• Types of Speeches

ENGLISH 8
1st – 4th Quarter

Table of Contents:

1. Reading Comprehension

• Inferential Reading

• Critical Reading

• Literal Reading

2. Figurative Language and Expression

• Figure of Speech

• Figurative Language

• Collocations

3. Writing and Grammar

• Parallelism

• Cohesive Devices

• 5 Basic Sentence Patterns

4. Language Skills

• Modals

• African Literature

• Speaking Skills

• Pronunciation

• Stress

• Intonation

5. Parts of Speech

• Nouns and Verbs

• Adjectives

• Affixes and Affixation

6. Oral Presentations and Performances

• Speech Choir
Lesson 1: Reading Comprehension Discussion: Reading comprehension is a vital
skill that goes beyond merely decoding
• Definition:
words. It involves actively engaging with the
Reading comprehension is the ability to text, making connections, and deriving
understand and interpret written texts. It meaning from the author's words. Effective
involves actively engaging with the text to reading comprehension requires a
comprehend its meaning, make inferences, combination of vocabulary knowledge,
draw conclusions, and evaluate the background knowledge, and comprehension
information presented. Reading strategies.
comprehension skills are crucial for academic
To enhance reading comprehension, readers
success and lifelong learning.
can employ various strategies such as:
• History:
1. Activating prior knowledge: Relating
Reading comprehension has been a the text to personal experiences or
fundamental aspect of education for previous knowledge.
centuries. Throughout history, various
2. Making predictions: Guessing what
teaching methods and strategies have been
might happen next based on
developed to enhance reading
contextual clues.
comprehension skills. Early approaches
focused on decoding and pronunciation, 3. Making inferences: Drawing
while modern approaches emphasize conclusions or filling in gaps using
comprehension strategies, critical thinking, information from the text and personal
and inferential reading. knowledge.

Examples: To illustrate the concept of reading 4. Identifying main ideas and supporting
comprehension, let's consider the following details: Understanding the central
example passage: message and key points presented in
the text.
Example Passage: "Jane sat by the window,
her gaze fixed on the distant horizon. The 5. Analyzing text structure: Recognizing
golden rays of the setting sun painted the sky how the text is organized (e.g., cause
in a vibrant palette of orange and pink. She and effect, compare and contrast) to
couldn't help but feel a sense of tranquility aid comprehension.
wash over her as she admired the beauty of
6. Monitoring comprehension: Checking
nature's canvas. Lost in her thoughts, she
understanding while reading and
reflected on the fleeting nature of time and
clarifying any confusion.
the precious moments that define our lives."
7. Summarizing: Condensing the main
In this passage, reading comprehension
ideas and important details of the text
involves understanding the descriptive
into a concise summary.
language, visualizing the scene, inferring
Jane's emotions, and reflecting on the theme By actively practicing these strategies and
of time and moments. engaging in regular reading, individuals can
improve their reading comprehension skills
and become more proficient readers.
 4. Hyperbole: Exaggerated statements or
claims that are not meant to be taken
Lesson 2: Figurative Language and
literally. Example: "I've told you a
Expression
million times!"
➢ Definition:
5. Alliteration: The repetition of initial
Figurative language refers to the use of words consonant sounds in a series of words.
and expressions that go beyond their literal Example: "Peter Piper picked a peck of
meaning to create vivid imagery, evoke pickled peppers."
emotions, and convey ideas in a more
Figurative language adds depth and creativity
imaginative and impactful way. It adds depth,
to communication, engaging the reader or
richness, and creativity to written and spoken
listener by appealing to their senses and
language.
emotions. It allows writers to paint vivid
➢ History: pictures, create memorable imagery, and
convey abstract concepts more effectively.
Figurative language has been used
throughout the history of literature and Figurative language is widely used in various
communication. Ancient civilizations, such as forms of literature, including poetry, fiction,
the Greeks and Romans, employed various and drama. It is also found in everyday
forms of figurative language in their poetry language, such as conversations, speeches,
and rhetoric. Over time, different literary and advertising. Understanding and
movements and cultural influences have recognizing figurative language enhances
shaped the development and usage of one's ability to analyze and appreciate literary
figurative language. works, as well as to communicate more
effectively.

Examples: To illustrate the concept of

figurative language, let's explore some
common types:

1. Simile: A comparison between two

different things using "like" or "as."
Example: "Her smile was as bright as
the sun."

2. Metaphor: A direct comparison

between two unlike things without
using "like" or "as." Example: "Time is a
thief."

3. Personification: Giving human

characteristics or qualities to non-
human objects or animals. Example:
"The flowers danced in the breeze."
 5. Adding emphasis: It highlights certain
aspects or ideas, making them stand
out and grab the reader's attention.

Figurative language can serve different

purposes, including:

1. Creating imagery: It helps readers

visualize and experience the text more
vividly.

2. Evoking emotions: It stirs up feelings

and adds depth to the writer's
message.

3. Enhancing descriptions: It adds

richness and detail to descriptions,
making them more engaging and
memorable.

4. Conveying complex ideas: It allows

writers to express abstract concepts or
convey deeper meanings in a more
accessible way.
Lesson 3: Writing and Grammar 3. Spelling and Vocabulary: Proper
spelling and a wide vocabulary
➢ Definition:
enhance clarity and ensure accurate
Writing and grammar are essential communication. Correct spelling
components of effective communication. involves using the correct arrangement
Writing refers to the act of expressing of letters to form words. Example: "The
thoughts, ideas, and information in a written restaurant offers a wide selection of
form, while grammar encompasses the rules delicious desserts."
and structures that govern the proper usage
4. Grammar Rules: Grammar rules provide
of language. Together, writing and grammar
the framework for organizing words,
ensure clarity, coherence, and accuracy in
phrases, and clauses in a coherent and
written communication.
meaningful way. They include aspects
➢ History: such as verb tenses, subject-verb
agreement, pronoun usage, and
The practice of writing dates back to ancient
sentence construction. Example: "They
civilizations, where various writing systems
were singing happily in the choir."
were developed to record information and
communicate across time and space. Over Writing and grammar play a vital role in
centuries, writing evolved, and grammar effective communication, enabling individuals
emerged as a systematic way to organize to convey their thoughts, ideas, and
language and facilitate effective information clearly and accurately. Good
communication. Different language traditions writing skills involve the ability to structure
and cultures have contributed to the ideas logically, use appropriate vocabulary,
development of grammar rules and writing and apply grammar rules correctly.
conventions.

Examples: To illustrate the importance of

writing and grammar, let's explore some key
aspects:

1. Sentence Structure: Sentences are the

basic units of writing and
communication. They consist of a
subject, a verb, and may include other
elements such as objects, adjectives, or
adverbs. Example: "She plays the piano
beautifully."

2. Punctuation: Punctuation marks, such

as commas, periods, question marks,
and exclamation marks, help convey
meaning and indicate pauses,
emphasis, and syntactical structure.
Example: "I can't wait for the
weekend!"
Lesson 4: Language Skills precision and convey different levels of
certainty, necessity, and permission.
1. Modals
➢ Definition: 2. African Literature
➢ Definition:
Modals, also known as modal verbs or modal
auxiliaries, are a category of auxiliary verbs African literature refers to the literary works
that express various shades of meaning produced by writers from Africa or works that
related to possibility, necessity, ability, focus on African themes, experiences, and
permission, and obligation. They modify the perspectives. It encompasses a rich and
main verb in a sentence to indicate the diverse body of written and oral literature that
speaker's attitude or the likelihood of an reflects the continent's history, cultures, social
action taking place. issues, and aspirations.

Examples: ➢ History:

1. Can: "She can speak French fluently." African literature has a long and vibrant
history, deeply rooted in oral traditions and
2. Could: "I could help you with your
storytelling practices that predate written
homework."
literature. The rich oral heritage of African
3. May: "May I borrow your pen?" societies laid the foundation for the
development of written literary works.
4. Might: "It might rain later."
African literature emerged during various
5. Must: "You must finish your
periods, including the pre-colonial era,
assignment before the deadline."
colonialism, and post-independence
6. Should: "You should study for the movements. It encompasses a wide range of
exam." genres, including novels, poetry, drama,
7. Would: "He would love to visit Japan." folktales, and essays. African writers have
made significant contributions to world
Modals play a crucial role in English grammar literature, bringing African voices and
as they add nuances to the meaning of a narratives to the forefront.
sentence. They help convey certainty,
possibility, obligation, and other aspects of a Examples:
situation. By using modals, speakers can 1. Chinua Achebe's "Things Fall Apart": A
express their attitudes, intentions, and groundbreaking novel that explores
expectations. the clash between traditional Igbo
Modals are unique in that they do not culture and the arrival of European
undergo any inflection or changes in form. colonialism in Nigeria.
They are followed by the base form of the 2. Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o's "Petals of Blood":
main verb (without "to"). Each modal verb has A powerful novel that examines the
its own specific usage and meaning. socio-political challenges faced by
Understanding and using modals correctly is Kenya after gaining independence.
essential for effective communication. They 3. Wole Soyinka's "Death and the King's
enable speakers to express ideas with Horseman": A play that delves into the
 complexities of culture, identity, and Developing strong speaking skills is crucial for
colonialism in Nigeria. effective communication in various contexts,
whether personal, academic, or professional.
African literature provides a unique window
It involves not only the ability to convey ideas
into the diverse cultures, histories, and social
but also to listen actively, respond
issues of the African continent. It offers
appropriately, and adapt language use to
perspectives and insights that challenge
different situations and audiences.
stereotypes and offer alternative narratives to
dominant Western literary traditions. Effective speaking skills encompass clarity of
expression, proper pronunciation, appropriate
African literature often addresses themes such
use of vocabulary and grammar, and the
as colonialism, post-colonialism, identity,
ability to engage and captivate the listener.
social injustice, gender, and the complexities
Developing confidence in speaking helps
of cultural interactions. It celebrates the
individuals express themselves, share their
richness of African languages, storytelling
perspectives, and build meaningful
traditions, and oral literature, which are
connections with others.
interwoven into written works.
4. Pronunciation
Studying African literature not only exposes
readers to captivating narratives but also ➢ Definition:
fosters cross-cultural understanding,
Pronunciation refers to the way in which
empathy, and appreciation for the diversity of
words and sounds are produced in spoken
human experiences. It sheds light on the
language. It involves the correct articulation
struggles, triumphs, and aspirations of African
of individual sounds, stress patterns,
people and serves as a platform for
intonation, and rhythm.
amplifying marginalized voices.
Examples:
3. Speaking Skills
1. Pronouncing the "th" sound correctly
➢ Definition:
in words like "this" and "that."
Speaking skills refer to the ability to
2. Mastering the correct stress pattern in
communicate effectively and fluently in
multi-syllable words.
spoken language. It involves expressing ideas,
thoughts, and opinions clearly, engaging in 3. Using appropriate intonation to convey
conversations, and delivering presentations or meaning in sentences.
speeches.
Accurate pronunciation plays a vital role in
Examples: effective communication. It ensures that
words and messages are understood correctly
1. Participating in a group discussion and
by listeners. Pronouncing sounds, stress
expressing viewpoints.
patterns, and intonation accurately helps
2. Delivering a persuasive speech on a convey meaning, nuance, and emotions in
specific topic. spoken language.

3. Engaging in a casual conversation with Developing good pronunciation involves

friends or colleagues. practice, imitation, and awareness of the
specific sounds and patterns in the target 1. Rising intonation at the end of a
language. It enables individuals to question: "Are you going to the party?"
communicate clearly, be understood by
2. Falling intonation for statements: "I
others, and engage in effective conversations.
went to the store."

5. Stress

Definition: Stress in language refers to the

emphasis or prominence given to certain
syllables or words within a sentence. It
involves the act of making specific sounds or
syllables louder, longer, and more
pronounced.

Examples:

1. "I can't BELIEVE you did that!"

(emphasis on "believe")

2. "I've never been to PARIS." (emphasis

on "Paris")

Stress patterns play a significant role in the

rhythm and melody of spoken language. By
placing stress on particular syllables or words,
speakers can convey meaning, emphasis, and
emotions in their speech.

Understanding and using stress effectively

helps individuals communicate their intended
message and convey nuances in spoken
language. It adds clarity, expressiveness, and
impact to speech, making it engaging and
effective in capturing the listener's attention.

Subcontent 6: Intonation

➢ Definition:

Intonation refers to the rise and fall of pitch in

spoken language. It involves the variation in
the pitch of the voice, which contributes to
the melody, emphasis, and meaning of a
sentence or phrase.

Examples:
Lesson 5: Parts of Speech nouns (general names), countable nouns,
uncountable nouns, and collective nouns.
➢ Definition:
Understanding nouns and their functions
The study of parts of speech involves
helps us create meaningful and grammatically
categorizing words into different classes
correct sentences. Nouns can be modified by
based on their grammatical functions and
articles, adjectives, or other words to provide
properties. Understanding the parts of speech
more specific information and context.
helps us analyze and construct sentences
correctly, ensuring clarity and coherence in 2. Verbs: Definition: Verbs are words that
communication. express actions, occurrences, or states
of being. They convey the main idea or
1. Nouns: Definition: Nouns are words
action in a sentence.
that name people, places, things, or
ideas. They serve as the subject of a Examples:
sentence or act as the object of a verb
1. Action verbs: run, jump, eat
or preposition.
2. Occurrence verbs: happen, occur, rain
Examples:
3. State of being verbs: is, am, are, was,
1. Person: Mary, teacher, doctor
were
2. Place: city, park, school

3. Thing: book, table, car

4. Idea: love, freedom, justice

Nouns are essential building blocks of

sentences, providing information about
people, objects, and concepts. They can be
classified into different categories, such as
proper nouns (specific names), common
Verbs play a vital role in sentence structure,
indicating what the subject is doing or
experiencing. They can be further categorized
into transitive and intransitive verbs, regular
and irregular verbs, and auxiliary verbs.

Verbs can be conjugated to match the

subject's number, person, and tense. They can
also be modified by adverbs or other words
to provide more information about the action
or state expressed.

3. Adjectives: Definition: Adjectives are

words that describe or modify nouns
or pronouns. They provide additional
information about the qualities,
characteristics, or attributes of the
noun.

Examples:

1. Descriptive adjectives: beautiful, tall,

intelligent

2. Possessive adjectives: my, your, his, her Adjectives enhance the specificity and
3. Quantitative adjectives: few, many, vividness of nouns by providing details and
several descriptions. They can be used to compare
and contrast, indicate quantity, or express
opinions.

Adjectives can be used attributively (placed

before a noun) or predicatively (following a
linking verb). They can also be modified by
adverbs to intensify or weaken their meaning.

4. Affixes and Affixation: Definition:

Affixes are morphemes added to the
beginning (prefixes) or end (suffixes) of
words to create new words or modify
their meaning and function.

Examples:

1. Prefixes: un-, dis-, pre- e.g., unhappy,

disconnect, prehistoric

2. Suffixes: -ly, -able, -tion e.g., quickly,

comfortable, creation
Affixes are essential elements in English word Lesson 6: Oral Presentations and
formation, allowing for the creation of new Performances
words or changes in meaning and
➢ Definition:
grammatical function. They can alter the
tense, form nouns from verbs, and modify Oral presentations and performances refer to
adjectives. the art of effectively delivering information,
ideas, or messages through spoken words
and non-verbal communication. It involves
using voice, gestures, and body language to
engage and captivate an audience.

1. Speech Choir: Definition: Speech choir

is a form of oral performance where a
group of speakers recites a poem,
passage, or literary work in unison. It
combines the elements of spoken
word, rhythm, and coordination to
create a powerful and synchronized
delivery.

Examples:

1. Reciting a famous poem with

synchronized gestures and intonation.

2. Performing a dramatic dialogue or

monologue with multiple speakers.

3. Presenting a spoken word piece with

harmonized voices and expressive
movements.

Speech choir allows participants to explore

the expressive potential of their voices and
bodies while working together as a cohesive
group. It enhances vocal delivery, timing, and
coordination, creating a captivating and
memorable performance.

Speech choir performances often incorporate

elements of emotion, rhythm, and visual
appeal to engage the audience and convey
the intended message effectively.

2. Types of Speeches:

➢ Definition
Different types of speeches serve distinct
purposes and require specific techniques.
-----END-----
Each type is designed to inform, persuade,
entertain, or inspire an audience, depending
on the speaker's objectives.

Examples:

1. Informative Speech: A speech that

provides factual information or
educates the audience on a specific
topic.

2. Persuasive Speech: A speech that aims

to convince the audience to adopt a
particular viewpoint or take a specific
action.

3. Entertaining Speech: A speech

intended to amuse, entertain, or
captivate the audience through humor,
storytelling, or engaging content.

4. Inspirational Speech: A speech that

motivates and inspires the audience,
often through personal anecdotes,
uplifting stories, or motivational
quotes.

Understanding the different types of speeches

helps speakers tailor their content, style, and
delivery to achieve their desired outcome.
Each type requires specific techniques, such
as structuring the speech, using persuasive
language, incorporating storytelling, or
employing rhetorical devices.