UserGuide Diamond - EN

P O RTA B L E I N T E L L I G E N C E
User guide
User guide
General instrument functions A
Instrument data and functions, general settings, files and upgrades
General measurement functions B

Measuring modes, recording, measuring rounds, display windows,
customized view, spectrum functions and order tracking
Measurement techniques always included C

Speed, temperature, analogue signals, ISO 2372 vibration and stethoscope
Shock pulse measurement D

SPM HD, SPM dBm/dBc, SPM HR/LR, SPM LR/HR HD and SPM Spectrum
Vibration mesurement E
ISO 10816 vibration, EVAM vibration analysis, FFT spectrum with symptoms,
2 and 3 channel vibration analysis, Orbit analysis , Run up /coast down and Bump test
Rotor balancing F
Single and dual plane balancing
Shaft alignment G
Horizontal and vertical shaft alignment
71950 B 2013.08
Safety notes
• The instrument is intended for professional, industrial process, and educational use only while taking
into consideration the technical specifications. The accessories may only be used for their respective
intended use as defined in this manual.
• The instrument and accessories must be connected only to voltages NOT exceeding 16 Vrms, 22.6 Vpeak
or 35 Vdc.
• Warning! Do not use within measurement categories CAT II, III, or IV (SS-EN 61010-031/61010-2-030).
The instrument must NOT be connected to MAINS circuits.
• This instrument is CAT I, with a transient overvoltage rating of 500 V, and it is intended for low energy
applications.
An external overcurrent protection device of maximum 10 A (suitable breaking capacity) must be used
if the measurement application is high energy (e.g. a high power battery used for standby sources).
• All istallations shall be in accordance with national regulations. Please observe the risk of earth
potential differences when using long cables.
• When measuring on machines in operation, ensure that no cables etc. can be caught in rotating parts
which can cause injury.
• For safety reasons, the measurement device must only be operated and maintenanced by properly
trained personnel.
• Service and repairs of the measurement device may only be performed by SPM authorized service
technician.
• When not in use, always keep the protective caps on the connector sockets to keep them clean.
Warning!
This manual must be consulted in all cases involving equipment marked with this symbol.
Trademarks
Windows CE is a trademark of Microsoft Inc.
Leonova Diamond, SPM HD, CondID, SPM Spectrum and Condmaster are trademarks of SPM Instrument AB.
© Copyright SPM Instrument AB. ISO 9001 certified. Technical data are subject to change without notice.
Leonova Diamond Patent No: US#7,313,484, US#7,167,814, US#7,200,519, US#7,054,761, US#7,324,919,

EP#1474664, DE#60304328.3, FR#1474664, GB#1474664, NL#1474664,
SE03731865.6, US#7,711,519, US#7,949,496, EP#1474660, EP#1474662, EP#1474663,
FR#1474660, US#7,774,166, EP#1474659, UK#1474659, US#6,725,723, US#6,499,349,
SE#0400586-4, SE#0951017-3, SE 1000631-0 US#7,301,161C-1
LineLazer Patent No: SE0400586-4, US#7,301,616, US#5,684,578, US#6,873,931
CondID Patent No: ZL97195901.3, US#6,499,349, US#6,725,723
This product must be disposed of as electronic waste and is marked with a crossed-out wheeled bin
symbol in order to indicate that it must not be discarded with household waste.
When the life cycle of the product is over you can return it to your local SPM representative for proper
management, or dispose of it together with your other electronic waste.
Made in Sweden by
SPM Instrument AB
Box 504, SE-645 25 Strängnäs, Sweden, Tel +46 152 22500 Telefax +46 152 15075, [email protected]
www.spminstrument.com I www.leonovabyspm.com
General instrument functions
Contents
Leonova Diamond................................................................... 3
A
Instrument overview................................................................ 4
Charge the battery pack......................................................... 5
Start / Check battery status.................................................... 6
About Leonova........................................................................ 6
Navigation.............................................................................. 7
Defining shortcut keys and menu options............................... 8
Reset....................................................................................... 9
Instrument calibration............................................................. 9
Main functions ....................................................................... 9
Instrument settings............................................................... 10
General settings.....................................................................11
Set date / time....................................................................... 12
Register vibration transducers.............................................. 13
Default transducers for vibration measurements.................. 14
Edit text and numbers........................................................... 15
Select language.................................................................... 16
Create measurement files..................................................... 16
Change font, size and style................................................... 17
Function and use................................................................... 18
Order credits and functions.................................................. 19
Communication with the PC.................................................. 20
Leonova service program...................................................... 20

Upgrade Leonova software................................................... 21
Safety copies of Leonova files............................................... 22
Reload safety copies of Leonova files................................... 23
File management in Leonova................................................ 24
List of icons........................................................................... 25
Technical specifications......................................................... 26
General instrument functions A:1

A
A:2 General instrument functions

Leonova Diamond ®
Leonova Diamond is a multi-function, hand-held data
collector/signal analyzer for monitoring and diagnos-
ing machine condition. The instrument is operated via
keypad and programmable function keys. Basic data
for the measurement set-up can be input manually or
downloaded from Condmaster ® Ruby.
Leonova Diamond is always programmed for an unlim-

ited use of the measuring techniques described in 14661
chapter C. Other diagnostic and analytic functions, A
for shock pulse measurement, vibration measurement,
orbit analysis, rotor balancing and shaft alignment,
are user selected.
This instruction describes the general instrument set-

tings and basic operations.
Supplied accessories
14661 Wrist strap
PRO52 Leonova Service Program
Optional accessories
16675
DIA162 Extra memory, 4 GB CHA01/ CHA02 /
DIA163 Extra memory, 8 GB CHA03 / CHA04
16573 Optional battery pack
16644 Battery adapter unit
CHA01 Battery charger incl. AC adapter, Euro plug
CHA02 Battery charger incl. AC adapter, UK plug
CHA03 Battery charger incl. AC adapter, US plug
CHA04 Battery charger incl. AC adapter, AU plug
93484 Car charger cable 12V
CAB94 Communication cable, USB - mini USB CAS26
16675 Belt clip, complete
16646 Shoulder strap with safety buckle
16645 Protection foil for display
CAS25 Carrying case, plastic, with foam insert
CAS26 Carrying case, soft, with modular insert
81469 Silica gel (moisture absorbent) spare for CAS25
81468 Code lock, TSA approved, for CAS 25
The equipment listed above is part of the Leonova

instrument. In addition, transducers and measuring
cables are needed for the measurements. These are
bought separately, depending on which of the avail- CAS25
able measurement functions are implemented.

Instrument overview
Full colour screen
F1 – F4: Function keys
A
MENU
M/ S: start measurement /
save measurement
ARROW keys and ENTER
SHIFT: capitals, options
BACK
Wrist strap Power ON / OFF

(fastens left, right)
Rechargeable battery pack
RPM: Input for RPM/temp

VIB: Vibration transducer
probe, NPN/PNP sensors incl. input, 8 pin Lemo connector
12 VDC power supply and
stroboscope control,
5 pin Lemo connector
AUX: Input for analog
signals 0-20 mA / 0-10 V DC
SPM: Shock pulse
and LineLazer detectors,
transducer input , mini coax
5 pin Lemo connector
Strap holders
Communication port,
mini USB
Headphones / headset,
3.5 mm stereo mini plug
Position of RF
transponder for CondID
memory tags

Charge the battery pack
Leonova is powered by a rechargeable lithium-ion
battery pack which is easily replaceable during meas-
urement work. A warning for low battery comes up
before the instrument turns off. No data is lost, all data A
is stored in the flash memory. Leonova has a built-in
backup battery that lasts >15 years.
The battery pack in a new instrument has to be charged

before use. To release the battery pack, lift and turn
the locking screw (A), then pull out the battery pack A
from the instrument. Charger Unit
It is recommended to charge the battery pack before

storing the Leonova for a long time (> 6 months). The B
reason for this is that the cells can not withstand being
fully discharged completely. AC adapter
Battery Charger
The battery charger unit with AC adapter, CHA01/
02 / 03/04, provides 9.3V/1.33A. The AC adapter is
specified for 100 to 240 VAC, 50 to 60 Hz. Do not use
any other type of charger or AC adapter.
Connect the AC adapter (100 - 240 V AC) to the charg-

er unit (B) and place the battery pack in the charger
unit.
The charger unit can also be connected to 12 V power

in a car via the car charger cable 93484.
A green LED on front of the charger indicates that POWER

power is connected. CHARGE (red LED) lights up dur-
CHARGE
ing charging. READY (green LED) lights up when the
battery is fully recharged. READY
A full recharge can take up to 4 hours. The maximum

battery capacity is 5200 mAh. ‘Power low’ warning is
Only the provided battery
given at 25%.
! charger may be used with
the Leonova.
Measuring results are default stored in the flash
memory and will not be erased if battery is low.
Battery Adapter
Battery Adapter 16644
SPM 16644
Leonova can be connected to 100 - 240 VAC via an
optional battery adapter, SPM 16644, when using i.g.
long time recording. Replace the battery pack in Le-
onova with the battery adapter and connect it to the
AC adapter.
AC adapter

Start / Check battery status
Leonova is started with the ON/OFF key. The
display will shut down when not used within 10
minutes (default setting) and the Leonova goes
to “sleep mode”. By pressing the ON/OFF
key the Leonova immediately will go to “sleep
mode”. To leave sleep mode and resume work
in the last position, press the ON/OFF key.
POWER OFF is automatic when not used within

A 30 minutes (default setting).
Times for “power off” and “sleep mode” can

be changed under MENU ‘Settings’ (see later
in this chapter).
A battery status icon is placed in the upper

right corner.
About Leonova
The file ‘About Leonova’ contains important
information on the software status.
The license number and serial number belongs

to the instrument. All upgrades concerning
program versions, functions and credits are
connected with it. The package number is a
running number of update operations.
When ordering new functions and/or credits,

these are delivered as a text file ‘Leonova.txt’.
Each such order has a running package num-
ber and is individual for the instrument. The
files can only be loaded in package order, see
‘Leonova Service program’.
To open the ‘About Leonova’ file, press MENU,

select ‘About Leonova’ (1) with UP/DOWN ar-
row keys and press ENTER.
Press BACK or ENTER to close the ‘About’ 1

window.

Navigation
The Leonova main screen is divided into
three areas: 1
• the menu bar (1)
• the display window (2)
• the function bar (3).
2
The function bar shows actions controlled by
the function keys F1 to F4.
A
3
The navigation keys are:
• F1 to F4 are function keys used to select Function keys

functions displayed on the screen above the
keys. The functions change in various modes.
Menu Measure /
• MENU is used to access more functions Save
and settings. The menu changes in various
modes. Arrow keys
and enter
• The ARROW keys move within the display
window or in a popup window.
• ENTER opens/activates a highlighted item. It Back Shift
also closes functions and confirms changes.
• BACK switches back to previous window.
• SHIFT is used to provide alternate functions ON / OFF

in the function bar.
This is the general rule. Details are explained

under the function description.

Defining shortcut keys and menu options
The functionality of the keys F1 to F4 can be
modified to personal shortcuts. These settings
apply to all measurement modes.
• Open a measurement function and press

MENU. 1
• Press the MENU key and hold down for 3
seconds to enter the ‘Modify mode’ (1).
A • Mark a line in the list with UP/DOWN and

open the shortcut key list (2) with F1.
• Select a suitable shortcut key in the list and
press OK.
You can change order and make the options in

the MENU window visible/unvisible and insert
separators between them. 2
To make a menu option visible/unvisible, mark

the option with UP/DOWN and press F2.
To move a menu option in the list, mark the

line with UP/DOWN and press F3. Move the
option with F1/F2.
Pressing MENU in the ‘Modify menu’ (1) will

open a window (3) where you can place a
separator between the menu options.
Select ‘Undo changes’ to return to the default 3

instrument settings.
Pressing BACK switches back to previous

window and will save your settings.

Reset
In case of instrument malfunction, you should remove the battery pack to perform a hardware reset.
This will erase all data in the RAM memory.
Do not open the instrument casing. Service on Leonova may only be carried out by specially trained
personnel authorized by SPM.
Instrument calibration A
An instrument calibration, e. g. for the purpose of com- 1
pliance with ISO quality standard requirements, is recom-
mended once per year. The calibration is made at the
Authorized Service Establishments.
The calibration reminder icon (1) in the upper right cor-

ner of the display shows when the Leonova is used for
the recommended period and is to be sent to a by SPM
authorized service establishment in your local area.
Main functions
The menu bar at the top of the screen opens seven display windows, each containing a number of
files. Functions marked grey are not implemented in your Leonova version and can not be opened.
Navigate in the menu bar with F1 (previous) and F2 (next).

Select function in the display window with the ARROW keys and open with ENTER or F3.
a b c d e f g
a. FILE: Communication, Read CondID, measurement files saved by the user.
b. SPEED: Speed measurement.
c. SPM: All shock pulse measurement techniques.
d. VIBRATION: All vibration measurement techniques including orbit analysis,

run up/coast down and bump test.
e. ANALOGUE: Temperature and user defined measurements (voltage, current).
f. BALANCING: All rotor balancing techniques.
g. ALIGNMENT: All shaft alignment techniques.

Instrument settings
The eight files in the ‘Settings’ window
contain the general instrument settings.
With a new Leonova, the first task is to
check the available functions and to adjust
the instrument.
Press SHIFT+ F3 to open the instrument

settings window, or press the MENU key
and select ‘Settings’ with the UP/DOWN
A arrow keys. Open with ENTER.
In the ‘Settings’ window, select file with

the UP/DOWN arrow keys, open with EN-
TER or F1.
When the appropriate settings are made,

press the MENU key. Select ‘Previous’ or
‘Next’ with F1/F2 to make additional set-
tings. Press the BACK key to save the in-
strument settings and quit settings mode.
These are the files:
• General settings, a menu for several

functions.
Select units: the default is mm, °C, Hz.
dB mode: scale in dB for the y-scale in spectrum.

Icons: show large/small icons.
Layout: measuring point tree layout, preview live spectrum, show theoretical symptoms.
Automatic save: Prompt to save after measurement.
Balancing: select ounce, counter rotational degrees and output unit (ACC, VEL, DISP).
Screen: Adjust brightness.
Power saving: Adjust time for ‘sleep mode’ and automatic ‘power off’.
• Date/time: Adjust when needed.
• Vibration transducers: Register your transducer(s). Attention! All values must be taken from
the transducer’s calibration card.
• Language: Choose among available languages.
• Fonts: Select text presentation.
• Create default files: Creates the initial files needed to use the measuring functions.
• Function and use: Shows available functions, credits needed for loaded measuring rounds,
credit tank data.

General settings
The files under ‘Settings’ cannot be moved, re-
named or deleted.
‘General settings’ has its own menu bar (1).

Select with UP/
5
DOWN arrow keys,
Marking the box (2) changes from mm to open with ENTER.
inch, acceleration in g, from °C to °F and
from Hz (Hertz = cycles per second) to
CPM (cycles per minute, similar to rpm).
Marking a dB mode (3) will change the 1 A
y-scale to decibell.
2
When ‘Large icons’ (4) is not marked,

3
files are listed as shown above (5).
‘Use temporary file’ will save the round temporary

while saving.
‘Live spectrum’ will show spectrum in real time. Select tab (1) with F1/F2. Move in the list with
the UP/DOWN arrow keys, mark/unmark with
‘Low resolution warning’ when the resolution is
ENTER.
too low for an accurate result.
‘Possible to determine rpm from spectrum’ makes
it possible to get the rpm by setting out a marker
in the spectrum. 4
This selection (6) affects the measure-

ment window.
‘Measuring point name . .’ repeats the name on a

separate line.
‘Display colours . .’ displays the evaluation icon
for each listed measuring technique.
‘Automatic save . .’ opens a ‘Save yes - no’ win-
dow immediately after a measurement.
6
These selections concern ‘Balancing’.
‘Counter rotational degrees’ means that angles

are measured opposite to the direction the rotor
is moving.
‘Ounce’ changes weights from grams to ounces.
‘Output unit’, selected from a list (7), is the unit of
the vibration measurement (acceleration, velocity
or displacement).
7

Display setting.
You can change the backlight brightness (1). In-

crease or decrease with LEFT/RIGHT arrow keys.
1
The brightness of the display goes to “save
mode” after 30 seconds (default setting). Return
to full brightness by pressing any key.
A
Power saving.
You can adjust the time for ‘sleep mode’ (2). The 2
display will shut down when not used within this
setting. ‘Power off’ (3) will shut down the instru- 3
ment completely when not used within this time.
Select with UP/DOWN and confirm with ENTER.

To disable the automatic power off, leave it blank
(none). Remember to reset a value (1-10 hours ) in
order to turn off the instrument.
Set date / time

Before measuring with Leonova, update the
internal clock. The measurements time data is of
great importance when transferred to Condmas-
ter. 4
To make the update directly on Leonova, open

‘Date/Time’ (4) under ‘MENU/Settings’. Select
the date field, press ENTER and navigate with
the arrow keys to select date (5). Press F1 to
save.
To set the time (6), select the time field and 5

press ENTER. Use LEFT/RIGHT arrow keys to
change field. Change value with F2 (+) and F3 6
(–). Press F1 to save.

Register vibration transducers
The default SPM vibration transducer for Leonova is SLD144. The
instrument can also work with any other transducer of IEPE (inte-
grated electronic piezoelectric) type with voltage output. Trans-
ducers of not IEPE type which do not require power supply, like
velocimeters, can also be used. The ‘IEPE type’ has then to be set 1
to ‘No’.
To register a vibration transducer, open ‘Settings’ with SHIFT+ F3.

Select ‘Vibration transducers’ (1) to open the register (2).
A
Select ‘New’ (3) with the F1 key, then input the following data.
Press F1 to save the settings and close with the BACK key.
Name: A descriptive name. It will

be shown on the list of
transducers.
Type: The measured vibration 2
parameter, either ACC
(acceleration), VEL (velocity)
or DISP (displacement).
Sensitivity: The transducer’s nominal
sensitivity in the displayed
unit (which depends on the
input under ‘Type’). 3
Max. frequency: The transducer’s upper

frequency range.
IEPE type: YES or NO. ‘Yes’ opens the
next three lines.
Min. bias range: The lower working voltage.
Max. bias range: The upper working voltage.
Settling time: Stabilizing time for the 4
transducer after ‘power on’.
The min. and max. bias voltage (4) is needed for the TLQ test (Transducer Line Quality test, return-
ing ‘Interrupted circuit’ when the measured voltage is above the max. bias voltage, and ‘Short
circuit’ when it is below the min. bias voltage.
The nominal sensitivity of the deault vibration transducer SLD144 is 10.0 mV/m/s 2. The actual sensi-
tivity of the individual transducer is written on its calibration card. This data should always be input
in the transducer register. When several transducers are in use, they should be marked to assure
that the readings are calibrated.

Default transducers for vibration measurements
Default vibration transducers for the vibra-
tion techniques, balancing and orbit analysis
are set up via the transducer register. Default
transducer is the active transducer when ‘Port-
1
able’ transducer is selected under ‘Measuring
point data’.
Press SHIFT+F3 to open ‘Settings’. Select ‘Vi-

A bration transducers’ and press F1 (OK) to open
the transducer register (1).
9 2
Press F4 (2) to open the window ‘Default
transducers’ (3). To select a default transducer
for vibration measurements, select ‘Vibration’ 3
and press F1 (OK). Active transducer will be
shown (4).
To change transducer, press ENTER to open

the list of registered transducers (5). Mark a
name on the list and press F1 (OK) to confirm. 4
The new transducer is shown in the window
(4). Press F1 (OK) to confirm and close with the
BACK key.
To select default transducers for the balancing

function, mark ‘Balancing’ in the window ‘De-
fault transducers’ (3). Press ENTER and register 5
two transducers (6) to be used.
Default transducers for orbit analysis (7) and

for 2 and 3 channel vibration monitoring (8) are
registered in same way. A tri-axial transducer
is set up in the same way as three individual
transducers with the same settings. 6
To see or edit transducer data, mark its name

in the transducer register (1) and press F2
‘Edit’ (9). You can edit the transducer’s data
and change the transducer name. Mark a line 7
in the register with the arrow keys, open the
keyboard with ENTER and edit the data. Press
F1 to save the settings and close with the
BACK key.

Edit text and numbers
Change TAB (1) = SHIFT + LEFT/RIGHT

Change character line (2) = UP/DOWN 1
Capitals = hold down SHIFT 2
Delete = press F4
Confirm = press ENTER
A
Select tab (1) with SHIFT + LEFT/RIGHT ar-

row keys. The tabs corresponds to a set of
numbers or alphabetical letters. 3
Navigate to the desired character line (2)

with UP/DOWN arrow keys.
Press F1-F3 a number of times to obtain

the desired character, one by one. Press-
ing a function key will type out the first
character that it corresponds with (e.g., F1
accesses ‘abc’, so pressing the F1 key once
will type out an ‘a’). To type a ‘b’ or ‘c’, you
have to press the F1 key twice quickly or
three times quickly, respectively.
To obtain capital letters, hold down the

SHIFT key.
Navigate in the input field (3) with LEFT/

RIGHT arrow keys. You can delete charac-
ter with F4. To finish, press ENTER.
SHIFT

Select language
The file ‘Language’ under ‘MENU/Settings’
allows you to choose Leonova screen language
(1). To change to another language, change 1
with UP/DOWN arrow keys and select with
F1.Press OK (F1) or ENTER to restart the instru-
ment with the new language.
English is always included. If an additional

language is desired, please contact your local
A SPM representative.
Create measurement files

The file ‘Create default settings’ (2) under ‘Set-
tings’ is very important. It creates measurement
files for all measuring techniques and places
them under the measuring technique windows.
You cannot use Leonova as a stand-alone meas-
uring instrument without these files. 2
The installation is simple: Press MENU and open

‘Settings’. Select ‘Create default settings’ and
press F1 (OK).
The example (3) shows the measurement files

created in the vibration technique window: a file
for vibration ‘1000 Hz/1600 lines’ and a file each
for vibration measurement according to ISO 3
10816 and ISO 2372.

Change font, size and style
The ‘Fonts’ menu under ‘MENU/Settings’ allows
you to make individual changes of font, style
and size for any of the listed alternatives (1).
When showing file names, Leonova uses the 1

largest text that fits into the available space,
going from ‘Normal’ (16 points) via ‘Medium’ (14
points) to ‘Small’ (12 points). Thus, if you have
difficulties reading ‘Small’ text, you can change
the text size of ‘Small’ from 12 to 14 points. A
Leonova will truncate file names that are too
large to fit on one line. Using several words or 3
hyphens in the name will put it on two or more
lines.
2
Marking an item on the list and pressing F1
(Edit) opens the window (2) where you can set
character size and/or select another font (3) for
the item. Mark the font name, press ENTER to
open the font list (4). Please note that this will
not affect the other items.
Press MENU and select ‘Close’ to save settings.

‘Reset fonts to factory default’ (5) will reset all
items to default values. 4

Function and use
Leonova has a number of ‘platform’
functions which are always avail-
able with unlimited use. Other func-
tions are user selectable and can 1
be bought with either unlimited or
limited use.
‘Function and use’ under ‘MENU /

Settings’ shows a list of all functions
A (1), each followed by an icon showing
its status:
Available, unlimited use.

Available, credits required.
Not available in this instrument.
The ‘refill’ icon marks the functions where credits are de- 2
ducted from the credit tank each time the MEASURE com-
mand is given.
Loaded measuring rounds are shown at the bottom of the

list.
Pressing F1 ‘Consumption’ shows the number of credits re-

quired for the marked function (2) or measuring round (3). 3
Pressing F2 will open the ‘Function and use’ window (4).

Mark a line with UP/DOWN arrow keys and press F1 to edit.
‘Tank size’ is selected from a list.
The emergency tank size is fixed to 250, and the emer-

gency tank factor to 2. When using the emergency tank, 2
credits will be deducted instead of 1. It is therefore advis-
able to order a refill in good time. 4
The last three lines can be edited, both warning texts and
values. Pressing F1 ‘Edit’ first opens the text. Change
the text in the editor and press ENTER to continue to the
value. To save and exit, press BACK.
The loading of new credits and functions is described un-

der ’Leonova service program’.

Order credits and functions
When ordering credits together with a function
the credits have article number DIA290. Credits
for refill have article number DIA291. Functions
ordered after buying Leonova Diamond have
one set of numbers for unlimited use (list A) and
another for limited use (list B).
Order credits and functions from your SPM

supplier. You will receive the text file Leono-
Connect Leonova to the PC and use ’Load
A
va.txt. It is coded to the instrument’s license
and also contains a running package number. function/credits to instrument’ to transfer the
The files have to be loaded in package num- file contents.
ber order.
A. Functions for unlimited use

DIA195 SPM HD Expert, time and freqency B. Functions for limited use (Function & Use)
domain analysis DIA295 SPM HD Expert, time and freqency
DIA197 Shock pulse method HDm/HDc domain analysis (2)
DIA130 Shock pulse method dBm/dBc DIA297 Shock pulse method HDm/HDc (2)
DIA131 Shock pulse method LR/HR DIA230 Shock pulse method dBm/dBc (1)
DIA132 SPM Spectrum DIA231 Shock pulse method LR/HR (2)
DIA133 Vibration ISO 10816 with spectrum DIA232 SPM Spectrum (2)
DIA138 Orbit analysis DIA233 Vibration ISO 10816 with spectrum (1)
DIA192 3 channel simultaneous vibration DIA238 Orbit analysis (5)
DIA193 Vibration Expert DIA292 3 channel simultaneous vibration (6)
EVAM vibration analysis DIA293 Vibration Expert
25600 lines, 40 KHz incl. HD Order Tracking, Time signal
HD Order Tracking EVAM vibration analysis (2)
Time signal Post trigger (25),
Run up / Coast down (50)
Post trigger
Bump test (25)
Run up Coast down
Bump test DIA294 Vibration Advanced
DIA194 Vibration Advanced incl. HD Order Tracking, Time signal
FFT spectrum with symptoms (2)
FFT spectrum with symptoms
Post trigger (25)
12800 lines, 20 KHz
DIA209 Balancing, single and dual plane
HD Order Tracking
Single plane (4 runs 16, 2 runs 42)
Time signal
Dual plane (80)
Post trigger
DIA255 Shaft alignment (30)
DIA109 Balancing, single and dual plane
DIA155 Shaft alignment
Credit consumption is stated within brackets.
DIA290 Credits for limited functions
DIA291 Credits for limited functions, refill

Communication with the PC
Leonova connects to the PC via the USB cable
CAB 94. Leonova communicates with
• Leonova Service Program.
• Condmaster ® Ruby
1
Place both programs into the same folder on your
PC.
A To start communication, press SHIFT+ F1 to open

the communication mode, or select ‘Communica-
tion’ (3) under the ‘File’ menu and press ENTER.
Connect the USB cable between instrument and

computer. Control the communication from the
computer. Press F4 (Close) to exit the communica-
tion mode.
On the PC, open ‘Data transfer’ or ‘Planning’ in

Condmaster.
Leonova service program

The Service Program is used to
• print and save balancing and
alignment reports.
• load functions and/or credits from

the file ‘Leonova.txt’.
• upgrade the Leonova

software from the file
‘LeonovaDiamondAndEmerald.swp’.
• transfer language files from file ‘*.llf’.
• display and print a credit log

containing all measurements for
which credits were deducted, up to
10000.
• make and reload safety copies of the

Leonova files (file extension .lsc).

Upgrade Leonova software
The latest version of the Leonova software package can be downloaded from the SPM Homepage:
• www.spminstrument.com
Under ‘Downloads’, open ‘SPM Software’, and ‘Leonova Diamond/Emerald’. Download the file
‘LeonovaDiamondAndEmerald.swp’ to your PC.
To upgrade the Leonova software,

A
• Open ‘Communication’ on the instru-
ment.
• Connect Leonova to the PC.
• Start the Leonova Service program on

the PC.
• Select ‘Upgrade software on

instrument’.
• Input the path to the file

‘LeonovaDiamondAndEmerald.swp’
and click CONTINUE.
To load a new or updated language file, select ‘Transfer language file to instrument’.
Language files translated for an older software version may cause some text elements in the pro-
gram to fall back to english language. Please contact your local SPM representative for an updated
language file (*.llf).

Safety copies of Leonova files
The Leonova Service program
is also used to make safety
copies of all measurement files
saved in Leonova, and to reload
these files to Leonova when
needed. Leonova safety copies
must have the extension ‘lsc’;
the rest of the file name is your
choice.
A
To make a safety copy,
• Open ‘Communication’ on the

instrument.
• Start the Leonova Service pro-

gram on the PC.
• Select ‘Safety copy’, click

CONTINUE.
• Select a folder on your PC, e.g.

your Condmaster folder, and
click SAVE.
When reloading from a safety copy, there are two

alternatives, all files or a single file. The single file
option can be used to transfer a measurement
file from one Leonova to another, and from there
to Condmaster.
Select ‘View file information’ to see instrument

data, licenses, etc. Select ‘View log file’ to see
the instrument’s log file.

Reload safety copies of Leonova files
To reload a safety copy,
• Open ‘Communication’ on the instru-
ment.
• Start the Leonova Service program on
the PC.
• Select ‘Reload safety copy’.
• Select the file to be loaded, click OPEN. A
• Select ‘Reload all files’ or ‘Reload single
file’. ‘All files’ will erase the present files
on Leonova. Continue with YES when you
get the warning. For ‘Single file’ you get
a file list where you make your selection
and click OK.

File management in Leonova
The ‘File’ menu contains all user created
measurement files, with two exceptions.
The files ‘Communication’ and ‘Read
CondID’ (1) are system files which cannot
be renamed or deleted.
1 2 3
The default files for single measurement
functions remain on their function menu
A unless you save them as a user created
file under another name. This puts them
as new files (2) onto the ‘File’ menu.
Files downloaded from Condmaster

also get onto the ‘File’ menu. They are
marked with a ‘measuring round’ icon (3).
4
For file management, mark the file and

press SHIFT+F2. This opens a menu from
where you can delete or rename the
marked file and see the file information
(4). Select ‘File information’. Press ENTER
to open the info window. 5
All user created files are stored on Le-

onova’s built-in SD card. ‘File informa-
tion’ allows you to check the file size (5)
and free memory on the SD card.

List of icons
1. Go to main function FILE. Transducer Line Test.
2. A file, e. g. a measuring round.
1. Go to main function SPEED. Vibration measurement, EVAM / FFT.
2. A speed measurement.
2 channel vibration measurement.
1. Go to main function SPM.
2. SPM dBm/dBc and LR/HR measurement. 3 channel vibration measurement.
Go to main function VIBRATION.
Show measuring point data.
1. Go to main function ANALOG.
2. An analog measurement. Browse through measurements. A
Go to main function BALANCING. Show measuring results.
Go to main function ALIGNMENT. Show measuring result diagram.
Go to instrument SETTINGS. Show spectrum.

Show time record.
Language selection for Leonova screen
texts. Good condition (green).
Vibration transducer register. Condition warning (yellow).
Open default files for measuring Bad condition (red).
techniques.
Good condition, but above alarm limit.
Measuring credits, available functions.
Condition not evaluated.
Set disply brightness.
Alarm limit exceeded.
Set time for sleep mode and power off.
Measurement completed.
Communication with PC.
Earphone connected. Change volume.
CondID memory tag functions.
Balancing, single plane, 2 runs.
Create new.
Edit. Balancing, dual plane.
Keyboard for input of text and numbers. Balancing, single plane, 4 runs.
Manual input of measuring results. Horizontal shaft alignment.
Vibration measurement, ISO 10816. Vertical shaft alignment.
Vibration measurement, ISO 2372. Orbit analysis.

Quick mode. Run up / Coast down.
SPM HD measurement.
Bump test.
SPM LR/HR HD measurement. Calibration reminder.
SPM Spectrum measurement. Information.

Technical specifications
Instrument, general
Temperature measurement
Housing: ABS / PC / TPE, IP65
Dimensions: 297 x 130 x 69 mm Inputs: SPM TTP 10 or via
analog input
(11.7” x 5.1” x 2.7”)
Temp. range (TTP10) : -20 to 300 °C ( -4 to 572 °F)
Weight: 890 g (31.4 oz.)
Accuracy (TTP10) : ± 2.5 °C
Keypad: sealed, snap action
Display: TFT colour, 480 x 272 pixels, Analog signals
A 4.3 inch widescreen,
adjustable backlight Measurement range: 0 to 10 V DC, 0 to 20 mA
Main processor: 400 MHz ARM ® Resolution: 18 bit A/D converter
Dynamic range: up to 120 dB, Accuracy: ± 1% of reading + 0,1 V/mA

24 bit A/D converter Cable length: max. 100 m (shielded >30 m)
Memory: 256 MB RAM, 512 MB Flash
SD memory card: 1GB expandable up to 8 GB Stethoscope
Operating system: Microsoft Windows ® CE Settings: Filter, volume and gain
DSP processor: 300 MHz floating point Transducer type: Shock pulse and vibration
transducers
Input channels: 3 x VIB (simultaneous), 1x SPM,
1 x analog signals, 1 x rpm
Shock pulse method SPM HDm/HDc
Communication: USB 2.0
Measuring range: -30 to 110 dBsv (with
Headphones/ transducer type 44000)
microphone: 3.5 mm stereo plug
Resolution: 0.2 dB
Power supply: rechargeable Lithium-Ion
battery pack 5200 mAh or Accuracy: ± 1 dB
power adapter Input data: rpm, plus bearing type
Battery power: for min. 16 hours normal use and shaft diameter (or ISO
(at 20 °C) bearing number)
Operating temperature: -20 to 50 °C (-4 to 122 °F) Output quantity: maximum value HDm, carpet
non condensing value HDc, evaluated green/
yellow/red
Charging temperature: 0 to 45 °C (32 to 113 °F)
Transducer type: SPM 40000, 42000, 44000,
General features: language selection, probe transducer and quick
customized view, voice connector transducer
recording, battery status
idication, transducer line test,
metric or imperial units Shock pulse method SPM HD Expert
Meas. point Additional function to: HDm/HDc, LR/HR
identification: NFC transponder for Output quantity: Time signal HD, SPM HD
communication with Spectrum, HD Order tracking
CondIDTM tags, read/write
Spectrum lines: 400, 800, 1600, 3200, 6400,
distance max. 50 mm (2 inch)
12800, 25600
Measuring time: 1 to 10000 rev (default same
Tachometer input
as FFT)
Measuring range: 1 to 150 000 pulses/min.
Symptom enhance-
Resolution: 1 pulse ment factor: Off, 1-10 (Default = off)
Accuracy: ± (1 pulse + 0.1% of reading) Symptom recognition: bearing frequencies and
Transducer type: SPM TTP 10, TTL-pulses, optional patterns highlighted
Key phasor ®, proximity switch in the spectrum. Automatic
NPN/PNP config.of bearing symptoms
linked to ISO bearing no.
Output: TTL signal for controlling
stroboscope and 12 VDC
supply

Shock pulse method dBm/dBc Scaling: linear or logarithmic X and Y
axis
Measuring range: - 9 to 99 dBsv
Zoom: true FFT zoom, visual zoom
Resolution: 1 dB
Symptom recognition: bearing frequencies and
Accuracy: ± 1 dB optional patterns highlighted
Measuring time: 1,5 sek in the spectrum. Automatic
config.of bearing symptoms
Input data: rpm, shaft diameter (or ISO linked to ISO bearing no.
bearing number)
Output: maximum value dBm, carpet
value dBc, evaluated green
Vibration severity ISO 2372 A
- yellow - red, peak value, Measurement
audible shock pulse signal quantities: velocity, RMS value in mm/s
(earphones). over 10 to 1000 Hz
Transducer type: SPM 40000, 42000, 44000, Evaluation table
probe transducer and quick selection: menu guided, ISO 2372
connector transducers for Transducer line test: bias
adapters
Transducer type: SPM SLD or IEPE* (ICP) type
with voltage output < 24 Vpp.
Shock pulse method LR/HR Transducer supply of 2.5 mA
can be set On/Off
Measuring range: -19 to 99 dBsv
Resolution: 1 dB
Vibration severity ISO 10816 with spectrum
Accuracy: ± 1 dB
Measurement
Measuring time: 1,5 sek
quantity: velocity, acceleration, and
Input data: rpm, plus bearing type displacement according
and mean diameter (or ISO to individual parts in the
bearing number) standard
Output: LR and HR (raw shock values), Spectrum, linear, 1600 lines, Hanning
CODE A to D, evaluated window.
green-yellow -red. LUB no.
Quick mode: yes
for oil film condition, COND
no. for surface condition. Transducer line test: bias
Transducer type: SPM 40000, 42000, 44000, Transducer type: SPM SLD or IEPE* (ICP) type
probe transducer and quick with voltage output < 24 Vpp.
connector transducers for Transducer supply of 2.5 mA
adapters can be set On/Off
SPM Spectrum Vibration analysis, EVAM / FFT spectrum

Additional function to: dBm/dBc, LR/HR Frequency limit, lower: 0 (DC) to 200 Hz
Frequency range: 0 to 40 000 Hz, order Frequency limit, upper: 25 to 40 000 Hz (EVAM)
tracking 25 to 20 000 Hz (FFT)
Spectrum lines: 400, 800, 1600, 3200, 6400, order tracking
12800, 25600 Envelope high
pass filters: 100, 200, 500, 1000, 2000,
Meas. windows: Rectangle, Hanning, 5000, 10 000 Hz
Hamming, Flat Top
Envelope band
Spectrum types pass filters: 5-100, 50-1000, 500-10000,
displayed: linear, power 5000-40000 Hz
Averages: FFT linear, FFT peak-hold Measurement
Frequency units: Hz, CPM, orders windows: Rectangle, Hanning,
Hamming, Flat Top
Saving options
for spectrum: full spectrum, peaks only Averages: time synch, FFT linear, FFT
exponential, FFT peak-hold
Amplitude unit: S D (Shock Distribution), S L
(Shock Level)

Spectrum lines, EVAM: 400, 800, 1600, 3200, 6400, Bump test
12800, 25600
Frequency limit, lower: 0 Hz (DC)
Spectrum lines, FFT: 400, 800, 1600, 3200, 6400,
Frequency limit, upper: 25 to 40 000 Hz
12800
Spectrum lines: 400, 800, 1600, 3200, 6400,
Frequency units: Hz, CPM, orders
12800, 25600
Quick mode: yes, cab be set on/off
Spectrum types
Trigger selection: RPM trigger, post trigger displayed: linear
Saving options: time signal, peaks only, full Pre-trigger time: 5%, 10%, 20%, 25% of
A spectrum, time signal and
FFT, condition parameters
sampling time
Transducer line test: bias
Spectrum types
displayed: linear, power, PSD, amplitude
Zoom, EVAM: true FFT zoom, visual zoom Transducer supply of 2.5 mA
Zoom, FFT: visual zoom can be set On/Off

Transducer type: SPM SLD or IEPE* (ICP) type Orbit analysis
with voltage output < 24 Vpp. Orders: 1 to 5, default 1
Transducer supply of 2.5 mA
Filter types: none, band pass, low pass
can be set On/Off
Signal unit: DISP, VEL, ACC
Trig threshold: automatic
Run up/coast down
Measuring time: 1 to 25 revolutions
Frequency limit, lower: 0.5, 2 10 or 100 Hz
RPM range: 15 to 20 480 rpm
Frequency limit, upper: 1 to 9999 orders
Transducer types: buffered outputs from
Measuring interval: speed or time based
API670 approved protection
Measurement windows: Rectangle, Hanning, systems, alternative vibration
Hamming, Flat Top transducers type SLD or IEPE
Spectrum lines: 400, 800, 1600, 3200, 6400, (ICP ®) type transducers with
12800, 25600 voltage output
Spectrum types
displayed: linear
Quick mode: yes
Trigger selection: RPM trigger, post trigger
Transducer supply of 2.5 mA
can be set On/Off
* Integral Electronic PiezoElectric

Specifications are subject to change without notice.

General measurement functions
Contents
Leonova measurement functions............................................. 3
Measuring modes.................................................................... 3
Transducer Line Quality, TLQ.................................................. 4
Measurement with default files............................................... 5
Measurement with edited default files.................................... 6
Single measurement user files................................................. 7
B
Default file for reading CondID tags....................................... 7
Multi-measurement user files.................................................. 8
Recording ............................................................................... 9
Measuring rounds from Condmaster..................................... 10

Measuring rounds for CondID................................................11
The measuring sequence...................................................... 12
Measurement window before measuring.............................. 13
Measurement window before saving..................................... 14
The ‘Measure all’ function..................................................... 15
The ‘Customized view’ function............................................ 16
Conditional measurements................................................... 17
Comments............................................................................. 18
Graphics window................................................................... 19
Measuring result window...................................................... 20
Measuring point images........................................................ 20
Live spectrum window.......................................................... 21
Spectrum window................................................................. 22
Spectrum functions............................................................... 23
Highlighted symptoms in the spectrum................................ 27

Multi-line symptoms with harmonics..................................... 29
Waterfall diagram................................................................. 31
Phase spectrum..................................................................... 32
The time signal...................................................................... 33
Determine RPM from spectrum............................................. 35
HD Order Tracking................................................................ 36
General measurement functions B:1

B
B:2 General measurement functions

Leonova measurement functions
Leonova Diamond ® always has the following measurement
functions with unlimited use:
• HDm/HDc and/or LR/HR

• RMS vibration measurement according to ISO 2372
• Speed measurement, rpm and peripheral
• Temperature measurement
• Measurement of analog signals as current and voltage
• Stethoscope
• Vocal comments
• CondID, RFID measuring point identification
• Two-channel simultaneous vibration measurement
The remaining measurement functions are user

selected, with either limited or unlimited use: B
• SPM HD, time and frequency domain analysis
• Shock pulse measurement LR/HR with SPM Spectrum and
time signal
• dBm/dBc and SPM Spectrum
• Vibration measurement according to ISO 10816, with
spectrum
• Vibration Expert, evaluated vibration analysis
• Post trigger
• Run up/Coast down
• Bump test
• Orbit analysis
• Balancing, single and dual plane
• Shaft alignment
For each measurement, the user can input a comment as text or voice recording.
When implemented, the function ‘Recording’ can be used to automatically record a stated number
of measuring results or measure over a stated time.
Measuring modes
Leonova is primarily designed as a data logger. Measuring rounds, complete with all input data for
evaluated measurements, are downloaded from a PC running the SPM software Condmaster ® Ruby.
After measurement, the results are uploaded to the PC.
When data logging, the operator works along a predetermined route and measures ‘in measuring
round order’. As an alternative, CondID memory tags can be attached to the machines. A measuring
point, belonging to a downloaded measuring round, is identified by reading its tag. Leonova dis-
plays that point and its data, ready for measurement.
For unprepared measurement, Leonova contains a ‘default file’ for each measuring technique. When
required, the input data are entered manually by editing the default values. Edited default files can be
saved as new default files, or as user files which retain both the input data and the measuring results.

Transducer Line Quality, TLQ
The instrument can be set up to perform a transducer line quality test (TLQ) before measurement.
Testing the quality of signal transmission between transducer and instrument is essential because, in
a poor transducer line, part of the signal will be lost. This in turn means that measuring results will be
lower than they should be.
The overall term for the concept of transducer line quality testing is TLQ. Depending on the transducer/
transmitter used, the following applies regarding units of measure and accepted values:
If the TLQ value is outside the accepted level(s), the measuring result cannot be saved.
Transducer type 40000, 42000 44000 Vibration transducers, IEPE Transmitters
TLQ type TLT TLR Bias voltage Current
B Unit of measure No unit kΩ Volt mA
Accepted values 15 – 25 26 – 40 kΩ According to transducer settings 4 – 20 mA
Further information regarding TLQ is found in the respective measuring technique chapters in this
manual.

Measurement with default files
Measurement with default files is used for a
‘once only’ check, where you do not need to save
the measuring result. Default files are activated 1
with the menu option ‘Create default settings’
under MENU > Settings.
2
• Select a measurement function (1) and one

of the default files (2).
• Mark the default file and press the ENTER

key to open it (3). Press the MENU key >
‘Measuring point data’ > ENTER to display
measuring point settings.
• The type of measuring point data depends

on the measuring technique you are using. 3 B
The window shows default settings (4). Nor-
mally, you have to edit these. Mark the line
to be edited and press ENTER, then use the
keyboard to change the data. Finish each
entry with ENTER.
• Close ‘Measuring point data’. Connect the

transducer, measure and save. Saved meas-
uring results can be seen under ‘Graphics’
while the file is still open.
Measuring point data, default Measuring point data, edited

Measurement with edited default files
Editing the measuring point data temporarily
modifies the default file. In this example, the 6
measured quantity has been changed from
‘4-20 mA’ (the signal) to ‘Flow’ (the quantity 1
represented by the signal), and the measuring
unit from ‘mA’ to ‘l/min’. Such changes show up
in the measurement window (1).
What happens next depends on how the default

file is closed. ‘Close’ (2) simply closes the default
file, without saving the edited measuring point
data or the measuring results.
To keep the edited measuring point data per-

B manently, use ‘Save as’ (3) before closing the
file. The choice ‘Save as new default settings’
(4) creates a new default file which you have to
name (5).
The edited default file turns up under the meas-

urement window (6). It has the same properties 3
as the other default files: it is used for a single
2
measuring technique and the measuring results
will not be saved when it is closed.

Single measurement user files
As a third alternative, you can close a default
file with ‘Save as file’ (1) and input a file name
via the keyboard window (2). This will place it 1
into the FILE window (3).
The file thus saved keeps both the edited meas-

uring point data and the measuring results. It
can be opened to add more measurements. 2
Default files from the Analog measurements

menu can be configured for manual input (4).
Press ENTER, input quantity, press MENU, select

‘Save as’ > ‘Save as file’ and input a file name.
Note the special icon in the FILE window (5).
4
B
5
7 3
6
Default file for reading CondID tags

The file ‘Read CondID’ in the FILE window (6) is intended for reading
memory tags which do not belong to a measuring point which is part
of a downloaded measuring round.
• Open the file ‘Read CondID’. Hold Leonova as shown, within max.
50 mm of the tag, at an angle close to 90°.
Unless the tag requires unknown passwords, Leonova is pro-

grammed with the measuring point data contained on the tag.
You can now measure, and you can also write the results back
to the tag.
In case you want to save the measurement in Leonova,

you must do so under a new file name. The file will be
put into the FILE window, marked by a memory tag
symbol (7).
CondID tags can save the following techniques:

dBm/dBc, LR/HR, ISO2372, ISO10816, EVAM / FFT,
RPM, User defined 1 & 2 and checkpoints.
For the proper use of CondID tags when data logging,

see page B:10.

Multi-measurement user files
It is possible to add more measuring techniques
to a single measurement user file after it has
been saved under a name and appears on the
FILE window.
Press ENTER to open the file. Press the MENU

key and select ‘Add technique’ (1). This opens the 1
‘Add technique’ window (2), listing every default
file saved on the various technique windows.
Mark a technique and press the ENTER (or

F1) key. The name of the new technique will
be added below the technique marked in the
measuring window (3).
To get the correct measuring point data, you can

configure and save the default file before you
add the technique to the user file. Alternatively,
edit the measuring point data for each technique
in the new user file. Save it under a new name
if you want to keep the original user file.
To measure SPM techniques and EVAM with

variable speed, select the speed technique and
do not input an rpm value with the measuring
point data for the others.

Recording
‘Recording’ on the measurement menu (1) is a
function for taking a stated number of read-
ings at stated intervals, or measure for a stated
number of minutes. 1
Default files and single measurement user files
can be used when recording a single quantity,
e. g. shock pulses or a certain type of vibration.
However, the ‘Recording’ feature is consecutive

measurement of different quantities, using up
to six different transducers simultaneously con-
nected to Leonova:
• a shock pulse transducer on the SPM input

• up to three vibration transducers on the vib
input 2
B
• a voltage or a current signal on the analog
3
input
• a tachometer or temperature probe on the
tachometer/temperature input 6
To set up a consecutive recording of a shock pulse
measurement, a vibration or analog measurement
plus either a speed or temperature measure- 4 7 8
ment (or any combination of these), one needs
a measuring point where all wanted measuring
techniques are active. This measuring point is
either downloaded from Condmaster, or it is a
multi-measurement user file (see previous page).
Define the number of measurements or minutes

5
(2) and the time interval (3) between measure
ments (0 minutes = as fast as possible). Use the
NEW tab (4) to select measuring techniques
from the list (5) and put them into the measur-
ing sequence (6). A selected technique can be
replaced by another with EDIT (7) or be deleted
with (8). Connect the transducer(s) and press the
MEASURE/SAVE (M/S) key to start.
The results can be seen on the graphics display

and can be uploaded to Condmaster.
For SPM and EVAM measurements with variable

speed, select ‘Speed’ as a technique and do
not input an rpm under ‘Measuring point data’.

Measuring rounds from Condmaster
For efficient, systematic condition monitoring,
Leonova is used as a data logger. Measuring
points are set up in Condmaster and down- 1
loaded to Leonova, complete with all input
data for any or all of the supported measuring
techniques. For instructions, see the ‘Working
with Condmaster Ruby’ user guide, SPM 71962.
Downloaded measuring rounds are placed in the

FILE window (1). To measure, mark the file and
press the ENTER key to open (or press MENU
> ‘Open’ (2)).
Measuring rounds cannot be renamed in Le-

2
B onova, because Condmaster needs the original
round name as an identifier.
After uploading a measuring round back to

Condmaster, it can be deleted from Leonova
3
(3). If you keep it in the instrument, it will be
overwritten next time you download the same
measuring round from the PC.
Measuring points in downloaded measuring

rounds are shown in the order they were ar-
ranged in Condmaster. All the operator has to
do is connect the appropriate transducer and
use the Leonova MEASURE/SAVE (M/S) key to
obtain and save the measurements.
In Condmaster, the measuring points contained

in a measuring round can be organized under
labels (4) to create a logical structure and im-
prove measuring route efficiency.
To add a technique to a measuring point, press

MENU > ‘Add technique’ (5). This technique will
be automatically saved as part of the measuring 4
point in Condmaster.
A new measuring point can also be added to

a measuring round (6). It is sufficient to name
the measuring point temporarily and select at
least one measuring technique. On uploading
the round, the new measuring point can be
properly named and numbered.
Please note that the new measuring point will

not remain in the measuring round to which is
was added. To make it a permanent part of the 6
measuring round, go to the measuring round 5
register in Condmaster and add it.

Measuring rounds for CondID
In a downloaded measuring round, the meas-
uring points linked to CondID tags are marked 1
with a memory tag symbol (1).
After opening the round, hold Leonova close

to the memory tag, press the MENU key and
select ‘Read CondID’ (2).
The information on the tag will open the right

measuring point in the round. The measuring
point data will not be transferred in this situ-
ation: Leonova is programmed with the data
downloaded from the PC. Thus, all changes 2
made since the memory tag was programmed 3
will be regarded.
To transfer data changes and the latest measur-

B
ing results to the memory tag, open ‘Write to
CondID’ (3) and hold Leonova close to the tag.
Measuring points not in the round

CondID tags belonging to measuring points not
included in the open round can be read and
written to in the same manner.
Reading the tag will temporarily add a new

measuring point to the round, with the data
taken from the memory tag. Such points and
their measuring results will be uploaded to Cond-
master together with the round. For measuring
points that already exist in Condmaster, the
new measuring results will be saved without any
kind of message from the program. For meas-
uring points that do not exist in Condmaster,
you will get a message asking whether to save
them or not.
The extra measuring points are then removed

from the round.

The measuring sequence
Measuring with Leonova, especially data logging with downloaded, fully configured files, is very
easy.
Default files Files configured in Condmaster

1 Select a file (technique menu). 1 Select a file (FILE menu).
2 Open the file. 2 Open the file and select a measuring point.
• Open ‘Measuring point data’. 3 Connect the transducer.
• Edit ‘Measuring point data’, all parameters.
• Close ‘Measuring point data’. 4 Press the MEASURE/SAVE (M/S) key to start
the measurement. Press MEASURE/SAVE (M/S)
3 Connect the transducer. again to save the measuring result. Set a com-
ment if needed.
4 Press the MEASURE/SAVE (M/S) key to start the
measurement. Press MEASURE/SAVE (M/S) again 5. To remove unwanted results, go to MENU >
to save the measuring result. Set a comment if ‘Measuring results’ > Delete result (F3).
needed.
6 Close the file with MENU > ‘Close’ with or
5. To remove unwanted results, go to MENU > without saving.
‘Measuring results’ > Delete result (F3).
6 Close the file with MENU > ‘Close’ (which closes

the default file without saving), or use ‘Save as’
to save it as a user/new default file.

Measurement window before measuring
The measurement window has three parts, the result field (A), the measuring point field (B) and the
graphics field (C). Their contents differ, depending on the type of measurement file and measuring
technique used. The figure below shows a downloaded round with the dBm/dBc technique active,
before pushing the MEAS key.
2 8 6 4
5
1
3 input shaft
7 A
9
10
C B
11 input shaft
12 input shaft
13
B 15
14
16
A Result field B Measuring point field

1 Measuring point icon 10 Measuring point open (measuring assign-
2 Measuring point number ments are visible)
3 Measuring point name 11 Measuring point number and name,
4 Active measuring technique (marked = active)
5 Measuring result saved for this technique; 12 Measuring point name ‘on separate line’
No = blue box, yes = blue check mark , (remove under ‘General settings’)
not measured = white box, measurement 13 Measure all measuring assignments (mea-
aborted = grey check mark suring techniques) with one command
6 Measuring point status when last measured 14 Measuring assignments (techniques)
7 Alternatives for measuring point status 15 Measuring assignment; measured and
after measurement uploaded at least once, present status in
8 Unit of main measuring result Condmaster
9 Additional measurements yes - no, e.g. 16 Measuring assignment, measured and up-
transducer line quality, spectrum etc. loaded at least once, no condition status
or no alarm limit defined in Condmaster
C Graphics field Open/close measuring point folders with

The contents of this part of the display will RIGHT/LEFT arrow keys.
vary depending on the selected measuring
technique and settings made in Condmaster
for customizing the Leonova display.

Measurement window before saving
The measurement is started by connecting the transducer and pressing the MEASURE/SAVE (M/S)
key, or selecting the ‘Measure all’ command (press function key F1).
The measuring result (1) is displayed in the measurement field and the status is shown by a larger
status icon on top of the alternatives (2).
At this stage, the measuring result is not yet saved; a fact indicated by a small blue box. The alterna-
tives are to save it now or repeat the measurement. To measure repeatedly without saving in between,
press SHIFT + MEASURE/SAVE (M/S).
El. motor
1 A
2
B C
El. motor
El. motor
D
3 4 5
D Function keys and menu options

All options reached via the function keys (F1-F4) are linked to the measuring point and measuring as-
signment selected in the measurement window (B).
3 F1: Opens the measuring results window. In this window, use the F1 and F2 function keys before
saving to toggle between measuring results from the active measuring assignment, and F3 to delete
any results you do not want to save.
4 F2: Opens the Graphics window to display trend graphs for the selected measuring assignment. This
window shows a) the selected measurement taken before saving, or b) all downloaded and saved
measurements after saving, for the selected measuring point and measuring assignment.
5 F3: Spectrum display (if any).
Pressing the MENU key on the instrument displays a menu of further options.

The ‘Measure all’ function
Under all measuring points in Leonova, the
‘Measure all’ command appears above the list
of measuring assignments (1). The purpose of 2
this function is to speed up the execution of
measuring rounds. Settings for ‘Measure all’ are
made in the instrument only, but are uploaded
to Condmaster along with the measuring round
and saved for the next download to Leonova.
1
The ‘Measure all’ function is disabled by default.
It can be activated under MENU > ‘Settings’ >
‘General settings’ in the main screen.
3
In the top section of the measurement window,
a list of measuring techniques and the current
channel configuration for the measuring point B
is shown (2). By default, vibration measurement 4
assignments are directed to channel 1. ISO 2372
and ISO 10816 are distributed across channels 1
to 3 (horizontal = 1, vertical = 2 and axial = 3).
Measurement using remote transducers is always
carried out separately, i.e. not concurrent with
any of the other measurements in the list (2).
Under F2 (‘Connected VIB transducers’) (3), the 5

number of vibration transducers connected to
Leonova can be input (4).
To change the channel configuration, mark the
‘Measure all’ line (1) and press the ENTER key.
The ‘Channel settings’ window (5) is displayed,
6
showing all measuring techniques on the meas-
uring point; press F1 (‘Change channel) (6) to
change channels.
All vibration transducers connected to Leonova

will be measured on in the first measuring se-
quence; all others separately. If only one vibration 7
transducer is connected, measuring assignments
1 to 3 will be directed to vibration channel 1.
Press the MEASURE/SAVE (M/S) key to start

measuring. You will be prompted to connect
transducers and/or input manual data. After
measurement is completed, the ‘View summary’
window is automatically displayed (7), showing
a summary of all measurements just carried out.
To toggle between measurement results, use

the UP/DOWN arrow keys. From ‘View sum-
mary’, measurement results can be erased and
measured again.
Settings for ‘View summary’ are made under

Settings > ‘Customized view’ (see section “The
‘Customized view’ function” in this manual).

The ‘Customized view’ function
The ‘Customized view’ function enables the
user to customize display settings for the vari-
ous measuring techniques. The settings can be
saved for an individual measuring assignment
only, or as the default for all measuring assign-
ments with a particular measuring technique.
In the measurement window, mark a measuring

assignment for which to make the settings. Press 1
the MENU key and select ‘Customized view’ (1).
In the ‘Customized view’ window, settings can be

made for the top (2) and bottom (3) sections of
the screen. For each of the two sections, press
ENTER to open the menu (4). Use the UP/DOWN
B arrow keys to select and press ENTER to confirm. 2 2
4
While in ‘Customized view’ you can also set the
window size. Press the MENU key again and
select ‘Change window size’ (5). Select your
preferred size (6) and press ENTER to confirm. 3 3
To save the settings for the selected measuring

assignment only, press the BACK key. To save
them as the default for the measuring technique,
select the ‘Save as default for this technique’
menu option (7).
5
7

Conditional measurements
In conjunction with SPM HD, conditions can be
set up in Condmaster (see the Condmaster User
Guide, document no. 71962).
Conditions are used to ensure that measurement

1
is completed only if the HDm reading for a par-
ticular measuring is above a user defined limit.
2
If an SPM HD measuring assignment has a con-
dition associated with it, the hint ‘FFT on limit 3
>=...’ (1) is displayed. This condition means that
a full SPM HD measurement including FFT will
only be completed if the initial HDm reading
equals or exceeds the limit value.
After measurement, a blue box (2) signifies a B

successfully completed measurement (although
not yet saved), whereas a grey check mark (3)
indicates that the condition for this measuring
assignment was not met and the measurement
therefore aborted. 4
To override conditions for an SPM HD measure-
ment, mark the measuring assignment and press
ENTER. Under ‘FFT calculation’, press ENTER
and select ‘OFF’ (4).

Comments
The MENU option ‘Set comment’ (1) is open for all types
of measurements.
4
B
Comments consists of a ‘standard comment’ (2) and an
optional free text (3) of up to four lines. The present date 5
and time are set automatically in the field ‘From date/
time’ (4). They can be edited. Leonova is also capable
of recording and playing back audio files, so using a
headset with microphone, you can add vocal comments
as well. These are uploaded to Condmaster with the
measuring round and can be played back from there.
As an option, a future date and time can be input in the

field ‘To date and time’ (5). This turns the square on the
time line of the graphics display into a bar that covers
the time interval between the two dates and times.
To record a vocal comment, press the F3 function key

(‘Voice recording’) (7), then press F1 (‘Start’) to begin
recording. Maximum recording time is 30 seconds. 6
Standard comments having a vocal recording attached
to them are marked with a speaker symbol (8). Mark the
comment and press F4 (‘Play’) to listen to a recording.
The complete list of standard comments contained in

Condmaster is downloaded with the measuring rounds
and is available when data logging. Before downloading,
the user can select what comments should
be downloaded to the instrument and the
order in which to show them.
8
When measuring with the Leonova default
files, there are sixteen ‘Default comments’
(6) to which you can add free text. The text
‘Default comment’ can not be edited.
In the graphics display, comments appear

as small squares (colour coded in Cond-
master) on the time line.
7

Graphics window
The graphics window shows measuring results as dots (1) against a neutral scale or, in case of evalu-
ated measuring results, a condition scale (2). Alarm limits defined in Condmaster are marked by thin
horizontal lines (3). The type of measuring result (4) is selected in the measuring result window.
Up to 100 measuring results can be downloaded with a measuring round from Condmaster. The set-
ting is made under System > Measuring system when Leonova is activated as a measuring device.
Downloading 5 to 10 measuring results is quite sufficient to see the trend when the new reading is
taken. The new result is shown before it is saved.
4
7
9
B
3
1
2
6 10
5
8
Comments are
displayed in the
upper right corner
To select a measuring result dot for further examination, use the F2 function key (‘Cross’) (5). This
action displays a “crosshair” (6) which can be moved between individual measuring results using the
instrument arrow keys. The measuring result and time of measurement is displayed in the upper right
corner of the display (7).
A white corner on a function (8) indicates that more options are available when pressing the correspond-
ing function key (F1 - F4). Pressing and holding the SHIFT instrument key offers further options still.
‘Zoom’ > ‘Zoom X’ zooms the display around the center of the current view, while ‘Zoom to cross’
zooms in on the crosshair. ‘Zoom back’ reverts the last zoom step, while ‘Zoom back all’ returns to
the original time span.
The amplitude range can be changed by pressing SHIFT + F1. The ‘Rescale Y-axis’ function sets the
scale to the min. - max. range of the measuring results.
Comments are placed along the time line and displayed in the upper right corner (replacing the meas-
uring result information) when put in focus by means of the crosshair. To add a new comment, press
MENU > ‘Set comment’.
Pressing MENU offers more functions, such as ‘Measuring protocol’ (10), which spaces the measuring
result dots evenly, regardless of the time intervals between measurements.

Measuring result window
In the upper left part of the measuring result window (1), the result of the latest measurement is dis-
played. Saved results from earlier measurements are shown in the lower left part of the display (2).
The scroll bar (3) indicates that there are more parameters than those visible on the screen.
The measuring result window also shows the units of measurement (4), if any.
The values of the marked parameter (5) are shown in the Graphics window (6).
1
6
5
4
B 2 1
5 2
3
6
4
The measuring results are shown in this window both before and after saving the present measurement.
When several readings have been taken and saved, the F1 (‘Previous result’) and F2 (‘Next result’)
keys can be used to toggle between them (7). Press the SHIFT key + F1 or F2 to skip to the first or
last measuring result.
Measuring point images

Using the Measuring Point Imaging func-
tion in Condmaster, images or photographs
can be connected to measuring points. 1
If a downloaded measuring point

has an image associated with it, the
image is displayed in the graphics 2
window in Leonova Diamond (1)
when the measuring point name
(2) is marked. For an enlarged view 3
of the image (3), press the F4 key 4
(‘View image’) (4).

Live spectrum window
The live spectrum window shows a continuously
updated spectrum with 200 lines, irrespective
of other settings. The window will come up
before measuring with the vibration measuring
techniques and rotor balancing.
This function is activated MENU > ‘Settings’ > 1

‘General settings’ (1). On the ‘File’ tab, mark
‘Preview live spectrum’ (2).
‘Re-scale’ (3) will adjust the Y scale to fit the

highest value and ‘Lock scale’ (4) will lock the
Y scale.
Temporary settings can be made in the setting

window; use the instrument arrow keys to navi-
gate to the arrow button (5), then press ENTER.
B
When pressing ‘Measure’ the pre-set assignment
will be performed. 2
In the settings window (6), you can temporarily

change upper frequency, spectrum unit, FFT
type, average type and count.
Select parameter with the UP/DOWN arrow keys

and change value with LEFT/RIGHT. Pre-set val-
ues for the measuring point are shown in blue,
changed values in black. Changes will not affect
settings made under ‘Measuring point data’.
3
4 5

Spectrum window
Below the spectrum field (A) are functions (B) which are reached using the instrument function keys
in combination with the SHIFT key.
A
3
1
B
B 5 2
The spectrum diagram is marked with the (displayed) range (1) in Hz or CPM, depending on the default
setting made under ‘General settings’. The unit may be changed by pressing F4, ‘Hz/CPM/Orders’ (2).
All spectrum lines below the lower frequency will be shown in grey.
The Y axis (3) is marked with the measuring unit for spectrum line amplitude and with the range. For
default measuring assignments (which are not part of a measuring round downloaded from Cond-
master), the spectrum type unit, SD or SL, can be changed by pressing the MENU key while in the
measurement window and selecting ‘Measuring point data’ > ‘SPM Spectrum type’.
If there are known disturbances, e.g. from surrounding equipment, the ‘Spectrum enhancement’ func-
tion can be activated in Condmaster in order to obtain a clearer view of the relevant signals in the spec-
trum. Using this function, spectrum lines related to a certain source of disturbance can be excluded, or
interesting spectrum areas highlighted. When ‘Spectrum enhancement’ is activated in Condmaster, it
can be turned on or off in the Leonova spectrum window under MENU > ‘Spectrum enhancement’ (4).
Zoom options become available by pressing F1, ‘Zoom’. While in zoom mode, use MENU or SHIFT to select
a suitable zoom option. The spectrum can be zoomed along its X axis with the LEFT/RIGHT arrow keys.
Pressing F2 (‘Cursor’, (5)) displays options for cursors, harmonics and stroboscope. Holding down the
SHIFT key while in the cursor menu displays sideband options.
To display symptoms, press SHIFT + F4 in the spectrum window.

Spectrum functions
Regarding display and available functions, there is no difference between a vibration spectrum and an
SPM spectrum. The spectrum type is recognised from the measurement unit and the amplitude unit.
Zoom
To zoom in on the X axis of the
spectrum, press the F1 key (‘Zoom’)
6 9 (1) > F1 (‘Zoom X’) (2) . This zooms
8
∆ the display around the center of
∆
the current view. To zoom side-

ways, press SHIFT + F1 (left) or
F2 (right).
The displayed range is shown

below the diagram (3).
3 B
1 7 To zoom in on the Y axis, press the
F1 key (‘Zoom’) (1) > F2 (‘Zoom Y’)
(4). The amplitude scale changes.
You can undo the last zoom step

with ‘Zoom back’ or restore the
original diagram with ‘Zoom back
all’ (5).
2 4 5
Cursors
By default, cursor A (6) is already in the spectrum when you open it. To display a second cursor, B,
press F2 (‘Cursor’) (7) > F2 (‘Cursor B’). To remove it, press F2 again.
For fine work, move cursor A sideways with the LEFT/RIGHT arrow keys and cursor B with SHIFT +
LEFT/RIGHT (8). One step corresponds to spectrum resolution (minimum distance between two spec-
trum lines).
For each step, the cursor skips to the top of the spectrum line or, if there is none, to the base line
(amplitude = 0). Frequency and amplitude of the marker position are briefly displayed in the upper
right corner (9).
When the arrow coincides with a position belonging to a symptom, the name of the symptom is dis-
played (9). In case several symptoms share the same position, all relevant symptom names are displayed.

The purpose of a spectrum is to reveal
line patterns associated with machine
or bearing faults. Characteristic for
many fault patterns is the presence
of ‘multiples’ or ‘harmonics’, which 1 Z
Z 3
means that the line (or group of lines)
is repeated two, three or more times Z
further up in the spectrum. The spac- Z

Z
ing is 1Z, 2Z, 3Z, ... nZ, where Z = the Z
frequency of the first harmonic. Z
Z
With the cursor (1) positioned on a

spectrum line that has a significant
2
amplitude, press F2 (‘Cursor’) > F3
(‘Harmonics’) (2).
B
A series of numbered, green arrows (3)
now show up in the spectrum. Number
1 is in the cursor position. Numbers
2, 3, etc. are the harmonics. They are
evenly spaced along the frequency
axis at Z intervals. Moving the cursor
one step and back will again display
its position and thus Z.
To remove the arrows from the spec-

trum, press F3 (‘Harmonics’) (2) again.
In the second screen shot (right), the

cursor is positioned on a different 4 Z
spectrum line in the pattern and the Z
harmonics shown. This spectrum line
has one harmonic within the displayed
frequency range. Z in this case is
doubled.
Please note that cursor number 1 in

the lower figure also matches the
symptom ‘Bearing, BPFI’. This shows
that the symptom is configured to look
for multiples of the basic pattern. More
about symptoms overleaf.

The F1 (‘Measuring result’) key opens
a window with further options for the
spectrum window; use the UP/DOWN
arrow keys to select a symptom (1)
for display, and the function keys F1
(‘Previous result’) and F2 (‘Next result’)
to toggle between measuring results.
‘Symptoms’ are instructions to search for 1

and highlight spectrum lines or groups
of spectrum lines that are typical for
certain machine faults. Their purpose
is to point out the significant data con-
tained in the spectrum.
Symptoms are selected and configured B

when the measuring point is created
in Condmaster. They are downloaded
with the measuring round. The only
factor added in Leonova is normally the
machine speed (unless the measuring
point is configured with a fixed rpm,
which it should not be when spectra
are measured). 2
For a spectrum, the list of symptoms

shows the symptom value, i. e. the RMS
value of the included symptom lines (1).
When the spectrum is measured with
an appropriate resolution and over a
frequency range large enough to ac-
commodate the pattern, the number of
matches will normally equal the number
of lines in the symptom.
Pressing the MENU function key in the

spectrum window opens further func-
tions for the spectrum (2).

The effect of a logarithmic Y-scale is
illustrated to the right, using a down-
loaded vibration spectrum.
1
The amplitude scale of a spectrum is
automatically scaled to accommodate
the largest spectrum line (1). Thus, a
dominant line will make most others
invisible, which is desirable, because
the lines containing very little energy
are insignificant for the evaluation of
machine condition. In this example, the
amplitude scale is approx. 2 mm/s, so
even the largest spectrum line is small.
B Switching to a logarithmic scale ampli-

fies the low amplitude values (2). The
3
amplitude unit gets the addition ‘LOG’
(3). This display form clearly shows that
the FFT calculation produces spectrum
lines in almost every position, most with
amplitudes well below 0.002 mm/s. 2
The two lower screen shots show the

same spectrum with the Y scale in dB;
(3) is scaled according to European
standard and (4) according to US Navy
standard.

Highlighted symptoms in the spectrum
The following examples show different options on the ‘Settings’ menu and their effect on the spec-
trum display.
B
A. Symptoms are not marked in the spectrum.
B
1
B. The symptom name is shown (1). The symptom line is marked with a red dashed line (2) if a match
is found in the spectrum. To find the match, Leonova searches for the closest peak line within the
tolerances programmed in Condmaster.
C. The symptom name is shown, plus the text ‘Theoretical symptom’ (3). The line in the calculated
symptom position is marked with a blue dashed line (4). Leonova does not search for the closest
peak.

The previous page illustrated the three basic alternatives on the ‘Settings’ menu with single line symp-
toms. Here are examples of multi-line symptoms:
B
D. Same as B, but containing the first harmonic at BPFI plus three harmonics, altogether four possible
matches (5). In this example, the match found by Leonova agrees with the obvious peaks in the
spectrum: all dashed lines are on top of the largest lines (5).
7
6
E. Same as C, marking the positions where BPFI and its three harmonics should be according to the
calculations. In case of the first line (6), reality as reproduced by the FFT agrees with the calcula-
tion. However, the next three lines in the pattern are not quite in their calculated positions: they
are beside the dashed lines (7).
Please note that such near misses are

normal, especially for the more rigid
‘Theoretical symptom’. Vibration itself
is a continuous event, which is first
digitalized during measurement and
the subjected to mathematical manipu-
lations to get the spectrum. At every
step, there are tolerances, so an offset
must be expected.
The resolution of this spectrum is ≈

1 Hz, so the line is offset by a single
digital step.

Multi-line symptoms with harmonics
The symptom register in Condmaster contains a number of symptoms searching for groups of lines.
These are of three kinds:
a harmonics of a single frequency line
b side bands to a single frequency line
c harmonics of a side band pattern.
Note that ‘harmonics’ are also called ‘multiples’ and ‘orders’. Alternative a) is illustrated on the pre-
vious page.
Damage on the rotating inner race of

a bearing typically affects the line at G
the ball pass frequency over the inner
race (BPFI). Quite often it also produces
side bands to this frequency line. In
Condmaster, the symptom BPFIM (M
= modulation) is configured to show 2
side bands of either side of the centre
line BPFI, which is not highlighted (F).
Adding the marker to the centre line

of the patters displays the position of
BPFI and shows that it is covered by
its own symptom (G).

Harmonics of a side band pattern tend to put a lot of highlighters into the spectrum, which can be
confusing. There is also a strong possibility that the multiples of the basic pattern overlap.
In the symptom shown below (H, I), the number of side bands has therefore been reduced to two on
either side of the center line.
The pattern in (H) is made clearer by

I
placing marker on top of the BPFI line
and selecting ‘Show harmonics’ (I).
Please note: While the presence of side

bands and multiples in a spectrum is
significant, the actual number of such
elements is not important. The job of
a symptom is to point out relevant data,
not to find ‘everything’.
Zooming in on the spectrum (1) and

sweeping a cluster of lines reveals, how
close together significant lines can be.
The BPFI factor of this bearing is 7.75,

so the harmonics of BPFI are spaced
7.75 * RPM / 60 apart. The symptom
‘Bearing, BPFIM’ looks for four harmon-
ics but only two side bands.

Waterfall diagram
The waterfall diagram is a three dimensional dis-
play of up to 99 vibration spectra. The different
readings are displayed along the Z coordinate,
with the latest reading in the front.
3
To display a waterfall diagram, press the F3 key
(‘Spectrum’) in the measurement window. (1). In
the spectrum window, press MENU > ‘Waterfall
diagram’ (1).
You are prompted to select a number of dia-

grams to show (2). In this screen shot example,
three diagrams are shown.
Cursors are only valid for the spectrum in the

front. For the cursor position in the spectrum,
the frequency, amplitude and phase angle are
B
shown (3).
Settings and other graphical functions are the

same as for spectrum, see ‘Spectrum functions’
earlier in this part of the manual. 1

Phase spectrum
If a time signal is measured together with a
tachometer pulse, a phase spectrum can be
displayed. This type of spectrum is useful espe- 4
3
cially when measuring on two channels.
To view a phase spectrum, go to the Spectrum

B window and press MENU > ‘Phase spectrum’ (1).
The blue cursor (3) is displayed by default. It can 1

be removed with F2 (‘Cursor’) > F1 (‘Cursor A’).
For the marker position in the spectra, frequency,
amplitude and phase angle are shown (4).
Move the blue marker with the LEFT/RIGHT

arrow keys.
In the Phase spectrum window, you can select

MENU > ‘Show phase noice’ (2) to see the phase
angle for each line included in the spectra.
All other settings and graphical functions are

the same as for spectrum, see ‘Spectrum func-
tions’ earlier in this part of the manual.

The time signal
For vibration and SPM HD measurements, the time signal can be saved. It can be seen directly after
measuring and before saving, or by calling up any stored measurement for the active measuring point.
2 B
3 4
The measuring unit (1) is always the signal unit. The diagram is scaled peak to peak (Y axis) and shows
the total sample time (2) along the X axis.
In the time signal there is no default cursor; you can add them to the graph with F2 (‘Cursor’) (3) > F1
and F2. See further information overleaf.
Using the F3 function key (‘Result’) (4), you can toggle between measurement results and lock the Y
axis scale.
The MENU key option ‘Clear all’ removes markers and other indicators, and also removes a time signal
that was selected from the list of saved time signals.

To zoom in on a time range, press the F1 key
(‘Zoom’) (1) > F1 (‘Zoom X’). This zooms the
display around the center of the current view.
To zoom sideways while in zoom mode, press 2
SHIFT + F1 (zoom left) or F2 (zoom right).
To zoom in on a part of the amplitude scale,

press the F1 key (‘Zoom’) (1) > F2 (‘Zoom Y’).
The amplitude scale changes.
To put a cursor (2) into the spectrum, press F2

(‘Cursor’) (3). With cursor A inserted, you can
1 3
add a second cursor, B (4).
The frequency for the period between the cur-

sors (5) is shown in Hertz, together with delta
values (6): 6
B • Delta time = time between the two cursors 4
• Delta amplitude = difference in amplitude
between the two cursors.
5
• Delta phase = difference in phase angle
between the two cursors.
Note: Phase angle is shown only if rpm is

measured.
When two cursors are in place, you can activate

periods by pressing F3 (‘Periods’) (7). This cre-
ates multiples with the same distance as that
between cursors A and B (8). This feature is a
useful aid for identifying fault symptoms.
While in cursor mode, the cursors can be moved

sideways; move cursor A with the LEFT/RIGHT
arrow keys and cursor B with SHIFT + LEFT/
8
RIGHT. For each step, the time and amplitude
of the spot beneath the marker are briefly
displayed. 7
To mark a different period, use MENU > ‘Clear
all’ and start again.

Determine RPM from spectrum
It is possible to determine the rpm from a
spectrum when the measurement is performed
without specifying the rpm and ‘Variable speed’ 1
is marked under ‘Measuring point data’ in
Condmaster.
To activate this function go to MENU > ‘Settings’ 2

> ‘General Settings’ > ‘File’ tab (1) and mark
‘Possible to determine rpm from spectrum’ (2).
When you press the MEASURE/SAVE (M/S) key,

you are prompted to select how to determine
rpm. Select ‘Determine rpm from spectrum’ (3). B
3
When the measurement is completed, press F3

(‘Spectrum’) to go to the Spectrum window. Use
the LEFT/RIGHT arrow keys to move Cursor A
to the assumed rpm (1X) in the spectrum.
Press the MENU key in the spectrum window

and select ‘Set RPM from cursor’ (4). A window 4
(5) opens where you can verify the selected
peak and the corresponding rpm value before
saving with the ENTER key.

HD Order Tracking
HD Order tracking is an optional Leonova func-
tion primarily used for SPM HD and vibration
analysis on variable speed machines.
The method uses multiples of rotational speed

(orders), rather than absolute frequency (Hz).
The number of orders to be shown is input by
the user. Leonova will then automatically set
the sampling frequency to an exact multiple 1
of the measured rpm. Order tracking will also 2
minimise the risk of smearing when using FFT
averaging. 3
The purpose of using orders is to lock the
display to the rotational speed (1X) and its
B multiples, which means that the ordered 4
components in the spectrum always remain
in the same position in the display, even
if the rotational speed varies between the
measurements.
Two or several spectra from the same machine

with variable speed can therefore more easily
be compared if they are expressed in orders.
Using order tracking, the frequency range will
always cover the symptoms of interest, regard-
less of the rotational speed of the machine.
To activate Order Tracking, go to MENU in

the measurement window > ‘Measuring point
data’ (1) and select ‘Order tracking’ (2). Press
ENTER to mark the ‘Order tracking’ checkbox
(3). Enter the desired number of orders (4) and
press F1 to save and BACK to return to the
measurement window.
The lower frequency is input in Hz or CPM

under ‘Measuring point data’. The upper fre-
quency is shown in orders. ‘Variable speed’
must be marked and rpm has to be measured.
Other graphical functions and settings are the

same as for spectrum, see ‘Spectrum functions’
earlier in this part of the manual.
Setup of order tracking assignments in Cond-

master requires one of the optional software
modules MOD134 (FFT with symptoms), MOD
135 (EVAM) or MOD195 (SPM HD Expert).

Measurement techniques always included
Contents
Free measurement techniques................................................ 3
Speed measurement.............................................................. 4
Speed measurement with default file...................................... 5
Temperature measurement .................................................... 7

Temperature measurement with default file............................ 8
Analog measurement ............................................................. 9

Configuration of analog measurement file............................ 10
C
Vibration severity measurement.............................................11
Definition of machine classes according to ISO 2372............ 12
Measuring points for vibration.............................................. 13
Measuring point data for ISO 2372....................................... 14
Using the stethoscope function ........................................... 15
Measurement techniques always included C:1

C
B
C:2 Measurement techniques always included

Measurement techniques always included
Leonova is always programmed for an unlimited use of the measurement techniques listed below.
Other diagnostic and analytic functions, for shock pulse measurement, vibration measurement,
rotor balancing and shaft alignment, are user selected.
Speed Shock pulse, Vibration, Temperature and

stethoscope stethoscope analog signals
Measurement techniques always included are:
• Speed measurement
• Shock pulse measurement HDm/HDc and/or LR/HR
• RMS vibration, ISO 2372. C
• Temperature measurement
• Measurement of analog signals, current and voltage:
0 – 20 mA
4 – 20 mA
0–1V
0 – 10 V
• Stethoscope
These measurement techniques and the equipment needed to use them are described in this chap-
ter with the exception of the SPM HDm/HDc and LR/HR techniques described in Chapter D.
Measuring points containing the free techniques can be downloaded from Condmaster Ruby, fully
configured and ready for measurement.
When the default files under the technique windows are used, the analog measurements and the
vibration measurement normally require a configuration under ‘Measuring point data’.

Speed measurement
The SPM laser tachometer/IR temperature probe TTP 10 is used for both optical and contact speed
measurement. It is connected to the transducer input marked RPM on Leonova.
A blue LED indicator on the Tachometer and Temperature probe TTP10 lights when reflected ligth
hits the sensor.
Input for tachometer/tem-

perature probe TTP10 Reflecting
tape
TTP 10
5– 75°
RPM, optical:
Distance 30 to 2000 mm.
C
B Measuring angle 5 to 75°
CAB90 Stroboscope cable, 1.5 m spiral,
3.5 mm phones connector
CAB92 Proximity switch cable, 1.5 m
spiral, M12 connector
CAB95 Keyphasor cable, 1.5 m spiral,
BNC connector
RPM, contact centre Peripheral, contact wheels

Hold it against the shaft centre Multiply the reading by the wheel factor:
TAD-12 0.1 m/min. (factor 10)

TAD-11 Short, 30 mm
TAD-13 0.1 yd./min. (factor 10)
TAD-15 Long, 60 mm
TAD-17 0.5 ft./min. (factor 2)
TAD-19 Extra long, 170 mm

Speed measurement with default file
Please note: to evaluate bearing condition and
to make sense of a vibration spectrum, one has
to know the rpm of the shaft. This type of rpm
measurement is made as part of the shock pulse
or vibration measurement, where the speed 1
technique is automatically included when the
point is configured for ‘variable speed’.
The speed measure with the default file (1) is not

available for other measurements. Press ENTER
to open speed measurement.
Settings (2) are made under ‘Measuring point

data’ (SHIFT+F3). It is possible to change RPM
and speed range via the keyboard window. Val-
ues outside the range will not be registered. To
edit, mark a line in the list with the UP/DOWN
arrow keys and open with ENTER. 2
It is possible to change ‘Unit of speed’ from

RPM to some other unit, but Leonova will always
count the number of light reflexes (pulses).
3
C
The instrument counts 1 rpm for each received
light reflex (pulse). The maximum is 150 000
pulses per minute. On slowly rotating parts you
can use several reflexes at even intervals.
‘Number of pulses’ are set to correspond to the

number of reflecting tape bits.
‘Factor’ is used with contact measurement to

convert revolutions to peripheral speed. This is
set to 1 when using optical speed measurement.
‘Max. fluctuation’ is used only for variable speed.
When measuring with the Tachometer and

Temperature probe TTP 10, select ‘Portable’ (3)
4
as transducer.
Optical speed measurement

Easiest is the optical speed measurement. The preparations are simple: paste a bit of adhesive
reflecting tape on the rotating part. It has to be reasonably clean.
Direct the laser beam at the reflecting tape and press the M/S key. When measuring on short
distance the reflections from the shaft can register false readings. Then try to angle the laser beam
towards the reflection tape to achieve a stable result. A blue LED on the Tachometer
��
and Tempera-
ture probe shows that the light beam is reflected back to its sensor. A green dot (4) on the display
indicates signal from the probe sensor. Red measuring values indicates values out of range. When
the count stabilizes, press F1 to continue or save the measurement with the M/S key.
To see or delete measurement(s) before saving, press F1 to see the result window. Press SHIFT+F2
to set a default comment or link a voice recording to the result. See Chapter B, Comments.
To save the result, press MENU and select ‘Save as’. Select ‘Save a file’ and input a name via the
keyboard window. Press ENTER to save.

Contact measurement
For contact measurement, you place the contact
adapter over the lens and fix a contact centre or
a wheel. The shaft in the adapter has a reflecting
surface, and each revolution sends one light reflex to
the counter. The contact centre is pressed firmly into
the cavity at the centre of the shaft, and the probe is 1
aligned with the shaft’s centre line.
The wheels are used to measure peripheral speed.

One turn corresponds to 0.1 m, 0.1 yards, or 0.5 feet,
depending on the wheel type.
Settings (1) are made under ‘Measuring point data’

(SHIFT+F3). Mark ‘Factor’ on the list and press F1 to
edit. For meters or yards per minute, set ‘Factor’ (1)
= 10. For feet per minute the factor = 2. Number of
pulses = 1.
C
B Remote transducer
Other types of transducers can be used by switching
the setting of ‘Transducer’ to ‘Remote’ (2).
When using a proximity switch the setting of ‘Trans- 2

ducer type’ is ‘PNP’ or ‘NPN’ (3). The setting of ‘12V
Supply’ should be ‘ON’ (4).
When Leonova is connected to a stroboscope, the

setting of ‘Transducer type’ (3) is normally set to
‘NPN’. Some types of stroboscopes require the
setting ‘PNP’. The setting of ‘12V Supply’ should be 3
‘OFF’ (4).
When Leonova is connected to a Key Phasor for

orbit measurements, the setting of ‘Transducer type’
is ‘Key Phasor’. ‘12V Supply’ (4) should be ‘OFF’ (4).
Manual input
For manual input of speed, press ENTER and input
the speed via the keyboard window.
4

Temperature measurement
The SPM laser tachometer/IR temperature probe
Input for tachometer/tem-
TTP 10 is used for temperature measurements in
perature probe TTP10
the range of –20 to +300 °C (–4 to +572 °F). Meas-
uring accuracy is ± 2.5° C.
The probe has an infrared sensor that allows you

to accurately measure the temperature of a surface
without having to come in contact with it.
The probe is connected via the spiral cable to the

RPM input on Leonova. It is power supplied by the
instrument.
Keep the protective adapter on the probe when

the probe is not used.
Distance (D) to Spot size (S) = 8:1
To measure, move the laser point so that it is on
the area to be measured and press the M/S key.
Make sure that the target is larger than the unit’s
ø 100
ø25
ø 50
spot size. The smaller the target, the closer you
should be to it. C
200 400 800
Caution: Never
��
point the sighting laser in some-
body’s eye.
IR sensor
The laser tachometer/ IR temperature probe has
distance to spot size (D/S) 8:1, meaning that if the Laser
probe is 800 mm from the target, the diameter of beam
the object must be at least 100 mm (see the dia-
gram beside). When accuracy is critical, make sure
the target is at least twice as large as the spot size.
TTP 10
SPM laser tachometer/
IR temperature probe

Temperature measurement with default file
The default file for temperature measure-
ments is located in the ANALOG window (1).
There are no settings under ‘Measuring point
data’.
The result is displayed with a decimal, but 1

please note that the accuracy of the SPM
laser tachometer/IR temperature probe is
± 2.5 °C.
The change from °C to °F is made under

‘General settings’ (2) in the SETTINGS win-
dow. Switching from one unit to the other
will re-calculate all saved results and display
them in the active unit.
After pressing the measure key (M/S) you

2
can select type of material (3) to obtain as
accurate readings as possible.
C
B Select material to be measured (emissivity)
with RIGHT/LEFT arrow keys:
- Paint
- Iron rusted
- Iron oxidized
- Aluminium unoxidized
- Aluminium oxidized
- Lead oxidized
- Brass polished
- Brass oxidized
- Copper rough polished
- Copper black oxidized
Press F1 ‘Continue’ or ENTER to stop read- 3
ing. Save the result with the M/S key.
To see or delete measurement(s) before

saving, press F1 (4) to see the result window.
Press SHIFT+F2 to set a default comment
or link a voice recording to the result. See
Chapter B, Comments.
To save the result, press MENU and select

‘Save as’. Select ‘Save a file’ and input a
name via the keyboard window. Press ENTER
to save.
4
For manual input of temperature, press
ENTER and input the temperature via the
keyboard window.

Analog measurement
The equipment for analog measurement Input for
consists of the spiral cable CAB-85 which is analog signals
connected to the right hand input connec-
tor. The input is specified for max. 18 Vpp.
Measuring cables with length up to 100 m can
be used. Cables longer than 30 m must be
shielded.
NOTE! The analog input is not electrically iso-

lated from the conductive instrument enclo-
sure. Short circuit can occur in the instrument
in case other accessories are attached.
The ANALOG technique window (1) contains

a default file for each of the acceptable signal
types:
Warning! See the
• 0 – 1V Safety Notes in
• 0 – 10 V this manual. CAB-85, Analog cable,
• 0 – 20 mA 2 x banana connectors
• 4 – 20 mA C
Open the appropriate file and configure it,
as shown on the next page. You can change
any of the files to any signal type and input a
suitable quantity and unit (2).
When you select ‘User input’ under ‘Measur- 1

ing point data’ (SHIFT + F3), you set the file for
manual result input via the keyboard window.
To measure, press M/S key. The count is dis-

played in the ‘Measuring’ window (3). When it
stabilizes, press F1 to continue or M/S to save
the measurement.
If you do not accept the reading, press

SHIFT+ M/S to collect a new reading without
saving the previous. 2
To see or delete measurement(s) before sav- 3

ing, press F1 to go to the result window.
Press SHIFT+F2 to set a default comment or

link a voice recording to the result. See Chap-
ter B, Comments.
To save the result as a file, press MENU and

select ‘Save as’. Select ‘Save a file’ and input a
to save.

Configuration of analog measurement file
The default files for analog measurements
have to be configured. Press SHIFT+ F3 to
open ‘Measuring point data’. Mark ‘Type’ and
press ‘Edit’ (F1) to select type of incoming
signal.
‘Type’ is given when you select the appropri-

ate file, e. g. ‘4-20 mA’, but can be changed 5
to any of the other alternatives. It must, of
course, correspond to the incoming signal.
‘Type’ is shown as the measuring point name
in the measurement window (1).
‘Quantity’ is what the incoming signal repre-

sents, e. g. power, flow, pressure. The default
setting is the name of the incoming signal.
Mark this line and press ‘Edit’ (F1). Write the 1
new name in the keyboard window and save
2
with ENTER. It will be displayed above the
result in the measurement window (2). 3
C
B 4
‘Unit’ is the measurement unit for the new

quantity, here ‘bar’ for oil pressure. It is dis-
played in brackets above the result field (3).
‘Format’ defines the number of digits and the

position of the decimal point in the result (4).
Write a ‘#’ for each digit.
Signal conversion
Correct signal conversion (5) is the most
important part of the configuration. Normally,
you do not want to measure electricity but the 6
quantity represented by the incoming signal.
‘Lowest value’ is the quantity represented by

the lowest value of the incoming signal. In
this example, the lowest incoming signal is 4
mA, and it represents here a value of 1.4 bar.
Values are input via the keyboard window (6).
‘Highest value’ is the quantity represented

by the highest value of the incoming signal,
here 20 mA. In this example, this represents a
value of 2.2 bar.
Thus, the measuring range is defined as 1.4 to

2.2 bar.

Vibration severity measurement
Vibration severity measurement according to ISO 2372 is a broad band measurement over the
frequency range 10 to 1000 Hz. It returns the RMS value of vibration velocity in mm/s (or inch/s).
This value is representative of the energy contents of machine vibration, and thus of the destructive
forces acting on the machine. It is still widely regarded as a good and easy to obtain indicator of
general machine condition.
Evaluation of machine condition
The evaluation consists of a comparison

of the measured value with the ISO limit
values recommended for 6 different
classes (see definition on the next page).
The majority of industrial machinery

belongs to the vibration classes 2, 3,
and 4:
Class 2: Medium size machines without

special foundations
Class 3: Large machines on rigid foun-

C
dations
Class 4: Large machines on soft foun-

dations.
For example, most smaller process pumps in a chemical plant would be Class 2. A 100 kW fan on a
concrete foundation would be Class 3. However, the same fan fastened to the less rigid metal deck
of a ship could be considered as Class 4.
Class 1 refers to independent parts of machines, for example electric motors up to 15 kW. Classes
5 and 6 are used for heavy reciprocating prime movers and machines which are intended to vibrate,
such as vibrating screens.
Leonova is programmed with the ISO limit values and will evaluate the measuring result, provided
the ISO machine class number is input under ‘Measuring point data’. On the instrument, the ISO
values for good and acceptable are shown as green. Just tolerable is yellow, unacceptable is red.

Definition of machine classes according to ISO 2372
The following text is a quotation from ISO 2372 (1974, E, page 6, Annex A). This ISO Recommenda-
tion has also been published as British Standard (BS 4675, part I). A similar vibration classification of
industrial machinery can be found in VDI 2056.
In order to show how the recommended method of classification may be applied, examples of
specific classes of machines are given below. It should be emphasized, however, that they are
simply examples and it is recognized that other classifications are possible and may be substituted
in accordance with the circumstances concerned. As and when circumstances permit, recommenda-
tions for acceptable levels of vibration severity for particular types of machines will be prepared. At
present, experience suggests that the following classes are appropriate for most applications.
Class I
Individual parts of engines and machines, integrally connected with the complete machine in its
normal operating condition. (Production electrical motors of up to 15 kW are typical examples of
machines in this category.)
Class II
Medium-sized machines, (typically electrical motors with 15 to 75 kW output) without special foun-
dations, rigidly mounted engines or machines (up to 300 kW) on special foundations.
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B
Class III
Large prime movers and other large machines with rotating masses on rigid and heavy foundations
which are relatively stiff in the direction of vibration measurement.
Class IV
Large prime movers and other large machines with rotating masses on foundations which are rela-
tively soft in the direction of vibration measurement (for example turbogenerator sets, especially
those with lightweight substructures).
Class V
Machines and mechanical drive systems with unbalanceable inertia effects (due to reciprocating
parts), mounted on foundations which are relatively stiff in the direction of vibration measurement.
Class VI
Machines and mechanical drive systems with unbalanceable inertia effects (due to reciprocating
parts), mounted on foundations which are relatively soft in the direction of vibration measurements;
machines with rotating slackcoupled masses such as beater shafts in grinding mills; machines, like
centrifugal machines, with varying unbalances capable of operating as self-contained units without
connecting components; vibrating screens, dynamic fatigue-testing machines and vibration exciters
used in processing plants.

Measuring points for vibration
Vibration severity is primarily a measure for general
machine condition. Vibration at the measuring point
should be representative for the overall vibration of the
machine.
Typical measuring points are the bearing housings. By

measuring in three directions, one can get an indication
of the causes for increased vibration.
• Horizontal vibration (H) in the plane of rotation is

most representative of balance condition.
• Vertical vibration (V) in the plane of rotation is most
representative of structural weakness.
• Axial vibration (A) along the line of the shaft is most
representative of faulty alignment and bent shafts.
To get comparable results, the measuring points

should be clearly marked, so that the measurements
can always be taken in the same spots and important,
at the same speed.
C
Transducer with magnet
SPM vibration transducers can be used
• as a hand-held probe, with or without the probe tip

attached. Not recommended above 1000 Hz.
• with a magnet for attachment to ferrous metal parts.
Not recommended above 2000 Hz.
• with the M8 (UNC 1/4”-28) mounting screw.
The firmer the contact with the machine, the better

the measuring result. Plain, clean metal makes the best
contact surface for the vibration transducer.
The vibration transducer is connected via a twisted pair Hand-held probe

cable to the VIB input on Leonova. Transducers of type
IEPE* (ICP) with voltage output (< 24 Vpp) can be used.
Only one vibration transducer can be connected to

Leonova when measuring according to ISO2372. Move Input for
the transducer between the three directions (H, V, A) vibration transducer
and perform three measurements.
Transducer line quality, TLQ

Leonova is automatically testing the quality of signal
transmission between transducers of type IEPE and
instrument before measurement. The unit of measure is
voltage (Bias). Accepted values depends on transducer
settings. Not acceptable values generates an error
message.

Measuring point data for ISO 2372
The only measuring point data that should
be edited are ‘Direction’ and ‘Class’ (1). Press
SHIFT+ F3 to open ‘Measuring point data’. For
both, the alternatives are selected from lists
after marking the line and pressing F1 ‘Edit’.
The selected measuring direction appears as

measuring point name in the measurement
window (2). The selected machine class
effects the evaluation of the measuring result
(3). Readings in the yellow and red zone are
indicated with an alarm flag and a flashing red
dot (4) before the value.
‘Portable’ on the transducer line (5) means that 2

the default transducer for vibration measure-
ments is active. Set up of default transducers 3
is described in Chapter A page 13.
To temporarily use another transducer, press 2

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B SHIFT+ F3 to open ‘Measuring point data’ and
mark ‘Transducer’ on the list. Press F1 ‘Edit’
and select ‘Remote’.
The transducer data become editable after

you switch ‘Transducer’ from ‘Portable’ to
‘Remote’. Provided you know the transducer’s
frequency range, sensitivity and its upper and
lower bias range, you can input the data here. 1
5
This temporarily transducer data will be lost
when closing the measuring technique but will
be saved in the measuring result file.
To measure, connect the transducer and press

the M/S key. Save the measurement with
M/S. If you do not accept the reading, press
SHIFT+ M/S to collect a new reading without
saving the previous.
To see or delete measurement(s) before sav-

ing, press F1 to go to the result window.
4
Press SHIFT+F1 to see the alarm list. Press
SHIFT+F2 to set a default comment or voice
recording to the result (6). See Chapter B,
Comments.
6
To save the result as a file, press MENU and
select ‘Save as’. Select ‘Save a file’ and input a
to save.

Using the stethoscope function
The stethoscope function is useful for detect-
ing machine sound irregularities, such as load
shocks and scraping. It is recommended to use
a shock pulse transducer with probe or a vibra-
tion transducer with probe tip or magnetic 1
foot. Installed transducers can also be used.
Connect your headphones to the output con-

nector (1). ��
Open one of the measuring tech-
niques under Speed, Shock Pulse, Vibration or
Analogue. Press MENU, select ‘Stethoscope’
(2) and press ENTER.
Source is the transducer input you intend to

use. Select with the UP/DOWN arrow keys and
press F1 (or ENTER) to confirm. When using
a shock pulse transducer (SPM), Leonova will
2
automatically recognize type of transducer.
When using a vibration transducer, select VIB-1
(Z), VIB-2 (X) or VIB-3 (Y). VIB-1 (Z) is normally C
the setting when not using a three axial vibra-
tion transducer.
Hold the transducer against the object. Use

LEFT/RIGHT arrow keys to adjust the volume (4).
NOTE! Setting the volume to the maximum level may harm 3

your hearing.
You can filter out high or low frequencies with the high pass/
low pass filter (5) at 500, 1000 or 2000 Hz. Press the DOWN
arrow key and select filter with the LEFT/RIGHT arrow keys.
When a shock pulse transducer of type 40000 is used, you 4

can select ‘High frequency mode’ (6). ‘High frequency mode’
moves frequencies above the audible down to the audible 5
frequency range. Activate/deactivate ‘High frequency mode’
6
with the ENTER key. Adjust the amplification (7) with the LEFT/
RIGHT arrow keys. 7
The ‘High frequency mode’ is always activated when using SPM 40000 and 42000
transducers of type 42000 and 44000. Vibration transducers transducers
are working in the audiable frequency range and ‘High fre-
quency mode’ (6) can not be used.
To select source (3), press F1. To return to the measuring

technique window, press the BACK key.
Vibration and SPM 44000

transducers

C
B

Shock pulse measurement
Contents
Shock pulse techniques........................................................... 3
Rules for SPM measuring points.............................................. 4
Examples of SPM measuring points........................................ 6
Equipment for shock pulse measurement............................... 8
Transducer with quick connector.......................................... 10
Permanently installed transducers/terminal ..........................11
Shock pulse transducer with probe....................................... 12
The SPM HD measuring technique ....................................... 13

Normalized condition readings ............................................ 14
Input data for SPM HD.......................................................... 15
Measuring SPM HD............................................................... 16
The dBm/dBc technique........................................................ 17

Input data for SPM dBm/dBc................................................. 18
D
Input data for variable speed................................................ 19
Transducer line quality.......................................................... 20
Measuring SPM dBm/dBc...................................................... 21
Using the earphones............................................................. 22
The LR/HR and LR/HR HD techniques................................... 23

Input data for LR/HR and LR/HR HD..................................... 24
Accumulation and compensation.......................................... 25
LR/HR values and CODE....................................................... 26
The LUB number................................................................... 27
The COND number and error codes..................................... 28
Input data for LR/HR and LR/HR HD..................................... 29
Measuring LR/HR and LR/HR HD........................................... 31
Measuring an SPM Spectrum................................................ 32
Editing spectrum data........................................................... 33
Shock pulse measurement D:1

D
D:2 Shock pulse measurement

Shock pulse techniques
The Shock Pulse Method for bearing condition monitoring (SPM) is applied as four related and
complementary measuring techniques:
SPM HD
Shock pulse magnitude is quantified on a decibel scale by two
values, the maximum value HDm and the carpet value HDc.
HDm
The input data are very simple: the rpm and the bearing’s shaft
diameter. The maximum value HDm is evaluated on a green -
yellow - red condition scale. It indicates the bearing’s operating
conditions in terms of good - caution - bad. Operating condition HDc
includes factors like installation quality, load, lubrication and the
mechanical state of the bearing surfaces.
In Time signal HD, repetitive shocks are enhanced and random

signals supressed using advanced digital algorithms. The Time
Signal HD is extremely useful to determine the location of a
possible bearing damage. The SPM Spectrum HD, obtained by
applying FFT algorithms on the Time Signal HD, is useful for
trending purposes (applying symptom and band values).
SPM dBm/dBc
With the dBm/dBc technique, the shock pulse magnitude is
quantified on a decibel scale by the maximum value dBm and TYPE 3
the carpet value dBc.
SPM LR/HR D
Shock pulse magnitude is quantified on a decibel scale by the
values LR (low rate of occurrence, corresponding to the dBm) and
HR (high rate of occurrence, similar to the E#c). In addition to
these ‘raw values’, the bearing’s operating condition is indicated
by the evaluation results CODE (overall condition), LUB (oil film
thickness) and COND (mechanical state of the surfaces). Thus,
condition information is more detailed, with emphasis on bearing
lubrication.
The required input data are also more detailed: the rpm, the
bearing’s mean diameter and its type number. The type number
defines the bearing geometry and thus the evaluation box with
its green - yellow - red condition zones.
For all three techniques, measuring results indicating bad bearing

condition should be verified. By comparing shock values on and
around the bearing housing and through lubrication tests, the
operator can make sure that the measured shock pulses originate
from the bearing before taking corrective action. This verification
process is greatly simplified with the SPM Spectrum technique.
SPM Spectrum
A time record of the shock signal is subjected to an FFT. Prominent
bearing patterns in the resulting spectrum are conclusive evidence
that the measured shocks are generated by the bearing. Thus,
the bearing condition data obtained with either the dBm/dBc or
the LR/HR method are valid.

Rules for SPM measuring points
The rules for the selection of SPM measuring points have a
very practical purpose.
We are trying to catch low energy signals which are getting

weaker the farther they travel and the more they are bounced
about inside a piece of metal.
We know that they lose strength when they cross over from
one piece of metal to another (oil between the pieces reduces
signal losses).
We cannot know, for all bearing applications, how much of the

strength of the bearing signal will reach the measuring point.
1 – Straight and short path
However, by necessity we try to apply general evaluation rules, i.

e. treat all measured signals as if they were of the same quality.
The rules for SPM measuring points try to assure that most
signals are comparable, with sufficient accuracy, and that the
green-yellow-red condition zones are valid.
1 The signal path between bearing and measuring point

shall be as short and straight as possible. 2 – No interface!
D 2 The signal path must contain only one mechanical interface,

that between bearing and bearing housing.
3 The measuring point shall be located in the load zone of

the bearing.
Load
Measuring
point
3 – In the load zone of the bearing

Measuring points should be located directly on the
bearing housing, i. e. the metal that is touching the
outer race.
SPM supplies long adapters and transducers that allow

you to reach measuring points beneath covers, shields
and brackets.
The signal losses in the two unavoidable interfaces

(bearing – bearing housing and housing – adapter)
have been taken into account in SPM’s evaluation of
bearing condition.
The load zone is defined as the load carrying part of

the bearing housing. It is normally determined by the
weight of the supported machine part, i.e. the load
is mostly on the lower half of the bearing housing.
Consider also the direction of the force acting on the

shaft when the machine is running. Thus, belt tension
can determine the load on the bearings. The fan shaft
in point 3 is pulled down towards the motor. The drive
end of the motor shaft is pulled up towards the fan (2),
the non-drive end (1) is pressed down and away from
the fan. In point 4 the weight of the rotor normally
determines the measuring direction. The arrows show
the measuring points, numbered in the direction of
D
power transmission.
Finding the strongest signal

Use the shock pulse transducer with probe to find the spot on the bearing housing where the signal
is strongest. If there are several points yielding the same signal, select the point where it is easiest
to take readings.
When a measuring point cannot conform to the rules (because an ideal spot cannot be reached), make
allowance for a weaker signal. If you use SPM LR/HR, you have a COMP no. to compensate for weak
signals, but must still try to find a good point.

Examples of SPM measuring points
The following pages show measuring point s and 1
possible adapter or transducer installations. How to
install measuring equipment is described in the SPM
installation manual.
Through hole for long adapter

A measuring point beneath a fan cover (1) can be reached
with a long adapter, through a hole in the cover.
Adapter with lock nut

The fan cover is fastened directly to the motor shield,
which is also the bearing housing (2). One of the cover’s
holding screws can be replaced by an adapter with lock 2
nut.
Bearing housings beneath brackets

Consult machine drawings and identify the bearing
housing before selecting a measuring point.
In a pump, the bearings can be placed in two separate

housings inside the bearing bracket (3).
D
Measuring point B, placed below and opposite to the
3
pump outlet (because of the load direction) can be
reached with a long adapter through an opening in the
A
pump shield.
The bearing pair at measuring point A can be reached

with a long adapter through a clearance hole in the
bracket. The hole must be large enough to allow bearing
adjustment and still prevent metallic contact between
bracket and adapter.

Multiple bearings in one housing 4
If there are several bearings in the same housing,
they are normally treated as a single bearing. In the
bearing arrangement for a vertical pump (4), it is not
1
possible to distinguish between the shock pulses from
the paired bearings in point 1.
There is also a risk for cross talk between point 1 and X

point 2, which means that the shock pulses from the
bearing in worst condition are picked up in both points.
2
Check signal strength with the probe. Use one

measuring point only if readings are identical in both
points. This point (x) can be placed halfway between
points 1 and 2.
5
Installed transducer
On large electric motors (5), the bearings are often A B
mounted in bushings which are welded or bolted to
the motor shields. Because of the damping in the
interface between the bushing and the shield, the
measuring point should be on the bushing.
The bearing bushing at the drive end (A) is usually

within reach. A long adapter is installed at an angle to
D
the shield, so that there is enough space for connecting
the transducer.
The bearing at the fan end (B) requires a permanent

transducer installation. The transducer is installed in A. Drive end
the bushing. The coaxial cable is run through a slit in
the fan cover to a measuring terminal on the stator
frame.
B. Fan end

Equipment for shock pulse measurement
Handheld transducers
Two types of handheld transducers are available for
shock pulse measurement with Leonova:
• Shock pulse transducer with quick connec tor,

TRA79, for use with permanently installed measuring TRA79
adapters. Shock pulse transducer with quick
• Shock pulse transducer with probe, TRA78. connector
Permanently installed transducers

Permanently installed transducers can be used in narrow
spaces or when the bearing cannot be reached directly.
The transducer is connected to a measuring terminal
via a coaxial cable. Connect Leonova to the measuring
terminal with a slip-on measuring cable.
44000 Shock pulse transducer
• Standard transducer series 44000, used with Leonova
Diamond and online system Intellinova Compact. Max.
cable length is 100 metres and max. temperature
150° C.
• Standard transducer, type 40000, for cable length
up to 4 metres. Max. temperature 150° C.
• Transducer with TMU, type 42000, for cable length
up to 100 metres. Max. temperature 100° C.
D • Measuring cable, CAB80, BNC slip-on, 1.5 meter. TRA78
Shock pulse transducer with probe
Transducers and measuring cables are connected to
Leonova’s rightmost input connector in the front of
the instrument.
Note: For measurements with low dBi (low rpm or small

bearings) the quick connector or permanently installed
transducer is recommended.
CAB80
Measuring cable, BNC slip-on, 1.5 m

Equipment for shock pulse measurement
Headphones
The headphones allow you to listen to the shock pulse
pattern and is helpful for verifying and tracing the shock
pulse sources. Three types of earphones are available: EAR12
Headphones
• Headphone in ear defenders, EAR12, headset, with with fixed
cable. cable
• Headphone in ear defenders for helmet, EAR13, with
cable.
• Headphone in ear defenders with neck band, EAR15
with cable.
Headphones are connected to Leonova’s input/output
connector on the right hand side of the instrument.
Headset
EAR16
Headset with microphone for recording of vocal
Headset
comments, EAR16, are connected to Leonova’s input/
with fixed
output connector on the right hand side of the instru- cable
ment.
• Headset in ear defenders with microphone, EAR16,
with cable.
• Headset in ear defenders with microphone for helmet,
EAR17, with cable.
• Headset in ear defenders with microphone and neck
band, EAR18 with cable. EAR17
D
Headset
with fixed
cable
EAR18
Headset
with fixed
cable

Transducer with quick connector
All three types of shock pulse transducers are connected to
Leonova’s ‘SPM’ connector (1). The choice of transducer type
depends on how the measuring point is prepared. For systematic
1
shock pulse monitoring, SPM recommends the use of installed
adapters and the quick connect transducer wherever possible.
Adapters are solid metal bolts of different lengths and thread

sizes, tuned for correct signal transmission. They are installed in
threaded, countersunk mounting holes on the bearing housings.
Glue-on adapters are available.
To attach the transducer with quick connector, press it against

the adapter and twist clockwise. Twist counter-clockwise to
remove it.
Check that installed transducers and adapters are properly

mounted according to the SPM installation instructions and in
good condition. You cannot expect a useful signal by attaching
the quick connect transducer to a rusty lump of metal, or from
a transducer that is rolling on the floor on the other side of a
partition.
Adapter surfaces must be clean and plane. Use an adapter

cap to protect them.
A CondID ® tag (an RFID identification tag) can be hung on the

adapter cap. CondID ® is a contact free memory tag used for
D measuring point recognition and condition memory. It should
not be mounted flat against a metal surface. A distance of min.
3 mm between metal surfaces and CondID ® is recommended.
Push and twist

CondID ® responds to a recognition signal when Leonova is held
close to the tag. It contains all basic data for its measuring
point: number, name, and all measuring techniques connected
with it, complete with all input data. If the measuring point
is already loaded in Leonova, it will be displayed, else it will
be added to those in the data logger memory. CondID ® also
saves the measuring results when the WRITE function is used
after taking the readings.
Signal transmission
Adapter cap
Identification
tag, CondID

Permanently installed transducers/terminal
A permanently installed transducer and a measuring Measuring
terminal (BNC or TNC connector) are used when terminal
the bearing cannot be reached directly. Use
a measuring cable to connect Leonova to the
terminal.
The terminal cabinet, SPM 14318, can receive up

to 16 coaxial cables from shock pulse and vibration
transducers. The cabinet is made of stainless steel
and has protection class IP66.
Transducers for permanent installation are available

with different thread sizes and in three types:
• Series 44000 for cable length max. 100 m and
temperature max. 150° C
• Series 40000 for cable length max. 4 m and Input for
temperature max. 150° C shock pulse
• Series 42000 for cable length max. 100 m and transducer
temperature max. 100° C
The transducers are installed in threaded, coun-

tersunk mounting holes on the bearing housings.
The coaxial cable between transducer and terminal
should be firmly attached to the machine with
cable clamps and, where necessary, be protected
against damage.
D
SPM supplies high temperature cables and moisture
proof connectors.
Installed transducer, cable to terminal

Shock pulse transducer with probe
The handheld probe is mainly used to locate the
strongest shock signal on and around the bearing
housing, in order to find the best measuring point or to
verify the shock pulse source after getting a measuring
result which indicates bad bearing condition.
If it is used for regular condition monitoring, the

measuring points for the handheld probe should be
clearly marked. Always measure in the same spot.
Rubber sleeve
The probe tip is spring loaded and moves within a sleeve in contact with
of hard rubber. To maintain a steady pressure on the the surface
tip, press the probe tip against the measuring point
until the rubber sleeve is in contact with the surface. Point at the
bearing
Hold the probe steady to avoid rubbing between probe
tip and surface. Hold steady
The probe is directionally sensitive. It must be pointed

straight at the bearing.
D The centre of the probe tip should touch the surface.

Avoid pressing the probe tip against cavities and fillets Avoid small
which are smaller than the probe tip. cavities and
fillets
The only part likely to wear out is the rubber sleeve

for the probe tip. It is made of chloroprene rubber
(neoprene) and tolerates 110° C (230° F). Spare sleeves
have part number 13108.
SPM 13108
Neoprene, 110° C (230° F)

The SPM HD measuring technique
d RPM
Life time
HDm
HDm
HDc HDc
HDm
HDc
D
The SPM HD measuring technique is a refinement of the original dBm/dBc measuring technique (see
page D:16), which has been successfully applied for more than 40 years. It is well suited for industrial
condition monitoring, because it works with few, easy to understand in- and output data and with
‘reasonable accuracy’.
Even on a logarithmic scale, there is normally a large, distinct difference between the maximum values
from good and bad bearings. Thus, minor inaccuracies in the input data (rpm and shaft diameter) have
little effect on the evaluated measuring result.
Lubrication condition is indicated by the delta value, i.e. the difference between HDm and HDc.
High readings and a small delta value indicate poor lubrication or dry running. This is sufficient for
maintenance purposes.
HDm and HDc are measured during a predefined number of revolutions and automatically displayed.
A stethoscope (see ‘Using the stethoscope function” in section C) can be used to listen to machine
sounds. With the stethoscope, machine sound irregularities from various rotating parts can be detected.

Normalized condition readings
HDi = Initial value of a bearing

HDsv
HDc = Carpet value (weak pulses)
Absolute scale
HDm = Maximum value (strong pulses)
(shock value)
HDn = Unit for normalized shock level
HDsv = Unit for absolute shock level
HDn
Normalized
scale
(condition)
HDm
HDc
HDi
D The absolute shock pulse level of a bearing, measured in HDsv (HD shock value), is both a function of
rolling velocity and of bearing condition. To neutralize the effect of rolling velocity on the measured
value, Leonova must be programmed with shaft diameter (in millimetre or inch) and rotational speed
(in rpm).
The instrument will then calculate the initial value HDi, the starting point of the condition scale for
a particular bearing. The HDi can also be input directly or via the ISO bearing number. The condition
scale is graded in normalized shock values, HDn.
Leonova samples the shock pulse amplitude over a period of time and displays:
• the maximum value HDm for the small number of strong shock pulses.
• the carpet value HDc for the large number of weaker shock pulses.
• the status dot which is green for HDm up to 20 HDn = good condition, yellow for 21-34 HDn =
caution, red for 35 HDn and more = bad condition.
The maximum value HDm defines the bearing’s position on the condition scale. The difference between
HDm and HDc is used for a finer analysis of the causes for reduced or bad condition.
When you set the HDi to ‘0’, Leonova will take an unnormalized reading in HDsv (absolute shock
values). The condition zones do not apply. This method is used for comparative reading on different
bearings and/or other shock pulse sources.

Input data for SPM HD
For a normalized reading of bearing condition
with the Leonova default file, go to MENU >
‘Measuring point data’ and set the initial value
HDi. The default setting is HDi = ‘Calculated’,
which produces the normalized shock values with
condition status display.
If known, the HDi can be input directly via the 1

keyboard. Mark the ‘HDi’ row, then press the F1 3
key (‘Edit’).
If the HDi is not known, input the rotational speed

(rpm) and the shaft diameter, and Leonova will
calculate and display the HDi for you.
2
There are two alternatives for entering the shaft
diameter. ‘Input ISO bearing number’ (1) opens a
window (2) where you set the last two digits of
the ISO number using the UP/DOWN arrow keys
on the Leonova keypad.
‘Input diameter’ (3) opens the Leonova keyboard

(4). Write the shaft diameter, then edit RPM and
input the rpm on the keyboard. 4
Input data for SPM HD

Measuring SPM HD
When the MEASURE/SAVE (M/S) key is pressed,
Leonova samples the transducer signal for two
2 1
seconds. A preliminary result is displayed in
the measurement window. The HDm shown
is the amplitude value of the strongest shock 3
pulse registered during the measuring time.
To accept the displayed result, press the

ENTER key. The measurement window shows
the two shock values (1), the status dot (2)
and, if transducer line test is enabled, the
TLT value (3).
Save the result by pressing the MEASURE/SAVE

(M/S) key, or measure again with SHIFT + M/S.
When ‘Variable speed’ is active, the rpm must

be measured before measuring the shock
values.

The dBm/dBc measuring technique
d RPM
Life time
dBm
dBm
dBc dBc
dBm
dBc
The original SPM dBm/dBc measuring technique has been successfully applied for over 40 years and
continues to be widely used. Like its successor the SPM HD measuring technique, dBm/dBc is well
D
suited for industrial condition monitoring and requires only few, easy to understand in- and output data.
With the dBm/dBc technique, lubrication condition is indicated by the delta value, i.e. the difference
between dBm and dBc. High readings and a small delta value indicate poor lubrication or dry running.
This is sufficient for maintenance purposes.
dBm and dBc are measured in a fixed time window and automatically displayed. After that, the instru-
ment continues to measure while the transducer is connected. The peak indicator blinks when pulses
stronger than the displayed dBm value are detected. If earphones are connected, a “pinging” sound
can be heard with each blink from the peak indicator. For more information, see ‘Using the earphones’.
The stethoscope function (see ‘Using the stethoscope function” in section C of this manual) can be
used to listen to machine sounds. With the stethoscope, machine sound irregularities from various
rotating parts can be detected.

Input data for SPM dBm/dBc
For a normalized reading of bearing condition with
the Leonova default file, go to MENU > ‘Measuring
point data’ and set the initial value dBi. The default
setting is dBi = 0, which produces the normalized
shock values with condition status display.
If known, the dBi can be input directly via the

keyboard. Mark the ‘dBi’ row, then press the F1 1
key (‘Edit’). 3
If dBi is not known, input the rotational speed (rpm)

and the shaft diameter, and Leonova will calculate
and display the dBi for you.
There are two alternatives for shaft diameter. 2

‘Input ISO bearing number’ (1) opens a window
(2) where you set the last two digits of the ISO
number using the UP/DOWN arrow keys on the
Leonova keypad.
‘Input diameter’ (3) opens the keyboard (4). Write

the shaft diameter, then edit RPM and write the
rpm on the keyboard. 4
The dBi will be displayed when the data input is

complete (5).
Input data for SPM dBm/dBc

Input data for variable speed
Variable speed
The alternative ‘Variable speed’ (1) implies that
1
the shock pulse measurement is preceded by
a measurement of the rpm.
2
Measure RPM simultaneously
‘Measure RPM simultaneously’ (2) is normally
not used. With this setting on, you are forced
to measure the rpm simultaneously with the
shock pulse measurement. 3
Measurement window, pre-set speed
Measurement window, variable speed

Transducer line quality
Transducer line quality test, TLQ
From the measurement window, the instrument
can be set up to perform a transducer line
quality test (TLQ) before measurement. Press
the ENTER key to enable or disable the TLQ 1
test (1).
When TLQ is enabled, the instrument will display

the result of the transducer line quality test in
the result window, so you can check the quality
of signal transmission between transducer and
instrument. Part of your signal will be lost in a
poor transducer line, so your measuring results
will be lower than they should be.
For shock pulse transducers, the following applies:

• 40000, 42000 type transducers: the result of the TLQ test is a ‘TLT’ (Transducer Line Test) value.
TLT is dimensionless, with accepted values between 15 and 25.
• 44000 type transducers: the result of the TLQ test is a ‘TLR’ (Transducer Line Resistance) value
in kohm (resistance). Accepted values are between 26 and 40 kΩ.
The TLQ test should always be made when you measure with permanently installed transducers. Normal
TLT/TLR values for transducer types 40000 and 42000 are around 20 and for 44000 approx. 32 kOhm.
D For 40000 and 42000 type transducers, TLT values below 15 are not acceptable, so you have to check
cables and connectors for bad connections and moisture.
If the TLQ value is below the accepted level, the measuring result cannot be saved.

Measuring SPM dBm/dBc
seconds. A preliminary result is displayed in
the measurement window. The dBm shown is
the amplitude value of the strongest shock
pulse registered during the measuring time.
Meanwhile, Leonova keeps measuring. If it

1
registers stronger pulses, the peak indicator
(1) will blink.
Watching the peak indicator is very important,

especially when the preliminary result indicates
poor or bad bearing condition. The lower the
rpm, the longer it can take for damaged parts
to move into the load zone and reveal their
presence by strong shock pulses.
When the peak indicator blinks, press the UP

key on the Leonova keypad. This increases the
dBm in steps of one dB. The original value is 2
displayed in brackets (2). Stop adjusting the
dBm value when the peak indicator stops
blinking. The DOWN key decreases the value.
3
When earphones are connected in order to
listen to machine sounds, use the LEFT/RIGHT
keys to adjust earphone volume (3). D
To accept the displayed result, press the
ENTER or the MEASURE/SAVE (M/S) key. The
measurement window shows the two shock
values, the status dot and, if transducer line
test is enabled, the TLT value. If a default
measurement file was used, the dBi value
is also shown. For measuring assignments
downloaded from Condmaster in a measuring
round, the dBi is not displayed.
Save the result by pressing the M/S key, or

measure again with SHIFT + M/S.
When ‘Variable speed’ is active, the rpm must

values.

Using the earphones
For dBm/dBc, earphones can be used to listen to the shock pulse
pattern in case of suspect or high readings. Listening to the shock
pulse signal can help to pinpoint the cause for high values. This, and the
possibility to search for shock pulse sources with the probe transducer,
is a means to verify the measuring result and its cause.
Earphone listening does not work with the LR/HR technique.

The measuring threshold is changed with the UP/DOWN arrow keys
on the Leonova keypad. At a low level, Leonova will emit a continuous
tone. As the threshold is raised, this changes to very rapid pulses at the dBc level. At the dBm level,
only a few pulses should occur at irregular intervals.
Significant are
• the dBm level
• the rhythm of the pulses immediately below the dBm level
• the delta value, which is the difference between the dBm and the dBc.
Shock pulses from a bearing normally occur at irregular interval, while strong, rhythmic shocks are a
sign of disturbance. The diagrams below show typical patterns.
A B
HD N HD N
D
A. Good bearing B. Bad bearing
Shock values are low. High values, large delta,
irregular pattern.
HD N
C HD N
D
C. Pump cavitation D. Load shocks, valves, etc.

Very small delta, fairly high Regular patterns mean often
shock level. disturbance
HD N
E HD N
F
E. Regular showers F. Measured value drops sharply

Scraping machine parts. A danger signal, the bearing is
sliding.

The LR/HR and SPM LR/HR HD techniques
Mean diameter Dm
TYPE
RPM
COMP
LR
HR
TYPE 3 TYPE 1
The LR/HR technique was originally developed for a continuous, automatic monitoring system (CMS).
An automatic system cannot, like a human operator, vary measuring time, use earphones or make
”further tests” to verify suspect readings. It works with fixed settings and is dependent on accurate
input data. This, together with new research results, programmable chips, and the desire to get more
detailed information from the shock pulse signal, lead to a change in the threshold values, plus a more
diverse and detailed output.
The value for the noise carpet (HR) is read at an occurrence rate of approx. 1000 pulses/second and the
value for the strong shock pulses (LR) at approx. 40 pulses/second. This makes LR an average value of
the strong pulses, lower than the maximum, and thus reduces the dynamic range. To increase accuracy,
the mean diameter of the bearing is used, the SPM TYPE no. is input to define bearing geometry, and
the COMP no. to calibrate the individual measuring points.
The extra output information concerns mainly lubrication condition, allowing the user to attack a
mayor maintenance problem (most bearings fail too soon because of inadequate lubrication) at the
root. With SPM’s LUBMASTER ® (part of Condmaster ® versions for this technique) and LR/HR readings,
it is possible to accurately measure lubrication condition, calculate the resulting L10a life, and work out
feasible improvements by simulating changes in the lubricant parameters.
The basic principles for LR/HR and LR/HR HD are the same; however LR/HR HD utilizes the SPM HD
algorithms for time signals and spectrums. Both methods are most advantageous for RPMs above 500.

Input data for LR/HR and LR/HR HD
1 Deep groove ball bearings,

series 62, 63, 64
2 Angular contact bearings,

all series
3 Deep groove ball series 60, 160, 618,

double row and self-aligning ball bearings
4 Thrust ball bearings, all types
5 Cylindrical roller bearings, single row
6 Taper roller bearings, all radial types
7 Spherical roller bearings

Double row cylindrical roller bearings
D 8 Thrust roller bearings
One part of the input data, the rpm and the size of the bearing, is needed to allow for the effect of
bearing speed on the shock level when evaluating bearing condition. The mean diameter Dm is more
exact than the shaft diameter, because the height of bearings with the same shaft diameter can vary
considerably. Together, rpm and Dm are used to calculate the NORM no. of the bearing (range 10 to 58).
The HR level shock pulses vary with the shape and number of the rolling elements in the bearing. This
becomes important when estimating the oil film thickness in the rolling interface. The largest influencing
factor is the shape of the contact area. In ball bearings, the rolling element has point contact with the
raceways. In roller bearings, there is line contact, which means that the area under pressure, where
the shock pulses occur, is much larger.
For SPM purposes, bearings are grouped into 8 different types, each with a TYPE number 1 through
8. The types are described in the table above.
Bearing manufacturers, though not all, follow ISO standards when numbering their bearings. The
number code contains the information on mean diameter and bearing type. Thus, when you use an
ISO bearing number as input in Condmaster ®, the program will give you Dm and TYPE no. As manual
input for Leonova, you can use the last three digits of the ISO number, which will produce Dm but not
the TYPE no.

Accumulation and compensation
In addition to the basic input data, one can set values for
COMP and ACCUM.
Positive
ACCUM (accumulation) determines the number of measuring COMP
cycles before the Leonova displays the average value as
result. ACCUM can be set from 1 to 9. Especially on bearings
with a low rpm, set ACCUM to at least 3.
COMP (compensation number) is used to calibrate the

measuring point, normally to compensate for a somewhat
weaker signal from a measuring point that does not quite
comply with the SPM rules. To find the correct COMP no.,
use the LUBMASTER function in Condmaster ®.
A normal signal from a good bearing should be near the

centre of the green part of the evaluation frame. If it is far
to the left, you can ”push it forward” by setting a COMP no.
If the signal is outside of the left side of evaluation frame,
Leonova will display the error code E3 = signal too low. Negative
The COMP no. is added to the measuring result before it COMP
is evaluated. Thus, it will influence the evaluation results
CODE, LUB, and COND, but not the displayed values for
HR and LR.
It is possible to set negative COMP nos., but you should

avoid that. With a positive COMP no., you make the evalua-
tion results worse than apparent from the measured LR/HR
D
values. With a negative COND. no., you ‘improve’ bearing
condition, which can have unpleasant consequences if you
are wrong in assuming that the signal from this bearing is
stronger than normal. To avoid alarm from a stable bearing
with high readings, it is better to change the alarm levels.

LR/HR values and CODE
For LR/HR values, the measuring unit is dBsv (or
HDsv when measuring LR/HR HD), i.e. these values
are measured on the absolute shock pulse scale and
do not, by themselves, express operating condition.
The term delta value simply means the difference

between LR and HR.
The operating condition of the bearing is expressed

by the CODE letter, the LUB no., and the COND.
no., all of them not measuring but evaluation
results.
CODE A means that the bearing is in good condi-

tion. There is no detectable damage to the surfaces LR Measured value for strong
of the load carrying parts, and no extreme lack of shock pulses.
lubricant in the rolling interface. HR Measured value for weak
shock pulses.
CODE B indicates dry running. The lubricant is not LR-HR Delta value.
reaching the rolling interface. This can have several dBsv Unit for absolute shock pulse
causes, e.g. lack of lubricant supply to the bearing, value.
low temperature in a grease lubricated bearing,
or a heavy overload due to misalignment, tight fit,
deformed housing, etc.
CODE C is displayed when the instrument detects

an increased shock pulse level with a large delta
D value. This points to beginning surface damage. D
CODE D is displayed when the signal is typical for

C
bearing damage: a high shock level with a large C
delta value. Contamination of the lubricant by hard D
particles causes a similar signal. A B

The message of the codes is supported by the
status dot: green for CODE A, yellow for B and C,
red for D.
CODE A Good condition
CODE B Caution, dry running
CODE C Caution, damage developing
CODE D Bad condition

The LUB number
The most important influence on the Full
service life of a bearing is the lubricant film lubrication
between the load carrying rolling elements
and the raceway.
By preventing or inhibiting metallic contact

bet ween the loaded bearing par t s, the Boundary
lubricant film reduces the local peak stress lubrication
in the rolling inter face. The greater the
lubricant film thickness, the more even the
load distribution in the contact area, and the
better the fatigue life of the bearing.
Irregularities in the bearing surfaces will always cause pressure

LUB Ball bearing
variations in the contact area, and thus shock pulses, even when
0 Dry running
metallic contact is prevented by a separating lubricant film. A
thinner film will result in an increase of the bearing’s HR value. 1 to 2 Boundary
lubrication
The LUB No., displayed with CODE A and B, is directly proportional
3 to 4 Full lubrication
to oil film thickness. LUB No. 0 means dry running condition.
The interpretation of LUB Nos. between 1 and 4 depends on the
bearing type. For ball bearings, LUB Nos. greater than 2 mean
LUB Roller bearing
full lubrication (a load carrying oil film). For roller bearings, a
LUB No. greater than 4 indicates full lubrication. 0 Dry running
1 to 4 Boundary
The term boundary lubrication implies that part of the load
is carried by metal to metal contact. The amount of lubricant
lubrication D
in or supplied to the bearing is only one of the many factors >4 Full lubrication
that determine lubricant film thickness. Lubricant type and the
bearing’s rpm are of great importance, but also the geometry
of bearing parts and housing, as well as the load put on the
bearing by alignment and fitting.

The COND number and error codes
The COND No. (condition number) is displayed with CODE B,
C, and D, i.e. for all bearings with reduced or bad condition.
It indicates the degree of surface deterioration or damage
in the rolling interface.
Large (visible) surface damage typically leads to a very

marked increase in the bearing’s LR readings and a high
delta value. Thus, it is easily detected and will give Code D
and high COND numbers.
When a COND number is displayed, the bearing should be

watched very carefully. Once damage has started, it cannot
LR
be reversed. Temporary improvements of the COND No.
HR
only mean that the edges of fresh spallings or imprints have
been rounded off. Soon, there will be new spallings. The time
left to plan a bearing replacement depends on the trend of
the COND No. As a rule, COND Nos. should be interpreted CODE C
as follows: COND 28 to 32
Beginning bearing damage
COND No. < 30 Minor damage

COND No. 30 to 40 Increasing damage
LR
COND No. > 40 Severe damage
HR
D ERROR CODES
E2 Disturbance CODE C
E3 Signal too low COND >32
Minor to severe bearing damage
When the measured signal is not within the evaluation frame,

the Leonova will display error codes. E2 is displayed when HR
> LR, which normally means a high, even disturbance signal
such as pump cavitation or a screaming steam box. E3 =
signal too low can often be remedied by setting a COMP no.

Input data for LR/HR and LR/HR HD
For a normalized reading of bearing condition
with the Leonova default file, go to MENU
> ‘Measuring point data’ and set the ‘TYPE’
and the ‘NORM’ number. 1
For ‘TYPE’ no. definition, see the table on
page 24. Mark the line ‘TYPE’ (1), open it
with the ENTER key, set the number on the
keyboard (2).
Measuring time 2
For LR/HR without spectrum, the measuring

time is always 1.5 seconds. With spectrum,
the measuring time corresponds to the
spectrum settings.
For LR/HR HD measurements, the measuring

time can be set to correspond to a certain
number of revolutions or equal the time of
FFT measurement.
From the measurement window, press the

MENU key and select ‘Measuring point data’.
Uncheck ‘Variable RPM’. Go to the ‘Measuring
3
time’ parameter, press the ENTER key and
select the appropriate measuring time from
the list (3).
D
NORM number 4
The default setting for NORM is UNN ORMALIZED, which
produces the shock values LR and HR only.
If known, the NORM number can be input directly. Mark the

line and open it with the ENTER key, then select the number
from the displayed list (4). The first choice on the list (---) also
produces an unnormalized measurement. 5
Given the rotational speed (rpm) and the mean bearing 7
diameter, Leonova will calculate and display the NORM number. 6
There are two alternatives for mean diameter. ‘Input ISO

bearing number’ (5) opens a window (6)
where you set the last three digits of the
ISO number using the UP/DOWN arrow keys
on the Leonova keypad. 8
‘Input diameter’ (7) opens the keyboard. Write

the mean diameter, then edit RPM and write
the rpm on the keyboard (8).
The NORM no. will be displayed when the

data input is complete.

The alternative ‘Variable speed’ implies that
the shock pulse measurement is preceded by
a measurement of the rpm. The NORM no. will
be shown in the measurement window after
the speed measurement.
8
Measure RPM simultaneously
‘Measure RPM simultaneously’ (8) is normally
not used. With this setting on, you are forced
to first measure the rpm again before you can
repeat the shock pulse measurement.
ACCUM (accumulation) is set to 3 or higher

on low speed bearings (rpm < 600) and in all
cases where extra accuracy is required. Leonova
will measure as many times as stated here and
then return an average value.
COMP means compensation number, see

page 25. This number, if used at all, can first
be set after studying the measuring result in
Condmaster.
Transducer line test

From the measurement window, the instrument
can be set up to perform a transducer line test Measurement window,
pre-set speed, normalized
D (TLT) before measurement. Press the ENTER
key to enable or disable the TLT test (9).
When TLT is enabled, the instrument will

display the result of a transducer line test in
the result window, so you can check the quality
of signal transmission between transducer and
instrument. Part of your signal will be lost in a
poor transducer line, so your measuring results
will be lower than they should be.
The TLT test should always be made when

you measure with permanently installed trans-
ducers. Normal TLT values for transducer types Measurement window,
40000 and 42000 are around 20 and for 44000 variable speed, normalized
approx. 32 kOhm.
For 40000 and 42000 type transducers, TLT

values below 15 are not acceptable, so you
have to check cables and connectors for bad
connections and moisture. For 44000 type
transducers, values between 26 and 40 kOhm
are accepted. 9
For non-permanently installed transducers,

other TLT limit values apply.
If the TLT value is below the accepted level,

the measuring result cannot be saved.

Measuring LR/HR and LR/HR HD
seconds if ACCUM is set to 1. When ACCUM
1
is higher, it will continue to measure for the
stated number of times and return an average
of all measurements taken. The resulting LR
and HR value is displayed in the ‘Measuring’
window, together with the status dot.
For a normalized measurement, LUB, COND

and CODE are shown to the right (1).
When ‘Variable speed’ is active, the rpm must 2 3

values.
Please note that LR and HR values are always

raw values, measured in dBsv, the unit for
unnormalized shock values.
For normalized measurements, LUB is displayed

with CODE A and B, COND is displayed with
CODE B, C and D.
The ‘Measuring results’ window (2) shows the

combinations of results that can be shown in
the ‘Graphics’ window (3). Mark the desired
alternative.
D

Measuring an SPM Spectrum
An SPM spectrum measurement can be carried
out along with either SPM dBm/dBc or SPM LR/
HR. It is measured in addition to the ordinary 3
shock values.
Please note that the spectrum has a secondary

role in bearing condition evaluation. The 1
primary measure for bearing condition is the
evaluated shock pulse measurement.
In cases where the spectrum shows a good

match for one or more of the bearing patterns,
it is a confirmation that the measured shock
pulses are coming from the bearing and not
from other possible shock sources on the
machine. Thus, the spectrum can make it
unnecessary to verify by lubrication test or
signal strength comparison (searching for the
strongest signal source with the handheld
probe).
2
To obtain a spectrum, go to MENU > ‘Measuring
point data’. Mark the ‘SPM Spectrum’ row (1).
Press the ENTER key and set SPM Spectrum
to ‘Yes’ (2).
The default setting is a power spectrum over

D the range 0 to 1000 Hz. It has 1600 lines of
which 800 peaks are saved. The standard
window Hanning is used. All these settings
can be edited.
Please note that is not necessary to have

an exact rpm reading in order to measure
a spectrum. However, the exact rpm is very
important when you want to interpret the
spectrum, especially when you upload it to
Condmaster and search for bearing patterns
with the help of the bearing symptoms.
All bearing symptoms use the rpm as a variable.

If the stored rpm data does not agree with
the actual rpm at the time the shock signal
was measured, Condmaster cannot find the
bearing patterns correctly. Thus, by working
with rough estimates of the rpm instead of
fresh measurements, the symptom search and
especially the symptom value calculation is
made worthless.
For measurements intended for saving in

Condmaster, it is therefore highly recom-
mended to mark ‘Variable speed’ (3).
For spectrum functions in Leonova, se part B

of this manual.

Editing spectrum data
An SPM Spectrum is based on the amplitude
modulation of a high frequency signal. It shows
periodic pulses as frequency lines. Thus, if the
signal contains a strong pulse that is repeated at
one second intervals, there will be a high amplitude
line at 1 Hz.
To change any of the spectrum parameters, mark

the line, touch ‘Edit’ and select the value from a list.
Frequency range
The frequency range (1) is always from 0 to ‘upper frequency’. Set ‘Upper
frequency’ to include 3 or 4 multiples of BPFO (ball pass frequency, outer
race). The narrower the range, the better the resolution.
Window
The choice of ‘Window’ (2) somewhat affects the spectrum line amplitudes.
‘Hanning’ (default setting) and Hamming are the window types most
commonly used to calculate spectra. The difference is often marginal
and should not affect pattern recognition. 2
FFT type
The spectrum type (3) can be ‘linear’ or ‘power’. In a power spectrum,
the line amplitudes are squared. Thus, high amplitude lines become 3
more prominent while low amplitude lines are suppressed.

Number of spectrum lines
The number of spectrum lines (4) affects the resolution and
the measuring time. Doubling the number of lines also doubles
the measuring time. In cases where different fault symptoms,
such as bearing frequencies and multiples of 1X, are close 4
together, a high resolution spectrum is preferred.
Saving a full spectrum requires much memory space and

is seldom necessary. Unless the spectrum lines in damage
patterns have fairly high amplitudes, the pattern is not visible.
Thus, saving only peaks (5) will preserve the essential data
while reducing the amount of redundant data. A peak is a
spectrum line that has a line with a lower amplitude on either
side. If you select ‘Save peaks’, Leonova will display the full 5
spectrum before saving, with peaks as black lines while the
lines to be deleted are grey. The maximum number of peaks
that can be saved is half the number of spectrum lines. The
number of peaks to be saved is input on the number pad.
SPM spectrum type

One unit for amplitude in an SPM Spectrum (6) is SD (Shock
Distribution unit), where each spectrum is scaled so that the
total RMS value of all spectrum lines = 100 SD = the RMS 6
value of the time record. The alternative unit is SL (Shock Level
unit), the RMS value of the frequency component in decibel.
D
Average type
To achieve greater accuracy, one can order the average
result from a stated number measurements (average count,
set on the number pad). To get a time synchronous average,
a tachometer must be connected which supplies a trigger 7
pulse. This starts each measurement with the shaft in the
same position. ‘FFT linear’ (7) gives the mean value of the
measurements, while FFT peak hold gives the maximum value.
Zoom factor
True zoom is selected to get a high resolu-
tion around a selected ‘centre frequency’.
This frequency must be within the selected
frequency range. Thus, to zoom in on 600 Hz,
the minimum range is 0 to 1000 Hz. The range
covered by the zoom is ‘upper frequency range/
zoom factor’. Thus, with a zoom factor of 10,
the spectrum will cover the range 550 - 650 Hz.
The highest possible zoom corresponds to a

12800 line spectrum. For this, combine the
lowest number of spectrum lines, 400, with a
zoom factor of 32 (32 x 400 = 12800). With a centre frequency of 600 Hz, you will get a spectrum over
the range 584.375 to 615.625 Hz, with a resolution of 0.078125 Hz.

Vibration measurement
Contents
Vibration analysis techniques.................................................. 3
Measuring points for vibration................................................ 4
Measuring point configuration, ISO 10816.............................. 5

Guide for machine classification............................................. 7
Data for ISO 10816 part 2....................................................... 8
Data for ISO 10816 part 3....................................................... 9
Data for ISO 10816 part 4..................................................... 10
Data for ISO 10816 part 5..................................................... 10
Data for ISO 10816 part 6......................................................11
Measurement results, ISO 10816........................................... 12
Making a vibration assignment............................................. 13

Defining the assignment....................................................... 14
Measurement results............................................................. 19
2 channel simultaneous vibration monitoring........................ 20

2 channel simultaneous vibration results............................... 21 E
3 channel simultaneous vibration monitoring........................ 22
3 channel simultaneous vibration results............................... 23
Run up /coast down............................................................... 24

Run up /coast down measurement........................................ 25
Bump test............................................................................. 27
Bump test measurement....................................................... 28
Orbit analysis........................................................................ 29
Settings for orbit analysis..................................................... 30
Orbit measuring and results.................................................. 31
Vibration measurement E:1

E
E:2 Vibration measurement

Vibration analysis techniques
Leonova can be programmed with the following vibration measurement techniques with either
limited or unlimited use.
ISO 10816 is the measuring technique based on the ISO standard with this number. ISO 10816
consists of several parts, each stating measurement conditions and a table of limit values for a
defined machine type. Like ISO 2372, the evaluation of machine condition is based on the RMS
values obtained by broad band measurement over a frequency range up to 1000 Hz. Depending on
machine type, one or more of three measured quantities are used to determine vibration severity:
VEL: the RMS value of vibration velocity in mm/s
ACC: the RMS value of vibration acceleration in m/s 2
DISP: the RMS value of vibration displacement in µm.
Please note that spectrum analysis is not part of the requirements set up by ISO 10816 but an extra
function provided by the Leonova.
EVAM includes all advanced vibration measurement and analysis methods and gives the user a wide
range of choices to adapt the condition measurement to a specific machine. EVAM returns three
distinct sets of data:
Condition parameters: peak, peak-to-peak, the RMS values of vibration velocity, acceleration and
displacement plus values for crest, kurtosis, skewness and noise levels.
Fault symptom values: the amplitude values of selected spectrum line patters connected with
typical machine faults like unbalance, misalignment, gear damage, motor
faults, bearing damage, etc.
COND numbers: dimensionless condition numbers, obtained by a statistical evaluation of

all selected condition parameters and fault symptom values. Condition
numbers are displayed against a green - yellow - red machine condition
scale.
FFT spectrum with symptoms is a reduced form of EVAM, lacking the statistical evaluation by
means of criteria. E
Common features for ISO 10816 and EVAM are the condition parameters VEL, ACC, DISP and the
spectrum. For an ISO 10816 measuring point, only one spectrum is saved, while an EVAM measuring
point can have many. This means that a measuring point set up for ISO 10816 can at any time be
converted into an ‘EVAM’ or ‘FFT spectrum with symptoms’ measuring point.
3 channel simultaneous vibration monitoring requires that the measuring technique 'Vibra-
tion Expert' or ‘Vibration Advanced’ is active. This type of measurement allows the user to
study machine movement in three dimensions by observing the difference of the phase angles
measured on the three channels. 2 channel simultaneous vibration monitoring is a part of the
instrument platform but requires that the measuring technique ‘Vibration Expert’ or ‘Vibration
Advanced’ is active.
Orbit analysis shows the movement of the shaft’s centerline and is used to detect failures like
rubs, unbalance, misalignment or oil whip on machinery with journal bearings.
Run up/coast down and Bump test. The bump test is employed to check out the typical vibration
response of a machine structure at standstill, by hitting it e. g. with rubber mallet. Run up/coast
down records the changes in vibration while the machine is run up to operating speed or after it has
been shut off and is slowing to a stop.

Measuring points for vibration
Common for all vibration measurement is that the
vibration at the measuring point has to be representa-
tive for the overall vibration of the machine. Please
study ISO 10816, it shows examples for various
machine types.
Typical measuring points are the bearing housings. ISO

10816 states the required measuring directions.
• Horizontal vibration (H) in the plane of rotation is
most representative of balance condition.
• Vertical vibration (V) in the plane of rotation is most
representative of structural weakness.
• Axial vibration (A) along the line of the shaft is most
representative of faulty alignment and bent shafts.
As the cause for excessive vibration will usually show up in the spectrum, measuring in the direction
that returns the highest RMS value can be quite sufficient to accurately establish machine condition.
To get comparable results, measuring points should be clearly marked, so that the measurements
can always be taken in the same spots.
SPM vibration transducers can be used

• as a hand-held probe, with or without the probe tip
attached. Not recommended above 1000 Hz.
• with a magnet for attachment to ferrous metal parts.
Not recommended above 2000 Hz.
• with the M8 (UNC 1/4”-28) mounting screw.
Transducer with magnet
The firmer the contact with the machine, the better
E the measuring result. Plain, clean metal makes the best
contact surface for the vibration transducer.
When using a hand-held probe it is important to press

the transducer with the same strength every time to get
comparable readings.
2-channel simultaneous vibration monitoring requires two

installed transducers connected via the split cable CAB89.
3 channel simultaneous vibration monitoring requires

three installed transducers (H, V, A) connected via the
split cable CAB88. A tri-axial transducer can also be used. Hand-held probe

Leonova is automatically testing the quality of signal transmission between transducers of type IEPE
and instrument before measurement. The unit of measure is voltage (Bias). Accepted values depends
on transducer settings. Not acceptable values generates an error message.

Measuring point configuration, ISO 10816
Measuring points for ISO 10816 and EVAM
are normally set up in Condmaster and then
downloaded to Leonova.
However, it is possible to open the Leonova

1
default file in the vibration window (1) and
configure all measuring parameters. Please
note that most of the settings become locked
once the measurement has been made.
Fault symptoms cannot be attached to the

measuring point in Leonova but can be added
after the measuring point has been uploaded to
Condmaster.
Select ‘ISO10816’ with the arrow keys and open

with ENTER. Open ‘Measuring point data’ with
SHIFT+F3. Mark the lines in the configuration
window one by one with UP/DOWN. Open
them with ENTER.
Before starting vibration measurements, make

sure that the vibration transducer you are using
with your Leonova is properly selected.
Default vibration transducers for the vibra-

tion techniques are set up via the transducer
register. Default transducer is the active trans-
ducer when ‘Portable’ transducer is selected E
under ‘Measuring point data’. To select a
default transducer, see Chapter A page 13.
The transducer data become editable after 2

you switch ‘Transducer’ (2) from ‘Portable’ to
‘Remote’. Provided you know the transducer’s
frequency range and its upper and lower bias
range, you can input the data here.
The nominal sensitivity of a vibration transducer

SLD144S is 10.0 mV/m/s 2. The actual sensitivity
of the individual transducer is written on its
calibration card. This data should always be
input in the transducer register. When several
transducers are in use, they should be marked
to assure that the readings are calibrated.

To evaluate a spectrum, you need to know the RPM
of the shaft at the time of vibration measurement.
Mark ‘Variable speed´ (1). This forces a speed meas- 1
urement before you can measure the vibration. 2
3
4
‘Time signal unit ‘(2) can be ACC, VEL or DISP. 5
On the line ‘Save’ (3) you determine the type of

measuring results you want. There are five alterna-
tives.
‘Time signal (FFT calculated)’ saves the time signal

and calculates the FFT.
‘Full spectrum’ returns a 1600 line velocity spectrum.

By default, the range is 2 to 1000 Hz.
‘Peaks’ will save the number of peaks you input under

‘No. of peaks to save’ (4). A peak is a spectrum line
with a higher amplitude than the lines on either side
of it. Thus, a 1600 line spectrum can contain max.
800 peaks.
3
‘Condition parameters’ selects the RMS vibration
values and excludes the spectrum.
‘Time signal and FFT’ saves the time signal and the
calculated FFT.
E
The line ‘Direction’ (5) lets you select one of the 5
three measurement directions. Your choice is then
displayed in the measurement window.

Guide for machine classification
Machine condition evaluation according to the ISO
10816 standard requires a correct classification of
the monitored machine.
So far, ISO 10816 consists of six parts. Part 1

contains general guide lines.
Parts 2 to 6 describe 5 different machine types. 1

Most of these have sub divisions, each with its
own set of limit values defining acceptable and 5
unacceptable vibration levels.
The lines ‘Part’, ‘Group’ and ‘Support’ (1) contain

the data defining a specific set of limit values
in ISO 10816. Opening the line ‘Part’ leads to
a step-by-step guide that helps you to input all
necessary data.
‘Quick mode’ (5) is used to speed up the measure-

ment. The measurement calculations will be based

on the FFT instead of the time signal, resulting in
faster settling time.

Data for ISO 10816 part 2
‘Part’ refers to a sub division of the ISO
standard. So far, parts 2 to 6 have been
published.
Marking a part number displays the definition

of the machine type treated in the part.
In case the machine you want to monitor is

a ‘large land-based steam turbine generator
set in excess of 50 MW’, part 2 is your
obvious choice.
This machine class has no sub group. Instead,

the choice of limit value table depends on
machine speed, either ‘1500/1800 r/min’ or
‘3000/3600 r/min’.
Marking the appropriate speed range leads

to the final window which shows the ISO
recommended frequency range (10 to 500
Hz), the recommended measurement quantity
(vibration velocity = VEL) and the limit values
or ‘zone boundaries’.
Vibration zones A and B are acceptable,

so any measurement result below the B/C
boundary of 5.30 mm/s RMS will be marked
green. Results from 5.30 mm/s to below
8,50 mm/s will be yellow and 8.50 mm/s and
higher will be red.

Part 3 treats most of the common industrial
machines.
They are divided into 4 groups:
Group 1
Large machines with rated power above 300
kW and not more than 50 MW; electrical
machines with shaft height above 315 mm.
Group 2
Medium machines with rated power above
15 kW up to and including 300 kW; electrical
machines with shaft height from 160 mm to
315 mm.
Group 3
Pumps with multivane impeller with separate
driver (centrifugal, mixed flow or axial flow)
with rated power above 15 kW.
Group 4
Pumps with multivane impeller with inte-
grated driver (centrifugal, mixed flow or axial
flow) with rated power above 15 kW.
Further criteria for Part 3 are the rigidity of

the foundation and the rotational speed.
Concrete foundations are rigid, every thing

else falls under flexible.
The RPM affects the lower measuring range as E

well as the limit values.
Please note that correct measurement of very

low frequency vibration demands a transducer
that is linear down to the stated frequency.
Abnormally high displacement values can
occur when selecting a lower frequency limit
that is outside of the transducer’s range.
For machines under Part 3, Leonova returns

both VEL and DISP. Machine condition is
determined by the quantity that has the
relatively highest measurement results.
Press F3 to confirm the settings.

Part 4 is limited to ‘Gas turbine driven sets
excluding aircraft derivates’. The standard
also states a power output of at least 3 MW.
For this part, input the RPM of the turbine.

This does not affect the vibration limit values
but the upper frequency limit of the measure-
ment, up to 5000 Hz for a turbine speed of
20000 RPM.

Part 5 is for ‘Machine sets in hydraulic power
generating and pumping plants’, divided into
4 groups. Please study the definitions and
drawings provided in the standard.

Part 6 is for ‘Reciprocating machines with
power rating above 100 kW’.
For this type of machinery, the standard

provides 7 tables with limit values.
Depending on the vibration level when the
machine is new and in good condition, the
user is supposed to select one of these tables
as a norm for the machine.
If you know your table, you simply select its

classification number.
When you mark ‘Measure’, Leonova will select

the appropriate table and display its number.
Please note that this requires a machine in
‘new and good condition’, with low vibration
values. You then edit the measuring point
data and input the proposed table number
instead of ‘Measure’.

Measurement results, ISO 10816
Depending on the part of the standard and
the machine group, ISO 10816 gives limit
values for displacement (DISP) and either 1
velocity (VEL) or acceleration (ACC). Leonova
automatically adjusts the measurement quan-
tity display to the selected part and group
In this case, Leonova will display the evalu-

ated result in DISP, VEL and ACC, because all
three parameters are returned when Part 6 is
selected.
In case the different parameters fall into

different evaluation zones, the large status dot
(1) will show the worst case, while the small
status dots (2) show the individual evaluation.
Press F1 to see the ‘Measuring result’ window.
The spectrum (3) is always a velocity spectrum.

For spectrum functions in Leonova, see part B
of this manual.
3
Pressing F4 (4) toggles between Hz, CPM and,
E if rpm is measured, orders.
To save the measuring result, press MENU

and select ‘Save as’. The measurement can be
saved as a result file or as a file with default
settings (5).

Making a vibration assignment
A proper measuring point for EVAM (evaluated
vibration analysis) or FFT Spectrum with Symp-
toms has to be made in Condmaster using the
Condition Manager.
In Leonova, you can set up an vibration assign- 1

ment, returning a set of condition parameters
and single spectrum measured in accordance
with the parameters you input under ‘Meas-
uring point data’.
You can rename the file with a descriptive

name. Mark the vibration default file (1) with
the LEFT/RIGHT arrow keys. Press SHIFT+F2
and select ‘Rename’ (2). Input a name via the
keyboard window and save with ENTER. The
new name will show up in the measurement
window. The default file (1) will have the new
2
name after restarting the instrument.
Press ENTER to open the vibration default file (1).
Press SHIFT+F3 to open ‘Measuring point data’.
Before starting vibration measurements, make sure

that the vibration transducer you are using with your
Leonova is properly selected.
3
Default vibration transducers for the vibration
techniques are set up via the transducer register.
Default transducer is the active transducer when E
‘Portable’ transducer is selected under ‘Measuring
point data’. To select a default transducer, see
Chapter A page 13.
The transducer data become editable after you

switch ‘Transducer’ (3) from ‘Portable’ to ‘Remote’.
Provided you know the transducer’s frequency range
and its upper and lower bias range, you can input
the data here.

SLD144 is 10.0 mV/m/s 2. The actual sensitivity of the
individual transducer is written on its calibration
card. This data should always be input in the trans-
ducer register. When several transducers are in use,
they should be marked to assure that the readings
are calibrated.

Defining the assignment
To evaluate a spectrum, you need to know the RPM of
the shaft at the time of vibration measurement. Mark
1
‘Variable speed´ (1). This forces a speed measurement
before you can measure the vibration.
2
With ‘Measuring point data’ you can edit the meas-
uring parameters. Open with SHIFT+F3 and mark the
lines in the configuration window one by one with the
UP/DOWN keys. Open them with F1, ‘Edit’.
The transducer setting ‘Portable’ selects the default

transducer. ‘Time signal unit’ is the unit for the time
signal, while ‘Spectrum unit’ is the measuring unit for
the spectrum (e. g. VEL for a velocity spectrum).
Frequency range
The frequency range (2) is defined by selecting a
lower and an upper limit (3). Both are menu selected.
When using the optional function ‘Order tracking’ (4)
the upper frequency is set in orders.
3
Please note that correct measurement demands a
transducer that is linear over the stated frequency
range.
Abnormally high displacement values can occur when

4
selecting a lower frequency limit that is outside of the
transducer’s range.
You can exceed the upper frequency range of the

E transducer when measuring an envelope spectrum.
Time signal unit

As time signal unit you can select VEL, ACC or DISP
(5).
The ‘Display’ setting (6) effects the presentation of

measuring results displayed in the result field (upper 5 7
part of the Leonova display). Select display units for
the three result lines. You can choose ACC, VEL and
DISP as RMS, Peak or Peak to peak (7). 6
Spectrum unit
As spectrum unit (8) you can select VEL, ACC or DISP.
Normally you would choose a velocity spectrum, i. e.
VEL.
8

Window
To compensate for the leakage effect introduced
by the FFT process, a window function is usually
applied. The user should choose the appropriate
window (1) function for the specific application. If
the windowing is not applied correctly, errors may
be introduced in the FFT effecting amplitude,
frequency or even the overall shape of the
spectrum. 1
- Rectangle. The Rectangle (None, Uniform)

window is the one to choose for transient
signals. The Rectangle window has the best
frequency resolution but poor amplitude
accuracy and high spectral leakage.
- Hanning/Hamming. The Hanning and Hamming

windows are best for random signals. These
windows have good frequency resolution and
also rather fair amplitude accuracy. Since the
Hanning window also has somewhat lower 1
spectral leakage, this window is usually the one
to prefer.
- Flat-top. The Flat-top window should be
applied on sinusoidal signals. This window

has the best amplitude accuracy, but poor
frequency resolution.
As general advice, use:

- Hanning window for frequency accuracy (this is E
the most common window to use).
- Rectangle window only on transient signals.
- Flat-top window for amplitude accuracy.

FFT type
Four different FFT types (2) can be selected:
‘Linear spectrum’ consists of RMS values on a linear
scale. Each value is the equivalent of the RMS value of
a sinusoidal signal of the correspondent frequency. If
the spectrum unit is velocity, v, the amplitude scale is
accordingly: vrms .
2
‘Power spectrum’ (Autopower). Each value is the equiv- 3
alent of the RMS square value of a sinusoidal signal of 4
the correspondent frequency. If the spectrum unit is 5
velocity, v, the amplitude scale is accordingly: v2rms .
‘Power Spectral Density’ (PSD). This is a power spec-

trum where each amplitude value is divided by the FFT
line width times the used window’s equivalent noise band width. If the
spectrum unit is velocity, v, the amplitude scale is accordingly: v2rms /Hz.
‘Amplitude spectrum’ is closely related to the Linear spectrum scale.

2
The Amplitude spectrum shows the peak value instead of the RMS
value. If the spectrum unit is velocity, v, the amplitude scale is accord-
ingly: vpeak .
As general advice, use:

- Linear or Power spectrum on periodic signals.
- PSD spectrum on non-periodic (noise) signals.
Number of spectrum lines

The number of spectrum lines (3) affects the resolution and the meas-
uring time. Doubling the number of lines also doubles the measuring
3
time. In cases where different fault symptoms, such as bearing frequen-
E cies and multiples of 1X, are close together, a high resolution spectrum
is preferred.
Spectrum to save
Saving a time record or a full spectrum requires more memory. Unless
the spectrum lines in damage patterns have fairly high amplitudes, the
pattern is not visible.
Thus, saving only peaks will preserve the essential data while reducing
the amount of redundant data. A peak is a spectrum line that has a line 4
with a lower amplitude on either side.
If you select ‘Peaks’ under ‘Save’ (4), Leonova will display the full
spectrum before saving, with the peaks as black lines while the lines to
be deleted are grey. The maximum number of peaks that can be saved
is half the number of spectrum lines. The number of peaks to be saved
(5) is input on the number pad.
For the 2 and 3 channel analysis, you do not work with zoom and
enveloping.

Enveloping filter
Enveloping is a technique used to detect low energy
vibration typically caused by gear and bearing
damage. This type of damage tends to modulate the
amplitude of high frequency vibration, e. g. at the
natural frequency of the transducer.
1
2
To suppress all vibration in the lower frequency
3
ranges, a high pass (HP) filter is set at 1000 or 2000
Hz (1). To suppress vibrations in both the lower and 4
the higher frequency ranges, select one of the band
pass (BP) filters.
Quick mode
‘Quick mode’ (2) is used to speed up the measure-
ment. The measurement calculations will be based
on
the FFT instead of the time signal, resulting in faster
data acquisition time.
Quick mode can not be combined with enveloping,

time signal or condition parameters (Crest, Kurt, 1
Skew, NL1 to NL4).
Average type
To achieve greater accuracy, one can order the
average result (3) from a stated number measure-
ments (average count, set on the number pad). To get
a time synchronous average, a tachometer must be
connected which supplies a trigger pulse. This starts
each measurement with the shaft in the same posi- E
tion. ‘FFT linear’ gives the mean value of the measure-
ments, while FFT peak hold gives the maximum value. 3
Average overlap
To achieve faster collection of measuring values,
one can set ‘Averge overlap’ (4) to 25% or 50%. This
function reduces the measuring time by using less
time waveform data to produce the spectrum.
4

Zoom centre and zoom factor
True zoom (1) is selected to get a high resolu-
tion around a selected ‘centre frequency’. This
frequency must be within the selected frequency
range. Thus, to zoom in on 600 Hz, the minimum
range is 0 to 1000 Hz. The zoom factor can be set
to 2, 4, 8, 16, 32 or 64. The range covered by the
zoom is ‘upper frequency range/zoom factor’. Thus,
with a zoom factor of 8, the spectrum will cover the
range 537.5 - 662.5 Hz.
1
The highest possible zoom corresponds to a 25600
line spectrum. For this, combine the lowest number
of spectrum lines, 400, with a zoom factor of 64 (64
x 400 = 25600). With a centre frequency of 600 Hz,
you will get a spectrum over the range 584.375 to
615.625 Hz, with a resolution of 0.078125 Hz.
When using the optional function ‘Order tracking’

the zoom centre frequency is set in orders.
Trigger selection
The trigger function (2) can be set ‘Post trigger’
or ‘RPM trigger’. ‘Post trigger’ is primarily used for
measuring in rolling mills.
- ‘Trigger Level’ (3) is set to activate measurement

when the vibration level exceeds/falls below the
2
E set value.
5
- “Delay time” (4) is a delay in seconds before the 3
measurement begins after the ‘Trigger level‘ is 4
exceeded.
- ‘‘RPM trigger type” (5) can be set to ‘RPM run up’
or ‘RPM run down’ (6). The measurement begins
when the rpm exceeds respectively falls below
the set trigger level.

Measurement results
After measuring vibration, Leonova will
display three main condition parameters:
DISP, VEL and ACC as (RMS), (Peak) or (Peak
to Peak). Units for the displayed parameters
1
are selected under ‘Time signal unit’ when
defining the assignment under ‘Measuring
point data’ (SHIFT+F3).
The status dots (1) are grey because there are

no evaluation criteria for EVAM assignments
set up in Leonova.
Press F1 to see the full list of condition

parameters (2) in the measuring result
window.
‘Peak’ and ‘Peak to peak’ values are displayed 3

in the selected time signal unit .
Graphics for the selected parameter is

shown to the right in the measuring result 2
window (3). Press F2 to see the full scale
graphics where you can re-scale the axis, set
comments etc. (see part B of this manual).
To delete a measuring result, press F1

(previous result) or F2 to select result and
then press F3 to delete. Selected result is
marked with a blue vertical line.
E
The spectrum is displayed in the selected 4

spectrum unit, here velocity (4).
Pressing F4 (5) toggles between Hz, CPM and,

if rpm is measured, orders.
You can choose spectrum type, zoom func-

5
tions, time signal and other graphical func-
tions with the function keys. See ‘Spectrum
functions’ in part B of this manual.

2 channel simultaneous vibration monitoring
Two channel simultaneous vibration monitoring
requires that the Vibration Expert or Vibration
Advanced package is active.
This type of measurement allows you to study

machine movement in two dimensions by CAB82
observing the difference of the phase angles
measured on the two channels.
Measurement requires the set-up of two vibra-

tion assignm ents with identical parameters.
Default vibration transducers for the vibration CAB89
techniques are set up via the transducer
register, see Chapter A page 13. The 2 channel
measuring cable CAB89 is used to connect
both transducers to the Leonova vibration
transducer input.
Select ’2 channel vib.’ and attach the same

assignment to both transducers. The procedure
is the same as for the corresponding measure-
ment with a single transducer.
To evaluate a spectrum, you need to know the

RPM of the shaft at the time of vibration meas-
urement. Mark the line ‘2 channel vib’ (1) and
press SHIFT+F3 ‘Measuring point data’. Mark
‘Variable speed´ (2) by pressing ENTER. Save
with BACK. This forces a speed measurement
before you can measure the vibration. Switch
input channels if desired (3).
E
To edit the measuring parameters, mark one
of the channels (4) with UP/DOWN and select
‘Measuring point data’ with SHIFT+F3. Mark
the lines with UP/DOWN in the configuration
1
window (5) one by one and open them with
ENTER. See under ‘Defining the assignment’ 4
earlier in this chapter.
Most of the parameters must be the same for

both channels. Changing will affect both chan-
nels. 2
3
To edit the speed parameters (6), mark the line
‘Speed’ and press SHIFT+F3.
6
5

2 channel simultaneous vibration results
After measurement, Leonova displays the RMS
values for DISP, VEL and ACC for both chan-
nels. Mark one of the channels (1) to get the
corresponding measuring result diagram or
spectrum. Press F1 to see measuring result (2),
F3 to see spectrum and F3 to see time signal.
In the spectrum window, three graphs are

available:
1
• Spectrum. Press SHIFT+F1.
• Time signal. Press SHIFT+F2.
• Phase spectrum. Press SHIFT+F3.
A phase is a time delay expressed in degrees

of rotation. Leonova calculates the time delay
between the passage of the tachometer pulse
and the peak of the frequency component of 2
interest from the vibration transducer at the
speed of rotation.
In the spectrum and the time signal, the chan-

nels are colored red and blue.
Press F2 to produce cursors (3), harmonics,

sidebands and horizontal cursor line in the
spectrum. For the cursor position, frequency,
amplitudes for both channels, delta amplitude,
coherence and delta phase are displayed (4).
3
Move cursor A with LEFT/RIGHT arrow keys and
cursor B with SHIFT+LEFT/ SHIFT+RIGHT arrow 4 E
keys. The info box (4) closes after 30 seconds of
inactivity.
A cursor in the time signal will show time and

amplitudes for both channels. A period is
selected by placing a second cursor (Cursor B)
by pressing F2.
For the cursor position, frequency and ampli-

tudes for channel 1 and 2 are displayed (6).
Delta phase is displayed if RPM is measured. 5
Coherence and cross channel phase are 6
displayed when a FFT of type power is meas-
ured and True zoom is off.
More about spectrum and time signal functions

are described in chapter B.

2 channel simultaneous vibration monitoring
Two channel simultaneous vibration monitoring
requires that the Vibration Expert or Vibration
Advanced package is active.
This type of measurement allows you to study

machine movement in two dimensions by CAB82
observing the difference of the phase angles
measured on the two channels.
Measurement requires the set-up of two vibra-

tion assignm ents with identical parameters.
Default vibration transducers for the vibration CAB89
techniques are set up via the transducer
register, see Chapter A page 13. The 2 channel
measuring cable CAB89 is used to connect
both transducers to the Leonova vibration
transducer input.
Select ’2 channel vib.’ and attach the same

assignment to both transducers. The procedure
is the same as for the corresponding measure-
ment with a single transducer.
To evaluate a spectrum, you need to know the

RPM of the shaft at the time of vibration meas-
urement. Mark the line ‘2 channel vib’ (1) and
press SHIFT+F3 ‘Measuring point data’. Mark
‘Variable speed´ (2) by pressing ENTER. Save
with BACK. This forces a speed measurement
before you can measure the vibration. Switch
input channels if desired (3).
E
To edit the measuring parameters, mark one
of the channels (4) with UP/DOWN and select
‘Measuring point data’ with SHIFT+F3. Mark
the lines with UP/DOWN in the configuration
1
window (5) one by one and open them with
ENTER. See under ‘Defining the assignment’ 4
earlier in this chapter.
Most of the parameters must be the same for

both channels. Changing will affect both chan-
nels. 2
3
To edit the speed parameters (6), mark the line
‘Speed’ and press SHIFT+F3.
6
5

3 channel simultaneous vibration results
After measurement, Leonova displays the RMS
values for DISP, VEL and ACC for all three
channels. Mark one of the channels (1) to get
the corresponding measuring result diagram
or spectrum. Press F1 to see measuring result
(2), F3 to see spectrum and F3 to see time
signal.
In the spectrum window, three graphs are 1

available:
• Spectrum. Press SHIFT+F1.
• Time signal. Press SHIFT+F2.
• Phase spectrum. Press SHIFT+F3.

and the peak of the frequency component of
interest from the vibration transducer at the 2
speed of rotation.
In the spectrum and the time signal, the chan-

nels are colored red, blue and green.
Press F2 to produce cursors (3), harmonics,

sidebands and horizontal cursor line in the
spectrum. For the cursor position, frequency
and amplitudes for all channels are displayed
(4). Delta phase is displayed if RPM is meas- 3
ured. Coherence and cross channel phase
are displayed when a FFT of type power is 4 E
measured and True zoom is off. The info box
(4) closes after 30 seconds of inactivity.
A cursor in the time signal (5) will show time

and amplitudes for all three channels. A period
is selected by placing a second cursor (Cursor
B) by pressing F2.
Move cursor A with LEFT/RIGHT arrow keys

and cursor B with SHIFT+LEFT/ RIGHT arrow
keys.
5
For the period, the delta time and orders are
6
disp layed, plus amplitudes and time for all
three channels (6).
More about spectrum and time signal func-

tions are described in chapter B.

Run up /coast down
To make either a ‘Run up’ (from machine start
to working speed) or a ‘Coast down’ (from
working speed to stop) measurement, select
the vibration menu and then the function ‘Run
up/Coast down’ (1).
Measuring points can be downloaded from 1

Condmaster. The parameters are set in the
instrument, then uploaded to Condmaster
where the measurement results are saved as
comments.
Open an existing measurement under ‘File’ or make a

new measurement. For a new measurement, follow the
guide. 2
Select the correct transducer (2). Press F3, then F2 to

select transducer (3). To edit transducer data, mark the
line to be configurated and open with F1. When ready,
press F2 (4) to continue.
‘Time signal unit’ (5) is what the transducer measures

(ACC, VEL or DISP).
4 3
‘Spectrum unit’ (6) is the measuring unit for the spectrum
(e. g. VEL for a velocity spectrum). Press F2 to continue.
‘Lower frequency’ can be set from 0.5 to 100 Hz. The

upper frequency is set in ‘Orders’, by default 20 and can
be changed via the keyboard window.
E Select ‘Number of spectrum lines’ and ‘FFT window’. The
choice of ‘Window’ (5) somewhat affects the spectrum
line amplitudes. ‘Hanning’ (default setting) and Hamming
are the window types most commonly used to calculate
spectra. The difference is often marginal and should not
affect pattern recognition. 5
6
‘Measurement interval’ (8) can be RPM or time based.
For time based it is essential to set a short time interval
to get fast enough measurements to capture resonances
that occur.
For an RPM based measuring interval, set interval in RPM,

for time based, in seconds (7) via the keyboard window.
7
‘RPM range’ for ‘Run up’ is from low to high, for ‘Coast
down’ it is high to low. Select the range via the keyboard 8
window and continue to the measurement window by
pressing F2. 9

Run up /coast down measurement
Connect the vibration transducer and the
tachometer to Leonova. Press F3 to start meas-
urement. When measurement is completed, the
measurement list (1) shows number of reading,
time, RPM and RMS value. Press F2 to display 1
the spectrum window.
In the waterfall spectrum (2) you can see each

spectrum by marking the reading in the meas-
urement list (3).
The waterfall diagram shows the five latest

spectra with the marked reading in the front. 3
Select spectrum by marking with the UP/DOWN 4
keys. A red marker (4) shows the position of 1 2
order (RPM).
To see Nyqvist and Bode diagrams, press F3

(Graphics) and select diagram with F3 and F4.
5
The Nyqvist diagram shows phase angle and E
amplitude (5) for all readings as dots around
the centre. The reading marked in the list is
shown in the graph with a blue dot (6). 6
Orders can be changed (1 to 5) via the

keyboard window. Press MENU and select
‘Orders’ (7).

and the peak of the frequency component 7
of interest from the vibration transducer at
the speed of rotation. The value presented
is a relative angle, not an absolute, because
there is no compensation for phase lag in the
transducer or the electronic circuits. The RPM
is displayed in the list of measurements only.

The Bode diagram (3) shows two separate
diagrams with vibration amplitude (DISP,
VEL or ACC) and phase angle on the Y axis, 3
respectively, and RPM on the X axis. All
measurements are displayed in time sequence.
The reading marked in the list is shown in the
graphs with blue dots.
Press MENU to select ‘Orders’ and ‘Bode

graphs’ (4) with zoom possibility (5). ‘Orders’ is
changed via the keyboard window.
The measurement can be saved under a file

name.
5
E

Bump test
The bump test is employed to check out the
typical vibration response of a machine struc-
ture at standstill, by hitting it e. g. with rubber
mallet. To make a bump test on a stationary
machine, select the vibration menu and then
the function ‘Bump test’ (1). 1
A measuring assignment can be set up in

Condmaster for downloading to Leonova.
Open an existing measurement under ‘File’ or

make a new measurement. For a new measure-
ment, follow the guide.
2
Select the correct transducer (2). Press F3 to
select transducer from the transducer register
(3). You can change the transducer name via
the keyboard window. 4
To edit transducer data (4), mark the line to

be configurated with the UP/DOWN keys and
open with ENTER. When ready, press F2 (5) to
continue.
5 3
‘Time signal unit’ (6) is what the transducer

measures (ACC, VEL or DISP).
E
Select ‘Frequency range’ (6), 25 to 40 000 Hz
(upper), ‘Frequency lower’ (7), 0 to 200 Hz,
and number of lines in the spectrum, 100 to
12800.
‘Pre-trig’ (8) sets the time before the trigger

level is reached, in percent of the measuring 6 7
time. It can be set to 5, 10, 15, 20 or 25%
(default 10%). Numbers within brackets is the
corresponding time in seconds. The vibration
during pre-trig time is included in the sample.
8
The sampling time is automatically calculated

from the frequency range and the number of
spectrum lines. Press the arrow button (9) to 9
continue.

Bump test measurement
During a bump test, Leonova measures
continuously. A reading is saved when you hit
the machine with e.g. a rubber mallet and the
resulting vibration is within the set parameters.
1
The referential measurement is used to find 2
the right trig level. The ‘Trig level’ (1) is set by
hitting the machine frame with varying force.
The peak amplitude of the measured signal is
displayed (velocity in mm/s) and the trig level
can be set to 1% – 90% of the amplitude.
The green bar (2) shows the peak vibration

level (blue arrow). The green arrow shows the
trig level.
Adjust the force of the hits if needed. When

ready, press F2 (Next) to go to the measure-
ment window (3).
3
Hit with the same force as during the referen-

tial measurement. The actual test returns an
FFT spectrum and a time signal (sampling time
plus pre-trigging time) in the result window (4).
To see the time signal diagram, press

SHIFT+F1. To see the spectrum diagram,
press SHIFT+F2. Press F3 under the spectrum
window to see phase spectrum.
E Press F4 to save the measurement. If you

measure/tap again, the new spectrum will be
averaged with the previous.
A cursor in the time signal and spectrum 4

diagram shows the time and amplitude.
More about spectrum and time signal func-

tions are described in chapter B.
The bump test can be saved under a file name

by selecting ‘Save as’ when closing the vibra-
tion measurement window.

Orbit analysis
Orbit analysis is a vibration measurement func- Machine protection system
tion resulting in a two-dimensional orbit graph BNC connectors
used to analyse shaft centerline movement. It
may indicate rubs, unbalance, misalignment
or oil whip, in machines equipped with journal
bearings. 2x
CAB 97
Required for orbit analysis is a two channel
simultaneous vibration measurement, where
two displacement transducers are placed 90 °
from each other, and a trigger signal from a
tachometer probe.
Measurements are normally made on the

Split cable Tachometer cable
buffered outputs of a machine protection CAB 89 CAB 95
system via the split cable CAB89 and two
measuring cables CAB97, connected to the
vibration input, plus cable CAB95 connected
to the tachometer input. The buffered outputs, VIB input TAC input
channel X, channel Y and tachometer signal are
connected via BNC connectors.
Measurement with displacement transducers

requires that two transducers particular to
the orbit analysis are setup in the transducer
register under ‘Settings’, see Chapter A page
13.
Measurements can also be made with e. g.

accelerometers, placed at an angle of 90° to
each other, to get a two dimensional graph 1
of machine movement. For measurement with
accelerometer or velocity transducers, use the E
2 channel split cable CAB89 and two measuring
cables CAB82.
A measuring assignment for orbit analysis can

be set up in Condmaster and be downloaded to
Leonova. 2
Select and open an Orbit assignment under

the vibration tab (1). Press SHIFT+F3 to set the 3
‘Measuring point data’.
By pressing F4 it is possible to see the displace-

ment of the X and Y values when the machine
is not rotating. This function is used when
adjusting the transducers.

Settings for orbit analysis
Variable speed
Mark ‘Variable speed’ (1) to force a speed measurement before 1
measuring. For best results, it is strongly recommended that a
measured rpm value is used in connection with orbit measure-
ment.
Transducer type
Check the data for the X and Y transducers. Press F1 ‘Edit’ and
mark a transducer (2). To change transducer, press ENTER and
select transducer from the list (3). To edit transducer data (4),
mark a line and press F3.
For an 8 mm diameter proximity probe, the sensitivity is normally

7,87 V/mm (7,87 mV/μm). For other probes, please turn to the data
sheet for information about their sensitivity.
NB! Transducer data can not be changed when

using portable transducers (5).
5
2
Press F2 ‘Next’ to open the window for
configuration of time signal unit, filter type and 4
orders by pressing the arrow button (6).
Signal unit
As time signal unit you can select VEL, ACC or
DISP (7). When measuring on buffered outputs
of a machine protection system, ‘Signal unit’
must have the same setting as ‘Transducer
type’.
Filter type
E For Filter type (8), the default setting is Band-
pass, showing frequencies at rpm ±10%. With 3
the filter type set to Lowpass, all frequencies
above the selected multiple of shaft speed
(Orders, 1-5) are filtered out.
Orders
Orders is set to 1 by default, but can be up to
5 orders (9). The setting is used to calculate
7
the center frequency for bandpass mode and
the upper frequency for lowpass mode, respec- 8
tively. 6
9
Number of revolutions 10
Number of revolutions, max. 25, specifies the
number of shaft revolutions to acquire and 11
display in the orbit graph (10).
RPM measurement
Mark RPM measurement when using a tachom-
eter (11). If not, the rpm can be input via the
number pad.

Orbit measuring and results
During measurement, the orbit graph shows
displacement in the X and Y direction per revo-
lution. When the measurement is complete, the
average of the measured values is shown (1). 1 2
The orbit graph (2) shows an overlay of the

graphs for each measured revolution plus their
average. A blue dot marks the largest distance. 3
When the orbit assignment is set up in Cond-

master, alarm limits can be set on the X and Y
axis, resulting in an evaluated measurement
(green - yellow- red scale) (3).
Press the F3 to get a close up of the orbit

graph.
You can select each individual revolution as

5
well as the average of all revolutions. Select the
graphs with the function keys F1 and F2. Active 4
graph is marked blue in the graph. A green
arrow shows the rotational direction.
A blue arrow (4) is showing the angle and the

peak value at that angle (largest distance).
You can move the arrow with the LEFT/RIGHT
arrow keys. The peak value and the angle are
displayed (5). To return to the largest distance, E
press F3. Press BACK to leave the orbit
window.
Press F2 to get graphics over peak-to-peak

and rpm (6). Change graph by pressing F3 and
6
select with F1 and F2. You can zoom in the
graph and activate a cross hair. More about
graphical functions are described in chapter B.

E

Rotor balancing
Contents
Balancing methods.................................................................. 3
Balancing equipment.............................................................. 4
General settings...................................................................... 5
Default transducer(s) for balancing measurement................... 6
Unbalance............................................................................... 7
Measuring unbalance.............................................................. 8
Four run method..................................................................... 9
Two run methods.................................................................... 9
Transducer selection and speed measurement..................... 10
Run without trial weight.........................................................11
Trial weight calculation......................................................... 12
Run(s) with trial weight.......................................................... 13
Display of results................................................................... 14
Alternatives for balancing weights........................................ 15
Trial run and log.................................................................... 16
Finish the balancing job........................................................ 17
Create report........................................................................ 18
ISO balancing standard 1940-1............................................. 19
Rotor balancing F:1

F
F:2 Rotor balancing

Balancing methods
Single and dual plane balancing are optional
Leonova functions with either limited or unlimited
use. In case of limited use, credits are deducted
for each vibration measurement.
Single plane balancing, 4 runs

This method uses one measurement without trial
weight to determine the vibration severity (mm/s
RMS) of the rotor, followed by three measurements
with trial weights at 0°, 120° and 240° to calculate
the weight and position of the correction mass. No
rpm measurement is needed but all measurements
must be done at the same rpm.
Single plane balancing, 2 runs

This method uses one measurement without trial weight to determine the vibration severity (mm/s RMS)
of the rotor, followed by one measurements with a trial weight to calculate the weight and position of
the correction mass. It requires time synchronised vibration measurement (trigger pulse supplied by a
pulse from the SPM tachometer probe or a proximity switch) to find the relative phase angle between
the two vibration measurements.
Dual plane balancing

The same 2-run method as used for single plane balancing, but with vibration measurement and weight
correction in two planes. These measurements can be made by shifting the vibration transducer or by
connecting two transducers via the two-channel measuring cable CAB89.
Please note: To get a good result fast, the static unbalance must be corrected before starting the
balancing procedure with Leonova.
For all methods, a final run can be made to check the balancing results and, if needed, get the data
for further adjustments. Leonova then saves a balancing log file.
Leonova guides step-by-step through the balancing procedure. One can shift the rotation direction F
and change the measured parameter from velocity to acceleration or displacement.
In addition to the RMS value, a spectrum is shown to help find the part of vibration that is due to
unbalance. For the 2-run methods, the number of ‘synchronized readings’ for obtaining a time average
is set to min. 5. The recommendation is 10-20 readings.
Rotor balancing F:3

Balancing equipment
For single plane balancing with four runs, the only equipment
needed is a vibration transducer type SLD144 or other IEPE (ICP ®)
type transducers with voltage output.
The transducer is mounted with a magnetic foot (TRX29) or with an

M8 (UNC 1/4”) screw. It is connected with the spiral cable CAB82
or a straight 10 meter cable CAB83.
For the 2-run methods, a trigger pulse is needed which is either

supplied by a proximity switch or by the SPM tachometer probe
TTP10.
The laser dot from the tachometer probe is directed towards a

piece of reflecting tape pasted on the shaft. The tape must have
a sharp edge.
Transducer SLD144
NOTE: It is very important that the tachometer probe is firmly
with magnetic foot
attached and not moved during the balancing procedure. The
laser is sensitive to reflections from the shaft, especially during
measurement at short distance. Do not direct the tachometer
probe straight at the shaft, slightly angle the direction in order
to avoid misreadings.
SPM supplies a tachometer probe holder with a magnetic base

(SPM 81319) and a clamp for the probe (SPM 14765).
The two-channel measuring cable CAB89 allows the connection

of two vibration transducers to Leonova. These must be of the
same basic type, e.g. IEPE with voltage output. Dual plane rotor
balancing can be done with a single transducer, but using two is
faster.
14765
TTP10
F
CAB89
CAB83 (10 m) CAB82 81319
F:4 Rotor balancing

General settings
To make general settings for the balancing func-
tion, press the MENU key and select ‘Settings’ >
‘General settings’, then use the F2 key to select
the ‘Balancing’ tab.
Your selection under ‘Counter rotational degrees’

affects the way the angles are displayed while
balancing.
When the box is not marked, angles are displayed

as shown in figure A.
When the box is marked, angles are displayed

as shown in figure B.
Rotational
Marking ‘Ounce’ will show all weights in ounces 0°
instead of grams. A
‘Output unit’ is the transducer output, ACC VEL

or DISP.
+ 90°
Counter rotational
0°
B
+ 90°
Rotor balancing F:5

Default transducer(s) for balancing measurement
The ‘Registration of vibration transducers’
procedure is described in Part A of this manual.
1
Before starting vibration measurements, make
sure that the vibration transducer you are
using with your Leonova is properly registered,
configured and selected.
To select a transducer, press the MENU key

and select ‘Settings’ > ‘Vibration transducers’.
Use the arrow keys to mark a transducer on
the list (1) and press F2 (‘Edit’) (2) to open and 2 4
view its data.
To edit transducer data, mark the setting you

want to change and press F2 (‘Edit’).

SLD144 is 10 mV/m/s 2 . The actual sensitivity 3
of the individual transducer is written on its
calibration card. This data should always be
input in the transducer register (3). When
several transducers are in use, they should be
marked (e.g. with serial number) to assure that
the readings are calibrated.
For ‘Dual plane’ balancing, two default trans-

ducers are selected from the list of registered
transducers. While in the ‘Vibration transducers’
menu, press the F4 key (‘Default transducers’) (4),
then select ‘Balancing’. Input two transducers
to be used (5). The transducers must have the
same output (DISP, VEL or ACC).

Leonova is automatically testing the quality
F of signal transmission between transducers of
type IEPE and instrument before measurement.
The unit of measure is voltage (Bias). Accepted
values depends on transducer settings. Not
acceptable values generates an error message.
F:6 Rotor balancing

Unbalance
A rotor is unbalanced when the centre of its
mass does not co-incide with the shaft centre.
Position?
This condition can be described as the rotor
having a ‘heavy spot’ somewhere along its
circumference.
If we know the position and weight of this

heavy spot, we can reduce it by taking away
mass or, more often, put a counterweight on
the oppisite side of the rotor. Counter
weight?
For one plane balancing, it is assumed that the

heavy spot is on the centre line of a narrow
rotor or near enough, so that it does not matter
on which side of the centre line the counter
weight is place.
For rotors which are wide in relation to their

diameters, we assume two heavy spots in the
rotational planes at both ends of the rotor.
The counter weights and their positions are

calculated with regard to the interaction
between both planes. In this case, a dual plane
balancing needs to be performed.
F
Rotor balancing F:7

Measuring unbalance
Unbalance causes excessive vibration. However,
excessive vibration can have any number of other
causes. Thus, before attempting to balance a rotor,
we must first check that there is in fact an unbalance
problem and make sure that other vibration causes,
such as loose parts and misalignment, are eliminated.
As the ‘heavy spot’ rotates in the radial plane, the

vibration values measured in the horizontal (H) and
vertical (V) directions should be higher than the
vibration measured in the axial direction (A).
Check all three directions. For balancing, measure in

direction H or V, whichever yields the highest value.
Unbalance causes vibration with a frequency of 1X, 1X
which is the shaft frequency in Hz (rpm/60), also called

the first order.
Check that the vibration spec trum has a clearly

dominant line at 1X . This line is marked in the Leonova
balancing spectrum.
All three balancing methods use a first run to establish

the vibration behaviour of the rotor.
The following run is made with a trial weight fastened

at a convenient spot along the rotor. Thus, we add a
known unbalance factor, which allows us to calculate
the position and weight of the unknown ‘heavy spot’
from the change in vibration behavour.
F:8 Rotor balancing

Four run method
Using four runs, three of them with the same trial
weight fixed first at 0°, then at 120° and 240° along
the rotor circumference, is the traditional balancing
method.
It is important to run the machine at the same speed

at all measurements.
Traditionally, the position and weight of the balancing

weight were calculated by drawing a graph of the
vibration vectors. This part of the work is now done
by Leonova: after the last run, the instrument displays
the balancing weight in grams (ounces) and its position
in degrees (measured from the point where the first
trial weight was placed).
Two run methods

The two run methods work with synchronized vibration
measurement. This requires a trigger pulse from a
tachometer. Each measurement starts in exactly the
same shaft position. Weak
direction
The tachometer position becomes part of the reference
system needed to calculate the angles between 0°
(the position of the trial weight), the position of the
‘heavy spot’ and the position of the artificial unbalance
created by the trial weight.
The tachometer must not be moved between measure-

ments.
Rotor balancing F:9

Transducer selection and speed measurement
The balancing procedure is menu guided. Select
the method, then simply follow the instructions
on the instrument screen.
The first steps are common for all methods. Start

with selection of transducer(s). The transducer(s)
selected under ‘Transducer register’ will be
displayed as default.
For the ‘Dual plane’ method, two transducers

1
can be used. Mark the box ‘Measure with two
transducers’ (1). The two transducers must have
the same output (DISP, VEL or ACC), selected
under MENU > ‘Output unit’.
Follow the setup guide by pressing the F2

function key (2) and then measure without trial
weight to obtain the vibration severity and the
spectrum. 2
For the ‘4-run’ method, the RPM data are only

needed to find the 1X position in the spectrum
and thus check on the amount of unbalance.
You can do balancing work in three ways (3); 3
without the RPM, input it via the numbers pad
(Preset), or measure it.
RPM can be measured with two methods (4);

synchronized (recommended) or asynchronized.
‘Synchronized’ means that each measurement
F starts in exac tely the same shaf t position.
‘Asynchronized’ only require one reading and
is a quicker way of measuring RPM.
The ‘2-run’ methods are automatically set for

synchronous RPM measurements, see previous 4
page. You can input the number of synchronized
readings (5), recommended are 10-20. If the
machine is severely unbalanced you might
increase the number of synchronized readings
5
even more.
F:10 Rotor balancing

Run without trial weight
Set the frequency range for the spectrum to
‘Automatic’. Leonova will calculate the suitable
range from the RPM data up to approx. 5x. If the
machine is running at low speed < 600 RPM, the
frequency range should be set to 500 or 1000
Hz to save time during measuring. Then select
a number of lines to display in the spectrum,
recommended are 400 lines.
With the tachometer and the vibration transducer

connected, press the MEASURE/SAVE (M/S) key.
Note: If preferred, the display of the rotation

direction (clockwise, counterclockwise) can be
changed by pressing the MENU key and then
choose ‘Shift rotation direction’.
Press the F3 function key (‘Spectrum’) (1) to

display the spectrum. To set a cursor (2) on the
spectrum line at 1X (which shows the amount of
unbalance), press F2 (‘Cursor’) > F1 (‘Cursor A’),
then use the LEFT/RIGHT arrow keys to move
the cursor to the desired position.
To display machine fault symptoms, press SHIFT + 1

F4 (‘Symptom’), then SHIFT + F1 for all symptoms
or SHIFT + F2 for theoretical symptoms only.
In case the 1X line is relatively small, abort

balancing and first check the machine for other
vibration causes (misalignment, loose bolts, etc.).
2
For all methods, the run without trial weight
supplies the value for V 0, the initial machine
vibration.
Rotor balancing F:11

Trial weight calculation
The trial weight must be large enough to create
an unbalance but not so heavy as to create
dangerous vibrations.
To edit the test weight, press the F3 function

key (‘Edit test weight’) and use Leonova to 1
calculate a suitable weight (1). The input data
are the approximate weight of the rotor and
its diameter.
Input the mass of the trial weight with the

number pad (2).
For dual plane balancing, you use two trial

weights, one for each plane. They can have
different masses.

Run(s) with trial weight
The position where the trial weight is attached
automatically becomes the 0° position on the
rotor. All angles are given with this point as a
reference.
For the 4-run method, you first measure V1 with

the trial weight at 0°, then V 2 with the weight
at 120° and finally V 3 with the weight at 240°.
For dual plane balancing, first measure V 0

(without trial weight) in plane 1, then in plane 2.
4-run method, menu during third run

You then fasten the trial weight in plane 1 and
with trial weight
measure V1 in plane 1, then in plane 2.
You normally remove the trial weight from plane

1 before attaching the other trial weight in plane
2. If not, mark the box ‘Keep trial weight’ on the
menu. Measure V1 in plane 1, then in plane 2.
2-run method, menu during run with weight

Display of results
The calculation results are the mass of the
balancing weight and the angle defining the 0°
1
position where it has to be attached.
The display shows the direction of rotation and

the position of 90°.
On the side of the display (1) there is a row of

function keys that allow you to select alternatives
to adding mass at the indicated spot.
After completion of a balancing operation,

the balance quality can be compared to the
ISO 1940-1 standard, specifying permissible Calculation results, 4-run method
residual balance for rigid rotors. Press the F4
(‘ISO 1940-1’) (2) key to open the function. This
function is available for Single plane, 2 runs
and for Dual plane (RPM is always measured in
these methods, which is a requirement for the
comparison with ‘ISO 1940-1’).
F 2
Calculation results, dual plane

Alternatives for balancing weights
Leonova calculates a number of alternatives for correcting the unbalance:
Graphical check of calculation results.
Split the correction mass: Input the number of rotor partitions to

distribute the correction mass between two of them.
Radial displacement: Input the change in radial distance to recalculate
the weight.
Calculate radial position of smaller/larger balancing weight (known

weight).
Weight removal: Show drill hole position.
Degrees to length: change from angle to length measured along

the rotor circumference.
Sum up weights: Replace all correction masses on the rotor by one.
Weight removal: Drill hole diameter and depth calculated for various
materials.

Trial run and log
After balancing weight application, a trial run can
be made to measure vibration after balancing.
If balancing was successful, the vibration at 1X
should be considerably lower.
The information in the ‘Applied balancing

weight’ window is optional. It will appear in the 1
balancing log file.
In case you used the proposed weight and

position, press ‘Copy to log’ (1) to input the data.
In the ‘Verification measurement’ window, click

‘Measure’ to check vibration after balancing.

Finish the balancing job
To close and save a balancing job, press BACK
(1).
The display shows three alternatives (2):
• ‘Save changes and close’ - after entering a

file name (3), this function saves the balancing
work in a file which will be stored in the ‘File’ 1
menu (4), see below.
• ‘Save changes’ - if you are working in an exist-

ing file and have done additional readings
on the machine, this alternative will save the
result, but not close the file.
• ‘Close without saving’ closes the function 2

without saving any data.
Open an existing file from the ‘File’ menu by

choosing it and press ENTER. The display shows
4 F
two alternatives (5):
• ‘Open existing measurement’ makes it

possible to edit data in the file. The changes
will be stored in the same file.
• ‘New verification measurement’ opens the

file and when a new measurement is done,
this will be saved in a new file. 5

Create report
To print out or save a balancing report, do the
following: 1
• Start the Leonova Service Program and select

‘Balancing report’ (1).
• Select a balancing file saved under the ‘FILE’

menu and press OK.
• To print out the report, select printer, number

of copies, etc under the ‘Print out’ menu. You
can write comments and a header to be added
on the report (2).
3
• To save the report as a document, select Excel
file or Word file (3). 2
• Write your own comments (4) to be printed

in the report.

ISO balancing standard 1940-1
Determination of permissible residual unbalance
The recommendations are given based on experi-
ence concerning the balance quality requirements
of rigid rotors, according to type, mass and
service speed.
There are three methods used to determined the

permissible residual unbalance (U per):
• Empirical quality grades derived from long
term practical experience from a large number
of rigid rotors
• One experimental method often used in mass
production balancing
• Method based on specific permissible bearing 1
forces, calculated by defining U per as a sum
of the permissible residual unbalances in the
bearing planes.
The result from the measurements (mm/s) will be

recalculated into values that can be compared
to the graph described in ISO 1940-1.
The balancing result for single and dual planes

and the result after applying the balancing weight
and the trim weight will be plotted into a graph
for the selected balance quality grade (G1, G2.5,
G6.3 or G16) (1).
The residual unbalance is depending on the actual

rotational weight, the distance of the balancing
weight from the centre of rotation and the speed
of the application.
The result is described as a value that is independ-

ent of speed and the rotational weight Uper/ gr.mm.
In the example, the residual unbalance for plane
1 is 189 gr/mm (119 gr/mm plane 2) compared
with the limit 400 gr/mm valid at 50 kg, rotating F
at 3000 rpm and the position of the weight at
100 mm from centre of rotation.
The limit is depending on the weight of the

rotational mass and the RPM.
The residual unbalance value is depending on

the position from the centre of rotation of the
balancing weight.
For more detailed information, please see ISO

standard 1940-1.

F

Shaft alignment
Contents
Shaft alignment with Leonova................................................. 3
Shaft alignment equipment..................................................... 4
LineLazer II detectors.............................................................. 5
Alignment kit attachment....................................................... 6
The detector panel................................................................. 6
Charging batteries.................................................................. 7
Communication with Leonova................................................. 7
Shaft alignment ...................................................................... 8

About shaft alignment ........................................................... 9
Means for horizontal movements............................................ 9
Alignment – general procedure............................................ 10

Settings..................................................................................11
Compensation....................................................................... 12
Alignment tolerances............................................................ 13
Basic data input.................................................................... 14
Soft foot................................................................................ 15
Measuring (automatic or manual input)................................. 16
Result window....................................................................... 17
Feet lock............................................................................... 17
Alignment work using the Adjustment window..................... 18
Alignment – vertical machines.............................................. 19

Settings................................................................................. 19
Basic data input.................................................................... 20
Measuring............................................................................. 20
Measuring results.................................................................. 21 G
Alignment work using the Alignment window....................... 22
Create report........................................................................ 23
Shaft alignment G:1

G
G:2 Shaft alignment

Shaft alignment with Leonova
Shaft alignment with LineLazer II detectors is
an optional function for Leonova Diamond.
Under the assignment flap (1) Leonova con-

tains two standard alignment assignments,
one for horizontal (2) and one for vertical (3)
machines, with functions for soft foot, feet
look and compensation for thermal growth.
An alignment can be saved as a file (4) with

all basic data, to be used again for similar
machines.
The Leonova Alignment kit consist of

LineLazer detector/transmitter units that
measures the position of the shafts com-
pared to the centre line. They have position
detectors (PSDs) with large vertical reception
area, receiving a horizontal line laser beam,
with makes fine tuning almost unnecessary.
Integrated precision inclinometers measure
the angle of rotation of both detectors at
1
all times. This allows measurement in fully
automatic mode, with much less than a
half-turn of the shaft. Measurement results
are displayed in 100ths of a millimetres or
1000ths of an inch. Only the master detec-
tor is connected to Leonova. One cable is 2 3
eliminated due to wireless communication
between the master and the slave detector.
Leonova is the control and display unit. The

interaction between the graphical display
and user is kept as simple as possible. A
self-explanatory display based on icons
and graphics guides the user, step by step
to a correct alignment. A live view shows
immediately the result of the vertically and
horizontally corrections. A pre-programmed
tolerance table tells the user when proper
alignment is achieved. A green – yellow – red
4
dot shows the severity of the misalignment,
or when the result is within the tolerances. G
Leonova produces a log file with all align-
ment data for printing a report.
Shaft alignment G:3

Shaft alignment equipment
LLB30 LLB31
LLB12
TOL21
LLB14 MAA70
LLB13
LLB11 CAB75
LLB15 CAB87
The LineLazer Accessory Set LLA300 contains detector/transmitter units, brackets, chains, rods, cables
and a measuring tape, all in a carrying case. This set fits a multitude of applications, e.g. compressors,
gearboxes, generators, and pumps. The standard Leonova Diamond AC adapter is used for charging the
LineLazer II detector units.
LineLazer II Accessory Set
LLB30 LineLazer II detector unit (lower beam) CAS25A Carrying case, plastic with foam insert
LLB31 LineLazer II detector unit (upper beam)
Accessories
LLB11 Extension chain, length 1000 mm
90362 AC adapter, 100-240 V AC, EU plug
LLB12 Chain with tension adapter,
length 500 mm 90379 AC adapter, 100-240 V AC, US plug
LLB13 Supporting rod, 80 mm, set of 4 90380 AC adapter, 100-240 V AC, UK plug
G LLB14 Supporting rod, 150 mm, set of 4 90528 AC adapter, 100-240 V AC, AU plug
LLB15 Shaft bracket for chain Magnetic brackets and offset brackets 100 mm on
CAB87 Communication cable between Line request.
Lazer II and Leonova Diamond, length 3 m
Spare parts
CAB75 Charger cable, length 1.5 m LLB20 Supporting rod, 80 mm
MAA70 Measuring tape LLB21 Supporting rod, 150 mm
TOL21 Torquing tool for chains and rods
G:4 Shaft alignment

LineLazerII detectors
Using a horizontally spread laser beam in
Position
combination with a 37 mm vertical detector (PSD)
detector (PSD)
makes fine tuning unnecessary. The laser beam
is modulated and thus easily and automatically
distinguished from interfering light sources. The
laser beam is not mirrored, both units are true
detectors/transmitters. The detector units LLB30
and LLB31 are identical with exception of the LLB30
position of laser diode and sensor. The communi- Laser
cation between them is wireless, only one of the transmitter
units, designated as ‘master’, is cable connected
to Leonova.
The detector units have integrated double axis

precision inclinometers which measure the angle
of rotation of both detector units at all times.
This means that the shaft can be rotated at will
in both directions. A measurement can be taken Position
automatically when the shaft movement stops detector (PSD) LLB31
(automatic mode) or ordered by a ‘Measure’
command (manual mode). Measurement results
are displayed in 100ths of millimetres or 1000ths
of an inch, angles in steps of 0.5°. NB: Never stare directly
into the laser transmitter.
Please note: Other position measuring devices
can be used. In such cases, ‘user input mode’ is
selected and both angles and clock readings are
input via keypad.
Technical specifications for LineLazer
Laser type: line laser, visible red light Operating Temperature: 0 to 50 °C

Laser power : <1 mW Storage Temperature: -25 to 55 °C
Laser safety class: Class 2 Humidity: 20% to 95% relative
Laser wavelength: 635 to 657 nm Keyboard: sealed membrane
Laser modulation: 200 kHz Control indicators: LED red/green
Sensor resolution : 1 µm Connector type: LEMO 5 pins for
Sensor linearity : < 2% deviation communication with
Sensor size : 37 x 1 mm Leonova and charger G
Operating range : 50 to 3000 mm Housing: aluminium, blue
(2 to 120 inches) anodized
Inclinometer resolution: 0.5° Protection: IP65
Batteries: NiMH rechargeable Dimensions: 116 x 94 x 54 mm
Operating Time : > 16 hours normal use Weight: 450 g
Charging time: < 3 hours
Shaft alignment G:5

Alignment kit attachment
As default, the motor is defined as M (movable, 1) 2 1
and the other part, here the pump, as S (stationary,
2) machine. The view depicted on the Leonova 3
screen is from the motor fan end (none-driven side, 4
3). The master detector unit (with the cable, 4) is
placed on the M machine. Please note that all this
can be changed at will, as long as the inputs under
‘Settings’ agree with the way the kit is mounted.
Attach the detector units as shown, firmly but

without undue force. Use the enclosed tool when
tightening the rods.
Locking
These are the parameters: screws
• Max. shaft diameter with 500 mm chain = 165 mm TOL21

(6.5 inches), with 1000 mm extension chain = 480 ø 4 mm
mm (18 inches).
• Distance between detector units = 50 to

3000 mm (2 to 120 inches).
• The minimum recommended angle of shaft rota-

tion is 180°.
The detector panel

The detector panel has an input connector for com- ON / OFF Input for communica-
munication with Leonova and for battery charging, button tion and charger cable
and a switch for power ON/OFF.
A blinking green LED for communication and steady

green LEDs for detector position and battery OK
show that the detectors are adjusted for measure-
ment. For various other states, see the table below.
All LEDs will blink fast during the on/off sequence If

all LEDs are fixed red the bootloader is active. LED indicators
G GREEN LIGHT RED LIGHT

LED Fixed Blinking Fast blinking Fixed Blinking Fast blinking
Laser on Communication Current too low or Laser or communi- PSD error

with Leonova temp. too high cation error
Battery OK Battery low Battery empty Charging Charging Temp. or voltage

trickle mode out of range
Angle of both Inclinometer Inclinometer System error Temperature Inclinometer

detectors OK terminated teach mode out of range teach error
G:6 Shaft alignment

Charging batteries
The batteries are recharged with the standard Leonova
Diamond AC adapter. Do not use any other type of
charger. CAB75
NB: The LineLazer detectors must be turned on while

charging.
The battery LED is red when charging and starts blink-

ing red when the batteries are fully charged (trickle
mode).
New batteries may need several charge/discharge cycles

before they reach their full capacity.
The batteries gradually self-discharge even if stored in

Leonova Diamond
a fully charged state. Self-discharge increases with age,
charger
usage and elevated temperature.
90363/ 90379/ 90380
Battery type: NiMH rechargable
Operating Time: > 16 hours normal use
Charging time: < 3 hours
Operating and charging time may vary depending !
on the ambient temperature and the condition of the
batteries. Do not replace
the battery pack!
Refer servicing to your
Extending battery life
local SPM dealer.
Even when the LineLazer is not used, the capacity of the
batteries will naturally deteriorate over time. To limit the
deterioration it is recommended to cycle (full discharge
and recharge) the batteries at least once every one or
two months. Store the LineLazer in a cool and dry place.
Communication with Leonova

After connecting the communication cable between
the master detector and Leonova, it should be CAB87
clamped to the fixture, so that it cannot put any
strain on the detector when the shaft is turned.
Please note that the ‘master’ detector is the detector

unit that is connected to Leonova. Do not switch the
cable during alignment.
AUX
G
When both detectors are ON and the master detec-
tor is connected to Leonova (also ON), the laser
intensity LED starts blinking green for communication
with Leonova. The OK LED is green on both detectors
when they are aligned within the tolerances, ± 2°.
Shaft alignment G:7

Shaft alignment
Symptoms of misalignment
The purpose of shaft alignment is to prevent excessive
vibration and the premature failure of machine parts.
Quite often, bad machine condition is obvious, but

repairs are made without correcting alignment faults,
or removing the underlying causes for misalignment,
such as poor foundations, excessive temperature
gradients, strain from connected pipes, etc. Typical misalignment symptom
An alignment check should be made if one or more of

these symptoms are noted:
• excessive radial and axial vibration
• high oil temperature, hot bearings
• excessive oil leakage at the bearing seals
• loose foundation bolts
• loose or broken coupling bolts
• hot coupling immediately after shutdown
• with elastic couplings, rubber or plastic
powder inside the coupling guard
• frequent bearing and/or coupling failures.
Center lines
aligned
Explanation of terms
Shaft alignment – the process of adjusting the relative
position of two coupled machines (e. g. a motor and
a pump) so that the center lines of their shaft form a
straight line when the machine is running at normal
operating temperature.
Alignment is achieved by moving the front and/or back

feet of one machine up, down, and sideways, until the
shafts are aligned within required tolerances. Nor-
mally, the other machine remains stationary. However,
as one cannot lower a machine below its foundation, it
may be necessary to shims the ‘stationary’ machine to
achieve alignment.
Soft foot - the condition when the machine is resting Shims

G on three feet instead of all four. The soft foot has no
proper contact with the machine foundation. Prior to
alignment, soft foot is eliminated by placing shims
under the foot until the machine is properly supported.
Soft foot
G:8 Shaft alignment

About shaft alignment
Misalignment – the condition when the center lines of
the shafts are not aligned within tolerances.
There are two types of misalignment:

• Offset - the center lines of the two shafts are parallel
but do not meet in a common point at the center of
the coupling. Offset
• Angularity - the center lines meet at the center of the
coupling but are not parallel.
Both offset and angularity can, and normally do, occur
simultaneously.
Misalignment is measured in two planes, vertical (up,

down), and horizontal (sideways). Thus, there is:
• vertical offset
• horizontal offset Angularity
• vertical angularity
• horizontal angularity.
Normally, shaft misalignment is a combination of all four
of these alignment faults.
Note that the object is to align the shafts and not the
coupling. If a coupling half is bored slightly off center,
aligning the coupling will cause misalignment of the
shafts. Offset and angularity
Means for horizontal movements

Moving a heavy machine sideways for an exact distance A
is not easy, if one tries to do it with a sledge or a crow-
bar.
Much time can be saved by preparing the footplate of

the machine to be moved for horizontal adjustments of
the machine position. The general idea is to move the
machine by turning a screw, instead of lifting, hitting, or
pushing it, see figure A.
B
Figure B shows a simple, portable ”moving aid” which
is bolted to the foot plate. This device is only used for G
alignment work, so it is no obstacle during normal ma-
chine operation. Correctly made, it can be used for many
different machines.
Shaft alignment G:9

Alignment – general procedure
The need for alignment should be established
by means of vibration measurement, see page
8. Prior to alignment, inspect and, if needed,
1
repair the machine foundation.
• Mount the alignment kit on the shafts

2
or the coupling (see page 7), define M =
machine to be moved, normally the motor.
• Switch on Leonova and open the alignment

file (1) with F1/F2. Select horizontal or
vertical alignment (2) with the arrow keys
and press ENTER.
• Connect the detector unit on the machine

to be moved (M) to Leonova. This is the 4
master. Switch on the detectors (button on
top) and align them in such a way that the
centre of the laser beam is in the centre of
the target area.
The detector LEDs should light up as

shown.
• Press MENU to set the general alignment

parameters, ‘Soft foot’, ‘Feet lock’ and 3
‘Compensation’. Under ‘Compensation’,
input the values for thermal expansion
(page 12).
• Open the ‘Settings menu’ (3) with F3 and

set the general alignment parameters 3
(page 11). 5
• In the ‘Dimensions window’ (4), input the
distances (see page 13).
• Measure and correct softfoot (5) (page 14).
• Open the ‘Measurement window’, measure

alignment (see page 15).
• Open the ‘Result window’, check present

position (see page 16). Ready for measurement:
• Open the ‘Adjustment window’, shims as
required, then make horizontal adjustments LASER
G (see page 17). Blinking green
• Open the ‘Result before/after window’, BATTERY

check result before and after adjustments. Fixed green
• Go to the ‘Measurement window’, take
a new set of measurements to check the SYSTEM
result. Fixed green
G:10 Shaft alignment

Settings
The alignment program starts in the ‘Dimensions window’.
General parameters can be changed in the Settings window
(open by touching the F3 button). To make changes, select
parameter with UP/DOWN and press ENTER, then F1 to
edit. Make changes and finish with the BACK key. Your
settings will be preserved when you close the alignment
function.
Method
Method determines the measuring mode. In ‘Automatic’
mode the measuring starts automatically when the detec-
tors are in position. After that, you wait until the results are
displayed. Then the shaft is turned and kept steady in the
new position until the next reading is displayed. This operation, turn
and hold, is repeated until the detectors have been moved through
about 180° and at least 3 measurements have been taken. Please note
that if the shaft is turned less than 5° the new measurement will replace
the earlier.
‘Manual’ is similar except that the ‘Measure’ key on Leonova is pressed
each time the shaft has been rotated into a new position.
‘User input’ is selected when the LineLazer detectors are not used. The clock angles and readings
are input via the number pads.
General
No. of decimals: Default is 2 decimals for distances in mm, 3 decimals for inches. Angles are always
displayed with one decimal.
Master indicator: Select S or M, depending on which detector is connected to Leonova.
Tolerance table: The default tolerances can be helpful if no limit values are available from the
manufacturer.
Average screen update: The LineLazer detectors measure three times per second. The displayed
result is an average of the number of measurements input under ‘Average Screen update’
Average measurement: The saved result is an average of the number of measurements input under
‘Average Measurement’ . The range is 2 - 15 for all methods.
Tolerance table: Select a suitable tolerance table. If no limit values are available, use the default
tolerances in Leonova.
RPM: The input under RPM determines the selection of the alignment tolerances - the higher the
RPM, the narrower the tolerances.
Coupling: Select coupled or uncoupled machine. Use uncoupled to see both inclinometer values. G
Directional view determines how shaft rotation angles are displayed: ‘None driven end’ means as
seen from the motor fan end.
Angle selection is either 0 to 360° or 0 to +180° (clockwise via 3.00 hours to 6.00 hours) plus 0 to
-180° (counter clockwise via 9.00 hours to 6.00 hours).
View adjustment: ‘Graphics’ means that a motor/pump drawing is shown in the Result window,
replaced by lines when ‘Lines’ is active.
Shaft alignment G:11

Compensation
Different rates of thermal expansion in the M
machine relative the S machine can have a consid-
erable effect on horizontal shaft alignment. For
an electric motor, the vertical thermal expansion
is approximately 0.1 mm per meter for each 10° C
rise in temperature. 1
Example:
Height foundation - shaft: 500 mm
Alignment temperature: +20° C
Operating temperature: +50°
Thermal expansion: 0.5 x ((50 - 20)/10) x 0.1
=0.5 x 3 x 0.1= 0.15mm
If the S machine has the same thermal properties
as the M machine, there is no problem. If there
is a significant difference, one can either try
to align the machines before they cool, or one
has to compensate for the difference. Thus, if
the S machine is going to rise an extra 0.2 mm
when hot, use a 0.2 mm compensation for the M
machine.
2 3 4
Manufacturers will normally supply data on their
machines’ thermal properties. When estimating
thermal rise, check
- operating temperature of both machines 5
- thermal expansion of both machines
- environment influences on machine tempera-
ture, such as strong sunshine and other heat
sources, effect of cooling systems, etc.
• Press MENU and select ‘Compensation’ with

UP/DOWN and press ENTER.
• Press F2 to open the settings window for

stationary machine S (2), F3 for movable
machine M (3) and F4 for clutch (4). 6
• Input the values for the vertical and horizontal

feets, F1 and F2 (5) via the keyboard window. 7
• Input offset and angular error values for the
clutch.
G
• Press MENU, select ‘Indicator’ (6) and press
ENTER to set compensation for the indicators.
Input values for distances and vertical and
horizontal indicators (7).

Alignment tolerances
Alignment tolerances depend largely on the rota-
tional speed of the machine.
Machinery should be aligned within the tolerances
stated by the manufacturer. If no limit values are
available, use the default tolerances in Leonova.
Press F3 ‘Settings’ and select ‘Tolerance table’ (1) 1

with UP/DOWN. Select a default table (2) and press
SAVE.
To edit a tolerance table, select table and press

ENTER. Input new limit values (3) via the keyboard
window and save with F1 (OK).
If narrow tolerances are desired, select a speed

range that is higher than the actual speed of the
machine or create a new tolerance.
Tolerance symbols (4) in result window show the

results in “green/yellow/red” according to the
selected tolerance table:
green - below the stated min. tolerance

yellow - between the stated tolerances
red - over the stated max. tolerance

Basic data input
M - Movable machine. This is the machine
which will be moved to achieve shaft 2
alignment. Normally, the machine which is 1
smaller, lighter, easier to reach and move
becomes ”M”. It does not matter whether
it is the driving or the driven machine, but
usually the motor is moved .
S - Stationary machine. This is the

machine which remains in place during
shaft alignment (normally the pump, fan,
air compressor, etc.).
F1 Front foot - the inboard foot or feet

(nearest the coupling).
F2 Back foot - the outboard foot or feet

(farthest from the coupling).
Input distances
Open the ‘Dimensions window’ (1) and input the distances for the M machine. Select input field (2)
with the arrow keys and press ENTER to open the keyboard. Input the distances:
• from centre of F1 to centre of F2
• from centre of F1 to centre of the nearest detector (negative value if the detector is mounted
behind F1)
• between the centres of the two detectors. As default, half this distance appears as distance
between the centre of the coupling and the detector nearest the M machine. Change the value if
necessary.
This input is sufficient unless you want to use the ‘Feet lock’ option and check on alternative means
of alignment correction. In this case, input the corresponding distances for the S machine.
For the next step, soft foot correc-

tion, press MENU, select ‘Soft foot’
(3) and press and press ENTER.

Soft foot
Soft foot - the condition when the machine
is resting on three feet instead of all four.
The soft foot has no proper contact with the
machine foundation. Prior to alignment, soft
foot is eliminated by placing shims under the
foot until the machine is properly supported.
During soft foot correction the screen is live,

1
which means that the displayed value changes
in case a foot rises when you loosen the hold-
ing bolt.
2 3
Check that all bolts are tightened before
measuring. The detectors should be in 12
o’clock position.
The foot to be measured is marked with a dot

in the screen picture (1). Press the M/S key to
measure. The dot is blinking when measuring.
Loosen and tighten the holding bolt. 4
When ready, press F3 ‘Step’ (2) to stop
measuring and go the next foot, marked with a
dot in the picture. Press M/S again, loosen and
tighten the corresponding bolt. Repeat the
procedure for all feet.
Shims the foot with the highest measuring

value. Remeasure and adjust if necessary.
Pressing F4 ‘S side’ (3) leads to the soft foot

screen of the S machine (4).
When measuring soft foot on machines with

1 X X 2
more than four feet, loosen the bolts at the
middle foot pair(s). Measure the outer foot
pairs (1 to 4) as described above and shim the
foot with the highest measuring value.
Continue by measuring the middle foot pair(s).

Press ‘M/S’ and tighten one of the bolts (X).
Read the value at the dot. The value should
remain the same as for the first reading. Shim 4 X X 3
G
the foot if necessary and repeat the procedure
for the remaining feet.

Measuring (automatic or manual input)
In the ‘Dimensions window’, press F2 (Next) to
go to the ‘Measurement window’. At the top,
it shows the detector inclination (1) and their
measured values. For coupled machine is only
the inclination value for the ‘M’ detector shown.
The positions of saved measurements will be
marked on the graph (2). The first measured
value will be set to zero. To delete results, press
MENU and select ‘Delete results’ (5). Pressing
ENTER will erase all measurements. Under
‘Settings’ (F3) you can change ‘Directional view’
from ‘Driven end’ to ‘Non driven end’.
The detector LEDs show blinking green for

LASER communication and steady green for
BATTERY charge and angle OK when the detec-
tors are ready for measurement. The detectors
1
should be aligned within ± 2°.
4
You are supposed to rotate the shaft through
3
about 180° and save at least 3 measurements.
Measure more often if the angle is smaller. A
small rotation angle will affect the accuracy. 2
In ‘Automatic mode’, the measuring starts

automatically when the detectors are in position.
Hold the shaft steady until the measurement is
saved, shown by a dot in the graph. Then turn
the shaft more than 5 degrees to the next posi-
tion and hold it steady until the next measure-
ment is saved.
A warning icon (3) will show up if the laser 5

intensity is low. This may influence the measur-
ing results. If the laser hits outside the detector
target (4) you first have to do a rough alignment.
In ‘Manual mode’, you press the M/S key on

Leonova each time the shaft has been turned
into a new position.
Select ‘User input’ mode in case you measure

with an other type of indicator, not connected to
Leonova. Input the angle positions and indicator
G readings (5) via the keyboard window. Press the
M/S key to confirm. 6
After saving at least 3 measurements, press F2

(Next) to go to the ‘Result window’.
Under ‘Indicator status’ (6) you can check the

present laser intensity, voltage and internal
temperature and see the detector version and
serial number.

Result window
The window ‘Results before’ shows the
vertical and horizontal position of the
2 3
machine, as revealed by the measurements.
The figures below the feet (1) show the

measured positions.
Coupling symbols show the directions of

vertical offset (2), vertical angularity (3), 1
horizontal offset (4), and horizontal angular-
6 4 5
ity (5). Tolerance symbols (6) show the
results in “green/yellow/red” according to
the selected tolerance table:
below the stated min. tolerance (green)

between the stated tolerances (yellow) 7
over the stated max. tolerance (red).
Lock symbols (7) indicate the two pairs of feet

which are not moved (see below).
Pressing ‘Next’ opens the ‘Adjustment win-

dow’.
8
Feet lock
Feet lock is a function that shows alternative
ways of correcting misalignment. It is used
after the measurement results are saved and
displayed.
As a default, the feet of the S (stationary)

9
machine are locked (8). You can set other con-
stellations, e.g.:
• Lock the feet of the M machine

• Lock the pairs farthest from the coupling, F2
on both M and S (9).
• Lock the pairs nearest the coupling, F1 on
both M and S (10).
10 G
Leonova will recalculate the values for vertical
and horizontal position for the unlocked feet
when you change the setting.

Alignment work using the Adjustment window
The ‘Adjustment window’ (1) is live, so the
position values change as you shims and 1
move the machine.
2
For vertical adjustment, locate the detectors
at 12 o’clock position.
For horizontal adjustment, locate the detec-

tors at 3 or 9 o’clock position. Do not change
this position during the correction. Make
necessary horizontal adjustment.
The tolerance symbols (2) show the results in

“green/yellow/red” according to the selected
tolerance table.
5
Under ‘Settings’ (F3) and ‘‘View adjustment’

(3) you can select Lines (4) instead of Graph-
ics, which is the default setting. The broken
lines (5) indicate the lower tolerance limit.
When finished, take a new set of measure-

ments to check the result.
Press F2 (Next) to see the results before and

after the adjustment (6).
Press MENU and ‘Close/Save’ and save the 4

alignment file under a suitable name. You
can use the file again for the alignment of
this or similar machines. For this, open the
saved file under the ‘File window’, go to the 3
‘Measurement window’ and press the MENU
key. Select ‘Delete results’ to erase the old
measured values. 6
You can create an alignment report by con-

necting the Leonova to the PC. Open the
Leonova Service Program and select ‘Print
G alignment report’, see page 23.

Alignment – vertical machines
Vertical alignment (1) differs in a few points
but is basically the same procedure as
horizontal alignment.
There is no ‘Soft foot correction’ because

this requires that the detectors are
mounted on a horizontal shaft. To check 1
the S machine for soft foot, you can make
a horizontal alignment, measuring soft foot
only, if there is a suitable horizontal bar,
which is truly parallel to the foundation, for
mounting the detectors.
The view is fixed (from above), and shows

the number and angular position of the
holding bolts for the M machine. The angle
of rotation is always displayed from 0 to 360
degrees.
Settings 2
General parameters can be changed in the ‘Settings window’.

Open by pressing F3 (2). To make changes, mark a line with UP/
3
DOWN, then press F1 to edit. Finish with BACK. Your settings
will be preserved when you close the alignment function.
Method: ‘Manual input’ (3) is default and can not be changed.
No. of decimals: Select 2 decimals for distances in mm, 3 deci-

mals when measuring in inches. Angles are always displayed with
one decimal.
Master indicator: Select S or M, depending on which detector is

connected to Leonova.
Average Screen update: The LineLazer detectors measure three times per second. The displayed
result is an average of the number of measurements.
Average Measurement: The saved result is an average of the number of measurements. The
range is 2 - 15. G
Tolerance table: The default tolerance table can be helpful if no limit values are available from
the manufacturer. To select and edit a tolerance table, see page G:13.
RPM: The input under ‘RPM’ determines the selection of the alignment tolerances - the higher
the RPM, the narrower the tolerances.
Coupling: Select coupled or uncoupled machine.

Basic data input
In the ‘Dimensions window’ (1) input the
1
distances for the M machine, via the keyboard
window:
• between the centres of opposed holding
bolts
• between the centres of the two detectors.
As default, half this distance appears
as distance between the centre of the
coupling and the detector nearest the M
machine. Change the value if necessary.
• input the number of holding bolts.
Measuring
2
Press F2 ‘Next’ to go to the ‘Measurement
window’ (2). The detector LEDs show blink- 3
ing green for LASER communication and 4
steady green for BATTERY charge and angle
OK when t��
he detectors are ready for meas-
urement. You are supposed to rotate the
shaft through about 180° and save at least 3
measurements.
N (north) is the position where you take the
first measurement. The arrow in the graph is
pointed at bolt 1 (N). Mark the N position
on the machine before turning the shaft.
Start measuring by pressing the MEASURE
(M/S) key on Leonova once. Wait until the
measurement is saved, shown by a dot in
6
the graph. Then turn the shaft to the next
bolt position. Move the arrow to the cor- 5
responding bolt position with the ENTER key
on Leonova. Press the MEASURE (M/S) key.
Repeat the procedure each time the shaft
has been turned into a new bolt position.
A warning icon (3) will show up if the laser intensity is low. This may
influence the measuring results. If the laser hits outside the detector
target (4) you first have to do a rough alignment.
G You can delete all results by pressing MENU and select ‘Delete all
results’ (5). By using DELETE on the menu under (7) will erase all
measurements.
After saving at least 3 measurements, go to the ‘Result window’ by
pressing F2 (Next).
Under ‘Indicator status’ (6) you can check the present laser intensity,
voltage, internal temperature etc. and see the detector version and
serial number.

Measuring results
Press F2 (Next) to go to the ‘Results before
window’. At the top of the window you can
see the offset and angular alignment in two 1
directions, North - South (1) and West - East
(1).
The figures beside the holding bolts (2) show

2
the shim thickness to be used.
You can toggle between the windows ‘Shim

values’ and ‘Offset values’ (3) by pressing
SHIFT+F2.
The window with offset values shows the

movement in two directions (N-S, W-E) that
is needed to correct the offset. Tolerance
symbols (5) show the results in “green/yellow/
red” according to the selected tolerance 3
table:
below the stated min. tolerance (green)

between the stated tolerances (yellow)
over the stated max. tolerance (red).
For alignment work, go to the ‘Adjustment

window’ with the F2 key (Next).

Alignment work using the Alignment window
The ‘Adjustment window’ (1) is live, so the
values change as you shims and move the
machine. 3
1
To get correct live measurements, the
detectors should be in the same direction
as the arrow in the graph shows. Pressing
ENTER will change the measuring direction
between ‘N-S’ and ‘W-E’. Select the direc- 2
tion with the highest measuring result in the
graph.
When measuring on uncoupled machines,

the detectors are aligned when the ‘OK’
LED change to steady green.
At the top of the window you can see the

live measurement in two directions (3). The
figures beside the holding bolts show the
measured results and are fixed.
The tolerance symbols show if the values

are within the tolerances.
When you have finished the shims work, go

to the ‘Results before and after window’ (4).
The shims values for before and after the

adjustment are shown. To see the ‘Offset
values’ before and after the adjustment (5),
press SHIFT+F2.
When finished, take a new set of measure-

ments to check the result. 4
Press ‘Previous’ and remeasure if necessary.
Rotate the shaft so the detectors are in the
same direction as the arrow shows. Change
the measuring direction ‘N-S’ or ‘W-E’ with
ENTER. Select the direction with the highest
measuring result in the graph.
Loosen the holding bolts and start moving

the machine. At the top of the window you
can see the offset values. Positive values
G means that the machine has to be moved
in the arrow direction and negative values
against the arrow. 5
Save and close with the BACK key. You can

save the alignment file under a suitable
name an use it again for the alignment of
this or similar machines. For this, open the
saved file, go to the ‘Measurement window’,
press MENU and select ‘Delete results’ to
erase the old measured values.

Create report
To print out or save an alignment
report, do the following:
• Connect Leonova to the PC. 1
• Start the Leonova Infinity Service

Program and selec t ‘Alignment
report’ (1).
• Select an alignment file saved under

the ‘FILE’ menu and press OK.
• To print out the repor t, selec t

printer, number of copies, etc under
the ‘Print out’ menu. You can write
comments and a header to be added
on the report (2).
• To save the report as a document,

select Excel file or Word file (3). 3

G

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P O RTA B L E I N T E L L I G E N C E

General measurement functions B

Measurement techniques always included C

Shock pulse measurement D

Leonova Diamond Patent No: US#7,313,484, US#7,167,814, US#7,200,519, US#7,054,761, US#7,324,919,

Leonova service program...................................................... 20

General instrument functions A:1

A:2 General instrument functions

Leonova Diamond is always programmed for an unlim-

This instruction describes the general instrument set-

The equipment listed above is part of the Leonova

General instrument functions A:3

Full colour screen

F1 – F4: Function keys

Wrist strap Power ON / OFF

Rechargeable battery pack

RPM: Input for RPM/temp

A:4 General instrument functions

The battery pack in a new instrument has to be charged

It is recommended to charge the battery pack before

Connect the AC adapter (100 - 240 V AC) to the charg-

The charger unit can also be connected to 12 V power

A green LED on front of the charger indicates that POWER

A full recharge can take up to 4 hours. The maximum

General instrument functions A:5

POWER OFF is automatic when not used within

Times for “power off” and “sleep mode” can

A battery status icon is placed in the upper

The license number and serial number belongs

When ordering new functions and/or credits,

To open the ‘About Leonova’ file, press MENU,

Press BACK or ENTER to close the ‘About’ 1

A:6 General instrument functions

The navigation keys are:

• F1 to F4 are function keys used to select Function keys

• ENTER opens/activates a highlighted item. It Back Shift

also closes functions and confirms changes.

• BACK switches back to previous window.

• SHIFT is used to provide alternate functions ON / OFF

This is the general rule. Details are explained

General instrument functions A:7

• Open a measurement function and press

A • Mark a line in the list with UP/DOWN and

You can change order and make the options in

To make a menu option visible/unvisible, mark

To move a menu option in the list, mark the

Pressing MENU in the ‘Modify menu’ (1) will

Select ‘Undo changes’ to return to the default 3

Pressing BACK switches back to previous

A:8 General instrument functions

The calibration reminder icon (1) in the upper right cor-

Navigate in the menu bar with F1 (previous) and F2 (next).

a. FILE: Communication, Read CondID, measurement files saved by the user.

b. SPEED: Speed measurement.

c. SPM: All shock pulse measurement techniques.

d. VIBRATION: All vibration measurement techniques including orbit analysis,

e. ANALOGUE: Temperature and user defined measurements (voltage, current).

f. BALANCING: All rotor balancing techniques.

g. ALIGNMENT: All shaft alignment techniques.