Lecture 5 WSD Method

NUST Institute of Civil Engineering
(Reinforced Concrete – General Concepts)
Plain and Reinforced Concrete

(PRC-II)
FUNCTIONS OF TWO MATERIALS
• CONCRETE
• Concrete bears compressive stresses and shear
• STEEL
• a. it bears tensile stresses
• b. steel is provided to bear diagonal tension (shear)
• c. steel may be provided in compression zone to limit size of x-section
• d. it may be necessary to provide steel to support shear reinforcement
• e. minimum steel may be provided to control deflection, accidental moments
and cracking
ASSUMPTIONS
• Steel and concrete are perfectly bonded together ,i.e there is no slippage
between the two, under load, they deform together. The strain in the
reinforcement is equal to the strain in the concrete at the same
level.
• Strains due to load are same in both the materials i.e strain of 0.003 is taken
as strain till which both materials behave elastic
1. Thermal coefficient are generally same
2. Sections perpendicular to the axis of bending that are plane

before bending remain plane after bending.
Assumptions of Reinforced Concrete
3. The internal forces - bending moments, shear forces, and normal & shear
stresses, at any section of a member are in equilibrium with the effects of the
external loads at that section.
4. Concrete is assumed to be ineffective in tension and concrete in tension
part of a member assumed cracked (ACI 10.2.5).
5. The strains in both the concrete and reinforcement are assumed to be
directly proportional to the distance from the neutral axis (ACI 10.2.2).
6. The stresses in the concrete and reinforcement can be computed from the
strains using stress-strain curves for concrete and steel, respectively.
LOAD COMBINATIONS
Load Combinations Primary Load Equations
U = 1.4D D 5.3.1a
U = 1.2D+ 1.6L or ( Lr or S or R ) L 5.3.1b
U = 1.2D + 1.6(Lr or S or R ) + (1.0L or 0.50W) Lr or S or R 5.3.1c
U = 1.2D + 1.0W + 1.0L + 0.5(Lr or S or R) W 5.3.1d
U = 1.2D + 1.0E + 1.0L + 0.2S E 5.3.1e
U = 0.9D + 1.0W W 5.3.1f
U = 0.9D + 1.0E E 5.3.1g
Modular Ratio
• ϵc = ϵs ϵc = fc’/Ec and ϵs = fs/Es
• fs = fc’xEs/Ec = nfc’
• n=Es/Ec, is called as modular ratio
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Transformed area
• Area of fictitious concrete section which when
subjected to particular concrete stress fc,
results in the same axial load P, as the actual
section composed of both concrete and steel
• P = fc’ Ac + fs As
• = fc’ Ac + nfc’ As
• = fc’ ( Ac + n As)
• = fc’(Ag + (n-1)As)
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Reinforced concrete members subject
to axial loads
• Columns are members subject to axial loads
• Steel is required to off set any effect of non
axial loading
• Steel is required to take some part of
compression to reduce x-sectional size of the
member
• Compression Strain in steel = compression
strain in concrete i.e ϵs = ϵc
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• REINFORCED CONCRETE IN BENDING
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Review of Stress Distribution
Elastic and inelastic distribution of stress distribution in beam
made of homogeneous material
Proportional
stress-strain
Non-proportional
stress-strain
Failure Mode
Review of Shear and Flexure
Shear stress
Combined shear and flexure
Stress trajectories
Reinforced Concrete Beam Behavior
• Plain concrete beams are inefficient as flexural members because the
tensile strength (modulus of rupture) is a small fraction of the compressive
strength.
• Such beams fail on the tension side at low loads long before the strength
of the concrete on the compression side has been fully utilized.
• To cater for, steel reinforcing bars are placed on the tension side as close
to the extreme tension fiber as is compatible with proper fire and corrosion
protection of the steel.
• In such a reinforced concrete beam, the tension caused by the bending
moments is chiefly resisted by the steel reinforcement, while the concrete
alone is usually capable of resisting the corresponding compression.
• Such joint action of the two materials is ensured if relative slip is
prevented.
Reinforced Concrete Beam Behavior
Rectangular beams fail in

compression when the concrete
strains reach values of
about 0.003 to 0.004
Working stress
Brittle vs ductile failure
Working stress design
Permissible stresses
The following maximum permissible stresses will be

used in concrete and steel while using working stress
method.
• Maximum extreme fiber stress in comp= 0.45 f’c
• Maximum extreme fiber stress in tension = 1.6√f’c
• Permissible stress in grade 40 steel= 20,000 psi
• Permissible stress in grade 60 steel= 24,000 psi
• fs for # 3 bar in one way slabs of less than 12 ft
span = 0.5 fy
Working stress method
• To compute the stresses and strain, transformed section as
shown in fig. can be used. To determine the location of neutral
axis, the moment of tension area about the axis is equated to the
moment of the compression area i.e.
b(kd)2/2 – n.As (d - kd) = 0 -------- (eqn 1)
Having obtained kd by solving this quadratic eqn, moment of
inertia and other properties of transformed section can be
obtained.
• Alternatively, one can proceed from the basic principles, by
accounting directly for the forces that act on the cross section.
Total compression force C = fc/2 bkd and total tension force T =
As.fs are equal.
• Equilibrium requires that the couple formed by these two forces C and T be
equal to the external bending moment. Taking moment about C gives;
M = T.j d = As.fs.jd -------------- (eqn 2 )
Where jd is the internal lever arm between C and T
From eqn 2, we get, fs = M/As.jd ---------- (eqn 3 )
Conversely, taking moment about T gives
M = C.jd = fc.b kd.jd/2 = fc.k j b d2/2 ---- (eqn 4)
Reinforcement ratio ρ is defined as ρ = As/bd,
Then substituting As = ρbd in eqn -1 and solving for k, we get,
k = √{(ρn)2 +2 ρn} – ρn
It is seen that jd= d - kd/3 or j =1 - k/3
By knowing value of ρ and n one can determine the location of
neutral axis

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NUST Institute of Civil Engineering

(Reinforced Concrete – General Concepts)

Plain and Reinforced Concrete

2. Sections perpendicular to the axis of bending that are plane

Rectangular beams fail in

The following maximum permissible stresses will be

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