10TH em Tables, Graphs Analysis

Foreword
Dear students!
To achieve a good grade in class 10 social studies, you need to study
according to your plan. Also you should understand that questions are
asked in exams based on 6 academic standards in the social studies.
Students may feel some difficulty in reading and commenting on given
paragraph and on information skills, especially in these six academic
standards. To overcome this, it is possible to get four marks if they are
written using the following methods to get a good grip on these issues.
In the academic standard of read and comment on the given paragraph,
the paragraph should be written in a manner that the paragraph refers to,
what is the issue, what the reasons are, and what suggestions should be
given to resolve it.
Similarly, the graph given in information skill is easy if we describe what
the reasons, problems, and similarities and differences are.
I have explained some information skills, paragraphs, Pamphlets and
mapping skills with the purpose of helping students in the above topics.
Similarly, some important questions of 1, 2 and 4 marks for each lesson
are also given in the annexure. If you practice them, you will have an
understanding of how to write them. So that it is possible to achieve good
marks.
My small request to the teachers, I hope you will also give me your
valuable advice and suggestions after reading this information.
Special thanks to Sri Rathangapani Reddy Telangana Social Studies
Teachers Forum State Presidents and my friend Sri Vishnuvardhan Goud
S.A Social studies, Zilla Parishad High School Baswaipally,
Mahabubnagar for their assistance in writing this book.
Yours
A.Srinivas Goud
S.A (Social studies) ZPHS NASURULLABAD
MAHABUBNAGAR District
9441302084
Message
The new textbooks and continuous comprehensive evaluation have

brought about many changes in school education. High priority has given
to students' thoughts and Creativity. Achieving competencies through
teaching has become an important aspect.
There is a need to Continuous evaluate student progress as part of
continuous comprehensive evaluation. To avoid stress on students in the
exams, there is a great need to identify the individual differences in the
classroom and to practice them topic-wise and competency-wise
accordingly.
The book was written by Srinivas Goud S.A Social studies ZPHS (B)
Dhanwada to getting of good marks in any of the important tables, graphs,
and Pamphlets in the social studies. I sincerely congratulate Srinivas
Goud, who designed this book for letting students practice it and let them
pass the exams and achieve a good GPA.
Sri A. Ravinder
District Educational Officer
MAHABUBNAGAR
Message
After the formation of Telangana state, many changes were made into the
evaluation. As part of that, the tenth class annual examinations have also
been changed since 2015. Until then, questions were asked from behind the
lesson in the exams, and the students did not have an understanding of
the concepts by writing as if they were in the exams. -
But the answers written by the students in the 2015 annual exams were
observed that they were not able to express their opinion properly on an
issue, did not analyze properly when giving tables, or paragraphs, and
did not prepare the pamphlet. This has improved some extent today but
still needs clarity.
Also it seems that some teachers do not practice properly on how
children should express their opinion when giving a paragraph to a child.
It was also observed that students did not get the expected marks due to
the poor analysis.
As a solution to this, Sri Srinivas Goud, a social studies teacher, has
prepared this material with the intention of giving some practice
paragraphs, tables, pamphlets, mapping skills and lesson-wise questions
to help the teachers and students.
I Congratulate Sri Srinivas Goud for the preparation of this material. I am
also glad to have the opportunity to give appropriate advice and
suggestions in the preparation of this material.
Friends, I hope that this material will guide you to some extent and that
you will be able to collect some more information and provide it to the
students........
Yours
G.Rathangapani Reddy
President, Telangana Social studies Teachers Forum
Telangana State 9705806581
Message
Tenth class is very crucial in student life. It is a crucial moment for

parents, students and the community to look forward to the outcome. It is
like a foundation for their future. In order to achieve good grades in the
respective subjects in the tenth class, students need to have a full grasp of
the subjects in those subjects.
In the present situation, if the tables, paragraphs are analytically
explained in accordance with the CCE method in social science, the
backward students will pass and the 'A' grade students will also achieve a
good GPA. Hence, Mr.Srinivas Goud, a social studies teacher working in
our school, has worked hard and has prepared this book for you.
So if students read this book, I would like to tell you that you will achieve
100% results in social studies and achieve the highest GPA. I also
sincerely congratulate Srinivas Goud for the preparation of this book.
Sri S. Ramesh
Gazetted Head Master
Z P H S (Boys) Dhanwada
Narayanpet District
INDEX
S.No Contents Pg no

1 Analysis of graphs and Tables 1-32
2 Read and understand the given 33-64
Paragraph and Interpretation
3 Pamphlets 65-74
4 Mapping Skills 75-87
5 2 Marks question with Answers 88-99
6 Lesson wise Important Questions 100-104
  
Analysis of Tables and Graphs
Read the below table and analyse it. (Pg no.24)

Some data regarding India and its neighbouring countries for 2018
country PerCapita Life Mean Human

income in expectancy at Years of Development
$ birth schooling Index(HDI)
Sri Lanka 11326 75.5 11 76

India 6353 68.8 6 129
Pakistan 5311 66.6 5 149
Myanmar 5567 66.7 5 147
Bangladesh 3677 72.8 6 138
Nepal 2471 70.6 5 148
 The above table shows some data regarding India and its neighbouring
countries in 2018.
 In the table, Sri Lanka ranks better in the Human Development Index (76)
than India, Pakistan, Myanmar, Nepal and Bangladesh in terms of per capita
income ($ 11326), and life expectancy (75.5 years).
 India has a per capita income of $ 6353, life expectancy at 68.8 years, Mean
years of schooling is 6 and 129th rank on the Human Development Index.
 Srilanka, a small country lower than India, life expectancy (75.5 years) and,
ranks ahead of all countries in mean years of schooling, with 11years. The
reason for this seems to be that the country is making huge allocations on
education and health
 Bangladesh (72.8 years) is next to Sri Lanka in terms of life expectancy. The
reason why Bangladesh has a higher life expectancy than India is because
this country spends a lot on public health.
 The reason why Nepal's lifespan is higher than India is because of the high
cost of public health in this country and the fact that it is physically strong as it
is natural and it is geographically located in a mountainous region.
 A small country like Sri Lanka is ahead of our country in all respects, as well
as Nepal is not far behind India in terms of education even though it has half
of the per capita income compared to India.
1
 India is also making huge allocations in the areas of education and medicine
but as a large country in terms of population they are not yet reaching out to
the people.
 Conclusion
 Considering the above, it would mean that smaller countries are ahead of us
than India.
 It is my view that if our country too focuses on these sectors, our country too
could be on the front line of the humanitarian index.
 Read the below graph and analyse it (.Pg no 31)
GDP by Agriculture,Industry and Service sectors
70,00,000
60,00,000
50,00,000
Rupees in Crores
40,00,000
38,67,681
30,00,000
2,59,509
20,00,000
1,05,575
10,73,561
2,45,479
10,00,000
8,00,548
0
1973-74 2013-14
 \ \
 The above graph shows the gross domestic product (GDP) of the agriculture,
Industry, and Service sectors.
2
 In the year 1973-74 the service sector was the highest producing sector. The
share of the service sector in the gross domestic product was 2,45,479 core
rupees.
 In the same year, the share of agriculture sector was in the second position
with a share of Rs 2,45,479 cores.
 The industrial sector was in third position with a share of Rs 1,05,575 core.
 It is understood that most people depended on the agricultural sector for their
livelihood in the 1970s.
 By 2013-14, the share of the service sector had increased significantly. During
this period, the share of the service sector increased by approximately 15
times from Rs 2,59,509 core to Rs 38,67,681 cores.
 In 1973-74, the share of the industrial sector was in the third position with Rs
1,05,575 core. It increased to Rs 10,73,561 crore during 2013-14. This means
that those who previously worked in the agricultural sector are working in
factories.
 The main reason for this increase is that as farming practices change and
agriculture grows, more food is produced than ever before. Many other tasks
were undertaken as some farmers produced the food they needed.
 Demand for commodity services increased with the rise of agriculture and its
allied sectors in the early stage .With that, many moved towards the service
sector.
 Similarly in government administration, the importance of the service sector
increased with the recruitment of many in the army.
 In addition, the decline in employment opportunities in the agricultural sector
has led many to move towards the service sector.
 Conclusion:
 The gradual decline in the share of agriculture in GDP is of some concern.
However, it is my view that if governments are focused, they can increase
production and thereby increase the share of agriculture in GDP.
3
 Read the below graphs and analyse it.(Pg no 35)
share of different sectors in the Gross Domestic Product.
1973-74 2015-16
12% 12%
19%
8%
43%
22%
15%
28%
22% 19%
Agriculture
Agriculture
Industry
Industry
Trade,hotels,transport&communication
Trade,hotels,transport&communication
Finance,insurance&realestate Finance,insurance&realestate
Community,social&personel services Community,social&personel services
 The above graphs indicate the share of different sectors in the Gross
Domestic Product.
 The share of the agricultural sector in the gross domestic product (GDP) has
declined from 43 per cent to 19 per cent in 2013-14 compared to 1973-74.
 almost 50%,
 The share of industries has increased slightly (from 22% to 28%) in the last 43
years.
 In contrast, the share of service activities, mainly in trade, hotels,
transportation, communication, finance, insurance and real-estate, increased
significantly (from 35% to 50%).
 The main reason for the decline in the share of the agricultural sector is the
lack of use of new technologies in the agricultural sector, which has led to a
decline in production.
 The uncertainty that comes every year during the monsoons has a negative
impact on the agricultural sector and thus on the economy.
 Another reason for the decline in the share of the agricultural sector is the
disguised unemployment.
 Most of the people from the agricultural sector are unemployed here and have
to move to the service sector. This led to an increase in employment and
production in the service sector.
4
 Conclusion
 For the share of the agricultural sector in GDP to increase, governments must
allow the agricultural sector to do the same. Investment assistance, subsidies,
new technologies should be used..Minimum Support price should be promote.
 Read the below graphs and analyse it(.Pgno 37)
Sectoral shares of employment
1973-74 2017-18
15%
31%
44%
11%
74%
25%
Agriculture Industry
Agriculture Industry
Service sector Service sector
 The above graph shows the share of employment in agriculture, industry and
service sectors.
 In 1973-74, 74% of the population depended on agriculture for their livelihood.
The sector has created employment opportunities for more people.
 In the same year, the industrial sector provided employment to only 11% of
the population. The service sector provides employment opportunities to 15%...
After the agricultural sector, the service sector provided employment
opportunities to more people.
 Even in 2017-18, the agricultural sector alone provided 44% of employment
opportunities .
 Both industry and service sectors together provided employment to only 56%
of the population.
 If we look at the reasons for this, even though the service sector has
developed, the activities in that sector have not increased equally.
 As a result, few people are getting low employment in those sectors. There
are a large number of people who are self-employed in the service sector. All
of them are working in the unorganized sector.
 On the other hand, more people are still employed in the agricultural sector.
But many of them remain disguised unemployed.
 Conclusion
5
 Those who works in the unorganized sector are discriminated against

economically and socially due to low wages due to lack of proper
employment.
 Therefore the government should provide loans at low interest to farmers in
the agricultural sector and unorganized workers in the service sector.
 Small industries should be set up not only in big cities but also in small towns
and provide employment.
Read the below table and analyse it. (Pg no 41)
Sector Contribution% of total
 Emplyoment Gross Domestic Product
Organised  
Unorganised  
Total  
 The above table describes employment in the organized and unorganized

sectors and their contributions to GDP.
 As noted in the table above, 92percent of the total workforce is employed in
the unorganized sector .But it contributes to half of the GDP (50%).
 This means that only 8% of workers had a decent employment and
contributed 50% of the total production of goods and services .That is, the
share of organized sector workers in GDP is higher.
 The reason why their share in the unorganized sector is limited to only 50 per
cent of GDP is that they are doing insecure jobs with low wages. This has a
profound effect on production.
 The organized sector offers very few well-paid employment opportunities.
Production in industries and services has increased, but employment has not
grown commensurately. Large percentages are unemployed in the
unorganized sector.
 Conclusion
 Therefore, the government should provide low-interest loans, fertilizers and
marketing facilities along with irrigation to farmers who are employed in the
agricultural sector to achieve higher production.
6
 Industries should be set up to provide employment to large numbers of people

in large rural areas. New employment opportunities should be created and
people should be trained to work efficiently with machinery.
Read the below graphs and analyse it.(Pg no 46)
 The above climographs show the mean maximum temperature, the mean
minimum temperature and rainfall of New Delhi and Leh.
 New Delhi situated between 28.6 North latitudes and 77.2 East longitudes.
 The summer season in New Delhi started in early April and the highest
temperatures in May and June reached 40 degrees. Hence, there are high
temperatures in summer.
 The main reason for the high temperatures in Delhi is that Delhi is located in
the northern plains of the Indian subcontinent and is very close to the
Himalayas and the Thar Desert and its weather is very affected.
 The monsoon in Delhi begins in the last week of June or the first week of July
and lasts till mid September. The highest rainfall in the month of August is 250
millimetres.
 Winter starts in November and lasts until January. The average temperature
during this period is 6-7 degrees. In winter smog is likely to be covered. There
is also some rainfall over the winter due to western disturbances.
7
 Leh is geographically 34.8 North latitudes and 77.34 East longitudes. .

Situated at an altitude of 3500 m above sea level in the Himalayas, the region
has a cold desert climate..
 Winter is from late November to early March. Most of the winter season is less
than ice freezing. The lowest temperature was recorded in January at -15
degrees.
 The Mean maximum temperature in July and August in Leh was 26 degrees.
The rainfall here was recorded as 15 millimetres.
Read the below graphs and analyse it(.Pg no 46)
 The above climographs show the Mean maximum temperature, Mean

minimum temperature and rainfall for Jaipur and Chennai. Jaipur situated
between 26.9 north latitude and 75.8 east longitude
 Jaipur is located in the north-west of India and has a different climate. It has a
semi-arid climate and records the highest temperatures in April, May and
June, i.e. 35 to 45 degrees.
 This is because it is close to the desert area of Rajasthan.
 The monsoon season is from July to September, but it is the highest rainfall in
July and August. During this period, 200 millimetres of rainfall is recorded.
 Winter lasts from November to February. The weather gets cooled by light
winds blowing from the northeast and north. The lowest temperature in the
month of January is recorded at 10 degrees.
 The weather of Jaipur is very warm in summer and very cold in winter.
8
 If you look at the details of Chennai, Chennai is located on the south-east

coast of India and in the north-eastern corner of Tamil Nadu between 13.1
North latitudes and 80.3 degrees east longitudes between the east coast
plains.
 Chennai has tropical wet and dry climate. Being close to the seacoast is
mostly hot and humid in most of the year.
 The hottest months of the year are May and June. The highest temperatures
in these months are 38 to 42 centigrades. The lowest temperatures were
recorded in January, which were also 20 degrees.
 Temperatures are above 37 degrees throughout the year. This is because it is
close to the seashore and has a sea-prone climate. Most of the year is hot
and humid.
 Due to the northeast monsoon, the region receives the highest rainfall
between October and December, which is ranging from 300-350 millimetres.
Read the below graph and analyse it.(Pg no 58)
 The above climograph is related to Hyderabad.

 A climate graph refers to the order of climate factors in a place.
 Climographs show the average monthly values of maximum temperature,
minimum temperature and rainfall for a place.
9
 Hyderabad is situated between 17.4 north latitudes and 78.5 east longitudes
in the Deccan Plateau. It is located at an altitude of 536 m above sea level.
 Hyderabad recorded 40 degrees Celsius temperature in March and April, with
an average high of 42 degrees Celsius in May... High temperatures are
recorded in summer.
 The main reason for the high temperatures in Hyderabad is that it is in the
tropical region and has a semi-arid climate.
 The monsoon season begins in Hyderabad from June. The average maximum
rainfall occurs in July and August. It is between 170 millimetres and 180 mm.
 Hyderabad experiences winter in November, December and January as
winter begins in the northern and central parts of India. The lowest
temperature recorded during this period was 16 degrees.
 If you look at the climate of Hyderabad, the high temperatures in summer and
the rest of the year has moderate weather.
.
Read the below graph and analyse it.( Pg no 75)
 The above graph shows the population pyramid of India. The population
pyramid shows some aspects of which the distribution of age groups by sex,
population percentage, life expectancy, the development of the country etc.
 In the above pyramid the percentage of population on the x axis, in the years
of age on the y axis. Similarly, the x axis on the left indicates men and women
on the right.
 The percentage of children under the age of 0-15 years is high in the above
graph. That if the base is wide, there is a high birth rate. The high birth rate
means that the medical facilities in the country are better.
 Similarly, the population of the age of 15-59 years is high, which means that
the mortality rate among children is low. As a result, their working age is
10
higher. This means that, the youth power of the country is more and they play
a crucial role in the development of the country.
 The top section deals with the population of the elderly, the elderly, i.e. those
above 59 years. They are usually dependent on others.
 The low population of the elderly means that the average life expectancy of
the elderly is less and it is understood that women are living longer than men,,
so the governments should spend more on the health sector.
 Considering the above, India is a developing country. Characteristics of
developing countries include an increase in the birth rate and a decrease in
the mortality rate, such as a high child population.
 Conclusion
 There are many functions that governments have to do on the basis of the
population pyramid of India and the government needs to provide employment
opportunities to all of them in a country where the youth is predominant. The
percentage of children is high, which means that governments should invest
more in education.
Read the below graph and analyse it. (Pg no 86)


 The above graph shows the population pyramid of Sweden.
 Population pyramid refers to certain factors. The percentage of the male and
female population, age-wise population, life expectancy, development of the
country etc.
 Population in thousands on the X axis in the above pyramid indicates the age
in years on the y axis. Similarly the X axis represents men on the left and
women on the right
 The birth rate in Sweden is low. Low birth rate is not a low health care facility
here. They are following population control methods.
11
 Also, the infant mortality rate here is very low due to better medical facilities.
However, the working age is higher, even though the birth rate is low.
 This is because most people are getting employment opportunities here. We
understand that women have more employment opportunities than men.
 The fact that most people are of working age means that the working
population has increased significantly, especially with the migration of men for
employment
 The population of the elderly is also high. Their average life span is high. It
has been around 82 years. . It is clear that the elderly have social security and
better medical care. This shows that it is a developed country.
 Conclusion:
 Sweden is a developed country, so the employment opportunities available
here and social security schemes are likely to increase the elderly population
in the coming days
 .

Read the below graph and analyse it.(Pg no 76)
India Population:sex Ratio

-

46
4
4 4
4
   34
3 33
3 
3


 6 7    
 The above graph shows the information about India population and sex ratio
 Sex ratio is the number of females per 1000 males in the population.
 In 1951 the sex ratio was 946 which was reduced to 930 by 1971.
 Similarly in 1991 the sex ratio decreased to 929.
 The female population was high in the early years of independence. But as
technology advances and the country develops, so does the female
population in the early years of independence, the female population was
12
high. But as technology advances and the country develops the population of
women also decreased.
 There are many reasons for this type of discrimination.
 Cultural, economic and religious reasons are important. For example, the boy
is more important to work and earn the feeling of being behind the parents in
old age and the heir to the family.
 Fetal infanticide is to be a reason If the gender testis done and it turn outs to
be a girl.
 There is also a feeling that the girl child has insecure in the society.
 Most people in the country do not know that the two are equal because of
poverty and illiteracy.
 The problem of dowry is also a cause. Dowry should be given to girls at the
time of marriage, so it is also a reason to think that girls are burdensome .is to
give more importance to boys in a patriarchal society.
 The decline in the sex ratio in this way indicates discrimination against
women.
 The end
 If similar discrimination continues against girls, it will lead to a serious crisis in
the future. To reduce such discrimination, Attitudes towards men in particular
need to change to reduce such discrimination. Be aware that both are equal.
Girls should be provided with protection in society. Equal opportunities should
provide to boys and girls in the field of education and medical matters. Gender
tests should be banned.
 By providing education to women and government should provide incentives if
girls are born. For example, in recent times, the Telangana government has
recently been providing incentives if girls are born
 Similarly, the Central Government encourages parents of girls through
schemes like Bheti Bachao, Bheti Padao, Sukanya samriddhi Yojana, Balika
Samridhi Yojana.
 If such measures are taken, discrimination against women can be reduced in
the coming days.
13
 Read the below table and analyse it.(Pg no 79)
India Population (in millions)

1901-2011
1400
1210
1200
1029
1000
846
800 683
600 548
439
400 361
279 319
238 252 251
200
0
1901 1911 1921 1931 1941 1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 2011
 The above diagram shows the population of India between 1901 and 2011.
 As can be seen from the above diagram, the population increased from 238
million in 1901 to 252 million by 1911. In 1921, a million populations were
decreased to 251 million. The main reasons for the significant decline in
population during this period were the deaths of many people in the country
during 1901-1921. When famines and epidemics broke out in the country and
most of the deaths occurred.
 Plague was one of the leading causes of death for 15 million people in 1918.
There is not enough medical facilities available in the country during this
period.
 After 1921, especially post independence, the population grew rapidly. In
1921, there were 251 million people, and by 1951 it had increased to 361
million. In just 10 years, it has grown to 100 million.
 The main reasons for the rapid growth of population are
 Post independence, governments have been able to provide drought relief,
food grain transportation and fair price shops.
 Prevention of infections.
 Providing clean water, nutrition and sanitation to the people
14
 The new trends in the field of medicine especially vaccines and antibiotics
have made better health.
 The death rate was reduced and the population grew rapidly.
 The population thus increased to 1219 million in 2011.
 Conclusion:
 If the population grows in this way, it will face many difficulties in the future.
Therefore, there is a need for the government to take steps to control the
population.

Read the below graph and analyse it(.Pg no 81)
Fertility Rate in India 6`

7
6 5.9
5.4
5
4.6
4 3.8
3 3.1
2.7
2
0
1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 2011


 The above graph shows the fertility rate in India between 1961-2011.
 Fertility rate is the total number of children that is is likely to born to a woman
who lives to the end of her reproductive age and bear children in accordance
with current patterns.
 If the fertility rate increases, the couple wants to have more children. If the
rate of fertility decreases then fewer children are wanted.
 The fertility rate in India was 5.9 in 1961. That is, every woman is giving birth
to five or six children on average.
 There are some reasons why so many children are wanted in the 1960s. They
are
 There may be some traditions in society.
 Lack of belief that all children born will survive
 Having more children, it may be considered as social status in some castes.
 Parents may feel secure in old age if there are more children
 But the attitude of the couple changed. Gradually, the children seem to be
less enough.
15
 By 2011, the fertility rate dropped to 2.7. By this the tendency to have two or
three children is enough.
 This is because that all children born are surviving due to the increase in
medical facilities.
 Similarly, joint families are broken up and small families are formed.
 It is difficult to take care of children as both wife and husbands are employed.
 To create awareness about the problems caused by population growth.
 Women’s are being educated is also a factor.
 It may be because of the government's measures to control population.
 Changes in the weather and food habits can also affect the fertility rate.
For these reasons, the fertility rate has gradually declined
Read the below graph and analyse it(.Pg no 97)
social background of short term migrations in India,2007-08
18% 19%
SC
ST
OBC
23% Others
40%
 The above chart is about the social background of short-term migrants in India
in 2007-08. If you look at the above chart, most of the short-term migrants in
2007-08 are scheduled castes, scheduled tribes and other backward classes.
Of these, the Scheduled Castes are 19%, scheduled tribes 23% and other
backward class are 40%.
 Main reasons for migration
 Due to crisis situation in rural areas
 Lack of Employment in rural areas
 Lack of proper income despite employment in rural areas
 Loss of employment due to outsiders in some tribal areas
 Construction of dams, mining, and making people displaced by exile,
16
 Increase income and improve family opportunities Migration will be forced to

go.
 To prevent end migration,
 The Government should provide employment to the people under the
Employment Guarantee Act. The Employment Guarantee Act should also
apply to the agricultural sector. This will also provide employment to the
people throughout the year
 Buy land for displaced people and provide employment to someone in their
household.
 Provide irrigation facilities to farmers. Immigration can be prevented if the
above steps are taken
Read the below graphs and analyse it (Pg no 107)
Types of farmers(%) Distribution of land

cultivated by farmers
13%
Medium&Large
farmers Medium&Large
48% farmers
Small farmers
52% Small farmers
87%
 The above graph shows the details of the lands cultivated by farmers and
types of farmers in India.
 In the graph above, small farmers are those with less than 2 hectares of land
 Medium and large farmers, i.e. more than 2 hectares of land
 If we look at the above graph, 87% of the small farmers are cultivating only
48% of the land. It is understood that less than half of the land area is in the
hands of the small farmers who have the highest percentage.
 The middle and large farmers with 13% , to owned more than half of the land
. It shows serious inequalities in land distribution.
 The main reason for these inequalities is the feudal system which prevailed in
the country before independence.
 The land was largely in the hands of landlords, zamindars and landowners in
the feudal system.
17
 After independence, land reforms were implemented to some extent, it

resulted in some distribution of land to the poor, but these inequalities were
not reduced.
 Small farmers have many difficulties in cultivation of land and their produce is
sufficient for the family needs.
 Small farmers with 87% of the country are hard to find capital.
 This makes small farmers have towork as labourers in large farmers' fields
 Conclusion :
 so the government should provide loans from banks to small farmers.
 Small farmers with 87% of the country are hard to find investment, so the
government should provide loans from banks to small farmers .
 Similarly seeds and fertilizers should be provided at subsidised rates.
 Provide agricultural machinery andtools at subsidised rates.
Read the below graph and analyse it (Pg no 133)

Production of selected Food grains
(in million tonnes)
120
110
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
7-7 - - - - 6-7
Paddy wheat Nutri cerreals Oilseeds
 The above graph shows the production of selected food grains (in million
tonnes).
 Describes the production of food grains such as rice, wheat, Nutri cereals and
oilseeds between 1970-71 and 2016-17.
18
 Paddy production increased from about 42.2 million tonnes in 1970-71 to

about 109.70million tonnes in 2016-17.
 Another important food crop that witnessed rapid increase in production
during the same period was wheat.
 Wheat production increased from 23.83 million tonnes in 1970-71 to 98.51
million tonnes in 2016-17.
 The green revolution has resulted in a significant increase in the production of
these food crops. Because these crops are also used as an important food
crop in different parts of the country.
 As part of the Green Revolution the use of high yielding varieties, chemical
fertilizers, pesticides and irrigation facilities were increasingly used to produce
these crops.
 However, the production of Nutri cereals remained between 14 million tons
and 44.19 million tonnes rcompared to these crops.The production of oil
seeds is 15 million tonnes to 40 million tonnes.
 The main reason for this is the cultivation of these crops as rain fed crops.
 Conclusion
Production of low yielding crops can be increased by using methods such as
irrigating and rainwater harvesting rather than rain fed crops.

Yield of select Foodgrains
(in kilograms per hectare )
3500
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
7-7----6-7
Paddy wheat Nutri cereals Oilseeds


19
 The above diagram shows the yield of the selected food grains in kilograms
per hectare.
 In the diagram above, the yield of paddy increased from 1100 kg in 1970-71
to 2494 kg in 2016-17 similarly, the yield of wheat, another food crop,
increased from 1300 kg in 1970-71 to 3200 kg in 2016-17.
 The main reason for the growth of their production is
 Yields increased during the Green Revolution with the increased use of
chemical fertilizers, pesticides, high-yielding varieties, and irrigation facilities.
Another reason is that they are used as food crop in most parts of the country.
 On the other hand, there is not much increase in the yield of Nutri cereals
and oilseeds. In 1970-71 the yield of Nutri cereals was less than 700 kg per
hectare. Even in 2016-17, it was less than 1750 kg.
 Oilseed production also increased from 550 kg in 1970-71 to 1195 kg in 2016-
17.
 The main reason for their low yield is the cultivation of these mainly in rain fed
areas.
 Conclusion
 To increase the yield of crop per hectare the required produce should be
utilized properly.
 Increase irrigation facilities, increase yields by harvesting rainwater, crop
rotation methods.
 On the other hand, it is better to increase yields, but it is also important to
ensure that the soil does not extinct and in the process other natural
resources are not extinct.
 Read the below graph and analyse it (Pg no138)
 .
Colories intake per person in India•

3000
2521
2500
2143
2000 1900
1624
1500
1000
500
0
Bottom Quaqrter second Quqrter Third quqrter Top Quqrter
20
 The diagram above shows the average daily caloric intake of a person in rural
India
 In the above graph, the bottom quarter of the population means that people
are less incomes and can spend less.
 The calorie intake of the poorest in rural areas is the lowest of all. On
average, they consume only 1624 calories per day. It is much less than the
2400 calories they need. .
 In fact, the poor are doing more physical work. So they need to eat even more
calories. But on the contrary, they are eating less calories. The main reason
for this is
 The poor people are not only poor in purchasing power but also lack of
adequate income to buy food.
 In contrast, the top quarter of the population is the recommended food of the
rich esteem, more than 2400 calories, i.e. 2521 calories are being used.
 Apart from their income, they spend more on food, clothes, education,
medical and luxury.
 Conclusion
 The government should take some steps to increase the purchasing power of
the poor. For example,
 Introduce new technology in the field of agriculture and increase agricultural
production. They can increase their income by shifting to agricultural allied
sectors such as horticulture, dairy, poultry and fisheries.
Employment opportunities should be provided in rural areas. So that they can
increase their income.
Read the below graph and analyse it (Pg no139)
Percentage share of Purchases from PDS.rice and wheat

2011-12
Punjab 19.8
Rajasthan 25.4
Maharastra 33.1
Gujarat 22.7
Bihar 42.7
West Bengal 44.6
Assam 52.7
Combined A.P 76.1
Tamilanadu 87.1
All India 44.5
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
21
 The above diagram shows the percentage share of purchases of rice and
wheat from Public distribution system in 2011-12
 This shows the performance of the public distribution system for the
procurement of food grains in the states of India.
 The public distribution system is a system in which the government of India
who buys food grains from farmers and provides them through ration shops.
 The above graph shows that 44.5 per cent of the total consumption of rice is
purchased from ration shops. And the rest of the people are forced to buy
from the open markets at high prices.
 However, the southern states of Telangana, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu
are at the forefront of providing food grains through ration shops.
 Tamil Nadu is the state, which has implemented the public distribution system
properly. This state has distributed 87.1per cent rice through ration shops.
The erstwhile Andhra Pradesh also distributed 76.1 per cent rice and ranked
second.
 In northern states the public distribution system nominally meets the food
grain needs of the people.
 The states like Gujarat, Rajasthan are at the bottom of the public distribution
system.
 There are also some irregularities in the public distribution system. For
example, shops in some areas are not open on time; ration dealers adulterate
food grains and sell at high prices in the open market.
 Conclusion
 The Central Government has taken some steps to effectively manage the
public distribution system. They are
 Digitization of ration cards
 Making food grain allocation online.
 The public distribution system can be managed more effectively by making
cash transfers.
22
The Armaments Race

450
397
in million pounds
400
350
288
300
250
205
200
158
150 132
100
50
0
    4
 The above graph shows the military expenditure of main powerful countries
viz. Germany, Austria, Hungary, Britain, Russia, Italy, France, during the
years from 1880-1914.
 In 1880, the above countries spent £132 million on weapons. However, the
main reasons for these countries to spend on weapons are as follows:
 The industrial revolution resulted in the growth of products in these countries.
As a result they needed markets.
 The newly industrialized countries such as Italy and Germany competed with
countries like Britain for markets.
 As a result, competition between these countries increased and formed two
alliances.
 They believed that Military power was the way to security between these
countries and war was the right way to solve problems.
 Thus the cost of 13.2 million pounds in 1880 increased to £397 million in 30
years. That is, it has increased by more than 3 times.
23
 The cost increased heavily in 1914 when the First World War began. These
countries have increased a large number of permanent armies. Apart from
providing arms they have prepared their people mentally for war.
 The end:
 In this way, the weapons were increased and the divisions between them
forced the whole world to suffer war.
 So if countries increase arms, the whole world is likely to be devastated. So
the world will be peaceful if the problems are resolved in harmony.
 Read the below graph and analyse it( Pg no 184)
War related deaths 1500-1999 CE

120
109.7
100
War deaths
80
Millions
Deaths per 1000
60 people
44.4
40
19.4
20 16.2
11.2
6.1 7 9.7
1.6 3.2
0
1500-1599 1600-1699 1700-199 1800-1899 1900-1999
 The above graph tells about the war related deaths between 1500-1999.CE
 It shows how many millions of war deaths occurred in that century due to wars
in the world. Similarly it shows how many people died in every thousand
people of that century.
 1.6 million War deaths were seen in the 16th century. In the same way, less
than four people out of a thousand died. The reason for this
 There were very few wars in the 16th century, all of which were fought using
conventional weapons. Also they are only on earth.
 By the 17th and 18th centuries war deaths had increased from 6 to 7 million.
During this period, mainly England, America, French Revolutions and
Karnataka and Maratha Wars in India are examples.
 War deaths were also caused by the unification of Germany and Italy in the
19th century. There were 109.7 million war deaths occurred in the 20th
24
century. Similarly, 44 persons were died per thousand. The main reason for
this is the two world wars that took place in this century. Nearly 3 core people
died due to these world wars. Most of them are under 40 years of age.
 Conclusion
 Many people lost their lives due to the world wars. It may include innocent
people. This kind of war is the loss of human resources in the world. Similarly,
property loss occurs. So there is a need for countries to stop wars.
 The United Nations played a key role in preventing wars after World War II..
However, if the friendly relations between the countries are still promoted, the
future world is likely to be peaceful.

 Read the below graph and analyse it (Pg no 226)
Constitutional Amendements
25
22 22
20
17
16
15
15
10
7
0
1951-60 1961-70 1971-80 1981-90 1991-2000 2001-13
 The above bar graph is related to the constitutional amendments of India.

 Constitutional amendments mean that the constitution is to make some
changes to the existing constitution.
 The various countries adopt different methods for constitutional amendments.
 The Amendment to the Constitution of India is made by Parliament only. This
requires the approval of 2/3rd members of both the houses of parliament Lok
Sabha and the Rajya Sabha.
 Some articles may be amended only after with theacceceptance from state
legislatures as well.
 In 1951-60, only 7 amendments were made to the Constitution. But between
1971-80 and 1981-90, 22 amendments were made to the Constitution. These
are much more than ever. The main reason for this is
 During this period, the then government nationalisatied the banks,
implemented land reforms, abolished the royalties and removed the right to
property from fundamental rights.
25
 Made constitutional amendments for such as the inclusion of fundamental

duties. Some major changes were made during 1970s the first among them is
to inclusion of two words secular and socialist in the preamble.
 The important thing here is that the Indira Gandhi government amended the
Constitution by amending fundamental rights...
 The Supreme Court ruled in the Keshavananda Bharati case and argued that
certain provisions of the Constitution could not be amended under any
circumstances.
 It ruled that the fundamental principles of the Constitution should not be
violated before the fundamental rights are amended.
 Thus the differences between the government and the judiciary led to
constitutional amendments.
 Thus 99 constitutional amendments were made by 2013.
 Conclusion:
 There is a need to make constitutional amendments to the changing time
situation. But I think they should be of the interest of the country.
 Read the below graphs and analyse it (Pg no 242)
Seat share of various political parties in 1952 and 1962
1952 1962
6 27
38 12 7
6 14
97 18
12
16 20
37 29
361
364
Indian National Congress

Indian National congress
Communist Party of India
Independents
Independents
Communist party of India
Swatantra Party
Socialist Party
Jana Sangh
Kisan Majdoor Praja Party
Praja Socialist Party
Peoples Democratic Party
Dravida Munnetra Kazagam
Ganatantra Parishad
Socialsit Party
Others
Others
26
 The above graphs show the seats won by various political parties in the
elections of 1952 and 1962.
 . The Indian National Congress won a landslide victory in the 1952 elections
in independent India, limiting the candidates of other parties to nominal seats
 With 45% of the total votes cast, the Congress won over 70% of the seats, i.e.
364 seats, and emerged as the largest party. Jawaharlal Nehru became the
first Prime Minister of India.
 No other party in the election was near to the Congress. They are limited to
only two seats. For example, parties like the Communist Party of India and the
Socialist Party have won only 20 seats.
 In the same way in the 1962 elections congress won 361 seats and became
the largest party.
 This situation is not an undemocratic situation marked by the absence of other
political parties, but the other parties are contested but were not able to win
enough seats to challenge the Congress.
 There are reasons for this, such as
 The people believe that the Congress party fought against the British during
the national movement and gained independence. The Congress party is the
only party that can achieve the country's development. The development of
the country has been done by implementing land reforms undertaken by the
Congress government, the construction of large irrigation projects,
construction of hydro electric projects, establishment of industries etc. With
this the Congress party has won a series of victories.
 Conclusion:
 If we look at the above things, it is clear that the people have voted for the
Congress party. It is understandable that other parties do not have much
public support. Although the Congress won the most seats, it ruled
democratically...
 .
27
Read the below graphs and analyse it( Pg no 267)
Coalition Governments and some political parties from1980s

National
National United Democratic
Front Front Alliance
` 1996-1998 1998-2004

Governing parties Governing parties
Governing parties
JD;DMK;AGP;TDP;Jammu& Jammu&Kashmir National JDU;SAD;AIADMK,JKNC;TM
Kashmir National Conference;TDP;TMC;CPI; C;BJD,Shivasena
Conference AGP;DMK;MGP;Samjwadi
Party
Supportig parties Supportig parties Supportig parties

CPM;CPI;BJP CPM TDP
 The above table shows the fact those coalition governments and some
political parties from 1980s
 Coalition government means when more than one party forms a government
together it is called a coalition government
 All the governments formed at the national level since 1989 are coalition
governments. This is because no party at the national level has a majority of
seats to form a government of its own. Hence, it was necessary to form a
coalition government with a few smaller parties.
 The first coalition government, the National Front government, was led by V.P
.Singh, was formed in 1989-1990. In this government, the Janata Dal, Dravida
Munnetra Kajagam (DMK), Assam Gana Parishad (AGP), Telugu Desam
Party (TDP) and Jammu & Kashmir National Conference (JKSC) have shared
power. The parties that supported them were CPM CPI, BJP
 The United Front government was formed between 1996 and 1998. The
Government has the Jammu &Kashmir National Conference (JKAC), Telugu
Desam Party (TDP), Trinamool Congress (TMC), Communist Party of India
(CPI), Assam Gana Parishad (AGP)
 Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK), Maharashtra Wadi Gomantak Party
(MGP), shared power. The parties that supported them were the CPM. During
this period, H.D. Deve Gowda and I.K Gujral served as Prime Ministers.
28
 The National Democratic Alliance (NDA) government was formed by Atal

Bihar Vajpayee as prime minister under the leadership of the Bharatiya Janata
Party between 1998 and 2004. They have supported the Janata Dal United
(JDU), Shiromani Akali Dal (SAD), All India Anna Dravida Munnetra
Kazhagam (AIADMK), Jammu & Kashmir National Conference (JKNC),
Trinamool Congress (TMC), Biju Janata Dal (BJD), Shiv Sena party and
Telugu Desam Parties.
 Conclusion
 The coalition governments have to be included in many parties. Support is
withdrawn when there are minor differences. This has resulted in the coalition
governments being very unstable and unable to continue for the full period.
The public money was misused by the administration.
 If the political parties have an absolute majority, the government is likely to
continue full-time and develop
 Read the below graphs and analyse it (Pg no 274)
US, and USSR. Nuclear stockpiles
 The above graph tells about the US, USSR. Nuclear stockpiles.
 The Above graph is observed that American nuclear stockpiles have
increased since 1945. Peaked in 1965. America had 2 nuclear weapons in
1945. But by 1965 they had reached 31 thousand. There
 By 1945, Russia had not a single nuclear weapon. It developed the first
nuclear weapon in 1949. After 1985, its reserves grew rapidly and reached to
40,000.
 . The reason why the two countries are increasing their nuclear weapons in
this way is that the US dropped nuclear bombs on Japan during World War II,
causing fear in Russia.
29
 The Cold War started between the two countries with the suspicion that the
US will dominate the USSR-controlled countries, as well as the mutual
suspicion that the USSR will dominate the US-controlled countries
 As a result, both countries have been increasing their nuclear arsenals.
 But by 1995, the nuclear stockpiles of the two countries were heavily reduced.
By 1995, the United States had 10,000 weapons, and Russia had 25,000. By
2005, Russia had reduced more than 80% of its weapons.
 The reasons for this are the strategic arms limitation talks (SALT) that took
place after the end of the Cold War in 1989 and as a result of world pressure.
 Tensions between the two countries were reduced after the 1991with
Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START) and the dissolution of the USSR in
1991 and the formation of Russia.
 Conclusion
 Along with these two countries, some other countries in the world have
developed nuclear weapons. This is a danger to the world. Therefore, the
United Nations should have control over their use. Moreover, the world will be
peaceful if the problems between countries are peacefully resolved.
 Read the below graph and analyse it (Pg no 284)
 The above graph deals with the military expenditure of India and Pakistan.
This information was given by Stockholm international Peace Research
Institute.
 The above graph shows two points. Military expenditure is a percentage of the
GDP of both countries and military expenditure in Rupees
 Compared to the military expenditure of India and Pakistan from 1988 to
2011, in 1988 Pakistan spent Rs.250 while India spent Rs.500 Similarly,
30
India’s military expenditure was 6.5% in 1988 as a percentage of GDP and

Pakistan's expenditure was 3.5%.
 From 1988 to 2011 India's military expenditure increased steadily compared
to Pakistan. By 2011, India's spending was 5 times higher than Pakistan. But
as a percentage of GDP, our country has gradually declining since 1999,
which has come from 6.5% to 3.5%. But Pakistan's spending has decreased
from 3.5% to 3%. However, Pakistan seems to be spending a majority of its
GDP on defence.
 By the year 2011, the military spending of the two countries was limited to
about 3% of GDP
 The main reason why India has made more military expenditure than Pakistan
is that of the area or population of India is larger than Pakistan.
 India shares the border with Countries like China, Pakistan, Bangladesh,
Nepal, Myanmar, Bhutan and Sri Lanka. Similarly, our country has border
issues with China and Pakistan, so our country's military spending is high.
 Conclusion:
 The two countries are looking at military spending; they are giving top priority
to national security. In my opinion, that in the future we should reduce military
spending and spend more funds on national development.
 Read the below table and analyse it (Pg no 309)

 Net Irrigated area in lakh hectares in 2007

Region Wells Canals Tanks Others
Andhra 5 13 2.5 2.5
Telangana 14 2.5 2 0.5
 The above table shows the Net Irrigated area (in lakhs of hectares) in Andhra
and Telangana region in 2007. If we look at the cultivation practices in
Telangana region, the maximum area cultivated under wells is 14 lakh
hectares. In the same Andhra region, only 5 lakh hectares are cultivated
under wells.
 In Andhra Pradesh they are mostly cultivated under canals. The canals of
Telangana region are very low. Due to the lack of canals in Telangana,
farmers are digging wells by spending more money. This has led to a huge
increase in the cost of cultivation. So they are fall in debt traps. In addition,
farmers are committing suicide due to crop failure and drought... At the same
time, farmers are suffering from agrarian crisis and selling land and becoming
agricultural labourers.
 Farmers in Andhra Pradesh are farming under canals, which are being dug by
the government so that very low so that their cultivation cost is very low and
31
they are making profits in agriculture. The above points show that Andhra
rulers discriminated against Telangana region.
 Conclusion
 In Telangana region, poor farmers and labourers have been under a various
forms of pressures. Agriculture has become unprofitable. So the farmers
converted into labourers. People of all sections are unhappy with the lack of
proper education and employment opportunities for their children. This
discontent led to a separate state formation movement in the later period.
Read the below table and analyse it( Pg no 309)

 Total Cropped Area (in million hectares)

Region `6 6`7 growth%
Andhra Region 4 3 
Telangan Region 4  

 The above table shows the total cropped area (in million hectares) in
Telangana and Andhra Pradesh. It shows the area under crops in a year.
 The area of cultivation has increased significantly in Andhra Pradesh. It has
grown by 20%, but only 5% in Telangana region, which means there is no
growth in the area of cultivation.
 The reasons for the not increase in cultivation in Telangana are, the areas of
the Telangana cultivation is under the wells. The excavation of bore wells is
expensive. This has led to increased cost of cultivation and profits went down.
 The prices of chemical fertilizers, pesticides and electricity purchased by
farmers have gone up sharply.
 The depletion of groundwater has led to the need to drill deeper bore wells...
This led to a tremendous increase in the cost of cultivation. Soils in Telangana
region also less fertile. The soils in Andhra Pradesh are very fertile. The
situation was such that the existing lands had to be sold and hired .due to this
the cultivation area did not increase in Telangana.
 Conclusion
 In Telangana region, poor farmers and labourers have been under various
pressures. Agriculture has become unprofitable, so the farmers converted as
labourers. The people of all sections were dissatisfied with the lack of proper
education and employment opportunities for their children. This dissatisfaction
led to a separate statehood movement in the later years.
32
Interpretation of Paragraphs
Read the given below paragraph and interpret it. (Pg no:26)
In many parts of the country, girls’ education is still given less priority by the parents as
compared to boys’ education. While girls may study for a few years, they may not complete
their schooling. A welcome trend in Himachal Pradesh is the lower gender bias. Himachali
parents have ambitious educational goals for their girls, just as for their boys
 The above paragraph reveals that in many parts of the country, girl’s
education is less important than boys which means that girls are studying only
a few classes and are not completing school education.
 In my opinion, boys' education is given more importance than girls in many
parts of the country. Reasons for it
 The importance of the male child in society is due to the patriarchal continuity
of our society.
 If the boy is educated, the family will be supported, and if the girl is read, she
will have to marry and send to another house.
 Parents feel that if a girl is educated, dowry is to be given her and the girl is
not safe in the society.
 As a result girls to study some classes but do not complete school education.
 But in Himachal Pradesh, by contrast, they give equal priority to girls. The
reason for this is,
 Himachal women are mostly doing jobs outside the home. So they want their
children to study and do jobs
 In Himachal Pradesh, women are actively involved in social life and village
politics. Naturally, they want their children to thrive if they are educated.
 The Himachal Pradesh government also pays special attention to the
education of girls.
 Conclusion : Suggestions
 The Central and State Governments of the country should allocate more
funds in the budget for girl’s education.
 People need to be made aware of the importance of education and motivated
that both the children are equal in society...
 Girls should also be provided with equal opportunities for development in all
fields.
 Provide security for them in the community. Only when such measures are
taken will the society and the country prosper
33
In the past 50 years there has been a further shift from industry to service
sector for developed countries. The service sector has become the most
important sector in terms of total production. Most of the working people
have also made a shift and are now employed in the service sector and most
of the production activities are those of services and not manufacture goods.
 The above paragraph states that the service sector has been steadily
increasing its priority in developed countries over the past 50 years, with the
service sector leading the way in total production.
 In my opinion, agriculture is the main sector in developing countries and
employs a few people in the industrial and service sectors. But the share of
service sector is higher in developed countries. The reason for this
 As the income of the people increases, so do the categories of people
 Many services such as Food, tourism, shopping, private hospitals, private
schools, etc. are demanding. Accordingly this will lead to the development of
these services. So many people are interested in working in these fields
 . In the service sector, mainly companies like transport, banking, and finance,
insurance are paying high wages, so people are interested in working in these
sectors.
 On the other hand, the Information and Communication sector today helps to
support the products that take place in the industrial sector...
 The Service sector is not only providing employment for the majority of the
people but also the sector that provides high income to the economy.
 Conclusion: Suggestions
 Service sector share is gradually increasing in developed countries as well as
service sector share is gradually expanding in developing countries as well.
 The following instructions should be followed to further increase the share of
the service sector. ,
 Training should be given to more people to develop service skills to work in
the service sector
 Governments should be generous towards the service sector.
 Focus on the establishment of processing units and cold storages serving the
agricultural sector
.,
34
The organised sector Offers jobs that is most sought-after. But the
employment opportunities in the organised sector have been expanding very
slowly. As a result, a large number of workers are forced to enter the
unorganised sector jobs which pay a very low salary. They are often exploited
and not paid a fair wage
 The above paragraph shows that workers in the unorganised sector are
working at low wages and are often exploited and their earnings are very low.
 In my opinion, unorganised sector workers are also working in rural and urban
areas. For example in rural areas these are landless agricultural labourers,
small and marginal farmers, and artisans.
 In the urban areas, it comprises mainly of workers in Small-scale industry,
casual workers in construction, trade and transport sectors, street vendors,
head load workers, rag pickers and garment makers all work in the
unorganized sector.
 They are often exploited. Because
 They will not have job security.
 Employees are less paid.
 Work for more than 10 hours a day.
 Low pay for high work, absence of holidays during unhealthy times, and
dismissal of some during periods of low workload.
 Problems
 Lack of adequate nutritional sustainability
 Frequent illness.
 Lack of facilities at workplace.
 Solutions, conclusion:
 Small and marginal farmers in rural areas should be provided with loans at
low interest rates from banks to purchase fertilizers, seeds and agricultural
equipment.
 Provide irrigation facilities to farmers
 If industries are set up in large villages without migrating to towns, many
people can be employed.
 Mahatma Gandhi Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme should be increased
working days. .
 Opportunity should be given to those working in the field of transport to move
goods manufactured by industries
 Also, the prescribed working hours should be implemented.
35
 Minimum wages should be provided to those working in the unorganized

sector. As well as scheduled working hours must be enforced.
 Minimum facilities should be provided to those working in the field of
construction.
Earlier, cycles of cooling and warming happened over very long periods of time.
This allowed most of the life on Earth the time to adapt to the changes. The
problem now is that the heating is much more rapid and could lead to
catastrophic changes
 The above paragraph indicates that the earth is warming rapidly due to
human activities and as a result many catastrophic changes are taking place
on the earth.
 In my opinion, global warming is causing serious problems for many living
things on earth. There are many reasons for global warming.
 Global warming has been caused by deforestation and the establishment of
construction and industry in the name of development
 After the Industrial Revolution the rapid expansion of industries caused
pollution of land and water, thereby increasing the temperature.
 The rise in temperatures is due to the waste generated by the burning of coal
used for power generation
 The excessive use of petroleum has increased the temperatures due to gases
like carbon dioxide.
Problems arising from rising temperatures:
 The glaciers on the earth melt and the sea level rises. As a result, the coastal
areas are likely to be flooded as a result.
 Similarly fresh water may not be available on earth in the coming days.
 Diseases like skin cancer can occur.
Suggestions/Conclusion
 To reduce the temperature on the earth, plant a wide range of plants on the
earth.
 Industrial waste should be recycled and disposed of. Plants should be planted
around the industries.
 Petroleum products should be used as per the requirement.
 Steps should be taken to ensure that waste materials are used as compost
fertilizers.
 Reduce the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides used in agriculture.
36
 Reduce the use of ACs and refrigerators used in homes.

Temperatures on Earth can be reduced to some extent by taking these types of
measures.
Today, this is the major source of water for people. When there is so much
extraction, it affects others in connected areas. It affects the stock of water that
would be available for future generations. Therefore, one cannot allow individual
land owners to extract as much water as they wish from their land.
 The above paragraph shows that the excessive extraction of groundwater it

affects not only the area but also other connected areas, which will make it
difficult to provide water not only to the present but also to future generations.
 In my opinion, people are largely dependent on ground water for their needs.
 Water can be compared with the money kept in a bank account. Withdrawals
in excess of deposited money will result in no balance in the account.
Similarly, people use water indiscriminately, which poses a risk of drying up of
groundwater.
Reasons for excessive use of groundwater
 Excessive lying to sell water
 Waste of water due to power subsidies
 Growing of water consuming crops like paddy and sugarcane Problems due
to excessive infiltration of ground water.
problems
 As groundwater enters, the cost of pumping it to the ground increases
 Groundwater is related to surface waters (e.g. lakes, rivers)). Therefore, if the
groundwater level decreases, the water level in the lakes and rivers
associated with it will also decrease
 Excessive infiltration of water in coastal areas causes salt water to rise in the
inland areas and contaminate the water
 Addition of groundwater to an area may affect the area adjacent to it. For
example if farmers dig tube wells side by side, water level may be reduced in
both tube wells.
Solutions, Conclusion:
 People should use water sparingly for their needs...
 Water can be refilled by digging trenches and planting trees by building small
check dams to refill groundwater.
37
 Rain water can be stored in the house by digging soak pit in the houses
 Landowners should control not to dig bore wells as they like. Steps should be
taken to ensure that there is a distance of at least 100 meters between the
bore and the bore.
 The government should properly enforce the WALTA Act.
We often hear people talk of population growth in

alarmed tones. These people are often literate and talk
about others not benefiting because there are too
many people who have to share very few resources.
 Understanding the above paragraph is that the educated people are

concerned about population growth and are of the opinion that they will face
many difficulties due to population growth.
 In my opinion, they are concerned because if the population grows, the
resources on earth may be reduced and they may not be equally available to
all. This causes the poor are more likely to suffer.
 On the other hand, it is understood that some families want more children.
There are some reasons for this.
 Some families want more children to have their resources and their security in
old age.
 Some families may consider having more children as a status in society. For
example, in some families in the villages, illiterate people still have similar
feelings. That's why most children want.
 Children are more likely to be seen because of certain religious traditions...
Similarly, the importance of a boy in the society, there is a sense of how many
children are OK until the boy is born.
Problems with population growth
 Resources in the country will be rapidly depleted
 The percentage of poverty increases day by day.
 It becomes a burden to spend on development for governments.
Suggestions/Conclusion
 The disadvantages of population growth should be communicated to the poor
people.
 Let people know that families with more children are in poverty than others.
38
 Let people shine on life skills.

 All people should be literate.
 Government should provide incentives for those with fewer children.
 The government should take steps to eradicate poverty so that so that efforts
can be made to reduce the population.
Though there has been an increase in urbanisation, the necessity of providing

basic infrastructure that can support this growth is missing. You require roads,
drainage, electricity, water and other public facilities. Government intervention is
making some headway in improving the urban infrastructure particularly those
associated with Road transport. However, the provision of electricity, water and
health infrastructure is not sufficient. for poor people in the cities and towns, this
situation is even worse.
 The above paragraph shows that despite the increase in urbanization, the
infrastructure has not increased, especially the poor people in towns and
cities who are suffering from lack of infrastructure.
 Reveals
 Urbanization means that people living in towns mostly engaged in non-
agricultural activities
Reasons for the increase in urbanization
 Natural growth of population in urban areas.
 Migration from rural areas to towns
 Villages in suburbs meet in towns
problems
 The growth of population in towns is worse on the one hand, but on the other
hand the poor erased the condition. Because
 Lack of employment opportunities
 They are not getting the schemes offered by the Government
 They live in slums and industrial areas
 Urbanization is good, but it is necessary to develop infrastructure such as
roads, sewerage, electricity, water and other public facilities in line with the
increased urbanization.
 The government has been somewhat successful in developing infrastructure,
especially roads. However, there are many problems in the towns. They are
 Lack of fresh watersupply
 Inadequate medical care for all.
 Lack of sewage facilities.
 This is especially difficult for the poor.
Solutions/ conclusion :
39
 Infrastructure needs to be developed.

 Governments should spend a lot of money on development.
 To build pucca houses for the poor living in slums
 Electricity and water supply should be provided free of charge to the poor and
contribute to their development.
Increasing urbanization is not just all about greater opportunities for people, more
economic productivity, etc. It also results in many problems .The growing urban
population has to be housed. It needs water supply, sewage and other waste
disposal, transportation and many other things. All these result in Environmental
stress.
 The above paragraph states that the increase in urbanization has caused
many problems, and that
 The pressure on the environment increases.
Causes of stress on the environment
 The number of vehicles is increasing exponentially
 Increasing the use of home appliances. E.g. TVs, refrigerators, ACs
 The widespread cutting of trees in the name of urban expansion.
 increases the pressure on the environment due to the pollution caused by
industries.
Problems that may arise:
 Inadequate housing is a problem
 Lack of water supply to the people.
 Sewage can lead to many infections if other wastes are not removed
regularly..
 The increase in vehicle use and smoke from industries increase air pollution
in cities.
 Unexpected natural disasters can occur as a result of stress on the
environment.
Solutions/ conclusion :
 Provide housing for the poor in urban areas
 Provide medical facilities. Sanitation campaigns should be conducted to
remove sewage from time to time.
 Infrastructure should be provided in slum areas.
 Pollution should be avoided by using something like CNG instead of
conventional energy sources to reduce vehicle emissions..
 Waste from industries should be recycled.
40
 Promote public transport facilities

 Read the given below paragraph and interpret it. (Pg no:100)
When families migrate, children accompanying their parents do not have crèche
facilities .Grown up children are not able to continue their studies at their parents’
new workplaces. Schools in their native place refuse to take them again when they
come back.
 The above paragraph shows what kind of difficulties adults and children face
in the new place when families emigrate...
Reasons for families to migrate
 Due to lack of employment in rural areas
 Seasonal migration due to lack of work over time
 Migration due to droughts and famines
Problems faced when families migrate
 In my opinion, when families migrate, they settle in a new place where they
work. Children do not have care centres when they go to work. This puts them
at risk for not having children to look after.
 Grown up children are not able to go to school because of the lack of schools
in the new location. Even if the school is available, they will not be able to
continue their education as they are not enrolled in the schools. Also, even if
they go to their hometowns, they will not be able to attend school there and
will eventually drop out.
 When only males migrate, it is a major challenge for women who have to take
care of all the responsibilities of family and elderly people who need care
Solutions/Conclusion:
 Temporary accommodation should be provided at the workplace for
immigrants.
 Children should be admitted to the nearest care centre. The Government
should take steps to enrol children in school.
 The migrants should be provided with goods through fair price shops in that
place.
 Take action to prevent accidents at workplace. . In case of an accident they
should be provided with better medical care along with hospital expenses.
 It would be better if the government provided some financial assistance to the
families where the men migrated.
41
While intensive use of natural resources like land and water has lead to
increase production and yields, the use of the natural resources has not always
been judicious. Experience shows fertility of land is declining due to overuse-
excessive use of chemical fertilisers and first pesticides. The situation of water
is equally alarming.
 The above paragraph raises concerns that production and yields have
increased due to overuse of natural resources but on the other hand fertility of
land is declining as well as water pollution.
 In my opinion, the reasons for the excessive use of chemical fertilizers and
pesticides
 Intention is to achieve higher yields
 To earn more profits in a short period of time
 Production is good, but this has caused many problems.
 Especially the soil fertility has decreased. Hence, crop yields are at risk of
declining in the coming days.
 Excess water intrusion not only reduces groundwater but also reduces their
quality.
 Excessive use of pesticides has also killed insects that benefit crops. This
caused an environmental imbalance.
Results:
 Reduced soil fertility causes more expenditure to make the soil fertile
 If the groundwater level is declining, boreholes to be dug more deep to pump
water. As a result, the cost of farming is increase.
 Similarly the power consumption also increases tremendously.
Conclusion/Instructions:
 Control of excessive use of groundwater.
 Reduce the use of chemical fertilizers and replace it with more organic
fertilizers.
 Use liquid organic pesticides instead of pesticides.
 Make it compost manure without disposing of household waste .
42
Globalisation has been of advantage to consumers, particularly the well- off sections
in the urban areas. There is greater choice before these consumers who now enjoy
improved quality and lower price products. As a result, these people today enjoy
much higher standards of living than was possible earlier. Among producers and
workers, the impact of globalisation has not been uniform
 The above paragraph shows that globalisation has benefited well-off

consumers, while at the same time it has a negative impact on the workers.
 In my opinion, globalisation is the benefit of the rich.
 The availability of goods around the world has increased in urban areas.
 The quality of goods has not only increased but also reduced prices.
 The living standards of the rich have increased.
 Some large Indian companies to emerge as multinational companies.
 On the other hand, globalization has had a profound impact on small
producers and workers.
 Goods manufactured by small producers could not compete with the goods
manufactured by multinational companies.
 Small producers had to make only half the products more than before, or shut
down their industries. Thousands of workers in developing countries have lost
employment.
 Unemployment has increased due to the lack of work for the workers.
 Thus it is evident that the impact of globalisation is not the same on all
classes.
Conclusion:
 Globalisation is the main thing to bring justice to all. The policies of the
government should be to protect the interests of the rich and the poor.
 Labour laws should be properly implemented and workers' rights are ensured.
 Workers should be trained to increase their skills.
 Small producers should be support to improve their capacity and help them to
develop investment assistance and technology.
 Government policies should be designed to allow multinational companies to
work with local companies.
 If necessary, the government can use trade and investment barriers to protect
the interests of small producers.
43
The quality of ground water is deteriorating along with the quantity. In 59% of
districts of India, water from hand pumps and wells is unsafe for drinking .This is
because of contamination of groundwater from chemical Industrial waste from
agriculture and industry .Water is being used as a sink to dump all kinds of waste,
and toxic substances .This is not easily reversible.
 The above paragraph raises the concern that the quality of groundwater is
deteriorating along with the quantity. This situation is caused by groundwater
contamination that could be rectified
 In my opinion there are some reasons why groundwater is declining and their
quality is declining.
 Use of groundwater for many purposes, discharge of industrial waste into the
ground
 Water logging of chemical fertilizers and pesticide residues used to grow
crops
Problems
 There will be no clear groundwater availability in the future.
 Drinking contaminated water can lead to diseases.
 If the quality of groundwater is not available, crops cannot be grown. If
groundwater is reduced, only surface water will be used in their place.
Conclusion /suggestions:
 To protect the ground water, some measures should be taken.
 Reduce the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides in agriculture.
 Use organic fertilizers in its place.
 Measures should be taken to ensure that chemical wastes released from
industries are discharged after treatment.
 Trees should be planted in the vicinity of industries.
 Household garbage should be recycled.
 Every house hold must be dug the soak pits.
44
We are already experiencing the negative consequences of rapid economic growth

on several fronts-the problem of ground water and pesticides being two stark
examples. We have several thousands of communities living off the environment.
To destroy the environment means to destroy these communities.
 The above paragraph informs the negative consequences of rapid economic

development, the destruction of environment, Informing about the damage
done to the groups that depend on it for doing so.
Why people want rapid economic growth
 Increasing the need for modern facilities.
 Getting used to luxurious life with the increase of the people's incomes.
 The need to produce food according to the growing population.
 Want to provide public facilities according to population.
The consequences of rapid economic Growth:
 Environmental destruction
 Endangered species of animals and species.
 Construction of dams destroys forest wealth and tribal culture.
 Destruction of forest resources as well as tribal culture due to construction of
dams.
 Destruction of crops with industrial establishment
Conclusion/Suggestions:
 Not that we should not thrive. With a focus on development as well as
environmental issues
 Build smaller projects to reduce flooding.
 Only wastelands should be allocated for setting up of industries.
 Industries that are established away from cities should be given first priority.
 Adequate compensation should be provided to the poor when they are
affected by development
45
After a long struggle for political right like right to vote, British women got these
rights in 1918. In the long lasting wars like the world wars, industrial production and
other services are necessary. Because men were in the battlefields, more women
had to work in factories, shops, offices, voluntary services, hospitals, and schools.
 The above paragraph shows two points. Women have long been forced to
fight for political rights like franchise,
 And men were on the battlefield during world wars and worked in factories,
shops, offices, volunteer services, schools, hospitals etc.
 Reasons why a country like Britain, which dominates the world, does not give
women the right to vote for a long time
 In the middle Ages and the modern era, men dominated women all over the
world, including Europe. Cooking them, Restricting child rearing and care of
the elderly
 Making women financially dependent on men. ,
 But after the Industrial Revolution, women had to come out of the family as
they were employed in some factories. As a result, earnings increased and
women sought new recognition in society
 Similarly during world wars men were on the battlefield and for the
development of the country and for the maintenance of the family women
worked in factories, shops, offices, voluntary services, schools, hospitals etc. .
It has increased self-confidence for women
 It was then that they had to fight for a long time to give them political rights
like franchise because they were equally working with men.
 In my opinion it is deplorable that in countries like England for example
women have to fight for the right to vote. But after many years of struggle,
England finally granted women the right to vote in 1918.
Conclusion:
 Considering the above, women are involved in many production activities
when men are not available in many countries. Similarly they have been
fighting for their political rights for a long time.
 But today it can be said that women all over the world are gaining prominence
in all fields besides men
 ,
46
The coastal environment of Nigeria has been disturbed because of reckless

oil extraction by foreign Oil Companies; oil spillage from Oil Wells has a
major impact on the ecosystem
 The above paragraph has caused many climate problems in the coastal
region due to the extraction of oil by foreign oil companies ignoring the
environment. As a result, the ecosystem is severely affected
 In my opinion, the reasons for foreign companies to drilling for oil
 Intended to make maximum profits
 Generous rulers give permission to foreign companies
 Foreign companies give shares in profits to the rulers
 As a result, the problems that arise in the Nigerian coast line:
 The sea water was contaminated by the mixture of oil from the wells. This
caused marine life to die, especially aqua culture.
 The mangrove ecosystems in the coastal areas have also been extinct.
 Furthermore, soils and crops were damaged.
 Groundwater has been contaminated. Drinking water is polluted.
 This can lead to long-term diseases such as cancer.
Conclusion/suggestions
 Oil extraction should be regulated.

 The people of this country should be given a share in the profits of oil
extraction.
 Protect the environment and the lives of the people.
 Mangrove forests should be protected.
47
Now that the Indian people were revolting against the British rule, they were
upset. They looked for ways to punish the Congress and make it weak and other
popular among the people. The British started questioning the right of the
Congress to represent the people of the country.
 In the above paragraph the British did not understand how to deal with the
Indians revolting against the British rule in India, the reason being that it was
the Congress that should be punished, as well as the British view that the
Congress was not representative of all the people of the country.
 The main reasons why the British wanted to punish congress were:
 Uniting the people of the country against the British and intensifying the
national movement
 People in different parts of the country do not cooperate with the British and
attacking them.
 The Congress insisted on the giving complete freedom to India
 Demanded for the formation of a national government at the Centre.
 Its intention was that the British in particular should protect the interests of all
the people of the country and that the Congress should not represent all
Indians (especially Muslims). Hence to Congress felt not to be preferred.
Results /Conclusion
 The British divided the people of India in the name of caste and religion to
consolidate their rule in India.
 Promoted the Muslim League with the ideology of divide and rule. She had
been residing for some time.
 The poisonous seeds planted by the British increased hatred among the
people in the country and eventually tore the country apart
48
The makers of Indian Constitution confronted the facts that Indian society was
ridden with inequality, injustice and deprivation and was a victim of colonial policies
which had exploited its economy. Thus, the Constitution had to facilitate social
change and development.
 The above paragraph states that Indian society was ridden with inequality,
injustice and deprivation and has been exploited by the colonialists and hence
the constitutional makers felt that it should be conducive to national
development as well as social change...
 In my opinion, the reasons for the conditions of illiteracy, inequality and
economic insecurity in Indian society are:
 The colonial rulers do not want to make Indians literate.
 The colonial rulers are educated only to the rich.
 The British thought that if the Indians were educated, they would pose a threat
toothier rule.
Problems that have been encountered:
 Society is backward.
 Social inequalities and gaps have widened
 India was economically exploited.
 Some solutions were made by constitutional makers to eliminate inequalities
and achieve improvement / conclusion:
 The first step in eliminating social inequalities is to prohibit untouchability in
the constitution.
 Provision of reservation in education and employment to Scheduled Castes,
Scheduled Tribes and other backward castes in the Constitution as well as
age exemption in employment.
 Reservation of certain seats in legislature for Scheduled Castes and
Scheduled Tribes.
 Introducing some welfare schemes specifically for Scheduled Castes and
Scheduled Tribes.
 Granting religious minorities the right to maintain their own educational
institutions.
49
India is the second most populous country in the world. It is a magnum opus task
to conduct elections in our country. Every political party promises to give good
governance, socio- economic equality, and the eradication of poverty. But few
corrupted politicians; those who have criminal background adopt illegal practices
to manage the voters.
 The above paragraph is that in a country with the highest population like India,
the conduct of elections is very difficult task. Meanwhile, few corrupted
politicians are using caste and religion to buy votes.
 Reasons why some politicians are buy votes:
 The temptation is to win the elections anyway
 To bring black money into circulation
 The thirst for power to wield power
 They buy votes for earning money, to do their own work.
 Also, some people sell votes for money.
Problems that have been encountered:
 Leaders who have bought votes in the elections may not fulfil the promises
made to the people after winning.
 He may prefer to accumulate the money he spent.
 People who take money and cast their votes cannot do things by depressing
them. This may not lead to development
 Economic, social equality and poverty eradication may not be possible.
Conclusion
 The Election Commission should inform the people about the criminal history
of the persons who contesting the elections, the cases against them and their
income.
 Persons with criminal history should be prevented from contesting elections.
 Those who buy votes should be declared disqualified in the elections.
 Keep a close watch on money distribution and liquor supply.
 Politicians should also have retirement age, or a provision should be made
that a person does not contest more than twice.
 People should not expect money or alcohol.
 If they are known to have taken money and alcohol, they should be prevented
from voting
50
It was the strength of the Constitutional framework and the democratic

foundations led by the freedom movement which enabled Indian politics to
develop a multiparty democracy. Ruling parties have often acted in a partisan
manner to silence the opposition and prevent multiparty democracy from striking
roots
 The above paragraph states that Indian politics to developed as a multi-party

system due to the democratic foundations laid by the freedom movement due
to the strength of the Indian Constitution but sometimes the ruling parties
acted in a partisan manner. Indicates that the opposition will be suppressed
Reasons why the ruling parties keep the opposition from growing:
 Concern that the existence of national parties will be jeopardized
 There may be a fear that they will lose power if other parties are formed
 May be thirsty for power to bring their successors to power after them.
 There may be anxiety that if other parties are formed they will find out their
mistakes.
 For example, until the 1980s, the Congress party was the centre,
 Has been in power in the states and has alienated other parties from power
Problems caused by being in unilateral power
 Adopting dictatorial policies.
 Not giving free disclosure of people's rights and ideas.
 There will be no one to question government policies.
 The democratic system of the country may be at risk of deterioration. On the
other hand, India has become a multi-party system
 We are seeing some problems with this approach as well. They are
 Public opinion is not reflected properly
 Expenditure on elections will increase exponentially
 The survival of national parties is questionable.
Solutions/ Conclusion:
 The Election Commission should tighten the rules for the identification of
political parties.
 Parties in power should work transparently. The interests of the country
should be given priority.
51
The partition of the country on the basis of religion had created doubts and fears
about the security and stability of India in the minds of the leadership. There was a
fear that language reorganisation would lead to breakdown of the country.
 The above paragraph casts doubt on national security in the minds of the
leaders as partition took place on the basis of religion after independence.
However if the states are divided on the basis of language then the country,
Feared that it would lead to fragmentation once again.
 Reasons why leaders are afraid:
 The country has already been separated on the basis of religious issues.
 Considering India’s security and stability as important.
 Leaders believe that language is not only capable of uniting people but also
the ability to divide society.
 But nothing happened as the leaders feared. Because
 There were people who spoke many languages in the country. Example: 1652
languages
 The concept of unity in diversity in India holds people together
 14 States and 6 Union Territories were formed based on linguistic states.
 Although more states grew in the post-war period it contributed to the further
strengthening of India.
Suggestions/Conclusion:
 However, the following steps should be taken to ensure that India is united in
the future
 Nationalism should be further promoted in the country.
 They should eliminate the discontent of the people and contribute to their
development.
 Conflicts between states should be resolved peacefully.
52
. Land reforms were however implemented in a half-hearted manner across India.

While zamindari system was abolished, redistribution of land to the landless did
not take place. The rich and powerful in the rural areas continued to control most
of the land.
 The above paragraph shows that land reforms have not been properly
implemented in India as well as the abolition of the zamindari system but that
land is still largely in the hands of the rich and powerful in rural areas.
Reasons for improper implementation of land reforms
 The state governments had no political will to implement land reforms
properly.
 It was not possible as most of the heads of government were landlords,
aristocrats and former landlords sharing power.
 Corruption of some government officials
 Government officials manipulating land maps and assisting landlords.
 Many landlords, zamindars and doras have exchanged lands in the name of
their benefactors and relatives in support of certain loopholes in the law.
 Landlords secured lands believing the courts that the spouses were divorced.
Problems:
 The surplus land declared by the government has gone unrelated to the land
actually available.
 Dalits and tribals are landless in many states still today.
 Economic inequalities have increased and the rich have become richer.
 Governments need integrity to change these conditions.
 Land records should be maintained properly in the states
 . Distribution of land to the poor and thus reducing inequality.
 The land ceiling should be further reduced.
53
One of the greatest weakness was undoubtedly the low priority given to
primary education and Public health. This was going to haunt India for a long
time to come. Other countries like China and Korea which also began a new
innings around the same time did much better on these two counts as
compared to India.
 The above paragraph shows that governments in India do not give adequate
priority to primary education and public health, and those countries like China
and Korea, who have gained independence along with us, has made much
progress in these two areas as compared to India.
 In my opinion, for a country to develop, education and medicine must be
developed.
 People can carry out productive activities only when they are healthy.
Similarly, if all educated, the country will prosper.
 But in our country, government spending on education and medicine is low. In
this regard, China spends 4% of GDP on education and Korea 5% of GDP,
while India spends only 3%.
Reasons for low spending on education and medical sectors:
 Governments may feel that investment in these sectors does not provide
returns
 Governments do not recognize them as priority areas.
 Governments are entrusting them to the private sector to reduce their costs.
Problems:
 As a result, the poor have to spend a large portion of what they earn on
education and medicine. e.g. .: According to a report people spend up to 70%
on health care. That is why it is said that "India's health sector is sick”
 In the long run people will have to suffer a lot. E.g. inadequate hospitals
during corona.
 Public confidence in governments is eroding.
Solutions/Conclusion:
 Governments should exclude education and medical sectors from private
sector.
 Education should be allocated more funds in GDP.
 Utilize local resources.
54
Rajiv Gandhi realised that despite all the attention to development in the country,
much did not reach the real beneficiaries. In a famous speech, Rajiv Gandhi said
that out of every Rupee spent on the poor, barely 15 paise reaches them. It

highlighted the fact that despite huge increases in development expenditure, the

story of the poor remained the same.
 Rajiv Gandhi's acknowledgment that the above paragraph focuses on

development in the country but it does not reach the real beneficiaries and
even 15 paise in rupee does not reach them and the situation of the poor is
even worse
 Reasons why the funds spent on development do not reach the poor:
 Some corrupt officials may have used funds for their own purposes without
reaching the poor. Some corruptive politicians use funds for their own selfish
interests.
 Illiteracy among the people and lack of political consciousness.
 Another reason is the lack of access to administrative systems for the people.
For example, if the people want to know about the development funds coming
to them, they will have the opportunity to know about them if the panchayat
office or Mandal office is available.
 For the above reasons, it is clear that the development funds are not reaching
the people.
Problems:
 The lack of adequate funding for the poor affects their livelihoods
 The poor will remain unpaid grapes.
 The government should strengthen the panchayat system.
 Measures should be taken to ensure that funds released by the government
reach the beneficiaries directly without going into the hands of intermediaries
 Literacy and political consciousness should be developed for the people.
 Steps should be taken to ensure people's participation in development
activities.
 Action should be taken against corrupt officials.
55
India was forced to open up and `liberalise’ its economy by allowing freer flow of
foreign capital and goods into India; on the other hand ,new social groups asserted
themselves politically for the first time, and finally religious nationalism and
communal political mobilisation became important features of political life.
 The above paragraph shows that in the late twentieth century the adoption of
liberalised policies for the free flow of foreign capital and goods into the
country, on the one hand, and the other hand, efforts of new social groups for
entry into politics, as well as the growing religious prominence in politics,
became important features.
 In my opinion, the country faced three major issues in the late twentieth
century.
 Following liberalised economic policies allowed foreign capital and foreign
goods into the country freely
 Religious interference in politics and religious nationalism have occurred.
 For example, the Congress government has enacted a law against the
Supreme Court ruling in the divorce case of a Muslim woman named
Shabano Many people felt that this action gave priority to religion.
 Similarly, the BJP movement was also believed to have linked religious issues
to politics as the mosque was built at the place of Lord Rama's birth place in
Ayodhya.
 On the other hand, the new social classes, the backward classes, wanted to
participate in politics and serve their people. The main reason for all this is
that the political parties are losing their popularity among the people and ,
hence it can be assumed that religion has been brought into politics
 The problems of bringing religion into politics are:
 It may be contrary to secularism.
 Communal tensions are likely to erupt.
Conclusion /Suggestions:
 Political parties should work for the welfare of the people away from religion.
 Parties that prefer religious matters should be abolished.
 There is a need for more intellectuals to enter politics.
56
While the UN has been doing commendable work in the area of education,
health, cultural exchange and protection of heritage, it has been less successful
in preventing wars. It has often been held hostage to the ambitions of the super-
powers who seek control over the world.
 The above paragraph shows that the United Nations has done commendable
work in the area of education, health and cultural exchange, but has been less
successful in preventing wars.
 In my opinion, the main purpose of the United Nations is to prevent wars
between countries and to maintain peace. However, education, health, culture
and heritage protection are also important in the world.
 Since the establishment of the United Nations, it has been effective in
preserving education, health, culture and heritage. But no action was taken
against the superpowers that caused the Cold War.
 No action was taken even in the war between Israel and Palestine.
 In the wars between India and Pakistan over Kashmir
 but, In the case of the civil war in Somalia
 The actions taken by the United Nations in the wars between Iraq and Iran are
not correct.
There are a few reasons for this. They are
 The united nations were given more funds by the US, Russia and China, and
these countries were forced to listen to the countries.
 Similarly it is also due to the lack of its own army.
 Veto power is also an important factor
 For example, if the United Nations decides to take action against a country, it
is as if any of these five countries vetoed it and the resolution was defeated.
Problems that arise from:
 Small countries are forced to live in fear of big countries.
 Loses confidence in contracts
 Losing faith in the United Nations.
 Economically and militarily strong state can continue to dominate
Conclusion / Suggestions:
 The United Nations should be strengthened to be more independent.
 The United Nations needs to have its own army.
 Veto power needs to be amended.
.
57
Read the given below paragraph and interpret it. (Pg no: 281)
The continued support of the US to Israel and the plight of Palestinians created a
widespread feeling against the US in the region. The US also became unpopular
because it is supported undemocratic regimes in this area.
 The above paragraph states that the Palestinian people have formed anti-
American sentiments because the United States not only supports Israel but
also seeks to plunder the resources of their region.
 In my opinion, there are some reasons why the United States supports
Israel.
 They supported Israel with the idea of plundering oil reserves in the West Asia
region.
 The idea of reducing Russia's dominance in the West Asia region
 America to increase its dominance in the West Asian region
 "The United States has backed Israel to sell its weapons in the region.
 The consequences of The American Intervention
 The Palestinian people have grown hatred for America.
 The anti-American nations may form an alliance.
 In the world, there may be a growing hatred for America.
 Later, the hatred attacked the World Trade Centre in the United States with
planes and killed thousands of people.
Conclusion / suggestions:
 The United States must solve problems impartially
 Support a fair lying country.
 It is better to adopt a neutral attitude of America
58
. Pakistan has, over the years, encouraged separatist movements in the Border
States of India like Punjab, Jammu and Kashmir. India has often accused
Pakistan of not only supporting such moments but actively training and sending
religious extremists to foment trouble in India
 The above paragraph shows that Pakistan not only supports separatists in
Indian Border States but also trains religious extremists and creates problems
in India.
 In my opinion there are some reasons for conflicts between India and
Pakistan They are
 Thousands of Hindus and Muslims were killed in communal clashes after
partition.
 Tensions between the two have escalated over the security of refugees from
both countries.
 There were differences between India and Pakistan in Kashmir, and many
times they fought, but each time it was defeated.
 India's aid to Bangladesh has been annoyed by Pakistan.
 There were tensions between the two countries over the use of the Indus
Water.
 For these reasons, the separatists in Punjab and Jammu and Kashmir will be
trained and sent to India. -
 Problems that this may cause to India:
 Causing property and loss of life in India.
 To make the people of India oppose the country itself.
 To destabilize governments.
Conclusion / Instructions:
 The problem should be resolved through peaceful negotiations.
 Bus and train services should be run to improve relations between the two
countries
 Both countries should resolve the issue through diplomatic channels.
 Efforts should be made to enhance friendly relationships through trade,
cinema, sports tourism, cultural aspects
59

A
 large section of people who actively participated in the Civil rights movement were
black women, who felt that their voice was not being heard even within the
movement which was dominated by men. In fact, no women were allowed to speak in
the famous Washington March. They felt that women need to assert themselves for
the equality of women.
 The above paragraph states that a large section of black women were
participated in the civil rights movement, but no one cared about them and not
a single woman was allowed to speak in the Washington march, so they
wanted to fight for equality.
 In the 20th century, African American women were the backbone of the
modern civil rights movement, who challenged America for justice and
equality for all.
 Boycotted on buses, denied in school, fought for jobs, freedom. However, it
must be said that black women do not have equal rights.
 This is due to the male domination.
 Reasons for male domination:
 Some people feel that women cannot excel as leaders.
 Not giving up the traditions that have been coming down through the
generations.
 The fear is that if women are given a chance they will dominate men.
 Problems arising from not growing up women:
 The feeling of equality is affected.
 Women are limited to the kitchen.
 Women lose self-confidence
 Women have made movements against it.
 Conclusion / Suggestions:
 Today, all countries in the world need to give equal rights to women along
with men.
 Women should be encouraged and trained to grow as leaders.
60
The economic and political changes happening worldwide since 1990s which go by
the name of `globalisation’ or `neo-liberalism’ has deeply impacted the lives of the
underprivileged and poor. Tribal people, poor farmers, land less workers, women,
urban poor working in the unorganised sector and industrial workers have been the
worst hit.
 The above paragraph reveals that globalization and neo-liberalism, such as

those that began in the 1990s, have greatly affected tribals, the poor, landless
workers, women, and those working in the unorganized sector.
 In the 1990s, governments simplified the rules in the name of globalisation
and neo-liberalism and initiated a free market policy.
 The government has reduced trade barriers, privatisation and reduced
government spending.
Problems that are caused by
 The demand for domestic goods has been lost due to the high demand of
foreign goods in the country.
 Those working in industries have lost their jobs. Workers were forced to
emigrate...
 The agriculture sector has been weakened as the government lifted subsidies
to agriculture as a result of globalization.
 This caused severe losses to farmers and led to suicides.
 Globalization in developing countries has resulted in men losing their jobs and
migrating, leaving the entire family burden on women
 As a result of globalisation, women had to lose their jobs due to the emerge of
machinery and new methods of production in agriculture.
 Unorganised sector workers who sell goods and vegetables on the roads in
the towns lost their jobs.
Conclusion /Suggestions:
 Governments need to take some protective measures to prevent the damage
caused by globalization
 Support industrial workers, agricultural labourers and farmers.
 Promoting small industries as well as those
 Supportive contributions should be provided.
61
Thousands of trees and animals and acres of fertile fields and people who had been
displaced to build these dams were completely ignored. They had no place to go and
had been evicted with paltry or no compensation. For most people, this was a small
price for the huge benefits that the large dams brought to the people of the country.
 The above paragraph states that no one cared about the damage caused by
the construction of the dams, no one cared about the displaced people, and it
shows that the benefit was seen only by the large dams but not by the
displaced people
 In my opinion there were some gains due to the construction of the dams but
also many losses. They are
 The most fertile soils in the country are being destroyed by the construction of
projects.
 Thousands of acres of forest had to be cut down for the construction of
projects
 Thousands of acres of farmland will be flooded. Deforestation has displaced
animals and tribal people.
 People started making movements about these losses. They demanded that
they should be compensated as much as they want, and to give land
elsewhere instead of land.
 Governments have not given paltry or no compensation
 The reasons for this are
 The governments think that the problems of the people are smaller than the
benefits of the construction of dams.
 Lack of enough land to give land in lieu of land.
 Lost lands are not valuable.
Conclusion / Suggestions :
 But in reality all the damage done to the forests, lands and villages shows that
it did not give enough results for the cost incurred on the dams.
 The construction of projects is good, but the benefits of the project should be
greater than the damages it may have.
 Small projects should be constructed without damaging large amount of
forests due to construction of projects.
 Provide large amounts of compensation to displaced people.

62
Read the given below paragraph and interpret it. (Pg no:296) 2nd para
People who stood to be displaced from the project, demanded a fair compensation
not just to those who owned to land but all those who lived there .They also
demanded proper rehabilitation with land in return for the land lost and also
afforestation to compensate for the loss of forests under the dam.
 The above paragraph states that the people displaced by the Narmada river
valley project demanded a fair compensation for not only those who lost their
lands there but also the landless, afforestation in lieu of damaged forests, land
in lieu of land and proper rehabilitation.
 But the government will not be able to a fair compensate the displaced.
 Reason not to pay
 There is no adequate land available to compensate for the lost land
 It is not possible to rehabilitate all the people who are displaced
 The government argues that the cost of compensation is more than the cost
of construction of projects.
 Problems faced by people as they are displaced:
 Having to spend more to buy land elsewhere.
 Difficulty in establishing residence in a separate area for the people
 Disappearance of tribal customs and traditions
 Loss of employment.
Conclusion / Suggestions:
 The government usually pays compensation only to those who own land. But
the land should be paid to those who do not have land.
 Environmental balance can be maintained if forests are replanted instead of
submerged forests. In addition biodiversity can be preserved.
 If land is given to those who have lost their land, they will be able to earn a
livelihood.
 If land is not available, adequate employment should be provided to their skill.
63
Rich people from the coastal Andhra and outside of the state began investing in
a big way in purchasing land in Telangana, especially in and around Hyderabad
city. While this brought investment into the region, the local people did not benefit
much from this development and were in fact losing control over their own land to
real estate developers.
 The above paragraph states that some rich people from coastal Andhra and
outside the state began investing in purchasing land in Telangana region,
especially in and around Hyderabad, which did not benefit the people even
though investments came to Telangana, and created conditions where
farmers were forced to sell their land
 Reasons for the purchase of land in Telangana by Andhra capitalists:
 The value of lands will increase more so that in a short period of time
 To make profits
 Rapid expansion of Hyderabad city.
 The idea of doing business.
 Problems that have been encountered:
 The peasants were not benefited; Lands were forcibly sold by farmers
 They made profits by doing real estate business with their lands
 The sale of the land left the area without farming conditions. For example, in
the past, orchards around Hyderabad were plentiful.
 But with the rise of the real estate business, there were orchards
disappearing.
 Farmers who sell land have lost their jobs and have to work in the
unorganised sector in cities
 This has led to regional disparities in Telangana region. The Government has
not taken any steps to reduce these inequities.
 As a result the aspiration for a separate state increased. Thus it was the
prelude to a separate state struggle
64
Pamphlets
Pamphlet on Environmental Protection
“Clean and green is our perfect dream ‘’

Environmental lovers.......
Environment is a very important aspect of human survival. Many animal
species live on the environment. Everyone needs to protect the environment of
such importance. And man is destroying the environment for his own needs
There are many reasons for the destruction of the environment.
 Especially ,Due to excessive use of plastic
 Excessive use of petroleum sources such as energy sources
 Due to many factors released from industries
 Deforestation can destroy the environment
Impacts of Environment pollution
 This is detrimental to human health, especially the health of man and is
suffering from many diseases.
 climate changes can lead to global warming conditions
 It also contributes to the rapid depletion of ozone layer.
 Since the soil is facing many such problems,
Measures to protect the environment.
 Efficient management of various types of waste discharged from the
community
 Efficient conservation of water resources
 Trees should be grown tremendously
 We must use renewable resources.
If everyone tries to protect the environment, as their own responsibility it must
be protected
So, friends, I hope we all join the environmental conservation movement.
By
The Environmental Protection Committee
No.of Copies: 500 Publisher: Srinivas
65
Pamphlets
Pamphlet on Global Warming
Let us reduce the use of fossil fuels-avoid global warming
Dear Friends!
The globe is warming very fast in recent times .Global warming is the rapid
increase of temperatures of the earth by human activities.
Man is destroying nature in many ways in the name of development. We all
know that the temperatures are rising on earth day by day. This has created a
situation where every living thing on earth, not just humans, is in trouble.
If we look at the causes of this disaster,
 Excessive burning of fossil fuels
 Mining activities
 Due to rapid industrialization
 Deforestation
 Overuse of vehicles
 Excessive use of chemical, fertilizers as cultivation area increases
 Refrigerators and air coolers are also the main reason
Impacts of global warming
 Extreme weather conditions
 Climate change
 Ice melts and causes the sea level to rise
 Skin diseases.
 Risk of damage to marine life
Measures
 Reduce the use of fossil fuels and increase solar consumption in its
place.
 Forest The cultivation should be done.
 Pollution treatment measures should be taken.
 We should try to reduce the temperature to some extent by these
measures.
By
Environmental Protection Committee.
No. of Copies: 500 Publishers: Vishnu
66
Pamphlets
Pamphlet on ground water conservation
Groundwater is a common resource- must not be wasted

Dear water conservationists...!
Water is a precious natural resource for us. Though the entire globe
contains 70 per cent of the water, only one per cent of it is available to us in
various forms of fresh water i.e. rivers, lakes, ponds and underground
streams.
Drying up underground water day by day. One has to think once and for all
what would happen to the biological condition of the earth if the groundwater
dried up.
There are many reasons for groundwater to be swallowed. Especially in
 Due to excessive digging of Bore wells
 Using more water than required
 Excessive use of water for agriculture
Impacts
 The chances of water availability are declining due to non-recharging
of groundwater.
 Water shortage in the future may be severe.
 Sanitation issues.
Some measures to prevent it
 Efforts should be made to store water.
 Trenches should be constructed as part of the watershed scheme.
 Trees should be planted.
 Sewage treatment plants should be established.
 Crops should be grown using less water. E.g. drip irrigation and
sprinkler method
 To spread awareness among the people.
 Water for domestic use should be used sparingly.
We can avoid water problems if we use water sparingly by following the steps
mentioned above. Hoping that everyone will try to plant trees as their
responsibility for this.
By
Water Conservation Committee
No.Of Copies: 500 Publishers: Venkatesh
67
Pamphlets
Pamphlet on Girls Education
Let's read girls ---- reduce gender discrimination........

Parents of girls.......!
There are still many families in India who consider girls as a "burden" to this
day. While this scene is changing in the towns, it is still going on in the rural
areas. Discrimination against girls starts from the family itself. Parents often do
not send girls to school, but the boys in the family are told about the need for
education.
But the girl is asked to help their mothers in the work of the house. They are
very less focused in their studies. 'We often hear that a girl's education is the
light of her.
There are some reasons why such a predominantly important girl is
discriminated against.
 Especially poverty, parental illiteracy
 Some rituals and religious traditions
 Marriages at a young age
 Girls are married and go to another house, so they can’t spend more
money on their education
.This will cause them to face many problems in the future.
 They may not get the basic facilities they need.
 They are not able to get the rights they have to get.
 Frequent violence
Measures
 Education is a powerful tool for girls when they are educated and when
they learn well,
 They develop their perception and problem solving skills,
 And make the right decisions in life.
 They will be able to contribute well for the well-being of the community.
 Educated girls and women are able to face problems related to child
marriage, maternal mortality, domestic violence and women.
Therefore, all parents are requested to read to the girl child..........
By
Girl Education Sadhana Committee.
Copies 500 Publisher: Ramesh
.
68
Pamphlets
Pamphlet on Controlling Population growth

“Small family –Happy family”
Dear people...
Around the world today the population is growing exponentially. It is
estimated that the population of India is growing by one core every year. We
have to face many difficulties due to the increase in population.
There are many causes of population growth. They are
 Poverty
 Child marriage
 Illiteracy
 Increased birth rate due to increase in health facilities
 The death rate is declining and the population is increasing rapidly for
these reasons.
Problems that are causing
 Job opportunities will be reduced
 Sanitation problems are occurring
 Problems in availability of housing, health, transport, education etc.
 The standard of living of people is declining
 There is a shortage of resources and it is necessary
Measures to reduce it.
 There is a need to increase the age of marriage in society.
 Incentives should be provided to families with fewer children.
 Awareness programmes should be conducted for family planning.
 Education should be done.
 Poverty should be eliminated.
 Provide employment opportunities to the people in rural areas.
If such measures are taken, the population may be reduced to some extent.
BY
Family Planning and Welfare Committee
Copies: 500 Publisher: Buran
69
Pamphlets
Improve Employment conditions in unorganised sector,

Many people working in the un organised sector in our country
.Unorganised sector workers are also working in rural and urban areas. For
example, in rural areas, they are landless agricultural labourers, small and
small farmers and artisans.
In urban areas, small industries, building, transport, daily labourers, street
vendors.
They face many problems.
 Lack of job security
 Salary is low for employees.
 There are no fixed working hours.
 Work is available only for 10-12 days in a month.
 There is no holiday during illness.
 Some people may be stopped during certain times when work is
short.
Impacts
 Affect their health.
 Children's studies will be affected.
 Affect on their Income
Measures
 Govt support them by giving some income along with maternity
leave,
 Accident insurance
 Financial assistance for children's education,
 Unemployment allowance during non-employment
 Some compensation in case of death.
Such as Hope that this kind of action can solve the problems of the
unorganised sector workers.
By
Labour Welfare Association
No.Of copies 500 Publisher : Raju
70
Pamphlets
Pamphlet on the Impact of Migration

Provide Employment - Avoid migration
People moving from their home to another place or to a city, state or
country for some reason is called migration. Migration from rural areas to
urban areas has been on the rise in India for the past few years.
There are many reasons why people migrate. They are
 Lack of employment opportunities
 Better education
 Construction of dams,
 Natural disaster (flood and drought)
 Due to crop failure, villagers have to migrate to cities.
 Marriage
 Wars and conflicts
Problems
 Large families split up and lead to small families.
 Urban population is increasing.
 Poverty cannot lead them a normal and healthy life.
 Children growing in poverty do not get proper nutrition, education
or health.
 Migration has increased slum areas in cities, which are unhygienic
conditions,
 Raise many issues such as crime and pollution.
 Sometimes immigrants are exploited.
Some measures need to be taken to prevent immigration.
 Increase employment opportunities in villages.
 All areas should be developed equally.
 Provide better education and medical facilities
 Better wages
 Agriculture should be developed.
By
AgriculturalLabour Welfare Committee
Copies 500 Publisher: Mamatha
71
Pamphlets
Pamphlet on Urbanization Issues

Provide infrastructure - eliminate urbanization problems
Studies have been recorded that cities and towns are mechanisms for growth,
which often lead to people's cultural, intellectual, educational and
technological achievement and modernization.
The main reasons for urbanization are:
 Industrial employment attracts the attention of people from rural to
urban areas.
 People prefer to stay in big cities because of the transportation facilities.
 Urban living standards are higher than rural areas
 More employment opportunities in the city as well as higher income.
 Better infrastructure such as roads and transportation, water, electricity
and telecommunications and Internet services
 There are many types of public facilities, such as health and education.
Problems faced by rapidly growing urbanization every year
 Due to urbanization, there is environmental deterioration in the quality
of water, air and noise, especially.
 With more people in cities, there is a high demand for facilities like
housing,
 Water quality deteriorates due to direct discharge of waste from
factories and houses into the river
 Air pollution has increased due to smoke from motor vehicles.
Suggestions for solving urbanization problems
 Identify the most backward areas in towns and provide infrastructure
 Health, sanitation, education etc. should be provided.
 Small scale industries should be set up in rural areas
 Encourage people to use public transport.
 Multi-storey buildings should be constructed to accommodate slums.
To take the above steps and try to reduce the problems of urbanization
BY
Urban environment Protection Committee
Copies: 500 Publishers: Vijay
72
Pamphlets
Pamphlet on the Impact of Globalization

Multinational companies - world economies.......
Globalization is the process of rapid integration of countries. This was a great
change in the world in the 20th century. It has economic, cultural, political,
social and technological geographical dimensions.
Some of the benefits of globalization are -
 Free trade can reduce tariffs, value added taxes, subsidies and other
barriers between countries.
 Opens up free trade to promote global economic growth.
 Creates jobs, makes companies more competitive and lowers prices for
consumers.
 Contributed to cultural exchange.
 The digital world has worked for development.
 Some Indian companies have helped to grow into multinational
companies.
There have been some disadvantages due to globalisation.
 It has benefited investors. But the workers were made unemployed.
 Small producers were forced to extinct.
 Some countries have not reduced tariffs on imports.
 A large number of jobs have been lost in developing countries.
 Unfair working conditions have been created. .
 Damage to environment and natural resources.
 Globalisation led to exploitation of labour.
The above points show that globalization is not the same on all. This has led to
more injustice in developing countries.
Governments must take certain steps to ensure fair globalization for all.
 The rights of workers must be protected.
 Small producers should help in increasing efficiency.
 Train youth to increase skill
-
Copies: 500 Publisher: Naveen
73
Pamphlets
Pamphlet on prevention of Wars
Wars are waged between different nations and between peoples with
different motives. For thousands of years wars have been part of human
history. As industrial development and technology developed, they became
more devastating.
Wars are happening for various reasons. They are.
 It may be with the desire to occupy the wealth of other countries.
 To occupy lands of other countries for various purposes,
 Due to religious differences,
Wars are causing many losses
 Loss of life. Wounded in war and becoming disabled.
 Impact on the economy. This leads to the country's backwardness.
 Severe damage to infrastructure
 The death spurt of war is decreasing the workforce.
 Human rights violations occur.
 Wars will have many consequences,
So there is a need take action to prevent wars.
 Conflicts between nations should be resolved through conciliatory
negotiations
 Limitations on weapons should be imposed.
 Trade relations between countries should be developed.
 We must understand the consequences of the past war, so that wars
can be avoided.
By
World Peace Committee
Copies: 500 Publisher: Abhi
74
Pamphlets
75

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Foreword

The new textbooks and continuous comprehensive evaluation have

Tenth class is very crucial in student life. It is a crucial moment for

Read the below table and analyse it. (Pg no.24)

country PerCapita Life Mean Human

Sri Lanka 11326 75.5 11 76

 Read the below graph and analyse it (.Pg no 31)

GDP by Agriculture,Industry and Service sectors

 \ \

 Read the below graphs and analyse it.(Pg no 35)

share of different sectors in the Gross Domestic Product.

Community,social&personel services Community,social&personel services

 Read the below graphs and analyse it(.Pgno 37)

Sectoral shares of employment

 Those who works in the unorganized sector are discriminated against

Read the below table and analyse it. (Pg no 41)

Sector Contribution% of total

 Emplyoment Gross Domestic Product

 The above table describes employment in the organized and unorganized

 Industries should be set up to provide employment to large numbers of people

Read the below graphs and analyse it.(Pg no 46)

 Leh is geographically 34.8 North latitudes and 77.34 East longitudes. .

Read the below graphs and analyse it(.Pg no 46)

 The above climographs show the Mean maximum temperature, Mean

 If you look at the details of Chennai, Chennai is located on the south-east

Read the below graph and analyse it.(Pg no 58)

 The above climograph is related to Hyderabad.

Read the below graph and analyse it. (Pg no 86)

India Population:sex Ratio

 Read the below table and analyse it.(Pg no 79)

India Population (in millions)

Fertility Rate in India 6`

Read the below graph and analyse it(.Pg no 97)

social background of short term migrations in India,2007-08

 Increase income and improve family opportunities Migration will be forced to

Read the below graphs and analyse it (Pg no 107)

Types of farmers(%) Distribution of land

 After independence, land reforms were implemented to some extent, it

Read the below graph and analyse it (Pg no 133)

Paddy wheat Nutri cerreals Oilseeds

 Paddy production increased from about 42.2 million tonnes in 1970-71 to

Read the below graph and analyse it (Pg no 134)

Paddy wheat Nutri cereals Oilseeds

 Read the below graph and analyse it (Pg no138)

Read the below graph and analyse it (Pg no139)

Percentage share of Purchases from PDS.rice and wheat

Read the below graph and analyse it (Pg no 165)

The Armaments Race

 Read the below graph and analyse it( Pg no 184)

War related deaths 1500-1999 CE

 The above bar graph is related to the constitutional amendments of India.

 Made constitutional amendments for such as the inclusion of fundamental

 Read the below graphs and analyse it (Pg no 242)

Seat share of various political parties in 1952 and 1962

Indian National Congress

Read the below graphs and analyse it( Pg no 267)

Coalition Governments and some political parties from1980s

Supportig parties Supportig parties Supportig parties

 The National Democratic Alliance (NDA) government was formed by Atal