1

1 The bacterium, Lactobacillus bulgaricus, are added to milk to make yoghurt.

The graph below shows the changes in a population of L. bulgaricus during fermentation to make
yoghurt.

number of
living bacterial
cells

time

(a) (i) Name the stages shown on the graph above. Write your answers in the boxes on the
graph. [4]
(ii) Explain why the population of L. bulgaricus does not continue to increase during the
fermentation to make yoghurt.

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................ [2]

(b) The curve shown in the graph is a sigmoid population growth curve.

Define the term growth.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [2]

[Total: 8]
 2

2 The classification of giant pandas, Ailuropoda melanoleuca, is debated by many scientists.

Photograph A shows a giant panda eating bamboo plants.

photograph A

Photograph B shows a red panda, Ailurus fulgens, eating bamboo.

photograph B
 3

Photograph C shows a polar bear, Ursus maritimus, eating fish.

photograph C

DNA can also be used to classify species.

Molecular biologists compared the DNA base sequences of eight species from the same vertebrate
group. They used the differences to draw a classification diagram.

The diagram shows the classification diagram for these eight species. The shorter the horizontal
distance from two species to the branching point that they share, the more similar their DNA
sequences are and the more closely the two species are related.

The scale on the diagram shows the time at which the molecular biologists estimate that each
branching point occurred.

red panda

ferret

giant panda

polar bear

wolf

tiger

human

mouse

100 80 60 40 20 0
million years ago
 4

Morphology can also be used to classify species. Some scientists think that morphology suggests
that the giant panda is more closely related to the red panda than it is to the polar bear.

(a) (i) Discuss the evidence for and against the giant panda being more closely related to the
red panda than it is to the polar bear. Use the information in photographs A, B and C
and the diagram in your answer.

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................ [5]
(ii) State one other type of evidence that is used to classify species.

................................................................................................................................ [1]

[Total: 6]

3 The diagram below shows an arthropod that is a parasite that can live on humans.
 5

(a) (i) Make a large labelled drawing of the part of the parasite in the rectangle.

[4]
(ii) Name the group of arthropods to which this animal belongs.

Give a reason for your answer.

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................ [2]
 6

[Total: 6]

4 Many living organisms can be classified as plants or animals.

The table shows some features of animals and plants.

Place ticks (✓) in the boxes to show the correct features of animals and plants.

feature animals plants

can respire

can grow

can make their own food

contain DNA

can respond to changes in their

environment

[5]

[Total: 5]

5 The diagram below shows seven plant species that are important crops.
 7

B
A

C D E

F
G

not drawn to scale

 8

(a) (i) Use the key to identify each species. Write the letter of each species (A to G) in the
correct box beside the key. One has been done for you.

1 (a) branched veins on leaves go to 2

(b) parallel veins (not branched) on leaves go to 3

leaves divided into leaflets (look like small individual

2 (a) go to 4
leaves)

(b) leaves not divided into leaflets go to 5

flowers grouped tightly together at the top of the

3 (a) Triticum aestivum
stalk

flowers grouped loosely together at the top of the

( b) go to 6
stalk

Solanum
4 (a) large flowers located at top of stem
tuberosum

(b) small flowers located along the stem Glycine max

5 (a) leaves have five lobes Manihot esculenta F

(b) leaves have three lobes Ipomoea batatas

6 (a) flowers above youngest leaf Zeamays

(b) flowers bend down below youngest leaf Oryza sativa

[3]
(ii) The pattern of the veins on the leaves was used in the key to separate the
monocotyledonous crop plants and eudicotyledonous (dicotyledonous) crop plants
shown in the diagram.

State one other feature that could be used to identify monocotyledonous plants from
eudicotyledonous plants.

................................................................................................................................ [1]

[Total: 4]

6 The pea plant, Pisum savitum, is a legume which is grown both as a human food and as a livestock
feed.

The diagram below shows some of the root nodules on a pea plant.
 9

The diagram below shows a cross-section through the root nodule at S.

T indicates the transport tissue in the root.

T
cells containing
bacteria

magnification = ×40

(a) The maximum diameter of the root nodule is 73 mm.

Calculate the actual diameter of the root nodule.

actual diameter ........................... [1]

 10

(b) Describe the role of the bacteria in the root nodule of P. sativum.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [2]

(c) The bacteria require carbohydrates that are supplied by the pea plant.

Describe how the carbohydrates are produced and transported by the plant to the bacteria.

(i) produced

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................ [2]

(ii) transported

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................ [2]

[Total: 7]
 11

7 Baker’s yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, is a single-celled organism that is classified in the

kingdom Fungi.

Diagram A is a drawing of a section through a yeast cell.

diagram A

G B

F
C

1 μm

A student made a drawing of one Escherichia coli bacterium.

Diagram B shows the students drawing.

diagram B

Describe the similarities and differences between the structure of the yeast cell and the structure
of the bacterial cell.

Use the information in diagram A and diagram B in your answer.

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................
 12

..................................................................................................................................................

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..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

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.................................................................................................................................................. [6]

[Total: 6]
 13

8 The boxes on the left describe processes carried out by cells.

The boxes on the right contain the names of the cells that carry out these processes.

Draw one straight line from each box on the left to a box on the right to link the process to the cell
type.

Draw six lines.

An example has been done for you.

[6]

[Total: 6]
 14

9 A group of students investigated the effect of soaking small onion bulbs in different concentrations
of sodium chloride solution. They peeled off the outer papery leaves of the onion bulbs and divided
the onions into 6 batches, each with 10 onions.

The onions were surface dried with paper towels and weighed. The mean mass of the onions in
each batch was calculated. The onions were then left in sodium chloride solutions for three hours.

After three hours the students surface dried the onions and weighed them again. Their results are
given in the table below.

mean mass of onions / g

concentration of sodium chloride percentage
–3 after soaking for
solution / g dm before soaking change in mass
3 hours

0 147 173 +17.7

25 153 165 +7.8

50 176 172 −2.3

100 154 149 −3.2

150 149 142 −4.7

200 183 175

(a) (i) Calculate the percentage change in mass of the onions that were in the most
concentrated solution of sodium chloride. Show your working. Write your answer in the
table above.

[2]

(ii) Explain why the students calculated the percentage change in mass of the onions.

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................ [2]
 15

(b) The students plotted a graph of the results as shown in the graph below.

20

percentage change in mass 15

10

0
0 50 100 150 200
–5

–10
concentration of sodium chloride solution / g dm–3

(i) Complete the graph using your answer to (a)(i). [1]

(ii) Use the graph to estimate the concentration of the sodium chloride solution that has
the same water potential as the onions.

................................................................................................................................ [2]

[Total: 7]
 16

10 The table lists some processes carried out by living organisms.

Place a tick (✓) in a box to show the type of process that occurs in animals, occurs in plants, or
occurs in both.

An example has been done for you.

name of process occurs in occurs in

animals plants

absorption ✓ ✓

diffusion

egestion

photosynthesis

respiration

sexual reproduction

transpiration

[6]

[Total: 6]

11 (a) Explain the function of the renal capsule in the kidney.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [3]
 17

11 (b) Glucose is reabsorbed, back into the blood, by active transport.

Define active transport.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [2]

(c) Give one example, other than glucose, of a substance that is reabsorbed into the blood from
the renal tubule.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total: 6]
 18

12 This question is about biological molecules.

Choose words or phrases from the list to complete the sentences.

Each word or phrase may be used once, more than once, or not at all.

calcium carbon carbon dioxide carbohydrate

cellulose chloroplasts fat glycerol

glycogen iron methane nitrogen

oxygen protein starch

Fats are composed of the elements .............................................. , hydrogen and

.............................................. only. All proteins contain these three elements and the

element ............................................. .

Glucose is a type of ............................................... .

Animals store excess glucose as .............................................. in the liver.

Plants store excess glucose as .............................................. . Plants also convert glucose

to .............................................. which is used to make cell walls. [7]

 19

[Total: 7]

13 Complete the sentences.

Seeds contain proteins for the .............................................. of developing shoots

and roots. Proteins contain the elements .............................................. , oxygen,

.............................................. and nitrogen.

The new leaves of a seedling need the mineral ion .............................................. to make the

green pigment .............................................. .

This green pigment is needed to carry out the process of .............................................., in

the presence of light. [6]

[Total: 6]

14 The diagram shows a section through an egg cell at the time of ovulation.

jelly coat cytoplasm with stores

of protein and fat

nucleus

Explain why the egg cell contains stores of protein and fat.

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [3]

[Total: 3]
 20

15 Describe how you would safely carry out a test for reducing sugars.

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [3]

[Total: 3]

16 The enzyme lipase digests fats into fatty acids and glycerol.

Some students investigated how temperature affects the break down of fats in milk using lipase.

A pH indicator called bromothymol blue was used and the colour change was observed and recorded
every two minutes for a total time of 20 minutes.

The table below shows the colour changes of this indicator.

pH 6 7 8

colour yellow green blue

Three beakers were labelled: cold, warm, and hot. One test-tube was placed in each of the labelled
3
beakers. Three drops of bromothymol blue indicator were put into each test-tube. 2 cm of sodium
3
carbonate solution was added to each test-tube and then 2 cm of milk was added to each test-tube.
3
Finally, one test-tube containing 3 cm of lipase was put into each of the three beakers. The
temperature in each beaker was measured and recorded.

The experiment was left for 5 minutes, as shown in the diagram above.

After 5 minutes, the lipase was poured from the test-tube labelled lipase in the cold beaker into
the other test-tube in the cold beaker.

This process was repeated for the warm beaker and the hot beaker.

The mixtures were stirred and the colour of the bromothymol blue indicator in each test-tube was
recorded at 0 (start), 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18 and 20 minutes.

The table below shows the students' results.

Temperatures times and colours

 21

0 - blue, 2 - blue, 4 - blue, 6 - blue, 8 - blue, 10 - blue, 12 - blue,

ice and water = 4,
14 - blue, 16 - blue, 18 - blue, 20 - blue
0 - blue, 2 - blue, 4 - blue, 6 - blue, 8 - green, 10 - blue, 12 - green,
room temp = 21,
14 - green, 16 - yellow, 18 - yellow, 20 - yellow
0 - blue, 2 - blue, 4 - blue, 6 - green, 8 - green, 10 - green / yellow,
hot water = 50,
14 - yellow, 16 - yellow, 18 - yellow, 20 - yellow

(a) Complete the table below to records the students' results.

colour of indicator

cold warm hot

time / min
........... °C ........... °C ........... °C

[3]
 22

(b) (i) Sodium carbonate solution has a pH of 8. Suggest why sodium carbonate solution was
added to the milk in this investigation.

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................ [1]
(ii) State why the two test-tubes in each of the labelled containers were left for 5 minutes
before mixing their contents.

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................ [1]

(iii) Explain why the colour of the bromothymol blue indicator changed during the
investigation.

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................ [2]

(iv) Predict the colour that you would observe if the experiment had been repeated using
water at 80°C.

Explain your answer.

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................ [2]

(v) Suggest a result that may be anomalous. Give a reason for your answer.

anomalous result....................................................................................................

reason....................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................ [2]
 23

(c) State two variables that have been controlled in this investigation.

For each of these variables, describe how it has been controlled.

1 variable...........................................................................................................................

how it has been controlled.................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

2 variable...........................................................................................................................

how it has been controlled.................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [4]

(d) Suggest two ways to modify this investigation to find the optimum (best) temperature for the
enzyme lipase to break down the fats in milk.

1.........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

2.........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [2]

[Total: 17]

17 One of the components of human milk is the enzyme lysozyme that is present in many body fluids
and is responsible for breaking down cell walls of bacteria.

(a) Define the term enzyme.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [2]
 24

(b) The effect of human lysozyme on two common species of bacteria, A and B, was investigated
at two different values of pH.

The investigation was set up as shown below.

The test-tubes were kept at 37°C for 24 hours.

tube number 1 2 3 4

species of
bacteria
A A A B

pH of
4.0 4.0 9.0 4.0
medium
fresh lysozyme ü ü ü
boiled
lysozyme ü

After 24 hours, samples were taken from each test-tube. Each sample was placed onto nutrient
agar in Petri dishes. The dishes were incubated at 28°C for a further 24 hours to allow any
bacteria to grow.

The results are shown below.

sample
1 2 3 4
from test-
tube
result
after
incubation
for 24
hours

Key:
no growth of bacteria
growth of bacteria

Explain the results shown above, by comparing the following pairs:

 25

1 and 3..............................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................[2]

1 and 4..............................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................[2]

1 and 2..............................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................[2] [6]

[Total: 8]

18 Researchers in Michigan investigated the rate of photosynthesis in leaves of big-tooth aspen trees,
Populusgrandidentata, by placing some of the growing leaves inside transparent boxes.

The researchers measured the uptake of carbon dioxide by the leaves over a range of temperatures
from 10–40 °C. They carried out their measurements at two different concentrations of carbon
dioxide:

H – 325 ppm carbon dioxide which is close to the concentration in the atmosphere;

J – 1935 ppm carbon dioxide which is a very high concentration.

The results are shown in the graph below.

 26

30

25 J

20
uptake of
15
carbon dioxide
/ mg m–2 min–1
10
H
5

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
temperature / °C

(a) Explain why the rate of photosynthesis in the leaves in batch J:

(i) increases with an increase in temperature from 15 °C to 35 °C

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................ [2]

(ii) decreases at temperatures above 35 °C.

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................ [2]

[Total: 4]

19 The diagram below shows a method of growing tomato plants without soil.

The plants are supported above a tank of mineral solution aerated by an air pump.
 27

plastic support
plants

air line

air pump mineral

solution

Mineral ions from the solution enter the tomato plants and are transported to the leaves.

(a) Name the type of cell that is responsible for:

absorbing water and minerals into the plant;.....................................................................

transporting water and minerals to the leaves................................................................... [2]

(b) Tomato plants need nitrate ions and magnesium ions.

Explain why these ions are important for healthy plant growth.

nitrate ions.........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

magnesium ions................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [2]

(c) The mineral solution in the tank is checked regularly to see whether more minerals are needed.

Suggest two reasons why it is necessary to continue to add minerals to the solution.

1.........................................................................................................................................

2......................................................................................................................................... [2]

(d) Tomato plants need potassium ions to form flowers and fruit.

The graph below shows the mass of potassium ions absorbed by the tomato plants when the
air pump is switched off and when the air pump is switched on.
 29

300

250
air pump
switched on
200
total uptake
of potassium 150 air pump
/ mg switched off

100

50

0
0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0
time / hours

(a) Complete the table below by identifying P, Q, R and S and the name of one example of a
carbon compound found in each. T has been completed for you.

letter part of cycle carbon compound found in each part

T fossil fuels, e.g. natural gas methane

[4]
 30

(b) Photosynthesis is a very important process in the carbon cycle.

Explain how the process of photosynthesis converts carbon compounds from P to carbon
compounds in Q.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [5]

[Total: 9]

21 The diagram below shows a diagram of the alimentary canal.

 31

N
P

(a) Use the letters on the diagram above to identify:

the colon, ...........................

the pancreas, ...........................

the stomach. ........................... [3]

(b) State one function for each of these parts of the alimentary canal.

colon..................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

pancreas............................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

stomach.............................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [3]

(c) (i) On the diagram above draw a label line to show where bile is made.

Label it X. [1]
 32

(ii) State the action that bile has on fats in the small intestine.

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................ [1]

(iii) Explain how this action speeds up the digestion of fats.

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................ [2]

[Total: 10]
 33

22 Carbohydrates are an important component of a balanced diet.

The flow chart shows some of the processes that happen to carbohydrates in food that is eaten.

Describe what happens to carbohydrates in the human body between ingestion and assimilation
in the liver.
 34

Use the information in the flow chart as a guide.

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

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..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

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.................................................................................................................................................. [8]

[Total: 8]

23 In many parts of the world, rice forms an important part of the diet.

Rice contains a high proportion of starch.

Egg, chicken or fish may be added to the rice.

 35

(a) (i) State why undigested starch cannot be used by the body.

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................ [1]
(ii) If food containing a lot of starch is chewed for a long period of time, it may leave a sweet
taste in the mouth.

Explain why this happens.

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................ [2]

(iii) Suggest the benefit of adding egg, chicken or fish to the rice.

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................ [1]

(iv) Rice is not the only food which contains a lot of starch.

Name two other foods that contain a lot of starch.

1 .............................................................................................................................

2 ............................................................................................................................. [2]

(v) Rice is usually boiled, but it can also be cooked in fat.

There may be harmful effects to the body of eating too much fatty foods.

Describe two ways in which too much fat in the diet may be harmful to the body.

1 .............................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

2 .............................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................ [2]

[Total: 8]

24 Scientists investigated the effect of cuticle thickness on water loss from the leaves of the balsam
fir tree, Abies balsamea.

The leaves were divided into three groups:

 36

A - thick cuticle
B - medium cuticle
C - thin cuticle

Samples of leaves from each group were weighed. The leaves were placed on a tray in dry air at
20 °C. The samples of leaves were reweighed, at intervals, over 15 hours.

The scientists calculated the mass of each sample of leaves as a percentage of the initial mass.

The graph shows the results.

(a) Describe and explain the results shown on the graph.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [5]
 37

(b) The investigation was repeated on a day when the air humidity was higher.

Suggest and explain the affect that this would have on the results.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [3]

[Total: 8]

25 The graph below shows the rate of water conduction up three different trees in a forest over 24
hours.

2.5

tree A
2.0

1.5
rate of water
conduction
/ dm3 per hour
1.0

tree B

0.5

tree C
0
0 4 8 12 16 20 24
time / h
 38

(a) (i) Describe the rate of water conduction in tree A, during this 24 hour period.

You will gain credit for using data in the graph above to support your answer.

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................ [3]
(ii) Suggest how the ecologists used the data in the graph above to calculate the total
volume of water used by a tree in 24 hours.

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................ [1]

(iii) In the graph, tree A is a tall tree, tree B is a medium-height tree and tree C is a short
tree.

Suggest reasons for the different rates of water conduction in the three trees.

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................ [3]

[Total: 7]

26 The diagram shows part of the human gas exchange system.

 39

(a) Label the structures on the diagram using words from the list:

• bronchiole
• diaphragm
• larynx
• rib
• trachea

[5]

(b) Organ X on the diagram is not part of the gas exchange system.

State the name of the organ system to which X belongs.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total: 6]
 40

27 The photomicrograph shows human blood.

Describe the differences in appearance and the roles of the three cells labelled in the
photomicrograph.

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

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..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

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.................................................................................................................................................. [6]

[Total: 6]
 41

28 Pathogens cause disease.

The diagram shows some cells that are part of the human immune system. These cells are
responding to one type of pathogen.

Explain how the immune system responds to an invasion of pathogens.

Use the letters in the diagram in your answer.

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [6]
 42

[Total: 6]

29 The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infects and destroys lymphocytes.

The number of lymphocytes in the blood of a person infected with HIV was measured over a period
of 84 months.

The results are shown in the graph.

Outline the consequences of the changes in the number of lymphocytes for the health of the person
infected with HIV.

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [4]

[Total: 4]
 43

30 A rowing machine is a piece of apparatus that is used in many fitness centres.

The photograph below shows a man training on a rowing machine. The man in the photograph has
his arms extended during the rowing stroke.

(a) The man has an intense workout on the rowing machine.

The graph shows his oxygen uptake before and during exercise.

3.0

2.5

2.0

oxygen
consumption 1.5
/ dm3 min–1

1.0

0.5

0.0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
time / min

exercise starts exercise ends

 44

(i) Explain why there is a steep increase in the man's oxygen consumption at the start of
the exercise.

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................ [4]

(ii) It took 10 minutes after the man had stopped rowing for his oxygen consumption to
decrease to its resting value.

On the graph draw a line between 20 minutes and 35 minutes to show the change in
oxygen consumption after exercise has stopped. [2]

(iii) Explain why the man's oxygen consumption did not return to the resting value
immediately after exercise.

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[Total: 10]