rapid fault identification and location enhance the overall security and
reliability of the power delivery infrastructure, contributing to efficient
and safe power system operations.

HARDWARE DESCRIPTION

Arduino Board (UNO)

Arduino is an open-source computer hardware and software
company, project and user community that designs and manufactures
microcontroller-based kits for building digital devices and interactive
objects that can sense and control objects in the physical world. The
heart of Arduino is the microcontroller. For Arduino Uno
ATmega328 is used.It has specification of 8 bit CPU, 16 MHZ clock
speed, 2 KB SRAM 32 KB flash Memoary, I KB EEPROM [2].

Features :-

● 14 digital input output pins (3,5,6,9,10 and 11 pins are able to

generate PWM).
● 6 analog input pins
● Voltage input from the 7-12 V

9
USB –A to micro-USB cable

Use it to connect Arduino Uno, Arduino Mega 2560, Arduino

101 or any board with the USB female A port of your computer. Cable
lenght is approximately 100cm.

Jumper cables

The Jumper wires are simply wire that have connector pins at
each end, allowing them to be used to connect two points to each
other without soldering.

LCD display

An LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) is a type of flat-panel display

technology that uses liquid crystals to produce images. It works by
manipulating light with liquid crystals sandwiched between layers of
glass or plastic, which control the light's passage to create different
colors and shapes. LCD displays are commonly found in devices such
as televisions, computer monitors, and smartphones due to their energy
efficiency and ability to produce sharp, vibrant visuals.

Buzzer

A buzzer is a signaling device that emits a loud noise or tone, often

used to draw attention or signal an event. It can be found in various

10
applications, such as alarms, doorbells, and game shows. Buzzers
come in different types, including piezoelectric and electromagnetic,
each with its own unique sound and uses.

Toggle Switch

A toggle switch is a type of electrical switch that is operated by a

mechanical lever or handle, which can be flipped back and forth to
open or close a circuit. It is a simple and reliable method of controlling
power or current flow in an electrical circuit. Toggle switches are
commonly used in a variety of applications, from household
appliances and lighting to industrial machinery and automotive
systems.

11
Basic Connections:

Power Supply Connections:

❖ VCC: Connect the VCC pin of the LCD display to the 5V pin on
the Arduino.

❖ GND: Connect the GND pin of the LCD display to the ground
(GND) pin on the Arduino.

Switches:

❖ Line1: Connect one side of the switch to digital input pin 2 on

the Arduino.
❖ Line2: Connect one side of the switch to digital input pin 3 on
the Arduino.
❖ Line3: Connect one side of the switch to digital input pin 4 on
the Arduino.
❖ Pull-Up Resistors: The code uses the internal pull-up resistors
by setting the pin mode to INPUT_PULLUP. Therefore, connect
the other side of each switch to ground (GND).
Buzzer:

❖ Buzzer Pin: Connect the positive terminal (usually marked with

a "+" sign) of the buzzer to digital output pin 13 on the Arduino.

❖ Ground: Connect the negative terminal of the buzzer to the

ground (GND) pin of the Arduino.

Display:

1) Data Pins:

➢ RS (Register Select): Connect this pin to a digital output pin on

your microcontroller. This pin controls whether the display is in
command or data mode.

12
 ➢ RW (Read/Write): Connect this pin to ground (GND) if you are
only writing to the display. If you want to read data from the
display, connect it to a digital output pin on your
microcontroller.
➢ E (Enable): Connect this pin to a digital output pin on your
microcontroller. This pin is used to enable data writing to the
display.
2) Data Lines:

➢ DB4 to DB7: Connect these pins to digital I/O pins on your

microcontroller. These pins are used to send data (characters) to
the display.
3) Backlight:

➢ Anode: Connect this pin to the 5V power supply (via a current-

limiting resistor, typically 220 ohms).
➢ Cathode: Connect this pin to ground.

WORKING PRINCIPLE

The three-phase fault detection system operates by continuously

monitoring electrical parameters on each phase of a power system to
detect potential faults. The system utilizes dedicated sensors to measure
voltage and current, providing real-time feedback to identify any
deviations from normal operating ranges.

When a fault occurs, such as a Line-to-Line (L-L) or Line-to-Ground

(L-G) fault, the sensors detect changes in electrical parameters. For
instance, an L-L fault occurs between two lines, while an L-G fault
occurs between a line and the ground. These anomalies trigger an
immediate response.

The system features a user-friendly display that clearly identifies the

faulted line and the type of fault, allowing maintenance teams to focus

13
their repair efforts. Additionally, an audible buzzer sounds to alert
operators to the fault, ensuring a swift response and reducing downtime.

The system's efficiency and reliability contribute to a more stable power

delivery infrastructure, minimizing safety risks and equipment damage.
By quickly identifying and locating faults, the system enhances the
overall security and performance of the power network.

DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION

One design for a three-phase fault detection system with fault line
display and buzzer utilizes an Arduino Uno for its processing power.
Current transformers (CTs) and voltage transformers (VTs) monitor
each phase. The Arduino converts the analog sensor signals to digital
and compares them to pre-defined thresholds.

Deviations trigger fault detection, with the Arduino's program

determining the fault type (Line-to-Line or Line-to-Ground). It then
sends a message to an LCD displaying the faulty line and activates a
buzzer for an audible alert.
This design offers a learning platform but has limitations in
processing power and might require additional safety measures for
real-world high-voltage applications.

• The Arduino Uno would serve as the central processing unit,

receiving data from sensors and controlling the display and
buzzer.
• Current transformers (CTs) would be used on each phase to
measure current levels.
• Voltage transformers (VTs) or potential transformers (PTs)
would be connected to each phase to measure voltage relative to
ground.

14
• The Arduino would convert the analog sensor signals (current
and voltage) to digital values using its Analog-to-Digital
Converter (ADC).
• A pre-programmed algorithm within the Arduino would analyze
the digital data and compare it with pre-defined thresholds for
normal operation.
• Deviations beyond these thresholds would be identified as
potential faults.
The Arduino would then:
➢ Determine the fault type (Line-to-Line, Line-to-Ground)
based on the nature of the deviation.
➢ Send a signal to an LCD display to show the faulty line
(e.g., "Line-to-Ground Fault on Phase B").
➢ Activate a buzzer driver to trigger a loud audible alert.

15
 PROGRAM

#include <Wire.h>
#include
<LiquidCrystal_I2C.
h>
LiquidCrystal_I2C
lcd(0x27, 16, 2);

const int line1 = 2;

const int line2 = 3;
const int line3 = 4;
const int buzzer= 13;
int line1state = 0;
int line2state = 0;
int line3state = 0;

char line1_flag = 0;
char line2_flag = 0;
char line3_flag = 0;

void setup()
{
pinMode(line1,
INPUT_PULLUP);
pinMode(line2,
INPUT_PULLUP);
pinMode(line3,
INPUT_PULLUP);
pinMode(buzzer,
OUTPUT);

16
digitalWrite(buzzer,
LOW);

Serial.begin(9600);
lcd.begin();
lcd.print("
WELCOME!!! ");
delay(3000);
lcd.clear();
}

void loop()
{

line1state=digitalRe
ad(line1);
lcd.setCursor(0,0);
lcd.print("Line1:");l
cd.print(line1state);

line2state=digitalRe
ad(line2);
lcd.setCursor(8,0);
lcd.print("Line2:");l
cd.print(line2state);

line3state=digitalRe
ad(line3);
lcd.setCursor(0,1);
lcd.print("Line3:");l
cd.print(line3state);
delay(100);

17
if((line1state==0)||(li
ne2state==0)||(line3s
tate==0))
digitalWrite(buzzer,
HIGH);
else
digitalWrite(buzzer,
LOW);
}

COST ESTIMATION

SL.NO COMPONENTS PRICE

1 ARDUINO UNO 460

2 LCD DISPLAY 300

3 BUZZER 80

4 BREAD BOARD 100

5 JUMPER WIRES 100

6 TOTAL 1040

18
ADVANTAGES

• Faster Fault Response: Rapid identification of fault location

minimizes downtime and potential equipment damage.
• Targeted Repair: Displaying the specific faulty line (Line-to-
Line, Line-to-Ground) allows for focused repair efforts.
• Enhanced Safety: Early fault detection reduces the risk of
electrical hazards and injuries.
• Improved System Reliability: Faster fault response and targeted
repairs minimize overall system downtime.
• Simplified Troubleshooting: Clear fault identification aids
technicians in diagnosing and resolving issues efficiently.
• User-Friendly Interface: Displaying fault information
simplifies problem identification for personnel of varying skill
levels.
• Cost Savings: Quicker fault resolution minimizes repair time
and associated costs.
• Reduced Maintenance: Early detection of faults can prevent
minor issues from escalating into more significant problems.
• Prevents Cascading Failures: Promptly addressing faults
minimizes the risk of cascading failures that could impact a
wider area.
• Improved Data Collection: Some systems can log fault data for
future analysis, aiding in identifying trends and improving
preventative maintenance strategies.

19
 LEARNING OPPORTUNITIES

• Understanding Fault Types: Analyzing displayed fault

information (Line-to-Line, Line-to-Ground) reinforces
knowledge of different fault scenarios.
• System Operation: Observing the system's response to faults
can provide valuable insights into its functionality and
underlying principles.
• Troubleshooting Techniques: Utilizing the system's fault
identification capabilities fosters effective troubleshooting
practices.
• Importance of Preventive Maintenance: The system's role in
preventing major faults underscores the value of preventative
maintenance strategies.
• Power System Reliability: Understanding how the system
contributes to a reliable power grid highlights the importance of
robust fault detection mechanisms.

CONCLUSION

This three-phase fault detection system plays a pivotal role in maintaining

the integrity and safety of power systems. By accurately pinpointing the
location and type of fault, whether Line-to-Line or Line-to-Ground, on the
display, it enables precise and targeted repairs. This specificity is crucial
for minimizing the impact of faults and ensuring efficient restoration of
normal operations.

The inclusion of an audible buzzer alongside the visual display serves to

guarantee immediate attention from operators and maintenance personnel.
This ensures that the response to detected faults is swift and effective,
minimizing the risk of prolonged damage or cascading failures within the
system.

20
By facilitating a rapid and precise response, the system not only reduces
potential damage to equipment and infrastructure but also significantly
decreases downtime.This quick restoration of service translates into
improved reliability and continuity for power system users, whether
residential, commercial, or industrial.

Moreover, the system's proactive approach enhances overall safety by

reducing the risk of electrical fires, shocks, or other hazards that can arise
from undetected or unaddressed faults. In doing so, it supports a secure and
resilient electrical grid that meets the demands of modern society. In
conclusion, the three-phase fault detection system is an indispensable asset
for maintaining a reliable and secure electrical grid. Its ability to promptly
identify and address faults ensures the ongoing safety and efficiency of
power systems, ultimately contributing to a more dependable and robust
electrical infrastructure.

21