Modified Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (M-WCST):

Normative data for Spanish Speaking pediatric population

Appendix tables
 J.C. Arango-Lasprilla et al. / Modified Wisconsin Card Sorting Test

Table A1. Normative data for the M-WCST Number of categories stratified by age for CHILE
Age (Years)
Percentile
6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
95 5.8 6.0 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
90 5.4 5.8 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
85 5.2 5.6 6.0 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
80 5.0 5.4 5.8 6.0 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
70 4.7 5.1 5.5 5.8 6.0 -- -- -- -- -- -- --
60 4.5 4.9 5.2 5.5 5.7 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0
50 4.2 4.6 5.0 5.3 5.5 5.7 5.8 5.9 5.9 5.9 5.8 5.7
40 4.0 4.4 4.7 5.0 5.3 5.4 5.6 5.7 5.7 5.7 5.6 5.5
30 3.7 4.1 4.5 4.8 5.0 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.3 5.2
20 3.4 3.8 4.2 4.5 4.7 4.9 5.0 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.0 4.9
15 3.2 3.6 4.0 4.3 4.5 4.7 4.8 4.9 4.9 4.9 4.8 4.7
10 3.0 3.4 3.8 4.0 4.3 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.7 4.7 4.6 4.5
5 2.7 3.1 3.4 3.7 3.9 4.1 4.3 4.3 4.4 4.3 4.3 4.1

2
 J.C. Arango-Lasprilla et al. / Modified Wisconsin Card Sorting Test

Table A2. Normative data for the M-WCST Number of categories stratified by age for CUBA
Age (Years)
Percentile
6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
95 5.0 5.6 6.0 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
90 4.6 5.2 5.8 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
85 4.3 5.0 5.5 6.0 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
80 4.1 4.7 5.3 5.8 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
70 3.7 4.4 5.0 5.5 6.0 -- -- -- -- -- -- --
60 3.4 4.1 4.7 5.2 5.6 6.0 6.0 -- -- -- 6.0 6.0
50 3.2 3.8 4.4 4.9 5.3 5.6 5.8 6.0 6.0 6.0 5.9 5.7
40 2.9 3.5 4.1 4.6 5.0 5.3 5.6 5.7 5.8 5.7 5.6 5.4
30 2.6 3.2 3.8 4.3 4.7 5.0 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.4 5.3 5.1
20 2.2 2.9 3.5 4.0 4.4 4.7 4.9 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.0 4.7
15 2.0 2.7 3.3 3.7 4.1 4.5 4.7 4.8 4.9 4.9 4.7 4.5
10 1.7 2.4 3.0 3.5 3.9 4.2 4.4 4.6 4.6 4.6 4.5 4.3
5 1.4 2.0 2.6 3.1 3.5 3.8 4.0 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.1 3.9

3
 J.C. Arango-Lasprilla et al. / Modified Wisconsin Card Sorting Test

Table A3. Normative data for the M-WCST Number of categories stratified by age and MLPE for ECUADOR
Age (Years)
Percentile
6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
95 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
90 6.0 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
85 5.6 6.0 6.0 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
80 5.3 5.6 5.8 6.0 6.0 -- -- -- -- -- -- --
MLPE > 12 years

70 4.9 5.1 5.4 5.6 5.8 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0
60 4.5 4.8 5.0 5.2 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.7 5.7 5.6 5.5
50 4.1 4.4 4.7 4.9 5.0 5.2 5.2 5.3 5.3 5.3 5.2 5.1
40 3.8 4.1 4.3 4.5 4.7 4.8 4.9 5.0 5.0 4.9 4.9 4.8
30 3.4 3.7 3.9 4.1 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.6 4.6 4.5 4.4
20 2.9 3.2 3.5 3.7 3.8 4.0 4.1 4.1 4.1 4.1 4.1 4.0
15 2.7 2.9 3.2 3.4 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.8 3.8 3.8 3.8 3.7
10 2.3 2.6 2.8 3.0 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.4 3.3
5 1.8 2.1 2.3 2.5 2.7 2.8 2.9 3.0 3.0 3.0 2.9 2.8

95 5.8 6.0 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
90 5.3 5.6 6.0 6.0 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
85 5.0 5.3 5.5 5.7 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0
80 4.7 5.0 5.2 5.4 5.6 5.7 5.8 5.9 5.9 5.9 5.8 5.7
MLPE ≤ 12 years

70 4.2 4.5 4.8 5.0 5.1 5.3 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.3 5.2
60 3.9 4.1 4.4 4.6 4.8 4.9 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 4.9
50 3.5 3.8 4.0 4.2 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.7 4.7 4.6 4.5
40 3.1 3.4 3.7 3.9 4.0 4.2 4.3 4.3 4.3 4.3 4.3 4.2
30 2.8 3.0 3.3 3.5 3.7 3.8 3.9 3.9 4.0 3.9 3.9 3.8
20 2.3 2.6 2.8 3.0 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.4 3.3
15 2.0 2.3 2.6 2.8 2.9 3.1 3.1 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.1 3.0
10 1.7 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 2.9 2.9 2.8 2.7
5 1.2 1.5 1.7 1.9 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.4 2.3 2.3 2.2
Note. MLPE: Mean level of parental education
4
 J.C. Arango-Lasprilla et al. / Modified Wisconsin Card Sorting Test

Table A4. Normative data for the M-WCST Number of categories stratified by age for GUATEMALA
Age (Years)
Percentile
6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
95 5.5 5.8 6.0 6.0 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
90 4.9 5.2 5.4 5.7 6.0 6.0 -- -- -- -- -- --
85 4.5 4.8 5.0 5.3 5.6 5.8 6.0 -- -- -- -- --
80 4.2 4.4 4.7 5.0 5.2 5.5 5.8 6.0 -- -- -- --
70 3.6 3.9 4.2 4.4 4.7 5.0 5.2 5.5 6.0 6.0 -- --
60 3.2 3.4 3.7 4.0 4.3 4.5 4.8 5.1 5.3 5.6 6.0 6.0
50 2.8 3.0 3.3 3.6 3.8 4.1 4.4 4.6 4.9 5.2 5.4 5.7
40 2.3 2.6 2.9 3.2 3.4 3.7 4.0 4.2 4.5 4.8 5.0 5.3
30 1.9 2.2 2.4 2.7 3.0 3.2 3.5 3.8 4.0 4.3 4.6 4.9
20 1.4 1.6 1.9 2.2 2.4 2.7 3.0 3.2 3.5 3.8 4.1 4.3
15 1.0 1.3 1.6 1.8 2.1 2.4 2.6 2.9 3.2 3.5 3.7 4.0
10 0.6 0.9 1.2 1.4 1.7 2.0 2.2 2.5 2.8 3.1 3.3 3.6
5 0.0 0.3 0.6 0.8 1.1 1.4 1.6 1.9 2.2 2.5 2.7 3.0

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 J.C. Arango-Lasprilla et al. / Modified Wisconsin Card Sorting Test

Table A5. Normative data for the M-WCST Number of categories stratified by age for HONDURAS
Age (Years)
Percentile
6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
95 6.0 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
90 5.6 6.0 6.0 6.0 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
85 5.2 5.4 5.6 5.7 6.0 6.0 -- -- -- -- -- --
80 4.8 5.0 5.2 5.4 5.6 5.8 6.0 6.0 -- -- -- --
70 4.3 4.5 4.7 4.9 5.0 5.2 5.4 5.6 6.0 6.0 6.0 --
60 3.8 4.0 4.2 4.4 4.6 4.8 5.0 5.1 5.3 5.5 5.7 6.0
50 3.4 3.6 3.8 4.0 4.2 4.4 4.5 4.7 4.9 5.1 5.3 5.5
40 3.0 3.2 3.4 3.6 3.7 3.9 4.1 4.3 4.5 4.7 4.9 5.0
30 2.5 2.7 2.9 3.1 3.3 3.5 3.7 3.8 4.0 4.2 4.4 4.6
20 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.7 2.9 3.1 3.3 3.5 3.7 3.9 4.0
15 1.7 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3.0 3.1 3.3 3.5 3.7
10 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.7 2.9 3.1 3.3
5 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 1.9 2.1 2.3 2.5 2.7

6
 J.C. Arango-Lasprilla et al. / Modified Wisconsin Card Sorting Test

Table A6. Normative data for the M-WCST Number of categories stratified by age and MLPE for MEXICO
Age (Years)
Percentile
6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
95 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
90 6.0 6.0 6.0 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
85 5.5 5.7 5.8 6.0 6.0 -- -- -- -- -- -- --
80 5.2 5.3 5.5 5.7 5.8 6.0 6.0 6.0 -- -- -- --
MLPE > 12 years

70 4.7 4.8 5.0 5.1 5.3 5.4 5.6 5.7 6.0 6.0 6.0 --
60 4.3 4.4 4.6 4.7 4.9 5.0 5.2 5.3 5.5 5.6 5.8 6.0
50 3.9 4.0 4.2 4.3 4.5 4.6 4.8 4.9 5.1 5.2 5.4 5.5
40 3.5 3.6 3.8 3.9 4.1 4.2 4.4 4.5 4.7 4.8 5.0 5.1
30 3.0 3.2 3.3 3.5 3.6 3.8 3.9 4.1 4.3 4.4 4.6 4.7
20 2.5 2.7 2.8 3.0 3.1 3.3 3.4 3.6 3.7 3.9 4.0 4.2
15 2.2 2.4 2.5 2.7 2.8 3.0 3.1 3.3 3.4 3.6 3.7 3.9
10 1.8 2.0 2.1 2.3 2.4 2.6 2.7 2.9 3.0 3.2 3.3 3.5
5 1.3 1.4 1.6 1.7 1.9 2.0 2.2 2.3 2.5 2.6 2.8 2.9

95 6.0 6.0 6.0 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

90 5.4 5.6 5.7 6.0 6.0 6.0 -- -- -- -- -- --
85 5.1 5.2 5.4 5.5 5.7 5.8 6.0 6.0 -- -- -- --
80 4.8 4.9 5.1 5.2 5.4 5.5 5.7 5.8 6.0 6.0 -- --
MLPE ≤ 12 years

70 4.2 4.4 4.5 4.7 4.8 5.0 5.2 5.3 5.5 5.6 6.0 6.0
60 3.8 4.0 4.1 4.3 4.4 4.6 4.7 4.9 5.0 5.2 5.3 5.5
50 3.4 3.6 3.7 3.9 4.0 4.2 4.3 4.5 4.6 4.8 4.9 5.1
40 3.0 3.2 3.3 3.5 3.6 3.8 3.9 4.1 4.2 4.4 4.5 4.7
30 2.6 2.7 2.9 3.0 3.2 3.4 3.5 3.7 3.8 4.0 4.1 4.3
20 2.1 2.2 2.4 2.5 2.7 2.8 3.0 3.1 3.3 3.4 3.6 3.8
15 1.8 1.9 2.1 2.2 2.4 2.5 2.7 2.8 3.0 3.1 3.3 3.4
10 1.4 1.5 1.7 1.8 2.0 2.1 2.3 2.4 2.6 2.8 2.9 3.1
5 0.8 1.0 1.1 1.3 1.4 1.6 1.7 1.9 2.0 2.2 2.3 2.5
Note. MLPE: Mean level of parental education
7
 J.C. Arango-Lasprilla et al. / Modified Wisconsin Card Sorting Test

Table A7. Normative data for the M-WCST Number of categories stratified by age for PARAGUAY
Age (Years)
Percentile
6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
95 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
90 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
85 6.0 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
80 5.9 6.0 6.0 6.0 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
70 5.7 5.7 5.8 5.8 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 -- -- -- --
60 5.4 5.5 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.7 5.8 5.9 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0
50 5.2 5.3 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.5 5.6 5.6 5.7 5.8 5.8 5.9
40 5.0 5.1 5.1 5.2 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.6 5.7
30 4.8 4.8 4.9 5.0 5.0 5.1 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.3 5.4 5.5
20 4.5 4.6 4.6 4.7 4.7 4.8 4.9 4.9 5.0 5.1 5.1 5.2
15 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.5 4.6 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.8 4.9 5.0 5.0
10 4.1 4.2 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.6 4.7 4.7 4.8
5 3.8 3.9 3.9 4.0 4.1 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.3 4.4 4.4 4.5

8
 J.C. Arango-Lasprilla et al. / Modified Wisconsin Card Sorting Test

Table A8. Normative data for the M-WCST Number of categories stratified by age for PERU
Age (Years)
Percentile
6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
95 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
90 6.0 6.0 6.0 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
85 5.4 5.6 5.7 6.0 6.0 -- -- -- -- -- -- --
80 5.1 5.3 5.4 5.6 5.7 6.0 6.0 6.0 -- -- -- --
70 4.6 4.8 4.9 5.1 5.2 5.4 5.5 5.7 6.0 6.0 6.0 --
60 4.2 4.4 4.5 4.7 4.8 5.0 5.1 5.3 5.4 5.6 5.7 6.0
50 3.8 4.0 4.1 4.3 4.4 4.6 4.7 4.9 5.0 5.2 5.3 5.5
40 3.5 3.6 3.8 3.9 4.1 4.2 4.4 4.5 4.7 4.8 4.9 5.1
30 3.1 3.2 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.8 3.9 4.1 4.2 4.4 4.5 4.7
20 2.6 2.7 2.9 3.0 3.2 3.3 3.5 3.6 3.8 3.9 4.1 4.2
15 2.3 2.4 2.6 2.7 2.9 3.0 3.2 3.3 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.9
10 1.9 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.5 2.6 2.8 2.9 3.1 3.2 3.4 3.5
5 1.4 1.5 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.1 2.2 2.4 2.5 2.7 2.8 3.0

9
 J.C. Arango-Lasprilla et al. / Modified Wisconsin Card Sorting Test

Table A9. Normative data for the M-WCST Number of categories stratified by age for PUERTO RICO
Age (Years)
Percentile
6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
95 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
90 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
85 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
80 6.0 6.0 6.0 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
70 5.7 5.7 5.8 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 -- -- --
60 5.4 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.6 5.7 5.7 5.8 5.8 6.0 6.0 6.0
50 5.1 5.2 5.2 5.3 5.3 5.4 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.6 5.7 5.7
40 4.8 4.9 4.9 5.0 5.1 5.1 5.2 5.2 5.3 5.3 5.4 5.4
30 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.7 4.8 4.8 4.9 4.9 5.0 5.0 5.1 5.1
20 4.2 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.4 4.5 4.5 4.6 4.6 4.7 4.7 4.8
15 4.0 4.0 4.1 4.1 4.2 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.4 4.5 4.5 4.6
10 3.7 3.8 3.8 3.9 3.9 4.0 4.0 4.1 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.3
5 3.3 3.4 3.4 3.5 3.5 3.6 3.6 3.7 3.7 3.8 3.9 3.9

10
 J.C. Arango-Lasprilla et al. / Modified Wisconsin Card Sorting Test

Table A10. Normative data for the M-WCST Number of categories stratified by age and MLPE for SPAIN
Age (Years)
Percentile
6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
95 5.8 6.0 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
90 5.3 5.8 6.0 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
85 5.0 5.4 5.8 6.0 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
80 4.7 5.1 5.5 5.9 6.0 -- -- -- -- -- -- --
MLPE > 12 years

70 4.2 4.7 5.1 5.4 5.7 6.0 6.0 -- -- -- -- --

60 3.9 4.3 4.7 5.0 5.3 5.6 5.8 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0
50 3.5 3.9 4.3 4.7 5.0 5.2 5.4 5.6 5.7 5.7 5.7 5.6
40 3.2 3.6 4.0 4.3 4.6 4.9 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.3 5.3 5.3
30 2.8 3.2 3.6 3.9 4.2 4.5 4.7 4.8 4.9 5.0 5.0 4.9
20 2.3 2.8 3.2 3.5 3.8 4.0 4.2 4.4 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5
15 2.0 2.5 2.9 3.2 3.5 3.7 3.9 4.1 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.2
10 1.7 2.1 2.5 2.9 3.2 3.4 3.6 3.8 3.8 3.9 3.9 3.8
5 1.2 1.6 2.0 2.4 2.7 2.9 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.4 3.3

95 5.4 5.9 6.0 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

90 4.9 5.4 5.8 6.0 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
85 4.6 5.0 5.4 5.8 6.0 -- -- -- -- -- -- --
80 4.3 4.8 5.2 5.5 5.8 6.0 6.0 -- -- -- -- --
MLPE ≤ 12 years

70 3.9 4.3 4.7 5.0 5.3 5.6 5.8 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0
60 3.5 3.9 4.3 4.7 5.0 5.2 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.7 5.6
50 3.1 3.6 4.0 4.3 4.6 4.8 5.0 5.2 5.3 5.3 5.3 5.3
40 2.8 3.2 3.6 4.0 4.2 4.5 4.7 4.8 4.9 5.0 5.0 4.9
30 2.4 2.8 3.2 3.6 3.9 4.1 4.3 4.5 4.5 4.6 4.6 4.5
20 1.9 2.4 2.8 3.1 3.4 3.7 3.9 4.0 4.1 4.1 4.1 4.1
15 1.7 2.1 2.5 2.8 3.1 3.4 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 3.9 3.8
10 1.3 1.8 2.2 2.5 2.8 3.0 3.2 3.4 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5
5 0.8 1.3 1.7 2.0 2.3 2.5 2.7 2.9 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0
Note. MLPE: Mean level of parental education
11
 J.C. Arango-Lasprilla et al. / Modified Wisconsin Card Sorting Test

Table A11. Normative data for the M-WCST Perseveration errors stratified by age for CHILE
Age (Years)
Percentile
6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
95 0.1 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
90 1.4 0.5 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
85 2.3 1.4 0.5 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
80 3.1 2.1 1.3 0.6 0.0 -- -- -- -- -- -- --
70 4.2 3.3 2.5 1.8 1.2 0.7 0.3 0.1 -- -- 0.0 0.2
60 5.3 4.3 3.5 2.8 2.2 1.7 1.3 1.1 0.9 0.9 1.0 1.2
50 6.2 5.2 4.4 3.7 3.1 2.6 2.2 2.0 1.9 1.8 1.9 2.2
40 7.1 6.2 5.3 4.6 4.0 3.5 3.2 2.9 2.8 2.8 2.9 3.1
30 8.1 7.2 6.3 5.6 5.0 4.5 4.2 3.9 3.8 3.8 3.9 4.1
20 9.3 8.3 7.5 6.8 6.2 5.7 5.4 5.1 5.0 5.0 5.1 5.3
15 10.0 9.1 8.3 7.5 6.9 6.5 6.1 5.9 5.7 5.7 5.8 6.0
10 10.9 10.0 9.2 8.4 7.8 7.4 7.0 6.7 6.6 6.6 6.7 6.9
5 12.3 11.3 10.5 9.8 9.2 8.7 8.3 8.1 7.9 7.9 8.0 8.2

12
 J.C. Arango-Lasprilla et al. / Modified Wisconsin Card Sorting Test

Table A12. Normative data for the M-WCST Perseveration errors stratified by age for CUBA
Age (Years)
Percentile
6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
95 1.1 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
90 2.8 1.5 0.2 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
85 3.9 2.6 1.4 0.3 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
80 4.9 3.5 2.3 1.2 0.2 -- -- -- -- -- -- --
70 6.4 5.1 3.8 2.7 1.7 0.9 0.1 -- -- -- -- --
60 7.7 6.3 5.1 4.0 3.0 2.1 1.4 0.7 0.2 -- -- --
50 8.9 7.5 6.3 5.2 4.2 3.3 2.6 1.9 1.4 1.0 0.7 0.6
40 10.0 8.7 7.5 6.4 5.4 4.5 3.7 3.1 2.6 2.2 1.9 1.8
30 11.3 10.0 8.7 7.6 6.6 5.8 5.0 4.4 3.9 3.5 3.2 3.0
20 12.8 11.5 10.3 9.1 8.2 7.3 6.5 5.9 5.4 5.0 4.7 4.5
15 13.8 12.4 11.2 10.1 9.1 8.2 7.5 6.8 6.3 5.9 5.6 5.5
10 14.9 13.6 12.3 11.2 10.2 9.4 8.6 8.0 7.5 7.1 6.8 6.6
5 16.6 15.3 14.0 12.9 11.9 11.1 10.3 9.7 9.2 8.8 8.5 8.3

13
 J.C. Arango-Lasprilla et al. / Modified Wisconsin Card Sorting Test

Table A13. Normative data for the M-WCST Perseveration errors stratified by age a for ECUADOR
Age (Years)
Percentile
6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
95 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
90 0.4 0.1 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
85 1.3 1.0 0.7 0.4 0.2 -- -- -- -- -- -- --
80 2.0 1.7 1.4 1.2 0.9 0.6 0.3 0.0 -- -- -- --
70 3.2 2.9 2.6 2.3 2.0 1.8 1.5 1.2 0.9 0.6 0.4 0.1
60 4.1 3.9 3.6 3.3 3.0 2.7 2.5 2.2 1.9 1.6 1.3 1.1
50 5.0 4.8 4.5 4.2 3.9 3.6 3.4 3.1 2.8 2.5 2.2 2.0
40 5.9 5.7 5.4 5.1 4.8 4.5 4.3 4.0 3.7 3.4 3.1 2.9
30 6.9 6.6 6.4 6.1 5.8 5.5 5.2 5.0 4.7 4.4 4.1 3.8
20 8.1 7.8 7.5 7.2 7.0 6.7 6.4 6.1 5.8 5.6 5.3 5.0
15 8.8 8.5 8.2 8.0 7.7 7.4 7.1 6.8 6.6 6.3 6.0 5.7
10 9.7 9.4 9.1 8.8 8.5 8.3 8.0 7.7 7.4 7.1 6.9 6.6
5 11.0 10.7 10.4 10.1 9.8 9.6 9.3 9.0 8.7 8.4 8.2 7.9

14
 J.C. Arango-Lasprilla et al. / Modified Wisconsin Card Sorting Test

Table A14. Normative data for the M-WCST Perseveration errors stratified by age for GUATEMALA
Age (Years)
Percentile
6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
95 1.1 0.6 0.2 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
90 2.2 1.8 1.3 0.8 0.4 -- -- -- -- -- -- --
85 3.0 2.5 2.1 1.6 1.1 0.6 0.2 -- -- -- -- --
80 3.6 3.2 2.7 2.2 1.8 1.3 0.8 0.3 -- -- -- --
70 4.7 4.2 3.7 3.2 2.8 2.3 1.8 1.4 0.9 0.4 -- --
60 5.5 5.1 4.6 4.1 3.6 3.2 2.7 2.2 1.7 1.3 0.8 0.3
50 6.3 5.8 5.4 4.9 4.4 4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5 2.1 1.6 1.1
40 7.1 6.6 6.2 5.7 5.2 4.7 4.3 3.8 3.3 2.9 2.4 1.9
30 8.0 7.5 7.0 6.6 6.1 5.6 5.1 4.7 4.2 3.7 3.2 2.8
20 9.0 8.5 8.0 7.6 7.1 6.6 6.2 5.7 5.2 4.7 4.3 3.8
15 9.6 9.2 8.7 8.2 7.7 7.3 6.8 6.3 5.8 5.4 4.9 4.4
10 10.4 9.9 9.4 9.0 8.5 8.0 7.6 7.1 6.6 6.1 5.7 5.2
5 11.5 11.1 10.6 10.1 9.6 9.2 8.7 8.2 7.8 7.3 6.8 6.3

15
 J.C. Arango-Lasprilla et al. / Modified Wisconsin Card Sorting Test

Table A15. Normative data for the M-WCST Perseveration errors stratified by age for HONDURAS
Age (Years)
Percentile
6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
95 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
90 0.2 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
85 1.8 1.1 0.4 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
80 3.2 2.5 1.8 1.1 0.4 -- -- -- -- -- -- --
70 5.5 4.7 4.0 3.3 2.6 1.9 1.2 0.4 -- -- -- --
60 7.3 6.6 5.9 5.2 4.5 3.8 3.0 2.3 1.6 0.9 0.2 --
50 9.1 8.4 7.6 6.9 6.2 5.5 4.8 4.1 3.3 2.6 1.9 1.2
40 10.8 10.1 9.4 8.7 8.0 7.2 6.5 5.8 5.1 4.4 3.7 2.9
30 12.7 12.0 11.3 10.5 9.8 9.1 8.4 7.7 7.0 6.2 5.5 4.8
20 14.9 14.2 13.5 12.8 12.1 11.3 10.6 9.9 9.2 8.5 7.8 7.0
15 16.3 15.6 14.9 14.2 13.4 12.7 12.0 11.3 10.6 9.9 9.1 8.4
10 18.0 17.3 16.6 15.8 15.1 14.4 13.7 13.0 12.3 11.5 10.8 10.1
5 20.5 19.8 19.1 18.3 17.6 16.9 16.2 15.5 14.8 14.0 13.3 12.6

16
 J.C. Arango-Lasprilla et al. / Modified Wisconsin Card Sorting Test

Table A16. Normative data for the M-WCST Perseveration errors stratified by age and MLPE for MEXICO
Age (Years)
Percentile
6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
95 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
90 0.8 0.0 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
85 1.9 1.2 0.5 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
80 2.8 2.1 1.4 0.8 0.2 -- -- -- -- -- -- --
MLPE > 12 years

70 4.3 3.6 2.9 2.3 1.7 1.3 0.8 0.5 0.2 0.0 -- --
60 5.6 4.8 4.2 3.5 3.0 2.5 2.1 1.8 1.5 1.3 1.1 1.1
50 6.8 6.0 5.3 4.7 4.2 3.7 3.3 2.9 2.6 2.4 2.3 2.2
40 7.9 7.2 6.5 5.9 5.3 4.8 4.4 4.1 3.8 3.6 3.5 3.4
30 9.2 8.4 7.7 7.1 6.6 6.1 5.7 5.3 5.1 4.8 4.7 4.6
20 10.7 9.9 9.2 8.6 8.1 7.6 7.2 6.8 6.5 6.3 6.2 6.1
15 11.6 10.8 10.2 9.5 9.0 8.5 8.1 7.8 7.5 7.3 7.1 7.1
10 12.7 12.0 11.3 10.7 10.1 9.6 9.2 8.9 8.6 8.4 8.2 8.2
5 14.4 13.6 12.9 12.3 11.8 11.3 10.9 10.5 10.3 10.1 9.9 9.8

95 0.1 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
90 1.8 1.0 0.4 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
85 2.9 2.2 1.5 0.9 0.3 -- -- -- -- -- -- --
80 3.8 3.1 2.4 1.8 1.2 0.8 0.4 0.0 -- -- -- --
MLPE ≤ 12 years

70 5.3 4.6 3.9 3.3 2.7 2.3 1.8 1.5 1.2 1.0 0.9 0.8
60 6.6 5.8 5.2 4.5 4.0 3.5 3.1 2.7 2.5 2.3 2.1 2.0
50 7.8 7.0 6.3 5.7 5.2 4.7 4.3 3.9 3.6 3.4 3.3 3.2
40 8.9 8.2 7.5 6.9 6.3 5.8 5.4 5.1 4.8 4.6 4.4 4.4
30 10.2 9.4 8.7 8.1 7.6 7.1 6.7 6.3 6.1 5.8 5.7 5.6
20 11.7 10.9 10.2 9.6 9.1 8.6 8.2 7.8 7.5 7.3 7.2 7.1
15 12.6 11.8 11.2 10.5 10.0 9.5 9.1 8.8 8.5 8.3 8.1 8.0
10 13.7 13.0 12.3 11.7 11.1 10.6 10.2 9.9 9.6 9.4 9.2 9.2
5 15.4 14.6 13.9 13.3 12.8 12.3 11.9 11.5 11.3 11.1 10.9 10.8
Note. MLPE: Mean level of parental education
17
 J.C. Arango-Lasprilla et al. / Modified Wisconsin Card Sorting Test

Table A17. Normative data for the M-WCST Perseveration errors stratified by age and MLPE for PARAGUAY
Age (Years)
Percentile
6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
95 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
90 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
85 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
80 0.3 0.2 0.1 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
MLPE > 12 years

70 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.2 0.1 0.0 -- --
60 1.6 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.0 0.9 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4
50 2.2 2.1 2.0 1.9 1.7 1.6 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.0
40 2.7 2.6 2.5 2.4 2.3 2.2 2.1 2.0 1.9 1.8 1.7 1.6
30 3.4 3.2 3.1 3.0 2.9 2.8 2.7 2.6 2.5 2.4 2.3 2.2
20 4.1 4.0 3.9 3.8 3.7 3.5 3.4 3.3 3.2 3.1 3.0 2.9
15 4.5 4.4 4.3 4.2 4.1 4.0 3.9 3.8 3.7 3.6 3.5 3.4
10 5.1 5.0 4.9 4.8 4.6 4.5 4.4 4.3 4.2 4.1 4.0 3.9
5 5.9 5.8 5.7 5.6 5.5 5.4 5.3 5.1 5.0 4.9 4.8 4.7

95 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
90 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
85 0.4 0.3 0.1 0.0 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
80 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0 -- -- --
MLPE ≤ 12 years

70 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4
60 2.2 2.0 1.9 1.8 1.7 1.6 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.0
50 2.7 2.6 2.5 2.4 2.3 2.2 2.1 2.0 1.9 1.8 1.6 1.5
40 3.3 3.2 3.1 3.0 2.9 2.7 2.6 2.5 2.4 2.3 2.2 2.1
30 3.9 3.8 3.7 3.6 3.5 3.4 3.3 3.1 3.0 2.9 2.8 2.7
20 4.6 4.5 4.4 4.3 4.2 4.1 4.0 3.9 3.8 3.7 3.6 3.4
15 5.1 5.0 4.9 4.8 4.6 4.5 4.4 4.3 4.2 4.1 4.0 3.9
10 5.6 5.5 5.4 5.3 5.2 5.1 5.0 4.9 4.8 4.7 4.5 4.4
5 6.4 6.3 6.2 6.1 6.0 5.9 5.8 5.7 5.6 5.5 5.4 5.3
Note. MLPE: Mean level of parental education
18
 J.C. Arango-Lasprilla et al. / Modified Wisconsin Card Sorting Test

Table A18. Normative data for the M-WCST Perseveration errors stratified by age for PERU
Age (Years)
Percentile
6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
95 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
90 0.9 0.3 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
85 2.4 1.8 1.2 0.6 0.0 -- -- -- -- -- -- --
80 3.6 3.0 2.5 1.9 1.3 0.7 0.1 -- -- -- -- --
70 5.6 5.0 4.4 3.8 3.2 2.7 2.1 1.5 0.9 0.3 -- --
60 7.3 6.7 6.1 5.5 4.9 4.3 3.7 3.1 2.5 2.0 1.4 0.8
50 8.8 8.2 7.6 7.1 6.5 5.9 5.3 4.7 4.1 3.5 2.9 2.3
40 10.4 9.8 9.2 8.6 8.0 7.4 6.8 6.2 5.6 5.0 4.5 3.9
30 12.1 11.5 10.9 10.3 9.7 9.1 8.5 7.9 7.3 6.7 6.1 5.5
20 14.0 13.4 12.8 12.3 11.7 11.1 10.5 9.9 9.3 8.7 8.1 7.5
15 15.3 14.7 14.1 13.5 12.9 12.3 11.7 11.1 10.5 9.9 9.3 8.8
10 16.8 16.2 15.6 15.0 14.4 13.8 13.2 12.6 12.0 11.4 10.8 10.2
5 19.0 18.4 17.8 17.2 16.6 16.0 15.4 14.8 14.2 13.7 13.1 12.5

19
 J.C. Arango-Lasprilla et al. / Modified Wisconsin Card Sorting Test

Table A19. Normative data for the M-WCST Perseveration errors stratified by age for PUERTO RICO
Age (Years)
Percentile
6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
95 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
90 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
85 0.3 0.1 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
80 0.9 0.7 0.5 0.3 0.1 -- -- -- -- -- -- --
70 2.0 1.8 1.5 1.3 1.1 0.9 0.7 0.5 0.3 0.1 -- --
60 2.8 2.6 2.4 2.2 2.0 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 0.9 0.7 0.5
50 3.7 3.4 3.2 3.0 2.8 2.6 2.4 2.2 2.0 1.8 1.5 1.3
40 4.5 4.3 4.0 3.8 3.6 3.4 3.2 3.0 2.8 2.6 2.4 2.1
30 5.3 5.1 4.9 4.7 4.5 4.3 4.1 3.9 3.7 3.4 3.2 3.0
20 6.4 6.2 6.0 5.8 5.5 5.3 5.1 4.9 4.7 4.5 4.3 4.1
15 7.0 6.8 6.6 6.4 6.2 6.0 5.8 5.6 5.3 5.1 4.9 4.7
10 7.8 7.6 7.4 7.2 7.0 6.8 6.5 6.3 6.1 5.9 5.7 5.5
5 9.0 8.8 8.6 8.3 8.1 7.9 7.7 7.5 7.3 7.1 6.9 6.7

20
 J.C. Arango-Lasprilla et al. / Modified Wisconsin Card Sorting Test

Table A20. Normative data for the M-WCST Perseveration errors stratified by age for SPAIN
Age (Years)
Percentile
6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
95 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
90 0.9 0.1 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
85 1.8 1.0 0.2 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
80 2.6 1.7 0.9 0.3 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
70 3.7 2.9 2.1 1.5 0.9 0.4 0.0 -- -- -- -- --
60 4.7 3.9 3.1 2.4 1.9 1.4 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.7
50 5.7 4.8 4.0 3.4 2.8 2.3 2.0 1.7 1.5 1.4 1.5 1.6
40 6.6 5.7 5.0 4.3 3.7 3.3 2.9 2.6 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.5
30 7.6 6.7 5.9 5.3 4.7 4.2 3.9 3.6 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.5
20 8.7 7.9 7.1 6.5 5.9 5.4 5.1 4.8 4.6 4.5 4.6 4.7
15 9.5 8.6 7.9 7.2 6.6 6.2 5.8 5.5 5.3 5.3 5.3 5.4
10 10.4 9.5 8.7 8.1 7.5 7.0 6.7 6.4 6.2 6.1 6.2 6.3
5 11.7 10.8 10.1 9.4 8.8 8.4 8.0 7.7 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.6

21
 J.C. Arango-Lasprilla et al. / Modified Wisconsin Card Sorting Test

Table A21. Normative data for the M-WCST Total errors stratified by age and for CHILE
Age (Years)
Percentile
6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
95 4.7 2.4 0.3 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
90 6.8 4.5 2.4 0.7 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
85 8.2 5.9 3.8 2.1 0.6 -- -- -- -- -- -- --
80 9.4 7.1 5.0 3.2 1.8 0.6 -- -- -- -- -- 0.1
70 11.3 8.9 6.9 5.1 3.7 2.5 1.7 1.1 0.9 0.9 1.3 1.9
60 12.9 10.5 8.5 6.7 5.2 4.1 3.2 2.7 2.5 2.5 2.9 3.5
50 14.3 12.0 9.9 8.2 6.7 5.6 4.7 4.2 3.9 4.0 4.3 5.0
40 15.8 13.4 11.4 9.6 8.2 7.0 6.2 5.6 5.4 5.4 5.8 6.4
30 17.4 15.0 13.0 11.2 9.8 8.6 7.8 7.2 7.0 7.0 7.4 8.0
20 19.2 16.9 14.8 13.1 11.6 10.5 9.6 9.1 8.8 8.9 9.2 9.9
15 20.4 18.1 16.0 14.3 12.8 11.6 10.8 10.3 10.0 10.1 10.4 11.1
10 21.8 19.5 17.4 15.7 14.2 13.1 12.2 11.7 11.4 11.5 11.8 12.5
5 23.9 21.6 19.5 17.8 16.3 15.2 14.3 13.8 13.5 13.6 13.9 14.6

22
 J.C. Arango-Lasprilla et al. / Modified Wisconsin Card Sorting Test

Table A22. Normative data for the M-WCST Total errors stratified by age and MLPE for CUBA
Age (Years)
Percentile
6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
95 3.4 1.4 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
90 5.8 3.8 2.0 0.3 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
85 7.4 5.4 3.6 1.9 0.3 -- -- -- -- -- -- --
80 8.7 6.7 4.9 3.2 1.7 0.3 -- -- -- -- -- --
MLPE > 12 years

70 10.9 8.8 7.0 5.3 3.8 2.4 1.2 0.2 -- -- -- --

60 12.6 10.6 8.8 7.1 5.6 4.2 3.0 2.0 1.1 0.4 -- --
50 14.3 12.3 10.4 8.8 7.2 5.9 4.7 3.6 2.7 2.0 1.5 1.1
40 16.0 13.9 12.1 10.4 8.9 7.5 6.3 5.3 4.4 3.7 3.1 2.7
30 17.7 15.7 13.9 12.2 10.7 9.3 8.1 7.1 6.2 5.5 4.9 4.5
20 19.9 17.9 16.0 14.3 12.8 11.4 10.2 9.2 8.3 7.6 7.0 6.6
15 21.2 19.2 17.3 15.6 14.1 12.8 11.5 10.5 9.6 8.9 8.4 8.0
10 22.8 20.8 18.9 17.2 15.7 14.3 13.1 12.1 11.2 10.5 9.9 9.5
5 25.2 23.2 21.3 19.6 18.1 16.7 15.5 14.5 13.6 12.9 12.3 11.9

95 5.8 3.8 1.9 0.2 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

90 8.2 6.2 4.3 2.6 1.1 -- -- -- -- -- -- --
85 9.8 7.7 5.9 4.2 2.7 1.3 0.1 -- -- -- -- --
80 11.1 9.1 7.2 5.5 4.0 2.6 1.4 0.4 -- -- -- --
MLPE ≤ 12 years

70 13.2 11.2 9.3 7.7 6.1 4.8 3.6 2.5 1.6 0.9 0.4 0.0
60 15.0 13.0 11.1 9.4 7.9 6.5 5.3 4.3 3.4 2.7 2.1 1.8
50 16.6 14.6 12.8 11.1 9.6 8.2 7.0 6.0 5.1 4.4 3.8 3.4
40 18.3 16.3 14.4 12.8 11.2 9.9 8.7 7.6 6.7 6.0 5.5 5.1
30 20.1 18.1 16.2 14.5 13.0 11.6 10.4 9.4 8.5 7.8 7.2 6.9
20 22.2 20.2 18.4 16.7 15.1 13.8 12.6 11.5 10.6 9.9 9.4 9.0
15 23.5 21.5 19.7 18.0 16.5 15.1 13.9 12.8 12.0 11.3 10.7 10.3
10 25.1 23.1 21.3 19.6 18.0 16.7 15.5 14.4 13.6 12.8 12.3 11.9
5 27.5 25.5 23.7 22.0 20.4 19.1 17.9 16.8 15.9 15.2 14.7 14.3
Note. MLPE: Mean level of parental education
23
 J.C. Arango-Lasprilla et al. / Modified Wisconsin Card Sorting Test

Table A23. Normative data for the M-WCST Total errors stratified by age and MLPE for ECUADOR: BOYS
Age (Years)
Percentile
6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
95 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
90 2.6 2.2 1.9 1.5 1.2 0.8 0.5 0.1 -- -- -- --
85 4.5 4.1 3.8 3.4 3.1 2.7 2.3 2.0 1.6 1.3 0.9 0.6
80 6.1 5.7 5.3 5.0 4.6 4.3 3.9 3.6 3.2 2.9 2.5 2.1
MLPE > 12 years

70 8.6 8.2 7.9 7.5 7.1 6.8 6.4 6.1 5.7 5.4 5.0 4.7
60 10.7 10.3 10.0 9.6 9.3 8.9 8.6 8.2 7.9 7.5 7.1 6.8
50 12.7 12.3 12.0 11.6 11.2 10.9 10.5 10.2 9.8 9.5 9.1 8.8
40 14.6 14.3 13.9 13.6 13.2 12.9 12.5 12.1 11.8 11.4 11.1 10.7
30 16.8 16.4 16.0 15.7 15.3 15.0 14.6 14.3 13.9 13.6 13.2 12.8
20 19.3 18.9 18.6 18.2 17.8 17.5 17.1 16.8 16.4 16.1 15.7 15.4
15 20.8 20.5 20.1 19.8 19.4 19.1 18.7 18.4 18.0 17.6 17.3 16.9
10 22.7 22.4 22.0 21.7 21.3 21.0 20.6 20.2 19.9 19.5 19.2 18.8
5 25.6 25.2 24.9 24.5 24.1 23.8 23.4 23.1 22.7 22.4 22.0 21.7

95 3.5 3.2 2.8 2.4 2.1 1.7 1.4 1.0 0.7 0.3 0.0 --
90 6.3 6.0 5.6 5.3 4.9 4.6 4.2 3.9 3.5 3.1 2.8 2.4
85 8.2 7.9 7.5 7.2 6.8 6.5 6.1 5.7 5.4 5.0 4.7 4.3
80 9.8 9.4 9.1 8.7 8.4 8.0 7.7 7.3 7.0 6.6 6.2 5.9
MLPE ≤ 12 years

70 12.3 12.0 11.6 11.3 10.9 10.5 10.2 9.8 9.5 9.1 8.8 8.4
60 14.4 14.1 13.7 13.4 13.0 12.7 12.3 12.0 11.6 11.2 10.9 10.5
50 16.4 16.1 15.7 15.3 15.0 14.6 14.3 13.9 13.6 13.2 12.9 12.5
40 18.4 18.0 17.7 17.3 17.0 16.6 16.2 15.9 15.5 15.2 14.8 14.5
30 20.5 20.1 19.8 19.4 19.1 18.7 18.4 18.0 17.7 17.3 16.9 16.6
20 23.0 22.7 22.3 22.0 21.6 21.2 20.9 20.5 20.2 19.8 19.5 19.1
15 24.6 24.2 23.9 23.5 23.2 22.8 22.5 22.1 21.7 21.4 21.0 20.7
10 26.5 26.1 25.8 25.4 25.1 24.7 24.3 24.0 23.6 23.3 22.9 22.6
5 29.3 29.0 28.6 28.2 27.9 27.5 27.2 26.8 26.5 26.1 25.8 25.4
Note. MLPE: Mean level of parental education
24
 J.C. Arango-Lasprilla et al. / Modified Wisconsin Card Sorting Test

Table A24. Normative data for the M-WCST Total errors stratified by age and MLPE for ECUADOR: GIRLS
Age (Years)
Percentile
6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
95 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
90 0.7 0.4 0.0 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
85 2.6 2.3 1.9 1.6 1.2 0.9 0.5 0.1 -- -- -- --
80 4.2 3.8 3.5 3.1 2.8 2.4 2.1 1.7 1.4 1.0 0.6 0.3
MLPE > 12 years

70 6.7 6.4 6.0 5.7 5.3 4.9 4.6 4.2 3.9 3.5 3.2 2.8
60 8.8 8.5 8.1 7.8 7.4 7.1 6.7 6.4 6.0 5.6 5.3 4.9
50 10.8 10.5 10.1 9.7 9.4 9.0 8.7 8.3 8.0 7.6 7.3 6.9
40 12.8 12.4 12.1 11.7 11.4 11.0 10.6 10.3 9.9 9.6 9.2 8.9
30 14.9 14.5 14.2 13.8 13.5 13.1 12.8 12.4 12.1 11.7 11.3 11.0
20 17.4 17.1 16.7 16.4 16.0 15.6 15.3 14.9 14.6 14.2 13.9 13.5
15 19.0 18.6 18.3 17.9 17.6 17.2 16.9 16.5 16.1 15.8 15.4 15.1
10 20.9 20.5 20.2 19.8 19.5 19.1 18.7 18.4 18.0 17.7 17.3 17.0
5 23.7 23.4 23.0 22.6 22.3 21.9 21.6 21.2 20.9 20.5 20.2 19.8

95 1.7 1.3 0.9 0.6 0.2 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

90 4.5 4.1 3.8 3.4 3.1 2.7 2.4 2.0 1.6 1.3 0.9 0.6
85 6.4 6.0 5.7 5.3 5.0 4.6 4.2 3.9 3.5 3.2 2.8 2.5
80 8.0 7.6 7.2 6.9 6.5 6.2 5.8 5.5 5.1 4.8 4.4 4.0
MLPE ≤ 12 years

70 10.5 10.1 9.8 9.4 9.0 8.7 8.3 8.0 7.6 7.3 6.9 6.6
60 12.6 12.2 11.9 11.5 11.2 10.8 10.5 10.1 9.8 9.4 9.0 8.7
50 14.6 14.2 13.9 13.5 13.1 12.8 12.4 12.1 11.7 11.4 11.0 10.6
40 16.5 16.2 15.8 15.5 15.1 14.8 14.4 14.0 13.7 13.3 13.0 12.6
30 18.7 18.3 17.9 17.6 17.2 16.9 16.5 16.2 15.8 15.5 15.1 14.7
20 21.2 20.8 20.5 20.1 19.7 19.4 19.0 18.7 18.3 18.0 17.6 17.3
15 22.7 22.4 22.0 21.7 21.3 21.0 20.6 20.3 19.9 19.5 19.2 18.8
10 24.6 24.3 23.9 23.6 23.2 22.9 22.5 22.1 21.8 21.4 21.1 20.7
5 27.5 27.1 26.8 26.4 26.0 25.7 25.3 25.0 24.6 24.3 23.9 23.6
Note. MLPE: Mean level of parental education
25
 J.C. Arango-Lasprilla et al. / Modified Wisconsin Card Sorting Test

Table A25. Normative data for the M-WCST Total errors stratified by age for GUATEMALA
Age (Years)
Percentile
6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
95 7.7 6.4 5.0 3.6 2.2 0.8 -- -- -- -- -- --
90 10.8 9.4 8.0 6.7 5.3 3.9 2.5 1.2 -- -- -- --
85 12.9 11.5 10.1 8.7 7.3 6.0 4.6 3.2 1.8 0.5 -- --
80 14.6 13.2 11.8 10.4 9.1 7.7 6.3 4.9 3.5 2.2 0.8 --
70 17.3 15.9 14.5 13.2 11.8 10.4 9.0 7.7 6.3 4.9 3.5 2.1
60 19.6 18.2 16.8 15.5 14.1 12.7 11.3 10.0 8.6 7.2 5.8 4.5
50 21.7 20.4 19.0 17.6 16.2 14.9 13.5 12.1 10.7 9.3 8.0 6.6
40 23.9 22.5 21.1 19.7 18.4 17.0 15.6 14.2 12.9 11.5 10.1 8.7
30 26.2 24.8 23.4 22.1 20.7 19.3 17.9 16.5 15.2 13.8 12.4 11.0
20 28.9 27.5 26.2 24.8 23.4 22.0 20.7 19.3 17.9 16.5 15.1 13.8
15 30.6 29.2 27.9 26.5 25.1 23.7 22.4 21.0 19.6 18.2 16.9 15.5
10 32.7 31.3 29.9 28.5 27.2 25.8 24.4 23.0 21.7 20.3 18.9 17.5
5 35.8 34.4 33.0 31.6 30.2 28.9 27.5 26.1 24.7 23.4 22.0 20.6

26
 J.C. Arango-Lasprilla et al. / Modified Wisconsin Card Sorting Test

Table A26. Normative data for the M-WCST Total errors stratified by age for HONDURAS
Age (Years)
Percentile
6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
95 2.4 1.3 0.1 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
90 6.1 4.9 3.7 2.6 1.4 0.2 -- -- -- -- -- --
85 8.5 7.3 6.1 5.0 3.8 2.6 1.5 0.3 -- -- -- --
80 10.5 9.3 8.2 7.0 5.8 4.7 3.5 2.3 1.2 0.0 -- --
70 13.7 12.6 11.4 10.2 9.1 7.9 6.7 5.6 4.4 3.2 2.1 0.9
60 16.4 15.3 14.1 12.9 11.8 10.6 9.4 8.3 7.1 5.9 4.8 3.6
50 19.0 17.8 16.6 15.5 14.3 13.1 12.0 10.8 9.6 8.5 7.3 6.1
40 21.5 20.3 19.2 18.0 16.8 15.7 14.5 13.3 12.2 11.0 9.8 8.7
30 24.2 23.0 21.9 20.7 19.5 18.4 17.2 16.0 14.9 13.7 12.5 11.4
20 27.4 26.3 25.1 23.9 22.8 21.6 20.4 19.3 18.1 16.9 15.8 14.6
15 29.5 28.3 27.1 26.0 24.8 23.6 22.5 21.3 20.1 19.0 17.8 16.6
10 31.9 30.7 29.5 28.4 27.2 26.0 24.9 23.7 22.5 21.4 20.2 19.0
5 35.5 34.3 33.2 32.0 30.8 29.7 28.5 27.3 26.2 25.0 23.8 22.7

27
 J.C. Arango-Lasprilla et al. / Modified Wisconsin Card Sorting Test

Table A27. Normative data for the M-WCST Total errors stratified by age and MLPE for MEXICO
Age (Years)
Percentile
6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
95 2.6 1.7 0.7 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
90 5.8 4.9 3.9 3.0 2.0 1.1 0.1 -- -- -- -- --
85 7.9 7.0 6.0 5.1 4.2 3.2 2.3 1.3 0.4 -- -- --
80 9.7 8.8 7.8 6.9 5.9 5.0 4.0 3.1 2.2 1.2 0.3 --
MLPE > 12 years

70 12.5 11.6 10.7 9.7 8.8 7.8 6.9 5.9 5.0 4.0 3.1 2.2
60 14.9 14.0 13.0 12.1 11.2 10.2 9.3 8.3 7.4 6.4 5.5 4.6
50 17.2 16.2 15.3 14.3 13.4 12.4 11.5 10.5 9.6 8.7 7.7 6.8
40 19.4 18.4 17.5 16.5 15.6 14.6 13.7 12.8 11.8 10.9 9.9 9.0
30 21.8 20.8 19.9 18.9 18.0 17.0 16.1 15.2 14.2 13.3 12.3 11.4
20 24.6 23.7 22.7 21.8 20.8 19.9 18.9 18.0 17.0 16.1 15.2 14.2
15 26.4 25.4 24.5 23.5 22.6 21.7 20.7 19.8 18.8 17.9 16.9 16.0
10 28.5 27.6 26.6 25.7 24.7 23.8 22.8 21.9 20.9 20.0 19.1 18.1
5 31.7 30.7 29.8 28.9 27.9 27.0 26.0 25.1 24.1 23.2 22.2 21.3

95 5.3 4.3 3.4 2.4 1.5 0.5 -- -- -- -- -- --

90 8.5 7.5 6.6 5.6 4.7 3.7 2.8 1.8 0.9 0.0 -- --
85 10.6 9.6 8.7 7.7 6.8 5.9 4.9 4.0 3.0 2.1 1.1 0.2
80 12.4 11.4 10.5 9.5 8.6 7.6 6.7 5.7 4.8 3.9 2.9 2.0
MLPE ≤ 12 years

70 15.2 14.2 13.3 12.4 11.4 10.5 9.5 8.6 7.6 6.7 5.8 4.8
60 17.6 16.6 15.7 14.8 13.8 12.9 11.9 11.0 10.0 9.1 8.1 7.2
50 19.8 18.9 17.9 17.0 16.0 15.1 14.1 13.2 12.2 11.3 10.4 9.4
40 22.0 21.1 20.1 19.2 18.2 17.3 16.4 15.4 14.5 13.5 12.6 11.6
30 24.4 23.5 22.5 21.6 20.6 19.7 18.7 17.8 16.9 15.9 15.0 14.0
20 27.2 26.3 25.4 24.4 23.5 22.5 21.6 20.6 19.7 18.8 17.8 16.9
15 29.0 28.1 27.1 26.2 25.2 24.3 23.4 22.4 21.5 20.5 19.6 18.6
10 31.1 30.2 29.3 28.3 27.4 26.4 25.5 24.5 23.6 22.7 21.7 20.8
5 34.3 33.4 32.4 31.5 30.6 29.6 28.7 27.7 26.8 25.8 24.9 24.0
Note. MLPE: Mean level of parental education
28
 J.C. Arango-Lasprilla et al. / Modified Wisconsin Card Sorting Test

Table A28. Normative data for the M-WCST Total errors stratified by age and MLPE for PARAGUAY
Age (Years)
Percentile
6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
95 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
90 0.2 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
85 1.4 1.0 0.7 0.3 0.0 -- -- -- -- -- -- --
80 2.4 2.0 1.7 1.3 1.0 0.7 0.3 0.0 -- -- -- --
MLPE > 12 years

70 4.0 3.6 3.3 2.9 2.6 2.3 1.9 1.6 1.2 0.9 0.6 0.2
60 5.3 5.0 4.6 4.3 3.9 3.6 3.3 2.9 2.6 2.2 1.9 1.6
50 6.6 6.2 5.9 5.5 5.2 4.9 4.5 4.2 3.8 3.5 3.2 2.8
40 7.8 7.5 7.1 6.8 6.4 6.1 5.8 5.4 5.1 4.7 4.4 4.1
30 9.2 8.8 8.5 8.1 7.8 7.5 7.1 6.8 6.4 6.1 5.8 5.4
20 10.8 10.4 10.1 9.7 9.4 9.1 8.7 8.4 8.0 7.7 7.4 7.0
15 11.7 11.4 11.1 10.7 10.4 10.0 9.7 9.4 9.0 8.7 8.3 8.0
10 12.9 12.6 12.3 11.9 11.6 11.2 10.9 10.6 10.2 9.9 9.5 9.2
5 14.7 14.4 14.1 13.7 13.4 13.0 12.7 12.4 12.0 11.7 11.3 11.0

95 0.0 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
90 1.8 1.4 1.1 0.7 0.4 0.1 -- -- -- -- -- --
85 3.0 2.6 2.3 1.9 1.6 1.3 0.9 0.6 0.2 -- -- --
80 4.0 3.6 3.3 2.9 2.6 2.3 1.9 1.6 1.2 0.9 0.6 0.2
MLPE ≤ 12 years

70 5.6 5.2 4.9 4.5 4.2 3.9 3.5 3.2 2.8 2.5 2.2 1.8
60 6.9 6.6 6.2 5.9 5.5 5.2 4.9 4.5 4.2 3.8 3.5 3.2
50 8.2 7.8 7.5 7.1 6.8 6.5 6.1 5.8 5.4 5.1 4.8 4.4
40 9.4 9.1 8.7 8.4 8.0 7.7 7.4 7.0 6.7 6.3 6.0 5.7
30 10.8 10.4 10.1 9.7 9.4 9.1 8.7 8.4 8.0 7.7 7.4 7.0
20 12.4 12.0 11.7 11.3 11.0 10.7 10.3 10.0 9.6 9.3 9.0 8.6
15 13.3 13.0 12.7 12.3 12.0 11.6 11.3 11.0 10.6 10.3 9.9 9.6
10 14.5 14.2 13.9 13.5 13.2 12.8 12.5 12.2 11.8 11.5 11.1 10.8
5 16.3 16.0 15.7 15.3 15.0 14.6 14.3 14.0 13.6 13.3 12.9 12.6
Note. MLPE: Mean level of parental education
29
 J.C. Arango-Lasprilla et al. / Modified Wisconsin Card Sorting Test

Table A29. Normative data for the M-WCST Total errors stratified by age for PERU
Age (Years)
Percentile
6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
95 5.5 3.1 0.9 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
90 8.7 6.3 4.2 2.3 0.6 -- -- -- -- -- -- --
85 10.9 8.5 6.4 4.5 2.8 1.4 0.3 -- -- -- -- --
80 12.7 10.3 8.2 6.3 4.6 3.2 2.1 1.2 0.5 0.1 0.0 0.1
70 15.6 13.2 11.1 9.2 7.5 6.1 5.0 4.1 3.4 3.0 2.9 3.0
60 18.0 15.7 13.5 11.6 10.0 8.6 7.4 6.5 5.9 5.5 5.3 5.4
50 20.3 17.9 15.8 13.9 12.2 10.8 9.7 8.8 8.1 7.7 7.6 7.7
40 22.6 20.2 18.0 16.1 14.5 13.1 12.0 11.1 10.4 10.0 9.8 9.9
30 25.0 22.6 20.5 18.6 16.9 15.6 14.4 13.5 12.8 12.4 12.3 12.4
20 27.9 25.5 23.4 21.5 19.8 18.4 17.3 16.4 15.7 15.3 15.2 15.3
15 29.7 27.3 25.2 23.3 21.7 20.3 19.1 18.2 17.6 17.1 17.0 17.1
10 31.9 29.5 27.4 25.5 23.8 22.4 21.3 20.4 19.7 19.3 19.2 19.3
5 35.2 32.8 30.6 28.7 27.1 25.7 24.5 23.6 23.0 22.6 22.4 22.5

30
 J.C. Arango-Lasprilla et al. / Modified Wisconsin Card Sorting Test

Table A30. Normative data for the M-WCST Total errors stratified by age for PUERTO RICO
Age (Years)
Percentile
6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
95 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
90 0.3 0.0 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
85 1.9 1.6 1.2 0.8 0.5 0.1 -- -- -- -- -- --
80 3.2 2.9 2.5 2.2 1.8 1.4 1.1 0.7 0.4 0.0 -- --
70 5.3 5.0 4.6 4.3 3.9 3.5 3.2 2.8 2.5 2.1 1.7 1.4
60 7.1 6.7 6.4 6.0 5.7 5.3 5.0 4.6 4.2 3.9 3.5 3.2
50 8.7 8.4 8.0 7.7 7.3 7.0 6.6 6.2 5.9 5.5 5.2 4.8
40 10.4 10.0 9.7 9.3 9.0 8.6 8.2 7.9 7.5 7.2 6.8 6.4
30 12.2 11.8 11.4 11.1 10.7 10.4 10.0 9.7 9.3 8.9 8.6 8.2
20 14.3 13.9 13.5 13.2 12.8 12.5 12.1 11.8 11.4 11.0 10.7 10.3
15 15.6 15.2 14.9 14.5 14.1 13.8 13.4 13.1 12.7 12.4 12.0 11.6
10 17.1 16.8 16.4 16.1 15.7 15.4 15.0 14.6 14.3 13.9 13.6 13.2
5 19.5 19.2 18.8 18.4 18.1 17.7 17.4 17.0 16.6 16.3 15.9 15.6

31
 J.C. Arango-Lasprilla et al. / Modified Wisconsin Card Sorting Test

Table A31. Normative data for the M-WCST Total errors stratified by age and MLPE for SPAIN
Age (Years)
Percentile
6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
95 5.0 2.4 0.1 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
90 8.0 5.4 3.1 1.1 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
85 10.0 7.5 5.2 3.1 1.4 -- -- -- -- -- -- --
80 11.7 9.1 6.8 4.8 3.1 1.6 0.4 -- -- -- -- --
MLPE > 12 years

70 14.4 11.8 9.5 7.5 5.7 4.3 3.1 2.2 1.6 1.2 1.2 1.4
60 16.7 14.1 11.8 9.8 8.0 6.5 5.4 4.5 3.8 3.5 3.5 3.7
50 18.8 16.2 13.9 11.9 10.1 8.6 7.5 6.6 5.9 5.6 5.6 5.8
40 20.9 18.3 16.0 14.0 12.2 10.7 9.6 8.7 8.0 7.7 7.7 7.9
30 23.1 20.6 18.2 16.2 14.5 13.0 11.8 10.9 10.3 10.0 9.9 10.1
20 25.8 23.2 20.9 18.9 17.2 15.7 14.5 13.6 13.0 12.7 12.6 12.8
15 27.5 24.9 22.6 20.6 18.8 17.4 16.2 15.3 14.7 14.3 14.3 14.5
10 29.5 26.9 24.6 22.6 20.9 19.4 18.2 17.3 16.7 16.4 16.3 16.5
5 32.6 30.0 27.7 25.6 23.9 22.4 21.2 20.3 19.7 19.4 19.3 19.6

95 6.9 4.4 2.0 0.0 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

90 10.0 7.4 5.1 3.0 1.3 -- -- -- -- -- -- --
85 12.0 9.4 7.1 5.1 3.3 1.9 0.7 -- -- -- -- --
80 13.7 11.1 8.8 6.7 5.0 3.5 2.3 1.4 0.8 0.5 0.4 0.7
MLPE ≤ 12 years

70 16.4 13.8 11.5 9.4 7.7 6.2 5.0 4.1 3.5 3.2 3.1 3.4
60 18.6 16.0 13.7 11.7 9.9 8.5 7.3 6.4 5.8 5.4 5.4 5.6
50 20.7 18.1 15.8 13.8 12.0 10.6 9.4 8.5 7.9 7.5 7.5 7.7
40 22.8 20.2 17.9 15.9 14.1 12.7 11.5 10.6 10.0 9.6 9.6 9.8
30 25.1 22.5 20.2 18.2 16.4 15.0 13.8 12.9 12.3 11.9 11.9 12.1
20 27.8 25.2 22.9 20.8 19.1 17.6 16.5 15.6 14.9 14.6 14.5 14.8
15 29.4 26.9 24.6 22.5 20.8 19.3 18.1 17.2 16.6 16.3 16.2 16.5
10 31.5 28.9 26.6 24.5 22.8 21.3 20.2 19.3 18.6 18.3 18.2 18.5
5 34.5 31.9 29.6 27.6 25.8 24.4 23.2 22.3 21.7 21.3 21.3 21.5
Note. MLPE: Mean level of parental education
32