Problem Set 2: CH 4,5,6,7

1. Write balanced net ionic equations for the reactions that occur in each of the following cases.
Identify the spectator ion or ions in each reaction.

a. ____BaCl2(aq) + ____Na2CO3(aq)  BaCO3 + 2NaCl

spectator ions:_____2H+(aq) and SO42-(aq)______

b. ____H2SO4 (aq) + _____Ca(OH) 2 (aq) CaSO4 + 2H2O

spectator ions:____ Na+(aq) and NO3-(aq)_______

c. _____NaI(aq) + _____AgNO3 (aq)  AgI + NaNO3

spectator ions:___ there are no spectator ions ________

d. _____HBr(aq) + _____KF(aq)  KBr + HF

spectator ions:___ 2Cl-(aq) and 2OH-(aq) ________

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Problem Set 2: CH 4,5,6,7

e. ___2__HCl(aq) + _____Zn(OH) 2 (s) ZnCl2 + 2H2O

spectator ions:____ 3Na+(aq) and 3OH-(aq)_______

f. _____H3PO4(aq) + ___3__NaOH(aq)  Na3PO4 + 3H2O

spectator ions:___ 3H+(aq) and 3NO3-(aq)________

g. _____Al(OH)3(s) + __3___HNO3(aq)  Al(NO3)3 + 3H2O

spectator ions:__ Na+(aq) and Cl-(aq)_________

h. _____NaCH3COO(aq) + _____ HCl(aq)  CH3COOH + NaCl

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Problem Set 2: CH 4,5,6,7

2. Using the activity series (Table 4.5), write balanced NET IONIC chemical equations for the
following reactions. If no reaction occurs, write “no reaction”

a. Potassium metal is added to a solution of

copper(II) nitrate

Reaction: 2K + Cu(NO3)2 → 2KNO3 + Cu

b. Silver metal is added to Hydrobromic acid

No reaction.

c. Solid zinc is added to lead(II) nitrate

Reaction: Zn + Pb(NO3)2 → Zn(NO3)2 + Pb

d. Chromium(III) nitrate is added to solid copper

No reaction.

e. Solid aluminum is added to cobalt(II) chloride

Reaction: 2Al + 3CoCl2 → 3Co + 2AlCl3

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Problem Set 2: CH 4,5,6,7

3. Calculate the molarity of a solution made by dissolving 1.25moles of Na2CrO4 in enough water to
form exactly 0.550 L of solution.

Number of moles of Na2CrO4 = 1.25 mol

Volume of solution = 0.550 L

Molarity (M) = moles of solute / volume of solution

Molarity = 1.25 mol / 0.550 L

Molarity ≈ 2.27 M

solution is approximately 2.27 M.

4. How many moles of KBr are present in 153 mL of a 0.175 M solution?

Volume of the solution = 153 mL = 153/1000 = 0.153 L

Molarity of the solution = 0.175 M

Number of moles = volume (in liters) × molarity

Number of moles of KBr = 0.153 L × 0.175 M

Number of moles of KBr = 0.026775 mol

There are approximately 0.026775 moles of KBr present in 153 mL of a 0.175 M solution.

5. How many milliliters of 6.1M HCl solution are needed to obtain 0.100 mol of HCl?

Number of moles of HCl = 0.100 mol

Molarity of the HCl solution = 6.1 M

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Problem Set 2: CH 4,5,6,7

Volume (in liters) = 0.100 mol / 6.1 M

Volume (in liters) ≈ 0.01639 L

To convert the volume to milliliters, we multiply by 1000:

Volume (in milliliters) = 0.01639 L × 1000

Volume (in milliliters) ≈ 16.39 mL

16.39 milliliters of a 6.1 M HCl solution are needed to obtain 0.100 mol of HCl.

6. A sample of barium chloride weighing 20.5g was dissolved in enough water to make a solution
with a concentration of 0.175M. What is the volume of the solution (in mL)?

Mass of BaCl2 = 20.5 g

Concentration (molarity) = 0.175 M

Number of moles of BaCl2 = mass / molar mass

Number of moles of BaCl2 = 20.5 g / 208.23 g/mol

Number of moles of BaCl2 ≈ 0.0986 mol

Volume (in liters) = moles of solute / molarity

Volume (in liters) = 0.0986 mol / 0.175 M

Volume (in liters) ≈ 0.5629 L

Volume (in milliliters) = 0.5629 L x 1000

Volume (in milliliters) ≈ 562.9 mL

The volume of the solution is approximately 562.9 mL.

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Problem Set 2: CH 4,5,6,7

7. A dilution is performed by taking 0.020 L of a 5.0M NaOH solution. The final volume is 2.0L,
what is the final concentration?

Initial concentration (C1) = 5.0 M

Initial volume (V1) = 0.020 L

Final volume (V2) = 2.0 L

C2 = (C1 * V1) / V2

C2 = (5.0 M * 0.020 L) / 2.0 L

C2 = 0.050 M

The final concentration after dilution is 0.050 M.

8. What volume of a 3.6 M HNO3 must be used to make 0.100 L of 0.50 M HNO3 solution.

Initial concentration (C1) = 3.6 M

Final concentration (C2) = 0.50 M

Final volume (V2) = 0.100 L

V1 = (C2 * V2) / C1

V1 = (0.50 M * 0.100 L) / 3.6 M

V1 ≈ 0.0139 L

V1 = 0.0139 L * 1000

V1 ≈ 13.9 mL

13.9 mL of a 3.6 M HNO3 solution must be used to make 0.100 L of a 0.50 M HNO3 solution.

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Problem Set 2: CH 4,5,6,7

9. Which element is oxidized and which is reduced in the following reactions

a. 2H2 + O2  2H2O

 hydrogen (H2) is oxidized, and oxygen (O2) is reduced in the given reaction.

b. 3 Pb(NO3)2(aq) + 2Cr(s)  3 Pb(s) + 2Cr(NO3)3(aq)

 chromium (Cr) is oxidized, and lead (Pb) is reduced

c. F2(aq) + 2KCl(aq)  Cl2(aq) + 2KF(aq)

 fluorine (F) is oxidized, and chlorine (Cl) is reduced

10. Determine the oxidation number for the indicated element in each of the following compounds

a. Br in HBrO3 ___ +5.____

b. C in CH4 __ -4_____

c. Cr in CaCrO4 __ +6_____

d. N in KNO3 __ +5_____

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Problem Set 2: CH 4,5,6,7

11. For the following processes, calculate the change in internal energy of the system and determine
whether the process is endothermic or exothermic

a. A balloon is heated by adding 255 J of heat while it does 546 J of work on atmosphere.

Q = 255 J (heat added to the system)

W = -546 J (work done by the system, negative because work is done on the atmosphere)

ΔU = 255 J - (-546 J)

ΔU = 801 J

The change in internal energy (ΔU) is 801 J.

The process is endothermic because heat is added to the system.

b. A gas is cooled and releases 0.565 kJ of heat into the atmosphere while the atmosphere
does 65 J of work on the gas.

Q = -0.565 kJ (heat released by the system, negative because it is released)

W = 65 J (work done on the system)

Converting kJ to J:

Q = -0.565 kJ × 1000 J/kJ = -565 J

ΔU = -565 J - 65 J

ΔU = -630 J

The change in internal energy (ΔU) is -630 J.

The process is exothermic because heat is released from the system.

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Problem Set 2: CH 4,5,6,7

c. The surroundings do 1.44 kJ of work compressing a gas in a perfectly insulated cylinder

such that no heat can be exchanged.

W = 1.44 kJ (work done on the system)

W = 1.44 kJ × 1000 J/kJ = 1440 J

ΔU = -1440 J

The change in internal energy (ΔU) of the system is -1440 J.

The process is exothermic because the system releases energy in the form of work done on it by the
surroundings

12. Use Hess’s law and the following reactions to calculate the enthalpy change for AC

A  B H=+20 kJ
C  B H=+80 kJ

A -> B + B -> C

(A -> B) + (B -> C)

ΔH(A -> C) = ΔH(A -> B) + ΔH(B -> C)

ΔH(A -> C) = +20 kJ + (-80 kJ)

ΔH(A -> C) = -60 kJ

Change for the reaction A -> C is -60 kJ.

13. Calculate ΔH for the reaction 4 NO (g) + 6 H2O (g) →4 NH3 (g) + 5 O2 (g), from the following
data.

N2 (g) + O2 (g) → 2 NO (g) ΔH = -180.5 kJ

N2 (g) + 3 H2 (g) → 2 NH3 (g) ΔH = -91.8 kJ
2 H2 (g) + O2 (g) → 2 H2O (g) ΔH = -483.6 kJ

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Problem Set 2: CH 4,5,6,7

 2 NO (g) → N2 (g) + O2 (g) ΔH = +180.5 kJ (reversed reaction 1)

 2 NH3 (g) → N2 (g) + 3 H2 (g) ΔH = +91.8 kJ (multiplied reaction 2 by 2)
 5 O2 (g) → 10 H2O (g) ΔH = +967.2 kJ (multiplied reaction 3 by 5)

Reaction:

2 NO (g) + 2 NH3 (g) + 5 O2 (g) → N2 (g) + O2 (g) + N2 (g) + 3 H2 (g) + 10 H2O (g)

Simplified:

4 NO (g) + 6 H2O (g) → 4 NH3 (g) + 5 O2 (g)

Adding:

ΔH = ΔH1 + ΔH2 + ΔH3

ΔH = (+180.5 kJ) + (+91.8 kJ) + (+967.2 kJ)

ΔH = 1239.5 kJ

The enthalpy change (ΔH) for the reaction 4 NO (g) + 6 H2O (g) → 4 NH3 (g) + 5 O2 (g) is 1239.5
kJ.

14. How much heat is needed to raise the temperature of a metal bar from 35 oC to 325oC if the
specific heat capacity of the metal is 0.435 J/(g*K) and the metal bar weighs 155 g.

Mass of the metal bar (m) = 155 g

Specific heat capacity of the metal (c) = 0.435 J/(g*K)

Change in temperature (ΔT) = 325°C - 35°C = 290°C

ΔT in Kelvin = ΔT in Celsius + 273.15

ΔT in Kelvin = 290°C + 273.15 = 563.15 K

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Problem Set 2: CH 4,5,6,7

Substituting the given values:

Q = 155 g * 0.435 J/(g*K) * 563.15 K

The value:

Q = 37646.6325 J

The amount of heat needed: 35°C to 325°C is approximately 37646.6325 J.

15. A metal weighing 45.6g loses 350.6J of heat when it’s temperature is lowered from 89.2 oC to
64.2oC. Find the specific heat capacity of the metal.

Mass of the metal (m) = 45.6 g

Heat lost (Q) = -350.6 J (negative sign indicates heat loss)

ΔT in Kelvin = ΔT in Celsius + 273.15

ΔT in Kelvin = -25.0°C + 273.15 = 248.15 K

Substituting:

-350.6 J = 45.6 g * c * 248.15 K

Solving for c:

c = -350.6 J / (45.6 g * 248.15 K)

The specific heat capacity of the metal is approximately -0.0068 J/(g*K).

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Problem Set 2: CH 4,5,6,7

16. Consider the following reaction:

2CH3OH(g)  2 CH4(g) + O2(g) H=+252.8 kJ

a. Is this reaction exothermic or endothermic?

Since the enthalpy change is positive, we can conclude that this reaction is endothermic.

b. Calculate the amount of heat transferred when 14.0 g of CH3OH(g) is decomposed by this
reaction at constant pressure

Mass of CH3OH(g) = 14.0 g

Molar mass of CH3OH = 32.04 g/mol

Moles of CH3OH = Mass / Molar mass

Moles of CH3OH = 14.0 g / 32.04 g/mol

Moles of CH3OH ≈ 0.436 mol

CH3OH decompose to produce +252.8 kJ of heat.

0.436 mol of CH3OH will produce:

(0.436 mol CH3OH) x (252.8 kJ / 2 mol CH3OH) = 55.4272 kJ

The amount of heat transferred when 14.0 g of CH3OH(g) is decomposed by this reaction at
constant pressure is approximately 55.4 kJ.

c. For a given sample of CH3OH, the enthalpy change during the reaction is 95.1 kJ. How
many grams of CH4 are produced?

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Problem Set 2: CH 4,5,6,7

To determine the amount of CH4 produced in the reaction, we can use the stoichiometry of the balanced
equation and the given enthalpy change.

Equation:

2 CH3OH(g) → 2 CH4(g) + O2(g)

The enthalpy change for the reaction is ΔH = +252.8 kJ.

The enthalpy change for the reaction is 95.1 kJ.

Following proportion:

ΔH_CH3OH / ΔH_reaction = moles_CH3OH / 2 moles_CH3OH

Solving for moles_CH3OH:

moles_CH3OH = (ΔH_CH3OH / ΔH_reaction) * 2

moles_CH3OH = (95.1 kJ / 252.8 kJ) * 2

moles_CH3OH ≈ 0.751 mol

2 moles of CH3OH produce 2 moles of CH4.

Therefore, the moles of CH4 produced are also 0.751 mol.

Molar mass of CH4 = 16.04 g/mol

Mass of CH4 = moles_CH4 * molar mass of CH4

Mass of CH4 = 0.751 mol * 16.04 g/mol

Mass of CH4 ≈ 12.070 g

12.070 grams of CH4 are produced in the given reaction when the enthalpy change is 95.1 kJ.

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Problem Set 2: CH 4,5,6,7

17. Using the data in the table below, determine ΔH°rxn for each reaction
a. CaCO3 (s)  CO2(g) + CaO(s)

Reactants:

CaCO3 (s): ΔH°f = -1207.6 kJ/mol

Products:

CO2(g): ΔH°f = -393.5 kJ/mol

CaO(s): ΔH°f = -635.5 kJ/mol

ΔH°rxn = ΣΔH°f (products) - ΣΔH°f (reactants)

ΔH°rxn = [(-393.5 kJ/mol) + (-635.5 kJ/mol)] - (-1207.6 kJ/mol)

ΔH°rxn = -1026.6 kJ/mol

Reaction: ΔH°rxn = -1026.6 kJ/mol

b. 2C2H2 (g) + 5 O2(g)  4 CO2(g) + 2 H2O(l)

Reactants:

C2H2(g): ΔH°f = 226.7 kJ/mol

O2(g): ΔH°f = 0 kJ/mol

Products:

CO2(g): ΔH°f = -393.5 kJ/mol

H2O(l): ΔH°f = -285.8 kJ/mol

ΔH°rxn = ΣΔH°f (products) - ΣΔH°f (reactants)

ΔH°rxn = [(4 * (-393.5 kJ/mol)) + (2 * (-285.8 kJ/mol))] - [(2 * 226.7 kJ/mol) + (5 * 0 kJ/mol)]

ΔH°rxn = -2603.6 kJ/mol

Reaction: ΔH°rxn = -2603.6 kJ/mol

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Problem Set 2: CH 4,5,6,7

c. H2(g) + 2AgCl(s) → 2HCl(g) + 2Ag(s)

Reactants:

H2(g): ΔH°f = 0 kJ/mol

AgCl(s): ΔH°f = -127.0 kJ/mol

Products:

HCl(g): ΔH°f = -92.3 kJ/mol

Ag(s): ΔH°f = 0 kJ/mol

ΔH°rxn = ΣΔH°f (products) - ΣΔH°f (reactants)

ΔH°rxn = [(2 * (-92.3 kJ/mol)) + (2 * 0 kJ/mol)] - [(1 * 0 kJ/mol) + (1 * (-127.0 kJ/mol))]

ΔH°rxn = -115.4 kJ/mol

Reaction: ΔH°rxn = -115.4 kJ/mol

15
Problem Set 2: CH 4,5,6,7

18. Complete the chart by finding the wavelength, frequency, and energy

Wavelength frequency energy

2.68 micrometers 1.12x1014 Hz 7.41x10^-19 J

635 nm 4.72x1014 Hz 3.12x10-19 J

3.13x109 m 9.56x10-2 Hz 6.33x10-35 J

398 nm 7.55x1014 Hz 5.0x10-19 J

5.67x10-7m 5.29x1014Hz 3.49x10-19 J

442 nm 6.80x1023 Hz 4.5x10-10J

19. Write condensed electron configurations for the following atoms and indicate the number of
valence electrons

Br: [Ar] 4s² 3d¹⁰ 4p⁵

Cs: [Xe] 6s¹

Cr: [Ar] 4s¹ 3d⁵

Cu: [Ar] 4s² 3d⁹

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Problem Set 2: CH 4,5,6,7

20. Draw the orbital diagrams for the following elements. How many unpaired electrons does it
possess?
a. Fluorine

Fluorine (F) has one unpaired electron.

b. Nitrogen

Nitrogen (N) has three unpaired electrons.

c. Oxygen

Oxygen (O) has two unpaired electrons.

17
Problem Set 2: CH 4,5,6,7

d. Lithium

Lithium (Li) has one unpaired electron.

21. Circle each of the following that represent an acceptable set of quantum numbers for an electron
in an atom

n l ml ms

2 2 -1 -1/2

1 0 0 1/2

3 2 2 3/2

0 0 0 1/2

2 1 -2 -1/2

3 2 0 1/2

1 0 0 -3/2

2 1 -1 1/2

3 2 3 -1/2

3 3 3 1/2

2 1 1 -1/2

18
Problem Set 2: CH 4,5,6,7

22. For each group, circle the species with the largest radius

(a) I I- I+ (f) Fe Fe3+ Fe2+

(b) Mg2+ Be2+ Ca2+ (g) S2- O S

(c) Br I F (h) Li Li+ Na

(d) Se2- Te2- Se (i) Ba Ca Mg

(e) Ca Ti4+ Sc3+

23. Which atom in each pair has a higher first ionization energy?

(a) Cl or Ar: Ar > Cl (e) Al or Cl: Cl > Al

(b) Be or Ca: Be > Ca (f) Sn or As: As > Sn

(c) K or Ca: Ca > K (g) He or Cs: He > Cs

(d) Fr or F: F > Fr (h) O or S: O > S

24. Which neutral atom is isoelectronic with each of the following ions:

a. Al3+ ___ Ne (neon)______ e. S2- __ Ar (argon)_______

b. Ca2+ __ Ar (argon)_______ f. Rb+ Kr (krypton)

c. Cs+ __ Xe (xenon)_______ g. Se2- _ Kr (krypton)________

d. F- ____ Ne (neon)_____ h. Br- ___ Kr (krypton)______

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Problem Set 2: CH 4,5,6,7

25. Write electron configurations for the following ions, and determine which have noble-gas
configurations

a. Cr3+

3d³ 4s²

b. N3-

1s² 2s² 2p⁶

c. Cu2+

[Ar] 3d⁹

d. F-

1s² 2s² 2p⁶

e. Ca2+

[Ar] 4s²

The ions with noble-gas configurations are:

a. Cr³⁺: [Ar]

c. Cu²⁺: [Ar]

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