TOURISM ACTIVITIES AND DESTINATIONS' DEVELOPMENT

(A CASE STUDY OF NGORONGORO CONSERVATION

AREA-NORTHERN TANZANIA)

BY
FRANCIS SAIGURAN LAIZER
REGNO: BTM/17424/71/DF

A RESEARCH REPORT SUBMITTED TO THE SCHOOL OF BUSINESS AND

MANAGEMENT IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE
AWARD OF THE BACHELOR DEGREE OF
TOURISM AND HOTEL MANAGEMENT
IN KAMPALA INTERNATIONAL
UNIVERSITY

MAY, 2010
 DECLARATION

[ Francis Saiguran Laizer declare that, this work is my original one and has never been submitted
to any institution of higher learning education like this for the award of the academic award.

s~~ture:
tJ7t;;t{ //
......... ~ ........ ..
Francis Saiguran Laizer
BTHM/17424/71/DF
 DEDICATION
This work is dedicated to my parents Mr. andMrs saiguran and simaloi, the rest of my family
members including brothers sambeke,kiroyian,loningo, kisiri, loserian plus my sisters and other
friends lekera lepilal in particular, folltime for their love supp01t they have extended me.

II
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Perhaps it may be difficult to name each of everyone who has made some substantial support in
this work. However 1 would like to acknowledge a number of them.
Firstly I thank god for his support for me to finish this work.

I acknowledge my father and mother Saigura11 and Simaloi for their moral and material supports.
I recognize my sponsor PC - Ngorongoro Pastoralist Council for their Financial Support.

Lastly an appreciation of the entire KIU management for striving to achieve their mission and
more especially my supervisor Mr. Francis Mugizi

Ill
 APPROVAL
This research has been done under my supervision and submitted successfully with my approval
as a university supervisor of the researcher.

Signature:

·--~ -
MR. MUGIZI FRANK

IV
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
Declaration ......................................................................................... i
Dedication .......................................................................................... ii
Acknowledgement. .............................................................................. iii
Approval ........................................................................................... .iv
List of acronyms ................................................................................... v
Abstract. ........................................................................................... viii

I. 0 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ........................................................ 1

I. I Background to the study .......................................................... : ............ 1
l .2 Statement of the problem ....................................................................... 3
1.3 General objective ............................................................................... 3
l .2. l Specific objectives ........................................................................... 3
1.4 Research questions .............................................................................. 3
1.5 Significance of study ........................................................................... 3
1.6 Scope of'the study ............................................................................... 4

2.0 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW ................................................... 6

2.1 Component of tourism destinations ............................................................. 6
2.2 Tourism activities .................................................................................. 7
2 .3 Effects of tourism activities on destinations .................................................................... 8
2.4 Problems facing tourism industry ................................................................ 12

3.0 CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY ............................................ : ................ 15

3.1 Research design ..................................................................................... 15
3.2 The study area ........................................................................................ 15
3.2.1 A map of the study area .......................................................................... 15
3 .3 Sampling frame work ............................................................................... 15
3.4 Methods of data collection ......................................................................... l 6
3.5 Data analysis ....................................................................................... 17
3.6 limitations of the study ............................................................................. 17
V
4.0 CHAPTER 4: PRESENTATIONS, ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSIONS 0TH THE
FINDINGS .................................................................................................................................. 18
4.1 Demographic distribution of respondents ............................................................ 18
4.1.1 Distributions of respondent by gender..:........................................................... 18
4.1.2 Distribution of respondent according to the level of education ................................. 19
4.2 Tourism activities carried out ......................................................................... 20
4.3 Effects of tourism activities to destination ........................................................... 22
4.4 Challenges experienced in carrying out of tourism activities ...................................... 25

5.0 CHAPTER 5: SUMMARY OF THE FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND

RECOMMENDATION ...................................................................................... 27
5.1 Summary of the findings ............................................................................... 27
5.1.1 Tourism activities carried out. ....................................................................... 27
5.1.2. Effects of tourism activities on development. ................................................... 27
5.1.3 Challenges experienced and solutions to challenges experienced in tourism activities ...... 28
5.2Conclusion .. .............................................................................................. 28
5.2.1 Tourism activities ...................................................................................... 28
5.2.2Effects of tourism activities on development.. ..................................................... 28
5.2.3Challenges experienced in tourism activities ....................................................... 28
5.3Recommendation ......................................................................................... 29
5.3. ]Recommendation for future research ................................................................. 29
REFERENCES ...................................................................................................... .. 30
APPENDICES .......................................................................................................... 32
APENDIX 1: INTERVIEW ........................................................................................ 32
APPENDIX 2: RESEARCH QUESTIONNAIRE. ............................................................. 33

VI
 LIST OF ACRONYMS
NC A Ngorongoro conservation area authority
WTO world tourism organization
UNWTO United Nations World Tourism Organization
TANAPA Tanzania National Parks.
TTB Tanzania Tourism Board
EIA Environmental Impact Assessment
CITES Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species

Vll
ABSTRACT
The study on Tourism Activities and Destination Development was carried out in Ngorongoro
Conservation Area in Tanzania with specific _aims of finding out tourist activities carried out as
well as their effects and challenges on the local community. To comprehend this problem the
study reviewed literature on the main variables through use of an explorative research design
which observed both qualitatively and quantitative approaches administered on a sample of 60
who included the community leaders and employees from tour companies as respondents by
help of questionnaires, interview guide and observation method.

The study established that there were two types of tourism activities which included both man
made and natural tourism activities. These activities were noted to generate employment
opportunities for the communities members as well as generating incomes, improvement of
infrastructure and upraising of sustainable practices. The study established the challenges
experienced in the industry to be environmental degeneration, global warming and poor
infrastructure.

The study concluded that tourism activities are of vital economic importance to the communities
because they generate incomes and build skills and natural talents and that it not necessary mean
being educated to have art skills to work under the tourism activities. But on the negative the
youths were becoming morally degenerated which calls for immediate concern.

The study concluded that poor practices carried out on the land with an intention of gaining
without conserving the land degenerate it and deter others tourists from coming in this calls for
control of the local community especially in case where some of them lack indigenous
knowledge to conserve the natural vegetation. This particularly because when trees and felled
they need to be replanted in order to trap the excessive carbon dioxide from the atmosphere
The study recommended the need to build policy support, building institutional collaboration.
provision of approach, tools, and marketing material, empowerment, networking and
dissemination and stricter laws.

Vlll
 CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background to the study

Since the late 1970s, tourism bas grown from being a marginal aspect of national economic life
to an important socio-economic asset. At present tourism is the second largest item in the world
trade surpassed only by oil Sinha (1997) is the fastest growing industry in the economy attributed
to different changes seen by the nineteenth and twenty first centuries. Tourism is travel for
recreational, leisure or business purposes.

The World Tourism Organization (1993 ), defines tourists as people who "travel to and stay in
places outside their usual environment for more than twenty-four (24) hours and not more than
one consecutive year for leisure, business and other purposes not related to the exercise of an
activity remunerated from within the place visited" Tourism has become a popular global leisure
activity. In 2008, there were over 922 million international tourist mTivals, with a growth of to
US 1. 9%, as compared to 2007. International tourism receipts grew $944 billion (euro 642 billion)
in 2008, c01Tesponding to an increase in real terms of 1.8 % UNWTO (2004 ).

Tourism, travel history dates far back two time of Babylonian and Egyptian and republic of
roman empires, where museums of historic antiquities were open to the public in the sixth
century BC in Babylon while the Egyptians held many religious festivals attracting not only the
devout but also many who, came to see the famous buildings and works of art in the cities, Sinha
(1997). The Greeks on the other hand of history enjoyed their religions. Festivals which in times
became increasingly oriented to the pursuit of pleasure and in particular sport. Other places
tracing the history of tourism and travel included Roman Empire and grand tour era. Evolution of
tourism is based on three phases; the first phase is that referred to as tourism before railway
representing the period before 1840 AD. Where traveling was primary undertaken for the
purposes oC trade and pilgrimages. The second phase was that marking an onset of industrial
revolution and other important developments. The remarkable changes here include Introduction
of Railway Transportation. It was linked between Liverpool to Manchester city in England. In
the year I 830 A.D. father of modern tourism, Thomas Cook, organized rail travel and the
concept of tourism in the year 1841 A.D. Introduction of steam engine by James watt which bad
an improving impact on water travel, industrial revolution with its outcomes including work
reliefs to the workers, increased disposable income and many like those. The third phase was
aller Second World War, during this era, the living standards have been raised and travel became
a part of the life span. In any other case, there were improvements of roads, hotels destroyed
during the world wars,(www.refresharticles.com/articles/.. ./evolution of tourism.txtJ.

Tanzania, a united republic country is located in the Eastern Africa between longitude 29° and
°
41 east latitudes l O and 12° south. The country derived its name from the federation of two
sovereign states namely Tanganyika and Zanzibar under Mw. Julius Kambarage Nyerere in the
December 9th I 961. The country's population as per the year 2005 census is 35.5 million .From
the year of independence 1961 to 1972, the country's tourist's arrival had ai1 upward trend with
succeeding year being better. However from the year 1973 to 1995 tourist arrival saw some
fluctuations and from the 1995-1999, tourists aITivals again improved. To date, tourists arrivals is
significantly reduced but the tourism receipts and expenditure is keeping an upward trend. This
reveals that the strategic up-market rather than mass-tourism has taken a hold. Currently, the
government has formed institutional arrangements for tourism; they include TTB, TANAP A.
ElA. NWA and the ministry of tourism and natural resources.

Ngorongoro conservation area was formed in 1959 as a pioneering experiment in multiple land
use. Located in the Northern wildlife area part of Tanzania, ngorongoro conservation area forms
part of Serengeti ecosystem. The area size is about 8,300sqkrn, the population ranges between
68.308 and 68500people. The predominant economic activity is pastoralist but due to the least
ability of pastoralist in supporting the inhabitants' life, small scale farming took part to
supplement the livelihood. Tourism activities including hiking, Safari, eco-tourism, game
viewing and trekking, cultural tomism, village tourism, and adventure tourism, represents a
superficial content of the rich ngorongoro tourism.

1.2 Statement of the Problem

Ngorongoro conservation area is among the destinations endowed with high rate of tourists flow
in east and central Africa and indeed those visiting for eco tourism; it is thus expected to bring
development in all spheres in this destination. But the problem is that the surroundings are not
2
developing at the rate with which visitors come to the area. There is still lack of proper medical
centers, schools, and poverty among the locals. The study was therefore set out to examine the
causes for the nusmatch of the above variables.

1.3 General objective

The study was to examine the contribution of tourism activities to the development of
Ngorongoro conservation area destinations.

1.3.l Specific Objectives were;

To identify tourism activities within the NCA
To examine the effects of those activities to the destination's development.
To identify challenges faced by tourism sector in NCA and suggest possible solutions

1.4 Research questions were;

What tourism activities are available in NCA?
Are there effects of tourism activities in development of destinations in NCA?
What challenges are facing tourism sector in NCA?

1.5 Significance of the Study

The study has a lot of relevancies, not only to the NCA's society and its authorities, but also to
the entire Tanzania and any other interested party.

Although the contribution of tourism activities to the development of destinations cannot be

dismissed, they sometimes fail to contribute to the expected level. As a primary concern of the
study therefore, the reasons for the gap between the rich tourism activities featuring high rate of
tourists flow against the underdevelopment of the NCA area had been sought and hence possible
solutions suggested. In fact, the literature relating the topic was very few. Though the area's
tourism trend had been upward, for a period of good consecutive years from 1999 to the present;
it has not received any reflection. Yet little is written about it. With any available literatures on
the problem, the study sought to supplement and touch untouched facts.

3
The study likewise provides a room for the tourism plam1ers and tourism bodies of NCA, to
come up with effective and realistic plans for any deemed tourism developments in the area. This
is more especially when tourism activities of the area are well studied under this research. The
study is also relevant particularly for those wishing to undertake researches over the same
problem. That is to say it is a usefol source of secondary data in literature review.

Lastly, the study also enabled me fulfill my academic program requirements as a part for its
partial fulfillment.

1.6 Scope of the Study

The study covered the whole of NCA, an area of over 8,300sqkm located at the northern part of
Tanzania with such geographical contents of four extinct volcanic peaks over 3,000m, including
the massifs of Loolmalasin (3,648111), Oldeani (3, l 88111) and Lomagrut, the vulcanism of which
dates from the late Mesozoic/early Tertiary periods, and the current active oldoinyo lengai and
its historical sites named Oldeani gorge, Laetoli and Lake Ndutu. The study was done within a
time frame of three months starting from early of June to late of august.

Limitations of the study projected during the data collection and findings. Some of the
limitations included difficulties in dealing with the study area constituting a high percentage of
uneducated population and the remoteness of the area thus posing difficulties to reach some
destinations easily. Suspicions of the respondents hence avoidance of sufficient required data.

4
 CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW

Tourism has become one of the world's largest and fastest growing industries. Over the period
1995-2005, international tourists' arrivals grew at an average amrnal rate of 4.1 percent World
Tourism Organization, WTO (1995).

Though there has been a debate on what best describes tourism, the term is still difficult to define
as such. However a number of definitions given by different scholars follow this way; According
to Hunziker and Krapf ( 1940), tourism is defined as the sum of the phenomena and relationships
arising from the temporary travel and stay of non-residents in so far as they do not lead to
permanent residence and are not connected to any earning activity. However this definition is not
considering the one day visitors since emphasized on travel and stay; it also ignores business
tourism which in most cases connected with earnings.

League of Nations ( 1937), recommended adopting the definition of a 'tourist' as one who travels
for a period of at least 24 hours in a country other than that they usually reside. This definition
can be criticized in that it does not consider the domestic tourism which is normally within the
same country. Holloway (1992) points Tourism as concerned with someone who travels to see
something different and then complains when he finds things are not the same.

World Tourism Organization(! 993), defined tourism as "activities of persons travelling to and
staying in places outside usual environment for period of more than 24 hours but not more than
one year for leisure, business or other purposes not related to paid activity at
destination."Whatever the definition may be more relevant in those provided above, tourism
should be defined in the context of travel, geographical scope. That is to say a travel is a must
part to explore new places while geographical coverage will help us to precisely know that
tourism can be both international and domestic in scope. Also the excursionist or a day tourists
who are often times taken for granted should all be understood as tourists category who may
spend on facilities of the area visited like an overnight visitor

5
2.1 Components of Tourism destinations
All tourists' destinations require adequate attractions, amenities, and accessibility if they are to
appeal to large numbers of tourist, Holloway (I 994). Holloway fmther asserts that, the more
attractions a destination can offer, the easier it becomes to market that destination to the tourists.
Destination is not and cannot be a one component based; instead the tlu·ee components must
occur coincidently with a due coordination between them. Indeed, should there be a lack of one
of these components; tourism destination product is incomplete and difficult to market.

Holloway ( 1994) notes that tourism destination component embraces the following:
Attractions, tourists' attractions of a destination are as diverse as the tourists activities found in
that destination. Essentially, not all the destinations offer the same attractions, though there are
those which can offer almost similar, this will largely depend on the factors like geographical
location or the area and the type of indigenous people in that area among others. Generally,
attractions are grouped into three categories. For example, Sinha (1999) notes that, the tourists'
attraction of a destination include natural attractions, man-made and hospitality or the
destination.'
Listing and analyzing attractions is no easy matter, especially when one recognizes that what
appeals to one tourist may actually deter another.holloway (1994), how relevant is this statement
to any tourist destination is a planned marketing of a tourist destination by matching the
destination's attractions and the type of market in question. The above sihna's assertion of
tourists attractions of destination has been seconded by Holloway 1994,who points out the
attractions of a destination to be physical features of that destination, the beauty of mountains,
the fresh air of the seaside resort and the qualities of a particular beach, the architecture, and
atmosphere of a great city. Added to this can be numerous man-made and purpose-built
attractions lo increase the pulling power of the destination.

Amenities, these are largely understood as the supporting activities of destination for example
accommodation facilities, music theatres, sporting grounds and other activities relating to
facilitation of the sale of the primary attractions. Holloway (1994) defines amenities as those
essential services catering for the need of tourists which include accommodations and food, local
6
transport, information centers and the necessary infrastructures to support tourism like roads,
parking facilities and public utility services. Amenities should be properly designed to attract
May as Holloways 1994 puts "an amenity is its own attraction." some amenities which are nature
li-iendly like campsites are mostly encouraged in this case of design as they help protect natural
attractions. Sinha (1991) pointed out that, lack of basic amenity in India has been a greater
deterrent to tourists· influx.

Accessibility. While the more intrepid travelers may be willing to put themselves to great
inconvenience in order to see some of the more exotic places in the world, most tourists will not
be attracted to a destination unless it's relatively easy to reach, Holloway (1994).This means that
developing a web of transport infrastructures for both international and national tourists is of
paramount concerns. Accessibility in addition should not only make available but really
affordable at such fair prices. Over accessibility on the other hand should be checked for it may
leads to congestion over the destinations.Snha1999,has become a great partner to Holloway in
this matter of components of a destination, he asserts that a tourism destination should always be
reachable for a profitable sale of its contents. Of course this is true in the sense that, if there is no
a network of properly designed reach infrastructures, what so ever found in a destination under
concern will never appear to be profitably and easily sold.

2.2 Tourism Activities

Tourism activities of the destination is not such an easy thing to define, it rather include anything
li·om developing a tourist related facility to putting it into use by those concerned. Normally what
!Irst robes our minds when one talk of tourism activities is what a visitor engages in a
destination, however, what the host do to satisfy the visitor with this, is an activity for example
putting up of a hotel in such case. It is useful then to define tourism activities as, those things a
oneself can engage in a particular destination. They emanate from the attractions over that area.
Sinha ( 1997) gave a testimonial argument concerning what tourism activities are as including the
following:
Man-made attraction or activities these include all of those attractions which are other than
natural attractions which are to supersede natural attraction hence increasing the pulling capacity
7
of a destination. They are like, culture; culture is a tourism resource which cause cultural tourism
activities. It include ways of dressing eating style traditional housing raring of livestock,
traditional chances and alike. Others include art facts and crafts.
Other man-made include tourists activities include infrastructures development such as roads
which assist in game driving and getting
Easily to destinations, erection of lodges and hotels for accommodations, camping and others,
generally these are often termed support facilities.

Natural attractions- these also lead to tourism activities like for example sightseeing, trekking,
game driving hiking skiing fresh air enjoyment development of tourist's canters, zoning, beach
sports, coastal tourism, education tourism , eco-tourism. guided walks, village walks to name a
few.
Another type of components of a destination or tourism in general is "hospitality." This is seems
to be taking a hold presently. According to Sinha (1999), the hospitality of any visited
destination should not be forgotten during a long task of analyzing tourism components of any
destination. If the hospitality of the area is poor, then the possibility low visitation.OECD (1998),
suggested on tourism activities as falling under the following: hotels and restaurants; transport;
renting of transport equipment; and recreational, cultural and Sp01ting activities.

2.3 Effects of tourism activities on destinations

Despite the prevalence of some truisms pertaining to tourism as having obvious returns to the
host's economies, it has some negative effects to socio-economic and environments of the
destination. It therefore worth the study time, money and undertaking, to critically see how these
impacts accrues and in which perspective and eventually suggest possible solutions. As tourism
continues to expand, questions concerning associated economic, environmental and social effects
should widely be studied. Many studies so far are already done concerning the impacts of
tourism on the hostess. However some of these studies are perhaps done before some radical
changes in tourism industry which call for even further studies. These changes are for example
increased global warming resulting from emissions by an increased traffic rate and the modern
technology which by any means is not environmental friendly. The studies include those by
8
Smith ( 1997), and Cohen (1978) who wrote about the negative impacts by tourism in relation to
prostitution, beach and resort pollution and cultural modification. Others related studies are those
by bryden (1973 ), Farrell (1983) who wrote tourism effects on natural environments. Other
notable writers who will be duly quoted during the course of this work are Sinha ( 1997), ( 1991 ),
Holloway (1999) and powers el at Clayton (1994). As we examine the effects of tourism related
activates on the destinations, we shall thoroughly look at both sides of the effects, and the effects
can be divide into social, economic, environmental and political aspects. Generally tourism
accrues to itself the following effects:

Income generation. Being a labor intensive industry, the greatest proportion of income is
derived from wages and salaries. The higher the amount of the labor employed, the greatest the
amount of income generated, Sinha (1997).income also accrues from rent interest and profit on
tourists businesses.

Balance of payment (BOP).Tourism is the source foreign currencies earning through

international tourism. It's the main source of export. In some nations tourism is the major source
or export thus creating a balance of payments . With foreign exchange tourism creates a favorable
balance of payments. Contribution to gross-domestic product (GDP), this however depends
on the size of the tourism industry of the nation. Tourism is a demanding sector to the consumer
and capital goods, the demand therefore must be capable of being fulfilled by the production
system of the country concerned which in turn contributes to an increase in the gross domestic
product.

Employment, just over one in every twenty civilian employed in an activity supported by travel
expenditures, nearly seven million people, Powers et al Clayton (1999).Tourism provides
employment either directly or in secondary sectors connected to tourism or through multiplier
effects. An agricultural sector for example producing the consumer goods for tourism industry
may provide may employs a good number of workers. In the case of direct employment national
parks bare a testimony to this.

9
Tourism provides the incentives and help pay for the conservation of archeological and histories
sites as attractions for tourist that would othe1wise deteriorate or disappear thus resulting in the
loss of cultural heritage of the area Sinha( 1991 ), powers el at Clayton (1999),also spoke about
the cultural preservation of the local community by tourism, as they put, tourist success can often
fuel local pride: events such as festivals and fairs may be staged to celebrate some aspect of the
local culture.

Tourism raises awareness towards the conservation of un-modified natural areas. Without
tourism, those natural areas might be developed for other uses or allowed to ecologically
deteriorate, with consequent loss of environmental heritage. This role by tourism is mostly
beneficial lo the countries with limited resources for nature conservation. The scholarly literature
concerning is the issue of preserving natural areas is plenty.One of these a research program by
the OECD (I 980), with the view of maintaining a balance between sound environment and
expansion of tourism which has identified four major sources of environmental 'stress' due to
tourists generated activities which included air pollution, water pollution, noise pollution, and
loss of landscapes.OECD(I 980) elaborated ways at which each of the above area is sensitive for
example, water pollution is as a result of discharge of untreated water, discharge of hydrocarbon
by motor-boats etc.

Multiplier effects, tourism can lead to economic growth at the national, regional and local
levels and promotes the growth of the agricultural and service sectors. This is through indirect
spending of the tourists resulting from the extend at which the money spend in a hotel for
example by a tourist goes round in the indirect sectors like agriculture for buying agricultural
products for the primary sectors of the industry like lodging,restaurants,transportation and
amusements.

Development of tourism infrastructures, Though these are primarily meant to better serve
tourists, but at the other end can benefit the livelihood of the average persons through
improvement in the linkage to the secondary sectors.

10
Political effects. The image of the nation will be sold fine across the shores of the nation through
international tourism and its pmticipants.

Negative effects:
Contemporary tourism 1s on a massive scale which may pose substantial environmental and
social risks. Following are among others.
Environmental pollution and destruction. A research program undertaken by the organization
for economic cooperation and development OECD (1980), identified four major sources of
environmental stress due to tourist generated activities, firstly, landscapes rnstructuring due to
constructions of hotels and roads, this leads to replacement of natural environment and local
communities who are in most cases agriculturalist and pastoralists, secondly, water, OECD also
identified that water is affected through the discharge of untreated or inadequately treated
el11uents into water bodies, and discharge of hydro carbons motor-boats. Thirdly, noise pollution,
this is likely due to high traffic congestion and lastly air pollution which is attributed to the
emissions by the auto mobiles which raise atmospheric carbon monoxide levels in congested
environments and which are also causative agents to photochemical smog Sinha (1997). This has
impact on the flora and fauna due to changing climate. The solution to this is to develop a well
planned tourism supply and standards which respect both natural environments. As WTO (1980)
put it "tourism development at both the national and international level can make a positive
contribution to the life of the nation provided the supply is well planned and of a high standard
and protects and respects the cultural heritage the value of tourism and natural, social and human
environn1ents. ''

Cultural erosion, although tourism is a tool to cultural sustenance, it is often a source of

cultural modification. This 1s through for example demonstration effect on culture and its
commercialization. Youths, m so far, have been identified by various researches as the most
vulnerable section and where culture has been losing its origin and reality in the society ministry
of tourism and wildlife of Kenya (2007). This level is characterized by external ways of dressing,
public smoking, and prostitution among others, the essence of destructive foreign culture. A

11
possible solution to this is the development of cultural storage programmes and relevant
ministries as the case might have been.

Social tension, tourism is not viewed as a positive phenomenon by all. This is reflected quite
often by the conflict arising between the local communities and tourism authorities in cases of
land issues especially when tourism activities like erecting of tourism facilities example hotels,
roads extensions and zoning are taking place. This
Results in the seizure of the agricultural and pastoral land which then culminates social
conllict.Doxey, (1976) and smith (1997) and Vancouver conference (1988).The probable
solution is to prepare effective integrative tourism development plans grounding from the local
community which is the most sensitive stake holder sometimes land is found there at.

Hardships on other economic sectors. Tourism is a competitive industry which even though is
a tool for improvement in the quality of services, can devastatingly affect other industries. A
testimony is in lab our supply where the former grabs a substantial proportion leaving the later
with hardly any about force.

2.4 Problems Facing Tourism Industry

The world has changed dramatically over the past 10 years, but some of the issues that faced the
tourism industry in the early I 990's are still here today. The environment in which the industry
operates requires tourism stakeholders to fundamentally shift their strategic approach not only to
resolve long-standing issues but more importantly to effectively address current challenges and
capitalize on new opportunities. Changing demographics, shifting travel patterns and volatile
economic conditions are increasing the pressure on industry stakeholders to develop effective
campaigns and business strategies. The challenges facing the tourism industry are complex and
numerous. Addressing these challenges will require a high level of coordination and cooperation
to marshal resources more effectively. The theme has been however written by numerous
writers. One of the writers to be quoted duly under this is Sinha (1997), who noted that the
industry faces the following problems:

12
Destruction of natural environments, lands is increasingly being claimed for the construction
of the tourists' infrastructures such as museums, cultural institutions and roads. The increasing
pressure on the natural resources due to the peak of mass tourism is another problem. Many trails
than wanted are increasingly found in national parks and other natural protected areas which end
up destroying the vegetation of the area. Poverty in most of the developing nations has not made
the protection of the environments possible for the people tend to cut trees for charcoals and
medicinal purposes. There must be progressive strategic environmental policies and codes of
conduct focused in protecting the natural environments and compliance to the international
natural resources treaties and agreements like CITES.

Climatic change, The global climatic change attributed to vanous factors like automobiles
emissions and other industrial operation which have impacts on the O-zone layer place adverse
conditions on the habitats and cause extinction of the species which cannot withstand the hot
weathers. This reduces tourism natural resources. Efforts are to be made to reduce auto-mobiles
emissions by reducing on air travel to the level possible and opting for the use of less pollution
means of travel for example bi- cycles and encouraging on- foot walking up on the reach to
destinations. The compliance to the global efforts to climate change like the recent copen-hague
should also be adopted as a means to an end.

\Vars, most of the world countries are dominated by political chaos which causes civil wars.
This block lines for potential tourism, example are like Uganda which is termed as a home for
the prolonged civil wars. Though the wars are far away from tourists points, they still make an
image not to be declared positive, (www.aardvarktravel.net/chat/viewtopic) other examples are
Congo, Kenya, middle and the rest of them. Political climate should be addressed properly such
that it favors the tourism activities both domestic and international.

Lack of strong infrastructure base, Most of the least developed countries and Africa world in
particular face a problem of poor infrastructures. This poses a problem when it comes to the
accessibility of the destination Sinha (1997). In these countries money is a problem to establish
the necessary tourism infrastructures such as museums, traditional institutions, creating and

13
protecting national parks, and zonation of the protected areas. Other public infrastructures such
as roads for tourism are equally hard to develop. The significance of tourism interests in
infrastructure projects must continue to be conummicated to the various jurisdictions responsible
for infrastructure development. The strategy will be instrumental in championing coordination
and cooperation between governments, particularly in providing policy direction on tourism and
related infrastructure projects.

Frontier formalities, this is another problem where the regulations, visa provisions, pass- ports
are strictly prohibited to some of the tourists from certain nations. This has been due to lots of
suspicions as caused by frontiers wars. Advocates should clearly be fo1warded towards providing
at least smoothened pre-requisite to obtaining the above documents to ease travel. The formation
of regional integrations could also help cut costs of these formalities.

14
 CHAPTER THREE: METHODOLOGY
3. I Research design
The research was conducted on a survey system which involved observation and interview with
the respondents selected. It employed both approaches to research design which are qualitative
and quantitative research designs for quantitative and qualitative data collections and analysis.
Qualitative research design enabled capturing the complex situations during data collections
while quantitative design was used in the both collecting and analyzing data quantitatively. The
use of graphical presentations, tables for determining the frequencies pertaining the collected
data served as a basis against which these approaches are used.
3.2 The Study Area
Ngorongoro Conservation Area (NCA) is one of the three divisions within Ngorongoro District.
Others are Loliondo, sale divisions. Ngorongoro Conservation Area (NCA) is located in the
Northern Wildlife Area part of Tanzania. It forms part of Serengeti ecosystem. It borders the
Serengeti National Park to the north and west. A few hours' drive to the east takes you to the
town of Arusha which nestles at the foot of Mount Meru, within view of Mount Kilimanjaro.
Arusha is known as the gateway to the Ngorongoro Conservation Area and Northern Parks Size;
ngorongoro conservation area covers an area 6f8,300 sq km.The notable habitants of the area are
the Maasai tribe often identifiable with their reel blankets, tallness, brownish and hair. The main
economic activity of the area has been pastoral isl. Though from late seventies to date subsistence
fanning was allowed to supersede pastoralist. However although, this has not been yearly
consecutive for in certain years was sometimes burn allegedly as an environmental destruction.
3.2. I A map of the study area (NCA)

_,.,,_,,, ""''"

Mu"CI""
., >)''.a.";, •' .•H • ;
C'>•, "\.T> ,,

~Mbuh,n",bulu

'"'"'"'
Old»,·,ni~ •,-,,,,-,,tu

/
,M.,,l~uyun,

1'11#0 4 •• ii i Pi ifPdilii n Ht!§@ iif@,ma 1idkiiil¥ihilhi 11#119111 t 4 il,10

The above map shows the study area of Ngorongoro District (NCA)

15
3.3 Sampling Framework
The sampling was done within a frame work of tourism centers where the working personnel and
the related documents were consulted, local. people, tourism professionals, village executives,
and village and sub-village chair- persons were captured in this frame work too. The researcher
targeted the study population of over 68,000 peoples, from which a sample of 60 people was
taken to represent the whole population by picking only IO people randomly from each of the
following wards namely; Naiyobi, Nainonoka, Olbalbal, Endulen, Oloirobi and Osinoni. The
researcher used sampling techniques to select effective samples from the population in question.
By random sampling for example, the respondents were selected in such a way that every
element of the population had equal chances of being selected to represent the whole population.

Non-probability samplings were useful for quick and inexpensive studies, for case studies, for
qualitative research, for pilot and for developing hypothesis for future research. Since the study
employed a case study, a case study technique was employed; purposive sampling was likewise
used.

3.4 Methods of data collection

Observation
In this method a researcher directly visited study areas like Naiyobi, Nainonoka Olbalbal,
Osinoni and collected different data concerning the topic under the study through an observation
instrument. This method was employed considering the high illiteracy rate of the population of
the area of the study. This helped avoiding retainance of useful information because of being
unable to present.

Interviews
This instrument involved the direct interactions between the respondents and the researcher. The
research therefore asked a variety of questions via non-structured interview and obtained on-
sport answers from the respondents. However some questions were very tricky and technically
asked by the researcher such accurate information was obtained.

16
Questionnaires
By using questionnaires, the researcher would be able to collect and obtain non-observable facts
about the topic under the study. The research.er therefore prepared a list of questions and issued
to the respondents for answers. The time span for this was quite sufficient to allow the obtaining
of accurate and enough information. A mixture of both closed-end-and open-end questions was
used.

3.5 Data Analysis

The researcher used both approaches qualitative and quantitative to prepare, analyze and present
the facts in some useful ways. In qualitative approach; data concerning the tourism activities and
development of NCA destinations was examined. In quantitative ways like tables, graphs (bar
graphs) facts were used firstly to identify tourism activities carried out in the NCA, illustrating
the geographical distribution of respondents and effects of tourism activities in development for
example. Secondly, also quantitative was used to quantify the respondents' numbers against their
contribution in anyway. Independent variables data were analyzed quantitatively through
constructing table and calculating the percentages from the numbers corresponding to the various
responses. Percentages accruing to each category were used in interpretation of data in line with
objectives.
3.6 Limitations of the study
Some limitations projected during the data collection and findings. Some of the limitations
included difficulties in dealing with the study area constituting a high percentage of uneducated
population and the remoteness of the area thus posing difficulties to reach some destinations
easily. Suspicions of the respondents hence avoidance of sufficient required data.

17
 CHAPTER FOUR; PRESENTATIONS, ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSIONS OF THE
FINDINGS

Demographic Distribution of the Respondents

The study sought about the differences in different characteristics of the respondents and the
findings were as represented in Table I to Table 4.

1 Distribution of the Respondents by Gender

The study sought about the gender differences of the respondents and the findings were as
represented in Table I.

Table 1: Gender Distribution of Respondents

Gender Frequency Percentage

Females 35 58.3%

Males 25 41.7%

Total 60 100
Source: Field Research Findings (2010)

According to the study findings in Table I, the females constituted of 58.3% of the total sample
whereas the men comprised of 41. 7% of the total study population. According to the researchers
opinion this purposely because the women engage more in tourist activities than the males do for
instance when it comes to cultural and traditional art through crafts
Fioure 1: Gender Distribution of the Res ondents

41.7%
□ Females

0Males

Source: Field Research Findings (201 OJ

18
2 Distribution of the Respondents According to Level of Education
The study sought information about the level of education of the respondents and the findings
were as presented in table 2

Table 2: Level of Education of the Respondents

Age group Total Percentage ( 0/4,)

Primary 9 15%

O-Level 16 26.7%

A-Level 20 33.3%

Degree 10 16.7%

Masters+ 5 8.3%

Total 60 100

Source: Field Research Findings (201 OJ

According to the study findings in Table 2, it was established that I 5% of the respondents had
attained primary education, 26.7% had attained O-level, where as 33.3% had attained A Level,
16.7%, were degree holders and those that held Masters were 8.3% of the total sample. This
implies that the majority of the respondents had attained A-Level education and below. This
implies that most of the people taking part in the tourist activities were not so much educated
(semi-illiterate)
Figure 2: Education Level of the Respondents

m
□
DI/asters
□ Ooorno

□ A~cvel

OQ..lcvcl
l!lPrlmnry

Source: Field Research Findings (2010)

19
Tourism Activities Carried Out
The study aimed at identifying the different tourism activities that the community engaged in.
and the study findings were as presented in Table 3;

Table 3: Tourism Activities Carried Out

Activities Agree Disagree Total Response

Camping 40(66.7%) 20 (33.3%) 60

Game Drives 45 (75%) 15 (25%) 60

Trekking 20(33.3%) 40(66.7%) 60

Cultural performances 32(53.3%) 28 (46.7%) 60

Accommodation and hospitality 46 (76.7%) 14 (23.3%) 60

services
Traditional Arts and Crafts 48 (80%) 12(20%) 60
Source: Field Research Fmdmgs 2010

According to the study findings in Table 3 it was established from the respondents that local
people engaged in various activities as way forward towards economic developing. among the
identified activities were those that are derived from the natural setting and those that were man
made. These activities were identified as traditional arts and crafts (80%), accommodation and
hospitality facilities (76.7%), camping (66.7%), game drives (75%) trekking (33.3%), cultural
performances (53.3%). The least represented activity was trekking whereas the most represented
activity was traditional arts and crafts.

According to the respondents it was established the traditional or manmade tourism activities
included activities such as traditional arts and crafts in which the communities concentrated on
making mats, weaving baskets, hats, traditional skin shoes, bags and making traditional sticks,
clubs and traditional made bags. This was reportedly true in regard to one respondent, who in
interview with the researcher commented thus;
' Ki/a mara Wakikuja 11asisi tu11crfc1dha/ika, tu11as/111kuru tuu '.
(implying that when the tourists come in, that is how we benefit, we are thankful for that)
20
Other activities that local communities engage 111 included facilitating the tourists with
accommodation and longing facilities as welf as treating them with all the necessary tender care
to attract the tourists back. These acco1m11odation facilities were reported to be constructed
through use of such products as grass and straws, and bamboo trees. This conesponds with Sinha
( 1999) view on how hospitality is another type of components of a destination or tourism in that
any visited destination should not be forgotten during a long task of analyzing tourism

components of any destination.

This implies that by the time the tourists leave, the situation is such that, "we shall be back some
other time in the future" and for cases of poor hospitality the tourists it is less likely that the
tourists can be attracted back. This same view is envisaged by OECD (1998) on how the poor
hospitality can lead to low visitation and such activities were noted to include hotels and
restaurants; transport; renting of transport equipment; and recreational, cultural and sporting

activities.
On top of the accommodation services the communities smTounding the touristic area do engage
in cultural dances as a way of entertaining tourists in their free time for a small amount of money
as a token of appreciation of the performance

It was also established that the communities have tour companies within that offer guiding
services to the tourists when they intend to go trekking, camping, and game drives within the
forests, bird watching activities all of which are provided by the community. This situation
corresponds with Tanzania Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism, (1999), on how natural
attractions are also leading to activities such as sightseeing, trekking, game driving hiking skiing
fresh air enjoyment development of tourist's canters, zoning, beach sports, coastal tourism,
education tourism, eco-tourism, guided walks, village walks to name a few.

Effects of Tourism Activities to a Destination

The study aimed at establishing the possible effects of tourism activities on destinations and the
findings were as presented in table 4;

21
Table 4: Effects of Tourism Activities to Development
Positive Agree Disagree Total Response

Sustainability practices upraised 37 (61.7%) I 8 (30%) 60

for natural vegetation
Improvement of infrastructure 45 (75%) 15 (25%) 60

Employment oppmiunities 38 (63.3%) 22 (36.7%) 60

Generates income to community 42 (70%) 23 (38.3%) 60

Source: Field Research Findings 20 I 0

According to the study findings in table 4 it was revealed by the respondents that there were both
positive and negative contribution of tourism to the destination areas. Positive contribution were
noted to be, income generation (70%), improvement of infrastructure (75%), employment
opportunities (63.3%), and upraising of sustainable practices (61.7%)

According the respondents, it was noted · that, tourism provided them with employment
opportunities, which some of them claimed that, they did not have to invest much to begin. But
have reaped huge benefits. Others however claimed that they in the beginning they did not even
have to invest apart from going to the forests lo find bamboo and cut grass for making camping
huts in the forests which the tourists would readily pay. Others engaged in village walks to show
tourists around as tour guides and that was it. This can be traced from one of the respondents
thus;
"After droppi11g out of school due to lack of school fees, I thought that the was the e11d
of my jit1ure, but God had ope11ed a greater opportunity, I only sat for one year of
suffering, and eventually I started weaving baskets which I would sell the community
people, until a ji-iend of mine told me about visiting the tourist site to sell off some of
items, unknowingly, the gates had opened, I now take care of my own sisters and
brothers'
This implies that, it does not call to have a. high literacy level to get employed in the tourist
sector but the skills, and art to design, cultural performances among others. All these can keep
22
the community employed; even those that lack capital can join a cultural group to entertain
tourists and are paid thus employment. Others were reported to actively be engaged in
commercial agriculture and were supplying food to the hotel management to cater for tourists.
This is also envisaged by Powers et al Clayton (1999), on how each and everybody is almost
employed in the tourist sector either directly or indirectly especially with the agricultural sector
which produces consumer goods for tourism industry may provide may employs a good number

of workers

It was reported further, that tourism improves sustainable practices in the community. According
to the respondents, it was noted that the community was using indigenous practices to conserve
the natural vegetation as well as forests for future attractions. They were conserving the forests
by preserving the water catchments to keep the forests supplied with enough water and in order
to enable the forests trap and retain its own waters. This is in contention with OECD (1980) on
how natural areas can be developed through maintaining a balance between sound environment
and expansion of tourism which relieves the environment of stress. The same situation is held by
Powers et al ( 1999), on how there is cultural preservation of the local community due to tourism,
through which events such as festivals and fairs may be staged to celebrate some aspect of the
local culture. According to the researcher, this implies that, local communities can rely on their
indigenous knowledge to protect and conserve cultural sites to attract more tourists without
degenerating the natural environment.

More still the tourism activities were revealed to generate income for the community people in
addition to the employment it provides. It was noted that, families and communities surrounding
the tourist areas through sell of their traditional arts and crafts were reported to scoop some
money for their families others were reported to engage in income paying activities such as
working in the hotels and lounges as bar maids, waitresses. This corresponds with Sinha (1997)
on how tourism is a labor intensive industry from which wages and salaries can be obtained.
According to the researcher this is indicative of the fact that, when the local community is
engaged in the tourist industry they are in turn paid some wages or salaries on which they can
depend for their survival.
23
 On the other side, in an interview held by some of respondents it was noted that tourism
activities had their short comings to their destinations where according to their arguments the
following were established.

lt was noted that tourism had contributed to lot prostitution especially at the hotels and disco
theaters as well as beaches. Young girls were reported to have culturally degenerated in morals
and were thus following the western way of life. It was noted that girls as young as 15 years are
seen moving around these places with whites who pay them for commercial sex or for company.
They further contributed that these young girls walk almost naked before elders with a lot of
brevity which was the case in the golden years. This is supported by one of the statements made
by one of the respondents thus;
Wanall'ake hawaogopi siku hizi wanataka hata kutembea bi/a mavazi bi/a kuogopa watu
\\'(1/Wb\VG.

This implies that young girls these days move almost naked past their elders, their morals have
degenerated that they don't fear elders.
This corresponds with Smith (1997) and Cohen (I 978) on tourism in relation to prostitution,
beach and resort pollution and cultural modification. And also by the Ministry of Tourism and
wildlife of Kenya (2007) on how the youths have been identified as the most vulnerable section
where culture has lost origin in dressing, public smoking and prostitution.
This implies that that they impact of commercial sex is resting at a larger extent on the youths
and thus the leaders of tomorrow are being brainwashed to lack of morals and cultural
degeneration by picking on values that cannot promote development but retard it especially if
one acquires HIV/AIDS through commercial sex.

4. Challenges Experienced in Carrying out of Tourism Activities

The study sought to find out challenges experienced in carrying out tourism activities and these
were

24
Table 5: Challenges Faced in Tourism Activities Carried Out
Challenges Faced Aoree Disagree Total Response
".
Environmental degeneration 33 (55%) 27(45%) 60
Global wanning 47 (78.3%) 13 (21.7%) 60
Poor infrastructure 45 (75%) 15 (25%) 60
Source: Field Research Findings 20 I 0

According to the study findings it was revealed by the respondents that the tourism activities
faced some challenges which included environmental degeneration (55%), global warmmg
(78.3%) and poor infrastructure was represented by 75%.

According to the respondents it was established that tourism activities were leading to
degeneration of the environment, especially by the least learned who only intended to benefit
from cutting the bamboo forests to sell off natural vegetation without actually having to put into
consideration conservational practices. It was noted that some community members were just
interested in clearing the forests to find raw materials but don't practice sustainability practices
and thus degenerate the forests.
This is in line with Sinha (1997) view when he held that. land is increasingly being reclaimed for
the construction of the tourists' infrastructures such as museums, cultural institutions and roads.
This implies that when such practices are catTied out on land it left bare and the natural
resources are washed away when the rain comes and thus contributing to land degeneration as
well as the environment.

Furthermore this can be noted from an interview with some respondents who held that, the
increasing degenerative practices carried out on land have led to global wanning. The
environment due to forests and trees that are being cut down and cleared have left the land and
bare which cannot allow trapping of carbon dioxide. This has led to global warming as earlier
envisaged by Sinha ( 1997), on how climatic change is attributed to automobiles emissions and
indust1ial operation. Which reduces tourism natural resources and thus few tourists are likely to
be acquired.
25
This implies that whenever trees and felled and others are not replaced the possibilities of
trapping carbon dioxide reduce leaving it to _circulate in the air and thus warming the climate.
This makes the environment also not welcoming to the tourists because by the time they come
for holiday they intend to enjoy the coolness of the green vegetation, but without it then life
would be as good as not coming for holiday.

Last but not least it was also noted that the poor infrastructure was another significant factor in
the tourist industry, where due to poor roads, rebels, political climate as well proper sanitation all
lead to a reduction in the number of tourists. This is supported by Sinha (I 997) when he
observed that, lack of a strong infrastructure base can be a problem in developing countries. That
the countries few resources can be stretched too far into building the entire necessary
infrastructure. Tanzania being one of the developing countries is not different; it is affected the
same way.

26
 CHAPTER FIVE: SUMMARY OF THE FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND
RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Summary of the Findings
According to the study findings it was noted that there are various tourists activities that the
community engaged which contributed both positively and negatively to the community which
activities were noted to experience some challenges.

5.1.1 Tourism Activities Carried Out

According to the findings it was revealed that there were two forms of cultural activities that
were carried out and these included the manmade and natural activities which covered activities
such arts and crafts, cultural performances, paper beading, accommodation and hospitality.
camping for the man made activities and the natural activities that were engaged in included
camping, game drives and trekking, The least represented activity was trekking whereas the most
represented activity was traditional arts and crafts. The community was established to engage in
these activities even without initial capital for some of them.

5.1.2 Effects of Tourism Activities on Development

The study established that there were both positive and negative effective effects to the tourism
activities on destination areas which were established as, employment opportunities, improved
sustainable and conservational practices, generation of income and the negative side was noted to
bring about prostitution, and increased cultural degeneration. It was established that young girls
have completely lost respect for their elders due to influential practices and morals copied from
the tourists.

5.1.3 Challenges Experienced and Solutions to Challenges Experienced in Tourism

Activities
It was established that tourism activities were slowed by environmental degenerations as also
held by with Sinha (1997), global wan11ing, and the poor which was not economically and
socially supportive to the tourist industry. ll was noted that this was due to the shortages of
finances in the government to reconstruct the supportive infrastructure.
27
5.2 Conclusion
5.2.1 Tourism Activities
It was concluded that tourism activities can be of vital economic importance to the communities
around the touristic areas because it enables community members whether learned or not to grab
an opportunity to join the labour force and thus need to be promoted to support the local people
at the grassroots to acquire some income through use and development of their skills and natural
talents.

2 Effects of Tourism Activities on Development

The study concluded that in order to be sustained by the tourist industry, it does not call for very
high literate levels but the art to model into the industry and thus but this calls for practical
application of indigenous knowledge to avoid depletion of resources through protecting and
conserving areas that can be of economic importance in the future this will yield more and
generate more income for the indigenous people. In addition as tourism growth is upheld, there
needs to be control of the young generations to observe cultural values.

3 Challenges Experienced in Tourism Activities

The study concluded that poor practices carried out on the land with an intention of gaining
without conserving the land degenerate it and deter others tourists from coming in this calls for
control of the local community especially in case where some of them lack indigenous
knowledge to conserve the natural vegetation. This particularly because when trees and felled
they need to be replanted in order to trap the excessive carbondioxide from the atmosphere.

5.3 Recommendations
On summarizing the findings and drawing conclusions of the findings, the researcher made the
following recommendations to the international community, concerned agencies, government
and community.

28
 Build policy support for rural dispersion and diversification into the rural economy to curb the
persistence in presenting and demonstrating alternative forms of development. Government
policy towards dispersion should in other wise be more proactive and joint action on sustainable
rural practices be put fo1ward to sensitize the whole cmmnunities into sustainable practices.

There should be an always on-going and repeated attempts to build institutional collaboration. In
sustainable practices and skill building as far as arts and crafts are concerned,

Government should ensure a provision of approach, tools, and marketing material that could
easily be replicated and taken up by most communities to catalyze wider change.

There is need for empowerment, networking and dissemination for instance through empowering
a number of community association members, through media exposures to acquire more market.

Government should devise stricter laws in regard to the youths who tend to engage in
commercial sex as result of presence of visitors in the area. Ways of trapping them to serve as
examples should be implemented alternatively security can be reinstated to guard upon touristic
areas.

5.4 Recommendations for Futnre Research

This study looked at tourism activities and destination development. The therefore suggests that
more study can be conducted on specific areas not covered especially on why degeneration of
morals is left to prevail with development in tourism.

29
REFERENCES:

Bootee R.E. (1967), coastline, pp.127-38international for conservation of nature and natural
Resources. Ecological impact of recreation and
Brown, N.J. (1998), international tourism dynamics at destinations
Bryden M, John (1973), tourism and development: the university press, Cambridge
Christopher Holloway, J, (I 992), Tourism Principles and Practices, New York.
Clement, H.G. ( 1967), the impact of tourism expenditure Development digests, vol.5, pp.70-8
De kadt, E. (Ed), (1979), tourism; passport to Development? Oxford university press.
Kaspar C. social needs and their realization in tourism, proceedings of the association
Internationale d' Experts scientifiques du, torisme (Berne, Switzerland), 18, I 9-20tourism and
development in the third world, pp I New York.
Lavery p, (1989),travel and tourism first edition,huntingdon;Elm
Lean, john, (1998), tourism and development in the third world, pp! New York
Marsh, J.S. (1975b ).tourism and development East African case.
Milan, Roger. (I 991 ),"Is tourism good for development?"In societies, choices and environment,
p230, ed.slater, London, Collins educational
Seers, D. ( 1969),the meaning of development ;international Development Review 11,4
Sinha P. C, ( 1997), International Encyclopedia of Tourism Management first edition, Vol. New

York
Tanzania Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism, (1999), National Tourism Policy.
Tanzania Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism, integrated Tourism Master Plan, CHL
CONSULTING GROUP (2002), Summary Update.
The permanent secretary ministry of tourism utalii house of Kenya, (2008-2012), strategic plan
UNESCO "the effects of tourism on social-economic values", annals of tourism research vol.4
I 976, pp 74-105
UNWTO (2004), Indicators of sustainable development for tourism destination a guide book
Madrid
World Tourism Organization WTO, (2001), Tourism Market Trends, Provisional Edition,
checklist for tourist Projects based on Indicators
30
WTO (1980), Economic review of world tourism. World Tourism Organization
www.rn,:orongoro-crater africa.org http://en.w·ikipedia.orrdwiki/Ngorongoro Conservation Area
www. tanzania. go. tz/pdf/tourismpolicy.odf
www.tanzania.go.tzJtourism.html

31
 APPENDICES
APPENDIX 1
INTERVIEW
Interview schedule for the respondents
Dear respondent (s), I am a student of Kampala International University, pursuing a Bachelor
Degree in tourism and Hotel Management, conducting a study on "tourism activities and the
development of destinations in Ngorongoro conservation Area" (NCA) ·Northern Tanzania,
hereby requesting you to assist me by availing with the required infonnation to this study. The
result of this study will be treated with utmost confidentiality and will be for academic purposes.

Instructions
Be precise and concise
Questions
What tourism activities are found in the area?
What problem face tourism sector in the NCA?
Are there any impacts of tourism activities in the area?
What are challenges for tourism activities as a tool for development?
Which are the priority areas for development9
How many tourists' destinations are in the area?
Which destinations are having a primary appeal to tourism activities? Why
What developments have been realized so far in the area?
Thank you for your co-operation and support in conducting this interview.

32
APPENDIX2
RESEARCH QUESTIONNAIRE
Research topic;
Tourism activities and the development of destinations in NCA division within Ngorongoro
district, the Northern part of Tanzania.
Area of study;
Ngorongoro conservation area
Ngorongoro District
a) social-demographic issues
1. Sex a) Male b) Female
2. Age a) 25-30 b) 30-35 c) 34-40
d) 40-45 e) Other
Level of Education
Not gone to school
Primary
Secondary
College
University

Occupation ...................................................................... .
b) Tourism activities and the development of destinations.
Are there any tourism activities in NCA 9
YES ( )
NO ( )
If yes what are some?
Have they contributed to any destinations development?
Yes (
No ( )
lfyes how9

·····························································································
33
What developments have been reached so far?

·······························································································
Are tourism activities being fully exhausted?
Ye ( )
No ( )
Ifno why 9

··········································· ···················································
Impacts of tourism activities
................................................................................................
Are there any impact relating to tourism activities in NCA?
Yes ( )
No ( )
[f yes outline ............................................................................... .

···································································································
... . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . .. . . . ' . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . .
Problems facing tourism sector in NCA

[dentify some of the problems facing tourism sector in the area

··························································································
··························································································
·························································································
·························································································
········································· ················································
How can they be overcome?
Opportunities for destinations development
20 What challenges are of tourism activities as gateway to development?

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21 what do you think are the reasons for underdevelopment of the areas co-curetting the high rate
of tourists visitation?

Thank you for your co-operation and supp01i in completing this questio1maires