Test 1.

Date : 12/08/2024

Time : 04:00 – 05:30 PM

Sociology Test – 1

1. Which of the following is a primary method of data collection in sociology?

o a) Literature Review
o b) Content Analysis
o c) Surveys
o d) Meta-analysis
2. The concept of 'value neutrality' in social research was introduced by:
o a) Emile Durkheim
o b) Karl Marx
o c) Max Weber
o d) Auguste Comte
3. Which of the following research methods involves a detailed examination of a
single case or event?
o a) Survey
o b) Case Study
o c) Experiment
o d) Secondary Data Analysis
4. Match the following research methods with their descriptions:

Research Method Description

A. Ethnography 1. Study of large populations through questionnaires
B. Survey 2. In-depth study of people and cultures
C. Content Analysis 3. Analysis of communication media
D. Experimental Design 4. Testing hypotheses under controlled conditions

o a) A-2, B-1, C-3, D-4

o b) A-1, B-2, C-3, D-4
o c) A-3, B-4, C-1, D-2
o d) A-2, B-3, C-4, D-1
5. Which of the following is an example of a qualitative research method?
o a) Survey
o b) Experiment
o c) Interview
o d) Statistical Analysis
6. Assertion (A): In sociological research, reliability refers to the consistency of a
measure. Reason (R): If a measure yields the same results on repeated trials, it is
considered reliable.
o a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A
o b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A
o c) A is true but R is false
o d) A is false but R is true
7. Which of the following types of sampling ensures that every individual in the
population has an equal chance of being selected?
o a) Convenience Sampling
o b) Purposive Sampling
o c) Random Sampling
 o d) Snowball Sampling
8. What is the primary focus of grounded theory in sociological research?
o a) Testing a specific hypothesis
o b) Generating theory from data
o c) Replicating existing studies
o d) Collecting quantitative data
9. In research, the term 'triangulation' refers to:
o a) The use of multiple research methods to study a single phenomenon
o b) The use of three research questions in a study
o c) The intersection of three variables in a study
o d) A specific statistical technique used in data analysis
10. Which of the following best describes 'participant observation' in sociological
research?
o a) The researcher observes the group without becoming a part of it
o b) The researcher becomes a member of the group being studied
o c) The researcher relies solely on secondary data sources
o d) The researcher manipulates variables to observe outcomes

11. Karl Marx's concept of 'class struggle' is based on the conflict between:
o a) Proletariat and Bourgeoisie
o b) Working class and middle class
o c) Farmers and industrialists
o d) Slaves and masters
12. Which of the following is NOT a feature of Emile Durkheim's concept of 'social
facts'?
o a) Externality
o b) Constraint
o c) Subjectivity
o d) Generality
13. Max Weber's concept of 'Verstehen' refers to:
o a) Objective analysis of social phenomena
o b) Statistical analysis of data
o c) Interpretive understanding of social action
o d) Empirical testing of hypotheses
14. Match the following sociological thinkers with their key concepts:

Thinker Key Concept

A. Karl Marx 1. Anomie
B. Emile Durkheim 2. Class Conflict
C. George Herbert Mead 3. Looking-Glass Self
D. Talcott Parsons 4. Social System

o a) A-2, B-1, C-3, D-4

o b) A-1, B-2, C-4, D-3
o c) A-4, B-3, C-2, D-1
o d) A-2, B-4, C-1, D-3
15. Which of the following best describes Robert K. Merton's concept of 'role set'?
o a) The set of expectations associated with a particular social status
o b) The collection of roles an individual plays in society
 o c) The conflict between different roles an individual occupies
o d) The internalized norms and values associated with a role
16. According to Max Weber, authority based on tradition and established belief
systems is termed as:
o a) Charismatic Authority
o b) Rational-Legal Authority
o c) Traditional Authority
o d) Bureaucratic Authority
17. Assertion (A): Emile Durkheim introduced the concept of 'anomie' to describe a
state of normlessness in society. Reason (R): Anomie occurs when social norms
lose their power to regulate individual behavior.
o a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A
o b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A
o c) A is true but R is false
o d) A is false but R is true
18. George Herbert Mead is best known for his theory of:
o a) Structural Functionalism
o b) Symbolic Interactionism
o c) Conflict Theory
o d) Critical Theory
19. In Weber's theory of social action, which of the following is NOT one of the types
of social action?
o a) Traditional
o b) Affective
o c) Rational-Legal
o d) Value-Rational
20. Which of the following thinkers is associated with the concept of 'manifest and
latent functions'?
o a) Emile Durkheim
o b) Karl Marx
o c) Robert K. Merton
o d) Max Weber
21. Talcott Parsons' AGIL framework identifies which of the following functions as
essential for the survival of a social system?
o a) Adaptation, Goal Attainment, Integration, Latency
o b) Authority, Governance, Integration, Legitimacy
o c) Affection, Governance, Ideology, Leadership
o d) Adaptation, Guidance, Involvement, Leadership
22. Max Weber’s concept of the 'Protestant Ethic' is most closely related to:
o a) The rise of capitalism
o b) The development of socialism
o c) The spread of democracy
o d) The decline of traditional religions
23. According to Karl Marx, the economic base of society influences its:
o a) Social Structure
o b) Legal System
o c) Ideology and Culture
o d) All of the above
24. Match the following sociologists with their contributions to the study of religion:
 Sociologist Contribution
A. Max Weber 1. The Elementary Forms of Religious Life
B. Emile Durkheim 2. The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism
C. Karl Marx 3. Religion as the Opium of the People
D. Talcott Parsons 4. Religion and Social Control

o a) A-2, B-1, C-3, D-4

o b) A-1, B-2, C-4, D-3
o c) A-3, B-1, C-2, D-4
o d) A-2, B-4, C-1, D-3

25. According to Emile Durkheim, religion is a unified system of beliefs and

practices relative to:
o a) Sacred Things
o b) Moral Values
o c) Social Norms
o d) Ethical Standards
26. Max Weber’s study of religion primarily focuses on:
o a) The role of religion in social solidarity
o b) The impact of religious beliefs on economic behavior
o c) The evolution of religious institutions
o d) The psychological aspects of religious experience

27. Which of the following best describes the secularization thesis?

o a) The increasing influence of religion in public life
o b) The decline of religious influence in modern societies
o c) The transformation of religious practices in traditional societies
o d) The fusion of religious and political authority
28. According to Durkheim, 'collective effervescence' refers to:
o a) The emotional energy generated during collective religious rituals
o b) The rationalization of religious beliefs
o c) The individual’s experience of divine presence
o d) The weakening of social bonds in religious communities
29. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a religious organization
according to Max Weber?
o a) Charismatic Leadership
o b) Hierarchical Structure
o c) Rational Legal Authority
o d) Bureaucratic Administration
30. The concept of 'Totemism' in sociology is primarily associated with:
o a) Emile Durkheim
o b) Max Weber
o c) Karl Marx
o d) Talcott Parsons
31. Assertion (A): Emile Durkheim argued that religion plays a critical role in
maintaining social order. Reason (R): Religion creates a shared system of beliefs
and values that bind individuals together.
o a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A
o b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A
 o c) A is true but R is false
o d) A is false but R is true
32. Which of the following is considered a 'world religion' in sociology?
o a) Hinduism
o b) Christianity
o c) Islam
o d) All of the above
33. In the context of sociology, 'civil religion' refers to:
o a) The merging of religious and civil institutions
o b) The belief in the sacredness of the nation-state
o c) The practice of religion in private life
o d) The ritualistic aspects of religion
34. According to Karl Marx, religion functions as:
o a) A means of social cohesion
o b) A tool of oppression used by the ruling class
o c) A system of moral guidance
o d) A reflection of cultural diversity
35. Which of the following thinkers is associated with the concept of 'theodicy'?
o a) Max Weber
o b) Emile Durkheim
o c) Karl Marx
o d) Robert K. Merton
36. Which of the following best describes 'religious pluralism'?
o a) The coexistence of multiple religions in a society
o b) The dominance of one religion over others
o c) The decline of religious beliefs and practices
o d) The integration of different religious practices into one

37. Which of the following is a key feature of a matrilineal kinship system?

o a) Descent is traced through the father’s lineage
o b) Descent is traced through the mother’s lineage
o c) Inheritance passes from father to son
o d) Inheritance passes from mother to daughter
38. The concept of 'fictive kinship' refers to:
o a) Kinship ties that are established through biological relationships
o b) Kinship ties that are established through marriage
o c) Kinship ties that are socially constructed and not based on blood or
marriage
o d) Kinship ties that are established through adoption
39. Which of the following best describes 'patrilocal residence'?
o a) A married couple lives with the wife’s family
o b) A married couple lives with the husband’s family
o c) A married couple lives independently
o d) A married couple lives with neither family
40. In the context of kinship, 'endogamy' refers to:
o a) Marriage within a specific social group or category
o b) Marriage outside one’s social group or category
o c) Marriage between close relatives
o d) Marriage between individuals of different religions
41. Match the following kinship terms with their descriptions:
 Kinship Term Description
A. Monogamy 1. Marriage between multiple partners
B. Polygamy 2. Marriage between one man and one woman
C. Polyandry 3. Marriage of one woman to multiple men
D. Patrilineal Descent 4. Descent traced through the father’s line

o a) A-2, B-1, C-3, D-4

o b) A-1, B-2, C-4, D-3
o c) A-3, B-4, C-2, D-1
o d) A-4, B-3, C-1, D-2
42. Assertion (A): In a bilateral kinship system, descent is traced through both the
mother’s and father’s lineage. Reason (R): Bilateral kinship is more common in
egalitarian societies.
o a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A
o b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A
o c) A is true but R is false
o d) A is false but R is true
43. The term 'affinal kin' refers to:
o a) Relatives by blood
o b) Relatives by marriage
o c) Relatives by adoption
o d) Relatives by residence
44. In kinship studies, the term 'clan' typically refers to:
o a) A small family unit
o b) A large extended family group that claims descent from a common ancestor
o c) A nuclear family
o d) A group of unrelated individuals living together
45. Which of the following is an example of a 'descent group'?
o a) A friendship circle
o b) A nuclear family
o c) A lineage or clan
o d) A work team
46. In a patrilineal kinship system, inheritance typically passes:
o a) From father to son
o b) From mother to daughter
o c) From uncle to nephew
o d) From aunt to niece

MCQs on Tribal Communities

47. Which of the following is a characteristic feature of tribal societies?

o a) Urbanization
o b) Complex social hierarchy
o c) Subsistence economy
o d) Industrialization
48. The concept of 'tribal solidarity' refers to:
o a) The isolation of tribal groups from mainstream society
o b) The economic independence of tribal groups
o c) The sense of unity and collective identity among members of a tribe
 o d) The political autonomy of tribal groups
49. Assertion (A): Many tribal societies practice slash-and-burn agriculture. Reason
(R): This agricultural method is well-suited to the environmental conditions of
many tribal regions.
o a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A
o b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A
o c) A is true but R is false
o d) A is false but R is true
50. Which of the following is NOT a common characteristic of tribal communities?
o a) Egalitarian social structure
o b) Strong kinship ties
o c) Written legal codes
o d) Communal ownership of resources
51. Match the following tribal groups with the regions they are primarily associated
with:

Tribal Group Region

A. Santhal 1. North-East India
B. Bhil 2. Central India
C. Naga 3. Southern India
D. Toda 4. Eastern India

o a) A-4, B-2, C-1, D-3

o b) A-1, B-4, C-3, D-2
o c) A-3, B-1, C-4, D-2
o d) A-2, B-3, C-1, D-4
52. The concept of 'tribal economy' typically involves:
o a) A cash-based economy with complex financial institutions
o b) A barter-based economy with limited specialization
o c) A highly industrialized economy
o d) A market-driven economy
53. Which of the following legislation is specifically aimed at protecting the rights of
tribal communities in India?
o a) The Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition
of Forest Rights) Act, 2006
o b) The Right to Information Act, 2005
o c) The Consumer Protection Act, 2019
o d) The Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988
54. Which of the following best describes the term 'tribal self-governance'?
o a) The administration of tribal areas by the central government
o b) The political autonomy and self-rule of tribal communities
o c) The integration of tribal communities into the national political system
o d) The dependence of tribal communities on state welfare programs
55. Assertion (A): Many tribal communities have their own unique languages and
dialects. Reason (R): Language is a crucial part of cultural identity and helps
maintain social cohesion within tribes.
o a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A
o b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A
o c) A is true but R is false
 o d) A is false but R is true
56. The term 'indigenous peoples' is often used interchangeably with:
o a) Urban populations
o b) Rural communities
o c) Tribal groups
o d) Migrant workers

MCQs on Social Change in Modern Society

57. Which of the following is a major factor driving social change in modern society?
o a) Industrialization
o b) Religious Revivalism
o c) Feudalism
o d) Traditionalism
58. The term 'cultural lag' was coined by:
o a) Max Weber
o b) Karl Marx
o c) William F. Ogburn
o d) Emile Durkheim
59. Which of the following theories of social change emphasizes the role of conflict
between different social classes?
o a) Functionalist Theory
o b) Conflict Theory
o c) Symbolic Interactionism
o d) Structural Functionalism
60. Match the following sociological theories with their views on social change:

Theory View on Social Change

A. Evolutionary Theory 1. Change occurs through adaptation and differentiation
B. Conflict Theory 2. Change is driven by technological advancements
C. Functionalist Theory 3. Change disrupts the stability of society
D. Cyclical Theory 4. Change follows a repetitive cycle

o a) A-1, B-3, C-2, D-4

o b) A-2, B-1, C-4, D-3
o c) A-1, B-2, C-3, D-4
o d) A-3, B-4, C-1, D-2
61. Assertion (A): Technological innovation is a significant factor in social change.
Reason (R): Technological advances often lead to changes in economic and social
structures.
o a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A
o b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A
o c) A is true but R is false
o d) A is false but R is true
62. Which of the following is an example of 'social movement'?
o a) The Industrial Revolution
o b) The Civil Rights Movement
o c) The Agricultural Revolution
o d) The Information Age
63. The concept of 'modernization' in sociology refers to:
o a) The process by which societies move from traditional to modern industrial
economies
o b) The return to traditional cultural practices
o c) The decline of technology in industrial societies
o d) The preservation of ancient customs
64. Which of the following is associated with 'postmodernism' in sociology?
o a) A focus on grand narratives and universal truths
o b) A skepticism towards meta-narratives and objective truths
o c) An emphasis on industrial progress
o d) A rejection of all forms of cultural critique
65. Which of the following best describes 'cultural diffusion'?
o a) The spread of cultural elements from one society to another
o b) The preservation of cultural traditions within a society
o c) The development of unique cultural practices
o d) The isolation of cultures from external influences
66. The concept of 'globalization' in sociology refers to:
o a) The increasing interconnectedness of the world through economic, political,
and cultural exchange
o b) The isolation of nations from global influences
o c) The dominance of local cultures over global trends
o d) The decline of international trade and communication
67. Which of the following is a critique of the modernization theory?
o a) It overlooks the role of global inequalities in shaping development
o b) It emphasizes the cultural aspects of development over economic ones
o c) It overstates the importance of traditional values in modern societies
o d) It provides a balanced view of development across different societies
68. Assertion (A): Social change can be both planned and unplanned. Reason (R):
Planned social change is often a result of deliberate actions by individuals or
institutions, while unplanned change arises from external factors.
o a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A
o b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A
o c) A is true but R is false
o d) A is false but R is true

69. Which of the following thinkers is associated with the concept of 'Utopia'?
o a) Karl Marx
o b) Max Weber
o c) Emile Durkheim
o d) Thomas More
70. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Gandhi’s vision of social
change?
o a) Non-violence
o b) Decentralization
o c) Industrialization
o d) Self-reliance
71. Assertion (A): Gandhi’s vision of social change included the idea of 'Sarvodaya,'
which means the welfare of all. Reason (R): Gandhi believed that social change
should uplift not just the wealthy, but the poorest and most marginalized in
society.
 o a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A
o b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A
o c) A is true but R is false
o d) A is false but R is true
72. The concept of 'constructive program' in Gandhi’s vision refers to:
o a) A set of initiatives aimed at building self-reliant and sustainable
communities
o b) A focus on industrialization and economic growth
o c) A plan for rapid urbanization
o d) A program for political reforms
73. Which of the following best describes the 'counterculture' movement?
o a) A movement that advocates for mainstream cultural values
o b) A social movement that rejects the norms and values of the dominant
culture
o c) A government-led initiative to promote cultural heritage
o d) A cultural revival movement within traditional societies
74. Match the following social change thinkers with their visions:

Thinker Vision of Social Change

A. Karl Marx 1. Classless society
B. Gandhi 2. Non-violent society
C. Max Weber 3. Rationalization of society
D. Emile Durkheim 4. Solidarity through shared norms and values

o a) A-1, B-2, C-3, D-4

o b) A-3, B-4, C-1, D-2
o c) A-4, B-3, C-2, D-1
o d) A-2, B-1, C-4, D-3
75. The concept of 'organic solidarity' as a vision for social cohesion was proposed
by:
o a) Karl Marx
o b) Emile Durkheim
o c) Max Weber
o d) Talcott Parsons

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