• Technology is the set of knowledge, skills, experience and techniques through

which humans change, transform and use our environment in order to create tools,
machines, products, and services that meet our needs and desires.
• Technology concerns itself with understanding how knowledge is creatively
applied to organized tasks involving people and machines that meet sustainable
goals.

There are three important aspects to this definition:

1. Technology is about taking action to meet a human need
2. It uses facts, practical craft knowledge rather than theoretical knowledge
3. It involves organized ways of doing things

Technological change is an increase in the efficiency of a product or process that

results in an increase in output without an increase in input.
Technological change is a term used to describe incremental change in the quality
and quantity of knowledge and ideas that are applied in the stream of activities to
enhance the social and economic well being of the society.

The Schumpeterian trilogy divides the technological change process into

three stages
Invention
• The first stage is the invention process, encompassing the generation of new ideas.
• Invention is forming a new thought having a potential to apply in economy.
• It is assumed that the frequency of inventions was determined by the scientific
knowledge and the
invention is dispersed in almost accidental way in time
Innovation
• The second stage is the innovation process encompassing the development of new
ideas into marketable products and processes. Innovations is the first commercial
application stage of invention.
• Developing innovations is determined by the technologic and economic conditions,
in which the firm (making innovation) is. Innovations may be intensified in certain
periods and sectors, because in order for a radical innovation to be able to use its all
technological potential, many complementary (small) innovations are needed.
• In other words, after a radical (successful) innovation, technologic change follow a
certain way defined as ―technological trajectory.
• Invention becomes applicable in industry and this can realize after a long time from
the invention.
Diffusion
• The third stage is the diffusion stage, in which the new products and processes
spread across the potential market
• Spread of innovation provides economic growth and increase in employment
• This emerging process of invention-innovation-spread cause’s business cycles in
the economy
• Technological innovation, as an internal element of economy, becomes the most
important factor providing the dynamic of economic development.
Major Impacts of Technical Change
1. Creates new products and processes
2. Increases efficiency, lower cost
3. Helps economies evolve
4. Decreases self-reliance
Impact to Society or “Social Change”
• The term social change is used to indicate the changes that take place in human
interactions and interrelations. Social change means a change in the system of social
relationships.
• Science and technology are essential ingredients of modern life. They transcend
local boundaries and touches
the lives of everyone.
• The evolution of humanity can be seen in terms of technological development as
well.
• The invention of fire and the wheel changed the face of humankind.
• The technological factors represent the conditions created by men that have a
profound influence on his life.
• Technology is the product of civilization.
Technology and Industrialization
• Technology has contributed to the growth of industries or to the process of
industrialization.
• Industrialization is a term covering in general terms the growth in a society mainly
agrarian of modern industry
with all its circumstances and problems, economic and social.
• It describes in general terms the growth of a society in which a significant role is
played by the manufacturing
industry.
• Industrialization is associated with the factory system of production.
• The process of industrialization has affected nature, character, and the growth of
the economy.
• It has contributed to the growth of cities or the process of urbanization.
Technology and Urbanization
o In many countries, the growth of industries has contributed to the growth of cities.
O Urbanization denotes a diffusion of the influence of urban centers on a rural
hinterland.
O Urbanization can be described as a process of becoming urban moving to cities
changing from agriculture to
other pursuits typical to cities and the corresponding change of behavior patterns.
O As a result of industrialization, people have started moving towards the industrial
areas in search of employment.
oDue to this, the industrial sectors developed into towns and cities.
Technology and Modernization
o Modernization is a process that indicates the adoption of modern ways of life and
values.
O It refers to an attempt on the part of the people, particularly those who are custom-
bound to adapt themselves to the present time, conditions, needs, styles, and ways
in general.
O It indicates a change in people's food habits, dress habits, speaking styles, tastes,
choices, preferences, ideas, values, recreational activities, and so on.
O People in the process of getting modernized give more importance to science and
technology.
O The scientific and technological inventions have modernized societies in various
countries.
Development of the means of transportation and communication
o The development of transport and communication has led to national and
international trade on a large scale.
O Road transport, the train service, the ships, and airplanes have eased the
movement of men and material goods.
O Post and telegraph, radio and television, newspapers and magazines, telephone
and wireless and the like have developed a great deal.
O The space research and the launching of the satellites for communication
purposes have further added to these developments. They have helped the people
belonging to different corners of the nation or the world to have regular contacts.
Transformation in the economy & evolution of new social classes
o The introduction of the factory system of production has turned the agricultural
economy into an industrial
economy.
O The industrial or the capitalist economy has divided the social organization into two
predominant classes- the
capitalist class and the working class.
O These two classes are always at conflict due to mutually opposite interests.
Technology and Unemployment
o The problem of unemployment has become the effect of rapid technological
advancement.
O Machines not only provide employment opportunities for men, but they also take
away the jobs of men through
labor-saving devices.
O These results in technological unemployment
Technology and War
o The dangerous effect of technology is evident through the new mode of warfare.
O The weaponry has brought fears and anxieties to humankind. They can quickly
destroy the entire human race to
reveal how technology could be misused.
O Thus more significant the technological advancement, the more risk for humanity
Changes in social institutions
o Technology has profoundly altered our modes of life. Technology has not spared
the social institutions of its effects. The institutions of family, religion, morality,
marriage, state, property have been altered.
O Modern technology is taking away industry from the household has radically
changed the family organization.
Many functions of the family have been taken away by other agencies.
O Marriage is losing its sanctity. It is treated as a civil contract than a sacred bond.
O Marriages are becoming more and more unstable. Instances of divorce, desertion,
and separation are increasing.
O Technology has elevated the status of women, but it has also contributed to the
stresses and strains in the relations between men and women at home.
Negative effect of technology on society
1. Relationships can be harmed by too much tech use.
2. Young people are losing the ability to interact face-to-face.
3. Technology is addictive.
4. Technology is leading us to sedentary lifestyles.
5. The vast use of tech solutions is likely to result in poor social skills.
6. Plagiarism and cheating have increased while analysis and critical
thinking have declined.
7. Among the most dangerous effects of technology is obesity. Being
absorbed by a laptop or a tablet, people tend to snack a lot, keep late
hours, and exercise less.
8. One of the most dramatic impacts of technology is the decline in the
quality and quantity of sleep.
Positive effect of technology on society
1. Predicting air quality in cities within
minutes
2. Technology and the sea
3. Open data for smart cities
4. Smart cars and machine learning
5. Travels with A.I.

 An online community also called an internet community or web community is a

virtual
community whose members interact with each other primarily via the Internet.
 An online community can act as an information system where members can post,
comment
on discussions, give advice, or collaborate.

 The online community is a group of people with a shared interest or

purpose who use the Internet to communicate with each other.
Organizations often create online communities as:
1. Professional, sometimes private network to bring people together around a
shared business-based experience
2. Expansive online collaboration and growth
Basic Terminologies
Virtual Community a social network of individuals who connect through specific
social media, potentially crossing geographical and political boundaries to
pursue mutual interests or goals.
Social networking service also social networking site or social media is an online
platform which people use to build social networks or social relationships with
other people who share similar personal or career interests, activities, backgrounds
or real-life connections.
The chat room is primarily used to describe any form of synchronous conferencing,
occasionally even asynchronous conferencing.
An Internet forum, or message board, is an online discussion site where people
can hold conversations in the form of posted messages.
A blog or "weblog" is a discussion or informational website published on the World
Wide Web consisting of discrete, often informal diary-style text entries or posts.
The virtual world is a computer-simulated environment that may be populated by
many users who can create a personal avatar and simultaneously and independently
explore the virtual world, participate in its activities, and communicate with others.
Public Social Networks
free, large scale, i.e. Facebook, instragram, or LinkedIn.
Private online communities
small scale. i.e., branded online customer communities, partner communities, or
member communities
Benefits of online community
1. Instead of traveling to a coffee shop or hotel, you meet at a web site
2. Instead of having a face-to-face discussion, you post messages to one another
3. Instead of picking a time and place to meet, the community is always-on
4. Instead of depending on a physical location or resource to keep track of
community events and activities, a web site can do it for you.

A community architect, is the person or group of people who want to form an

online community.
O They are the ones who set goals associated with the community, decide what the
purpose will be, and what tools
should initially be used.
O Community managers vary from architects, but they can also be the same person.
Example :
If a company has a product that requires a lot of technical know-how, it may create a
designated location for users to communicate with each other, which would have the
company acting as the community architect. However, if users do not like how the
designated community is set up (perhaps due to paying a fee, tools being utilized,
etc.), they may create their community, and the members would likely act as the
architects. In the latter situation, the company would be wise to monitor and have
some presence in the community drive community, but not attempt to impose any
rules of their own.

Online Community Manager - The person or group of people who manage their
specific online community
O This role can do anything from enforcing rules, encouraging social norms, assisting
new members, spreading the word about the community, and quite a few other
attributes.
O Because each community is different, the role each community manager plays will
differ
Example: You may have a professional network and want to ensure users keep
discussions related to your topic. Ideally, a community manager would keep things in
order and act as a role model for other members.

Paid Member - These members are paid to contribute comments to the community
so that there appears to be activity throughout it.
Often this is based upon the idea that if outside members see an active
community, they may be more motivated to participate.
O In some cases, paid members can also come from external communities and
spread links or content from their
own to draw new members back to their network.
Example:
If a well-known community member (based upon their name or handle) speaks highly
of a product and receives money or something in return, this would label them as a
paid user. Occasionally community terms of service (TOS) and policies forbid this
type of activity, especially without being transparent about the situation.

Contributor
Contributors fall between free and paid members as content varies between
communities.
O Most communities that accept exclusive content that relates to their audiences will
offer some financial backing.
However, a community that allows users to post their content in an aggregator format
will often not pay them as the content can be published in several different locations
(usually to reach many audiences instead of one).

Power users are a community manager's best friend. These are the people who
push for new discussions, shout on rooftops about how much they enjoy the
community, provide feedback to community managers, and often act as mini-
community managers themselves. These users make up only one percent of your
overall users.

Free Member
Free members appear to do a majority of the grunt work for online communities, but
that is only partially correct now that social media is being used
throughout the world.
Of the members in your community, active lurkers will make up a vast
portion of them.
Active lurkers consume community content and also share the content with their
networks and external communities.
Active lurkers can be detrimental to your community, and it's essential to pay
attention to their needs through external monitoring and studying on site traffic.

Passive Lurkers - These are members who return to a community to consume the
content, discussions, and advice but do not contribute or share any of it.

Classification of Social Media

Social Networking
o using websites and applications to communicate informally with others, find people,
and share similar interests
o allows users to connect through groups, networks, and locations directly.
O Examples: Facebook and LinkedIn
Micro-blogging
o posting of concise entries or updates on a social networking site
o allows users to subscribe to other users' content, send direct messages, and reply
publicly.
O allows users to create and share hash tags to share content about related
subjects.
O Examples: Twitter and Tumblr
Blogging
orecording opinions, stories, articles, and links to other websites on a personal
website.
O Examples: WordPress and Blogger
Photo Sharing
o publishing a user's digital photos, enabling the user to share pictures with others
either publicly or privately.
O Examples: Instagram, Flickr, Snapchat and Pinterest
Blogging
o recording opinions, stories, articles, and links to other websites on a personal
website.
O Examples: WordPress and Blogger
Photo Sharing
o publishing a user's digital photos, enabling the user to share pictures with others
either publicly or privately.
O Examples: Instagram, Flickr, Snapchat and Pinterest
Video Sharing
o publishing a user’s videos, enabling the user to share videos with others either
publicly or privately.
O allows users to embed media in a blog or Facebook post, or link media to a tweet
o Examples: YouTube, Vimeo, and Periscope
Crowdsourcing
o obtaining needed services, ideas, or content by soliciting contributions from a large
group of people, particularly those from the online community
o Examples: Ushahidi, Inc., Innocentive, Openideo, Amazon, Mechanical Turk,
Upwork, Designs, Cad Crowd.

Tools for Managing Multiple Social Media Platform

oan aggregator is a tool that can be used to "aggregate social media site feeds in
one spot, allowing users to search by keywords."
oExamples: Hootsuite
oHootsuite supports social network integrations for Twitter, Facebook, LinkedIn,
Google+, WordPress, and more.
oIt has a browser-based interface that allows social media profiles to be viewed in
tabs, rather than all in one
window.
oIt can filter messages, schedule posts, and manage messages through multiple
platforms, as well as provide
custom analytic

The 8 Best Social Media Management Software of 2021

O Best Overall: Sprout Social

o Best for Analytics: Hootsuite
o Best All-in-One Tool: Zoho
o Best for Automation: MeetEdgar
o Best for Large Team Collaboration: Loomly
o Best Integration: Sendible
o Best Budget Option: Buffer
o Best for Small Teams: SocialPilot

Autonomous Technology
It means that technology ultimately depends only on itself.
• Mobile technology is indispensable in the modern workplace.
• Due to its versatility, it offers a range of benefits, but also comes with considerable
risks to the business.
What is a Mobile Technology?
-mobile technology is exactly what the name implies - portable
technology.

What are Mobile Services?

• the first global standard for mobile communication that allows mobile devices to
exchange digitized and compressed data.
• an 'always-on' data service similar to broadband but at slower transfer rates,
sometimes known as 2G.

• 'Third Generation' (3G) and 'Fourth Generation' (4G) cellular data services, also
offering always-on connection at rates comparable to broadband.
• 'Fifth Generation' (5G) – currently under development, it denotes the next major
phase of telecommunications standards.

History of mobile phones

1908 a US Patent was issued in Kentucky for a wireless telephone invented by
Nathan Stubblefield.
1940 Mobile phones were invented at AT&T
1973 Cooper and his team at Motorola, was the first company to mass-produce the
first handheld mobile phone.
These old mobile phones are often referred to as 0G mobile phones, or Zero
Generation.
1983 – 1990 The First Ever Portable Mobile Phone
1991 – 1994 Dawn of Consumer Handsets GSM first launched in Europe 1991.
1995 – 1998 (A Splash of Color) Although it only offered four colors, the Siemens
S10 brought mobile phone displays to life for the first time in 1997.
1999 – 2002 (Growth of the Feature Phone) Nokia unveil the 7110, which was the
first device to take advantage of WAP (a means of accessing information
over a mobile wireless network).
2003 – 2006 (Mobile Data Revolution) The implementation of 3G took download
speeds up to 2MBS in March 2003.
2007 – 2010 (Getting Smarter) Swiping and scrolling replaced the traditional button
method of input. The LG Prada is the first touchscreen to market ahead of the Apple
iPhone in May 2007.
2011 – 2014 (Life Companion)
• The UK's first 4G service launched in 11 cities by EE in 2012 taking download
speeds up to 12mbps.
• Voice recognition became commonplace first with Google Voice before Apple
began Siri into the market.
• Samsung added a built-in heart rate monitor to its flagship Galaxy S5 to capitalize
on growth in mobile health & fitness.
2015 – 2018 (Size Matters)
• The global adoption of 4G vastly improves video streaming and video calling
capabilities.
• Screen sizes continue to grow to maximize the experience of these features, with
the iPhone 7 Plus display now 57% larger than the original iPhone from 2007.
• Mobile payments also emerge.
Present Day (The Super fast World)
• EE launches the UK's first 5G service in 6 cities throughout May 2019.
• Handset design trends continue to push for an all-screen experience, with OnePlus
introducing the pop-up selfie camera.

Advantage of mobile technology

1. Higher efficiency and productivity of staff.
2. The quality and flexibility of the service you offer your customers.
3. The ability to accept payments wirelessly.
4. Increased ability to communicate in and out of the workplace.
5. Greater access to modern apps and services.
6. It improved networking capabilities.

Disadvantage of mobile technology

1. Costs - new technologies and devices are often costly to purchase and require
ongoing maintenance and upkeep.
2. Workplace distractions - as the range of technologies and devices increases, so
does the potential for them to disrupt productivity and workflow in the business.
3. Additional training needs - staff may need instructions and training on how to use
new technology.
4. Increased IT security needs - portable devices are vulnerable to security risks,
especially if they contain sensitive or critical business data.
Impact of mobile technology
1. We can be in touch with those we need to reach, whether work-related or
personal.
2. We can send essential files almost anywhere in the world in seconds.
3. We can collaborate with co-workers in real-time.
4. We can get confirmation or approval of vital decisions on the spot.
5. Mobile technology has improved our daily lives on many levels; it has profoundly
raised the quality of life for many. Health care is an area that has embraced mobile
technology.
 6. Villagers in third world countries who have no local health care can be
diagnosed and have treatment prescribed by distant health care providers.
 7. Patients in areas experiencing significant problems with counterfeit medications
can use a phone at the point of purchase to confirm if the medicine is legitimate.

What is global digital development?

Digital development describes the use and application of technology and digital tools
in international development to close the global digital divide and make certain
countries take full advantage of the ongoing digital development revolution.

Global Digital Divide

The global digital divide describes global disparities, primarily between developed
and developing countries, in regards to access to computing and information
resources such as the Internet and the opportunities derived from such access.
“6 out of 10 people around the world now use the internet...”
-Digital 2021 April Global Statshot Report
“40 percent of the world’s total population remains offline....”More than 90 percent of
the populations of Northern America and Northern and Western Europe have internet
access today, but that figure drops to fewer than 1 in 4 people in Eastern Africa
-Digital 2021April Global Statshot Report
“Internet users in the Philippines spend an average of almost 11 hours per day using
the internet....”...while Brazilians, Colombians, and South Africans also spend an
average of more than 10 hours per day online.
-Digital 2021April Global Statshot Report

Obstacles to Global Digital Divide

Physical Access- Individuals need to obtain access to computers, landlines, and
networks to access the Internet.

Financial Access - The cost of ICT devices, traffic, applications, technician and
educator training, software, maintenance and infrastructures require ongoing
financial means.
Socio - demographic Access -Among different countries, educational levels and
income are the most powerful explanatory variables, with age being a third one.

Cognitive Access - In order to use computer technology, a certain level of

information literacy is needed. Further challenges include information overload and
the ability to find and use reliable information.
Design Access - Computers need to be accessible to individuals with
different learning and physical abilities.

Institutional Access “the numbers of users are greatly affected by whether

access is offered only through individual homes or whether it is offered through
schools, community centers, religious institutions, cybercafés, or post offices,
especially in poor countries where computer access at work or home is highly limited.
Political Access - Democratic political regimes enable faster growth of the Internet
than authoritarian or totalitarian regimes.
Cultural Access - Many experts claim that bridging the digital divide is not sufficient
and that the images and language needed to be conveyed in a language and
images that can be read across different cultural lines.
Application of technology and digital tools.
“Digital innovation is in the process of transforming almost every sector of the
economy by introducing new business models, new products, new services—and,
ultimately, new ways of creating value and jobs”.
5 key strategies for digital development
1. Digital Infrastructure. Fixed and mobile broadband, fiber-optic
cables, etc.
2. Digital financial services and digital identification. Allow individuals, businesses,
and governments to interact and conduct transactions.
3. Digital innovation and Entrepreneurship.
4. Digital platforms including e-commerce.
5. Digital literacy and skills
Principles of digital development:
 Design with the user. User-centered design starts with getting to know the
people you are designing for through conversation, observation, and co-
creation i.e. user-friendly systems
 Understand the existing ecosystem. Well-designed initiatives and digital tools
consider the particular structures and needs that exist in each country, region,
and community i.e. what are the ICT needs of the country?.
 Design for scale. Achieving scale requires adoption beyond an initiatives pilot
population and often necessitates securing funding or partners that take the
initiative to new communities or regions i.e. fundings for larger reach
 Design with the user. User-centered design starts with getting to know the
people you are designing for through conversation, observation, and co-
creation i.e. user-friendly systems
 Understand the existing ecosystem. Well-designed initiatives and digital tools
consider the particular structures and needs that exist in each country, region,
and community i.e. what are the ICT needs of the country?.
 Design for scale. Achieving scale requires adoption beyond an initiatives pilot
population and often necessitates securing funding or partners that take the
initiative to new communities or regions i.e. fundings for larger reach
 Build for Sustainability. Building sustainable programs, platforms, and digital
tools are essential to maintain user and stakeholder support, as well as to
maximize long-term impact i.e. long-term solution to flooding
 Be data-driven. When an initiative is data-driven, quality information is
available to the right people when they need it, and they are using those data
to take action e.g. smart cities
 Use Open Standards, Open Data, Open Source, and Open Innovation. An
open approach to digital development can help to increase collaboration in
the digital development community and avoid duplicating work that has
already been done i.e. new products and innovations
 Reuse and improve. Reusing and improving is about taking the work of the
global development community further than any organization or program can
do alone.
 Address privacy and security. Involves careful consideration of which data are
collected and how data are acquired, used, stored, and shared.
 Be collaborative.

“Social evolution is a broad set of theories that attempt to explain how and why
modern cultures are different from those in the past...”